Article(id=1322937534749225585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759075200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-29, revisedDate=1776614400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793342487274, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793342487274, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793342487274, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793342487274, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322936901946179634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='10', pageStart='1617', pageEnd='1808', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793342336403, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343127243, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940219045052525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940219045052526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1658, endPage=1664, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322937535932019318, articleId=1322937534749225585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Characteristics of transitions between cardiovascular disease and cognitive frailty states in middle-aged and elderly population based on a multi-state Markov model, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the relationship between different types of cardiovascular disease and transitions in cognitive frailty states.

Methods

Data from the 2010—2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the United States and the 2011-2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS) were selected as data sources. A multi-state Markov model was employed to examine the impact of cardiovascular disease on cognitive frailty transitions.

Results

Among patients with cardiovascular disease,the incidence rates of cognitive frailty,frailty,and cognitive impairment were 2.5%,8.6%,and 16.2%,respectively.A total of 5 990 state transitions were observed,of which deteriorations accounted for 60.2% and improvements accounted for 39.8%.Patients with multimorbid cardiovascular disease were more likely to transition from a normal state to physical frailty and were less likely to recover from deteriorated states compared to those with a single condition.Hypertensive patients demonstrated a higher likelihood of recovery from deteriorated states.

Conclusions

The relationships between different types of cardiovascular disease and transitions in cognitive frailty states vary.Healthcare providers should pay attention to state transitions in patients with different cardiovascular conditions and provide timely,personalized interventions and care.

, authors=Chengyu CHEN1, 2, 3, Xiyan LI1, 2, 3, Xiao ZHENG3, 4, Xinru LI2, 3, Lingli YANG1, 2, 3, Ting ZHENG2, 3, Yuyang LI2, 3, Chichen ZHANG2, 3, authorsList=Chengyu CHEN, Xiyan LI, Xiao ZHENG, Xinru LI, Lingli YANG, Ting ZHENG, Yuyang LI, Chichen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chichen ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322937541829210753, articleId=1322937534749225585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=基于多状态马尔可夫模型的中老年心血管疾病与认知衰弱状态转变特征研究, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨不同类型心血管疾病病人与认知衰弱状态转变间的关系。

方法

以2010—2014年美国健康与退休研究(HRS)和2011—2015年中国健康与退休纵向研究(CHARLS)调查结果作为数据来源,采用多状态马尔可夫模型研究心血管疾病对认知衰弱转变的影响。

结果

心血管疾病病人认知衰弱发生率为2.5%,衰弱发生率为8.6%,认知障碍发生率为16.2%。共观察到5 990次状态转变,其中发生恶化的例次占总例次的60.2%,改善例次占总例次的39.8%。心血管疾病共病病人从正常状况发展到身体衰弱的可能性比单病病人更大且改善恶化状态的可能性更低,高血压病人改善恶化状态的可能性较高。

