Objective To investigate the effect of total paeony glycoside (TPG) on airway remodeling in bronchial asthma mice and its underlying mechanisms. Methods Forty-eight BALB/c mice were randomly divided into control group, model group, ovalbumin+budesonide group (OVA+BUD group), and OVA+TPG group, with 12 mice in each group. Except the control group, mice in other groups were sensitized by intraperitoneal injection of 10% OVA aluminum hydroxide suspension, and then stimulated by atomized inhalation of 1% OVA to establish mouse asthma model. One hour before each inhalation of OVA, mice in OVA+BUD group were atomized with 2 ml BUD suspension, and mice in OVA+TPG group were given 5 g/kg TPG by intragastric administration. Lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of mice from each group were collected, and the pathological morphology of the lung tissues was detected by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and periodic acid schiff (PAS) staining. Inflammatory cell counts [white blood cell (WBC), neutrophil (NEU), eosinophils (EOS), and leukomonocyte (LYM)] in BALF were detected by Wright-giemsa staining. The contents of inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 in BALF were determined by ELISA. Airway remodeling proteins [fibronectin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen Ⅰ] and NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related proteins [NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC)] levels were detected by Western blotting. Human bronchial smooth muscle cells (HBSMCs) were divided into control group (normal culture), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β₁ group (culture medium containing 10 ng/ml TGF-β₁), and TGF-β₁+TPG group (culture medium containing 10 ng/ml TGF-β₁ and 50 µg/ml TPG). Cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 method, and Western blotting was used to detect the expression of airway remodeling proteins and NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins. Results Compared with control group, model group exhibited increased infiltration of inflammatory cell in lung tissues, mucosal epithelium hyperplasia, narrowed bronchial lumen narrowed, tube wall thickened, increased cup cells and mucus secretion, and an elevated pathological score of lung injury (P<0.05); the number of inflammatory cells (WBC, NEU, EOS, and LYM) and the levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in BALF were increased (P<0.05), and the expressions of fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen Ⅰ, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and ASC were elevated (P<0.05). Compared with model group, BUD or TPG treatment effectively reduced asthma symptoms, improved lung histopathology injury, inhibited bronchial wall thickening, significantly reduced the number of inflammatory cells (WBC, NEU, EOS, and LYM) and the content of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in BALF, and inhibited expression of fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen Ⅰ, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and ASC (P<0.05). Compared with control group, the proliferation rate of HBSMCs was increased, and the protein expression levels of fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen Ⅰ, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and ASC were increased in TGF-β₁ group (P<0.05). Compared with TGF-β₁ group, TPG treatment decreased cell proliferation and inhibited the protein expression of fibronectin, α-SMA, collagen Ⅰ, NLRP3, cleaved caspase-1 and ASC (P<0.05). Conclusion TPG may alleviate airway remodeling and asthma symptoms by decreasing the expression of airway remodeling-related proteins, inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and reducing the inflammatory response.