结论

不同类型心血管疾病与认知衰弱的转变关系存在差异,医务人员应关注不同心血管疾病病人的状态转变,及时提供个性化的干预和护理。

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陈程雨,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
张持晨,E-mail:
ZHANG Chichen, E-mail:
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Baseline characteristics of middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类整体(n=12 870)CHARLS(n=5 340)HRS(n=7 530)
年龄<60岁4 435(34.5)2 439(45.7)1 996(26.5)
≥60岁8 435(65.5)2 901(54.3)5 534(73.5)
性别男5 502(42.8)2 385(44.7)3 117(41.4)
女7 368(57.2)2 955(55.3)4 413(58.6)
居住地城市7 623(59.2)2 422(45.4)5 201(69.1)
农村5 247(40.8)2 918(54.6)2 329(30.9)
身体衰弱无5 758(44.7)1 836(34.4)3 922(52.1)
衰弱前期6 004(46.7)3 124(58.5)2 880(38.2)
衰弱1 108(8.6)380(7.1)728(9.7)
认知障碍否10 783(83.8)4 431(83.0)6 352(84.4)
是2 087(16.2)909(17.0)1 178(15.6)
认知衰弱否12 551(97.5)5 241(98.1)7 310(97.1)
是319(2.5)99(1.9)220(2.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1322937589598139109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322937534749225585, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中老年CVD病人的基线特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类整体(n=12 870)CHARLS(n=5 340)HRS(n=7 530)
年龄<60岁4 435(34.5)2 439(45.7)1 996(26.5)
≥60岁8 435(65.5)2 901(54.3)5 534(73.5)
性别男5 502(42.8)2 385(44.7)3 117(41.4)
女7 368(57.2)2 955(55.3)4 413(58.6)
居住地城市7 623(59.2)2 422(45.4)5 201(69.1)
农村5 247(40.8)2 918(54.6)2 329(30.9)
身体衰弱无5 758(44.7)1 836(34.4)3 922(52.1)
衰弱前期6 004(46.7)3 124(58.5)2 880(38.2)
衰弱1 108(8.6)380(7.1)728(9.7)
认知障碍否10 783(83.8)4 431(83.0)6 352(84.4)
是2 087(16.2)909(17.0)1 178(15.6)
认知衰弱否12 551(97.5)5 241(98.1)7 310(97.1)
是319(2.5)99(1.9)220(2.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1322937590042735334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322937534749225585, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Number of state transitions in middle-aged and elderly patients with cardiovascular disease

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转变类别整体单病共病
总体高血压心脏病脑卒中总体高血压-心脏病高血压-脑卒中心脏病-脑卒中高血压-心脏病-脑卒中
恶化3 6083 4341 918426911 6111 10230139271
正常状态-身体衰弱1 1947075141553868847412016136
正常状态-认知障碍1 5471 1991 01515530494358881359
正常状态-死亡2291 17012638665431732
身体衰弱-认知衰弱21689661851569725343
身体衰弱-死亡72372311342201615
认知障碍-认知衰弱2681721283861399426324
认知障碍-死亡58443761179602
认知衰弱-死亡2416952107300
改善2 3821 6551 3422555896068115423144
身体衰弱-正常状态578337241781829921440948
认知障碍-正常状态1 4631 1349561473146734883945
认知衰弱-身体衰弱20593721831337821538
认知衰弱-认知障碍1369173126614110013
), ArticleFig(id=1322937590462165735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322937534749225585, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中老年CVD病人不同状态的转换次数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转变类别整体单病共病
总体高血压心脏病脑卒中总体高血压-心脏病高血压-脑卒中心脏病-脑卒中高血压-心脏病-脑卒中
恶化3 6083 4341 918426911 6111 10230139271
正常状态-身体衰弱1 1947075141553868847412016136
正常状态-认知障碍1 5471 1991 01515530494358881359
正常状态-死亡2291 17012638665431732
身体衰弱-认知衰弱21689661851569725343
身体衰弱-死亡72372311342201615
认知障碍-认知衰弱2681721283861399426324
认知障碍-死亡58443761179602
认知衰弱-死亡2416952107300
改善2 3821 6551 3422555896068115423144
身体衰弱-正常状态578337241781829921440948
认知障碍-正常状态1 4631 1349561473146734883945
认知衰弱-身体衰弱20593721831337821538
认知衰弱-认知障碍1369173126614110013
), ArticleFig(id=1322937591284249320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322937534749225585, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Transition intensities of the multi-state Markov model

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转变类别转变强度(95%CI)转变类别转变强度(95%CI)
正常状态-身体衰弱0.050(0.047,0.054)认知障碍-正常状态0.374(0.353,0.396)
正常状态-认知障碍0.068(0.064,0.072)认知障碍-认知衰弱0.117(0.103,0.133)
正常状态-死亡0.002(0.001,0.005)认知障碍-死亡0.008(0.002,0.028)
身体衰弱-正常状态0.237(0.217,0.259)认知衰弱-身体衰弱0.384(0.334,0.443)
身体衰弱-认知衰弱0.159(0.138,0.182)认知衰弱-认知障碍0.269(0.232,0.313)
身体衰弱-死亡0.050(0.034,0.074)认知衰弱-死亡0.015(0.001,0.254)
), ArticleFig(id=1322937592592872169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322937534749225585, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

多状态马尔可夫模型的转换强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转变类别转变强度(95%CI)转变类别转变强度(95%CI)
正常状态-身体衰弱0.050(0.047,0.054)认知障碍-正常状态0.374(0.353,0.396)
正常状态-认知障碍0.068(0.064,0.072)认知障碍-认知衰弱0.117(0.103,0.133)
正常状态-死亡0.002(0.001,0.005)认知障碍-死亡0.008(0.002,0.028)
身体衰弱-正常状态0.237(0.217,0.259)认知衰弱-身体衰弱0.384(0.334,0.443)
身体衰弱-认知衰弱0.159(0.138,0.182)认知衰弱-认知障碍0.269(0.232,0.313)
身体衰弱-死亡0.050(0.034,0.074)认知衰弱-死亡0.015(0.001,0.254)
), ArticleFig(id=1322937593406567146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322937534749225585, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Relationship between different types of cardiovascular disease and transitions in cognitive frailty states[HR(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转变类别单病
高血压心脏病脑卒中
正常状态-身体衰弱0.477(0.418,0.544)1.050(0.855,1.289)2.081(1.412,3.067)
正常状态-认知障碍1.081(0.962,1.216)0.810(0.670,0.979)0.977(0.625,1.526)
正常状态-死亡1.160(0.548,2.457)0.829(0.208,3.310)0.631(0.005,81.164)
身体衰弱-正常状态1.414(1.174,1.701)1.533(1.168,2.012)1.177(0.658,2.107)
身体衰弱-认知衰弱1.856(1.394,2.471)0.764(0.471,1.239)1.491(0.682,3.260)
身体衰弱-死亡0.654(0.321,1.332)1.282(0.547,3.006)1.104(0.213,5.718)
认知障碍-正常状态0.961(0.853,1.082)1.057(0.871,1.283)0.718(0.485,1.062)
认知障碍-认知衰弱0.614(0.484,0.779)1.224(0.842,1.777)0.895(0.363,2.206)
认知障碍-死亡11.246(0.068,1 853.881)0.851(0.012,58.198)0.157(0.000,63.104)
认知衰弱-身体衰弱1.559(1.164,2.090)0.835(0.530,1.316)0.978(0.302,3.168)
认知衰弱-认知障碍2.302(1.701,3.115)0.924(0.525,1.627)1.728(0.761,3.926)
认知衰弱-死亡0.558(0.160,1.939)2.779(0.393,19.654)7.622(1.084,53.595)
转变类别共病
高血压-心脏病高血压-脑卒中心脏病-脑卒中高血压-心脏病-脑卒中
正常状态-身体衰弱1.650(1.434,1.899)2.323(1.805,2.990)1.404(0.790,2.497)3.205(2.521,4.074)
正常状态-认知障碍0.975(0.838,1.134)1.311(0.991,1.735)0.470(0.188,1.177)1.338(0.938,1.909)
正常状态-死亡0.534(0.194,1.470)0.496(0.004,58.684)5.037(1.251,20.285)0.325(0.004,28.818)
身体衰弱-正常状态0.790(0.651,0.957)0.961(0.650,1.420)0.453(0.183,1.121)0.513(0.362,0.726)
身体衰弱-认知衰弱0.622(0.464,0.834)1.608(0.999,2.588)0.958(0.227,4.044)0.723(0.489,1.070)
身体衰弱-死亡0.701(0.347,1.418)3.692(1.693,8.053)1.079(0.128,9.098)0.350(0.103,1.192)
认知障碍-正常状态1.195(1.026,1.392)0.805(0.598,1.084)0.657(0.286,1.509)0.849(0.561,1.285)
认知障碍-认知衰弱1.644(1.267,2.133)1.883(1.223,2.902)0.361(0.045,2.894)1.344(0.783,2.308)
认知障碍-死亡0.160(0.001,29.812)1.640(0.114,23.658)0.571(0.000,3 068.228)2.877(0.118,70.264)
认知衰弱-身体衰弱0.939(0.704,1.252)1.094(0.663,1.806)2.263(0.584,8.767)0.542(0.361,0.814)
认知衰弱-认知障碍0.588(0.403,0.859)0.971(0.535,1.765)0.036(0.000,35.241)0.294(0.159,0.544)
认知衰弱-死亡0.431(0.060,3.111)2.410(0.398,14.583)0.471(0.000,1 130.614)0.020(0.000,17.296)
), ArticleFig(id=1322937593842774763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322937534749225585, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同类型CVD病人与认知衰弱状态转变间的关系[HR值(95%CI)]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
转变类别单病
高血压心脏病脑卒中
正常状态-身体衰弱0.477(0.418,0.544)1.050(0.855,1.289)2.081(1.412,3.067)
正常状态-认知障碍1.081(0.962,1.216)0.810(0.670,0.979)0.977(0.625,1.526)
正常状态-死亡1.160(0.548,2.457)0.829(0.208,3.310)0.631(0.005,81.164)
身体衰弱-正常状态1.414(1.174,1.701)1.533(1.168,2.012)1.177(0.658,2.107)
身体衰弱-认知衰弱1.856(1.394,2.471)0.764(0.471,1.239)1.491(0.682,3.260)
身体衰弱-死亡0.654(0.321,1.332)1.282(0.547,3.006)1.104(0.213,5.718)
认知障碍-正常状态0.961(0.853,1.082)1.057(0.871,1.283)0.718(0.485,1.062)
认知障碍-认知衰弱0.614(0.484,0.779)1.224(0.842,1.777)0.895(0.363,2.206)
认知障碍-死亡11.246(0.068,1 853.881)0.851(0.012,58.198)0.157(0.000,63.104)
认知衰弱-身体衰弱1.559(1.164,2.090)0.835(0.530,1.316)0.978(0.302,3.168)
认知衰弱-认知障碍2.302(1.701,3.115)0.924(0.525,1.627)1.728(0.761,3.926)
认知衰弱-死亡0.558(0.160,1.939)2.779(0.393,19.654)7.622(1.084,53.595)
转变类别共病
高血压-心脏病高血压-脑卒中心脏病-脑卒中高血压-心脏病-脑卒中
正常状态-身体衰弱1.650(1.434,1.899)2.323(1.805,2.990)1.404(0.790,2.497)3.205(2.521,4.074)
正常状态-认知障碍0.975(0.838,1.134)1.311(0.991,1.735)0.470(0.188,1.177)1.338(0.938,1.909)
正常状态-死亡0.534(0.194,1.470)0.496(0.004,58.684)5.037(1.251,20.285)0.325(0.004,28.818)
身体衰弱-正常状态0.790(0.651,0.957)0.961(0.650,1.420)0.453(0.183,1.121)0.513(0.362,0.726)
身体衰弱-认知衰弱0.622(0.464,0.834)1.608(0.999,2.588)0.958(0.227,4.044)0.723(0.489,1.070)
身体衰弱-死亡0.701(0.347,1.418)3.692(1.693,8.053)1.079(0.128,9.098)0.350(0.103,1.192)
认知障碍-正常状态1.195(1.026,1.392)0.805(0.598,1.084)0.657(0.286,1.509)0.849(0.561,1.285)
认知障碍-认知衰弱1.644(1.267,2.133)1.883(1.223,2.902)0.361(0.045,2.894)1.344(0.783,2.308)
认知障碍-死亡0.160(0.001,29.812)1.640(0.114,23.658)0.571(0.000,3 068.228)2.877(0.118,70.264)
认知衰弱-身体衰弱0.939(0.704,1.252)1.094(0.663,1.806)2.263(0.584,8.767)0.542(0.361,0.814)
认知衰弱-认知障碍0.588(0.403,0.859)0.971(0.535,1.765)0.036(0.000,35.241)0.294(0.159,0.544)
认知衰弱-死亡0.431(0.060,3.111)2.410(0.398,14.583)0.471(0.000,1 130.614)0.020(0.000,17.296)
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基于多状态马尔可夫模型的中老年心血管疾病与认知衰弱状态转变特征研究
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陈程雨 1, 2, 3 , 李蹊言 1, 2, 3 , 郑晓 3, 4 , 李欣茹 2, 3 , 杨玲莉 1, 2, 3 , 郑婷 2, 3 , 黎羽扬 2, 3 , 张持晨 2, 3, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(10): 1658-1664
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (10) : 1658 -1664
基于多状态马尔可夫模型的中老年心血管疾病与认知衰弱状态转变特征研究
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陈程雨1, 2, 3, 李蹊言1, 2, 3, 郑晓3, 4, 李欣茹2, 3, 杨玲莉1, 2, 3, 郑婷2, 3, 黎羽扬2, 3, 张持晨2, 3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1南方医科大学护理学院,广东 510515
  • 2南方医科大学卫生管理学院
  • 3广东省高校哲学社会科学(健康管理 政策与精准健康服务协同创新研究)重点实验室
  • 4广州中医药大学公共卫生与管理学院
通讯作者:
张持晨,E-mail:
ZHANG Chichen, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈程雨,硕士研究生在读

Characteristics of transitions between cardiovascular disease and cognitive frailty states in middle-aged and elderly population based on a multi-state Markov model
Chengyu CHEN1, 2, 3, Xiyan LI1, 2, 3, Xiao ZHENG3, 4, Xinru LI2, 3, Lingli YANG1, 2, 3, Ting ZHENG2, 3, Yuyang LI2, 3, Chichen ZHANG2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Southern Medical University, Guangdong 510515 China
  • 2School of Health Management, Southern Medical University
  • 3Key Laboratory of Philosophy and Social Sciences of Guangdong Higher Education Institutions for Collaborative Innovation of Health Management Policy and Precision Health Service
  • 4School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.006
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目的

探讨不同类型心血管疾病病人与认知衰弱状态转变间的关系。

方法

以2010—2014年美国健康与退休研究(HRS)和2011—2015年中国健康与退休纵向研究(CHARLS)调查结果作为数据来源,采用多状态马尔可夫模型研究心血管疾病对认知衰弱转变的影响。

结果

心血管疾病病人认知衰弱发生率为2.5%,衰弱发生率为8.6%,认知障碍发生率为16.2%。共观察到5 990次状态转变,其中发生恶化的例次占总例次的60.2%,改善例次占总例次的39.8%。心血管疾病共病病人从正常状况发展到身体衰弱的可能性比单病病人更大且改善恶化状态的可能性更低,高血压病人改善恶化状态的可能性较高。

结论

不同类型心血管疾病与认知衰弱的转变关系存在差异,医务人员应关注不同心血管疾病病人的状态转变,及时提供个性化的干预和护理。

心血管疾病  /  认知衰弱  /  认知障碍  /  多状态马尔可夫模型  /  健康管理
Objective

To investigate the relationship between different types of cardiovascular disease and transitions in cognitive frailty states.

Methods

Data from the 2010—2014 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) in the United States and the 2011-2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS) were selected as data sources. A multi-state Markov model was employed to examine the impact of cardiovascular disease on cognitive frailty transitions.

Results

Among patients with cardiovascular disease,the incidence rates of cognitive frailty,frailty,and cognitive impairment were 2.5%,8.6%,and 16.2%,respectively.A total of 5 990 state transitions were observed,of which deteriorations accounted for 60.2% and improvements accounted for 39.8%.Patients with multimorbid cardiovascular disease were more likely to transition from a normal state to physical frailty and were less likely to recover from deteriorated states compared to those with a single condition.Hypertensive patients demonstrated a higher likelihood of recovery from deteriorated states.

Conclusions

The relationships between different types of cardiovascular disease and transitions in cognitive frailty states vary.Healthcare providers should pay attention to state transitions in patients with different cardiovascular conditions and provide timely,personalized interventions and care.

cardiovascular disease  /  cognitive frailty  /  cognitive impairment  /  multi-state Markov model  /  health management
陈程雨, 李蹊言, 郑晓, 李欣茹, 杨玲莉, 郑婷, 黎羽扬, 张持晨. 基于多状态马尔可夫模型的中老年心血管疾病与认知衰弱状态转变特征研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (10) : 1658 -1664 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.006
Chengyu CHEN, Xiyan LI, Xiao ZHENG, Xinru LI, Lingli YANG, Ting ZHENG, Yuyang LI, Chichen ZHANG. Characteristics of transitions between cardiovascular disease and cognitive frailty states in middle-aged and elderly population based on a multi-state Markov model[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (10) : 1658 -1664 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.006
心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)是全球发病率和死亡率较高的疾病,已有数据显示,1990—2019年,全球CVD负担持续上升,CVD总患病率增长92.3%,死亡人数增加53.7%[1]。据《中国心血管健康与疾病报告2023》统计数据显示,CVD是影响我国人民健康的重要风险因素,约有3.3亿人患有CVD[2],其也是导致美国人死亡的首要原因之一,患病率随年龄上升[3]。中老年人CVD发病率持续增高且老年综合征并发,可能进一步导致病人其他不良心血管事件和死亡发生风险增高[4],同时给社会带来巨大的经济负担[5]。衰弱和认知障碍对CVD病人影响较大,CVD和衰弱相互依存,具有相同的生理基础,两种疾病容易共同发展;同时,CVD和认知障碍间也存在较强关联,患有衰弱或认知障碍会增加患CVD的风险[6-7]。与仅先出现衰弱或认知障碍的病人相比,同时出现衰弱和认知障碍的病人发生重大不良心血管事件的风险较高[8]。认知衰弱是指身体衰弱和认知障碍同时存在但未同时诊断出阿尔茨海默病或其他痴呆症的情况[9]。当前研究多聚焦CVD与衰弱或者认知障碍间的关联,缺乏对CVD与认知衰弱间的动态变化特征研究,不利于全面分析不同类型CVD病人认知衰弱状态转变的特征,也无法良好地探讨CVD与认知衰弱状态转变和死亡间的关联。多状态马尔可夫模型可以同时考虑所有状态以及状态间转变时间等信息,动态评估疾病进展,已被广泛应用于医学领域研究[10]。本研究基于多状态马尔可夫模型,选取美国健康与退休研究(HRS)和中国健康与退休纵向研究(CHARLS)两个全国性的老龄化数据库作为数据来源,以期在扩充样本量的同时观察更多次数的状态转变,现将结果报道如下。
选取HRS和CHARLS为数据来源[11-12]。由于CHARLS于2018年后的调查缺乏量化中老年人衰弱所需的部分数据[13],故本研究选取CHARLS中2011—2015年的3次调查(2011年、2013年、2015年)数据进行研究,且为保持数据一致性,HRS也选取相近时间(2010—2014年)的3次调查(2010年、2012年、2014年)数据进行研究,分别将CHARLS的2011年调查数据和HRS的2010年调查数据作为基线调查,CHARLS的2013年调查数据和HRS的2012年调查数据作为第2次调查,CHARLS的2015年调查数据和HRS的2014年调查数据作为第3次调查,最终CHARLS共有5 340例病人完成3次调查,HRS共有7 530例病人完成3次调查。纳入标准:基线调查时患有CVD疾病;完成3次随访调查。排除标准:患有记忆相关疾病,如痴呆;年龄数据缺失或年龄<45岁。CHARLS和HRS分别通过北京大学伦理委员会审查(伦理审批号:IRB00001052-11015)和密歇根大学伦理委员会审查(伦理审批号:HUM00061128),且2个队列中的研究对象均知情同意。
CHARLS和HRS将CVD定义为高血压、心脏病(包括心绞痛、心脏病发作、充血性心力衰竭和其他心脏问题)以及基于医生自我报告诊断的脑卒中[14-15]。
采用FRAIL量表进行评估,该量表由疲劳、抵抗力、步行、疾病和体重减轻5个项目组成[13,16]。1)疲劳:通过“我觉得做任何事情都很费力”和“我无法继续”2个项目评价,如果研究对象对其中任何一个项目的回答为“偶尔或部分时间(3~4 d)”或“大部分或全部时间(5~7 d)”,计1分。2)抵抗力:通过询问研究对象在不休息的情况下爬数层楼梯是否有困难评价,如果研究对象回答“是的,我有困难,需要帮助”或“我做不到”,计1分。3)步行:通过询问研究对象步行100 m是否有困难评价,如果研究对象回答“是的,我有困难,需要帮助”或“我做不到”,计1分。4)疾病:将患有高血压、糖尿病、急性心肌梗死、脑卒中、心绞痛、充血性心力衰竭、哮喘、关节炎、慢性肺病、肾病和恶性肿瘤(不包括微小皮肤癌)等中的5种或以上疾病定义为多病,如果研究对象报告患有多病,计1分。5)体重减轻:通过询问研究对象在过去1年或更短时间内体重减轻超过5%的情况评价,如果研究对象存在以上情况计1分。计算5个项目总分,0分表示无衰弱,1~2分表示衰弱前期,≥3分表示衰弱[17]。
通过记忆力、计算能力和定向力3个认知功能领域对研究对象进行认知评估。1)记忆力:通过即时和延迟回忆测试评估,要求研究对象以2 s的间隔重复10个单词,然后在2~5 min尽可能多地回忆单词。通过即时和延迟回忆总分评估记忆力,总分为0~20分。2)计算能力:要求研究对象从100连续5次减去7,通过评估计算结果计分,得分为0~5分。3)定向力:通过命名月、日、星期和年的任务评估,得分为0~4分。最终将记忆力、计算能力和定向力的单项得分相加得到认知总分,总分为0~29分[18],受试者的总分比适龄常模低1个标准差(SD)以上,被归类为存在认知障碍[19]。
符合国际营养与衰老学会(IANA)和国际老年学与老年医学学会(IAGG)国际共识小组[9]的认知衰弱定义:1)认知障碍和身体衰弱同时存在;2)排除同时存在的阿尔茨海默病性痴呆或其他类型痴呆。
选择性别、年龄和居住地作为控制变量,对其进行赋值:性别,女=0,男=1;年龄,<60岁=0,≥60岁=1;居住地,农村=0,城市=1。
采用R 4.4.1进行统计分析,定性资料以频数及百分比(%)表示。缺失数据采用多重插值法进行填补。使用msm软件包构建多状态马尔可夫模型以确定CVD与认知衰弱间的转变[20],共定义正常状态(无身体衰弱、无认知障碍和认知衰弱)、身体衰弱、认知障碍、认知衰弱和死亡5种状态。基线时处于任何状态的研究对象均可以保持进入状态或过渡到另一种状态,而死亡状态是吸收性的,即一旦死亡发生,研究对象不可能再有进一步的过渡。连续进行研究时2个事件不会在同一时刻发生,故不允许非相邻状态间的直接转换[21-22]。以双侧P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
随访期间,中老年CVD病人共发生5 990次状态转变,其中发生恶化的例次占总例次的60.2%(3 608/5 990),改善例次占总例次的39.8%(2 382/5 990)。中老年CVD病人不同状态转换次数见表2。
身体衰弱的CVD病人恢复到正常状态的转变强度(0.237)是发展到认知衰弱转变强度(0.159)的约1.5倍,认知障碍的CVD病人恢复到正常状态的转变强度(0.374)是发展到认知衰弱转变强度(0.117)的约3.2倍,认知衰弱的CVD病人恢复到身体衰弱的转变强度(0.384)是恢复到认知障碍转变强度(0.269)的约1.4倍。见表3。
转变概率分布显示,中老年CVD病人2年期间正常状态、身体衰弱、认知障碍、认知衰弱的停留概率大于4年期间,且由正常状态、身体衰弱、认知障碍、认知衰弱转变至死亡的概率依次从2年期间的0.008,0.072,0.016,0.039变为4年期间的0.021,0.114,0.033,0.076;而从认知衰弱恢复到身体衰弱及认知障碍的概率分别从2年期间的0.276和0.187转变为4年期间的0.239和0.164;从身体衰弱或认知障碍恢复到正常状态的概率分别从2年期间的0.299和0.436转变为4年期间的0.430和0.575。见图1、图2。
CVD与认知衰弱状态过渡之间的关系显示,在调整年龄、性别和居住地后,脑卒中病人、高血压-心脏病病人、高血压-脑卒中病人以及3种疾病共病病人从正常状况发展到身体衰弱的可能性更大(均P<0.05);高血压病人从身体衰弱发展到认知衰弱的可能性较大(均P<0.05);高血压-心脏病病人和高血压-脑卒中病人从认知障碍发展到认知衰弱的可能性较大(均P<0.05)。详见表4。
本研究中老年CVD病人认知衰弱发生率为2.5%,与Ma等[23-24]研究结果相似;衰弱前期发生率为46.7%,衰弱发生率为8.6%,与Wleklik等[25]研究结果相似,提示中老年CVD病人衰弱的发生率不容乐观。本研究中老年CVD病人衰弱和衰弱前期发生率高于Feng等[26]研究结果,可能是与衰弱测量方法不同有关,也可能是与研究对象特征不同有关,本研究纳入的是中老年CVD病人,CVD与衰弱间存在一定的依存关系,人群衰弱发生率较高。因此,在临床工作中,应关注中老年CVD病人的综合健康状态,建议将衰弱的评估纳入CVD病人的常规医疗及护理中,以便及时预防和干预,防止健康状况恶化。
本研究转变概率分布显示,中老年CVD病人2年期间处于认知衰弱状态的概率大于4年期间,由正常状态、身体衰弱、认知障碍、认知衰弱转变至死亡的概率均小于4年期间。这可能是由于随着病人年龄增高其死亡风险增加,也可能与身体衰弱或认知障碍病人死亡风险较高有关[27]。本研究结果也显示,与身体衰弱病人相比,认知障碍病人恢复到正常状态的概率更高,这可能与轻度认知障碍的逆转率(>20%)高于身体衰弱逆转率(>13.7%)有关[22],且患有认知障碍的病人一般病情较轻,故更易逆转。此外,本研究结果显示,2年期间和4年期间,从身体衰弱发展为认知衰弱的概率均大于从认知障碍发展为认知衰弱的概率,从认知衰弱恢复到身体衰弱的概率也大于恢复到认知障碍的概率,提示医务人员应积极关注中老年CVD病人的身体衰弱,适当对认知障碍病人进行早期认知训练及干预,促进健康恢复。
亚组分析结果显示,对于单病病人来说,脑卒中病人易从正常状态发展至身体衰弱,原因可能是脑卒中是由于突发性脑损伤导致脑组织血液灌注中断,可引起脑功能受损,进而影响全身生理活动,降低生理储备,促使身体衰弱加重[28]。高血压病人改善衰弱的可能性相对较大,可能与高血压为身体衰弱和认知障碍的危险因素有关[8]。已有研究表明,对于高血压病人,只要血压控制得当,可以有效降低认知障碍发生风险[29]。对于共病病人来说,高血压-心脏病病人、高血压-脑卒中病人以及3种疾病共病病人从正常状况发展到身体衰弱的可能性均较大(均P<0.05),可能与共病病人出现不良健康结局的风险较大有关[30-31]。医务人员可针对不同类型的CVD病人制定分层管理策略,如脑卒中病人易发生身体衰弱,应动态评估病人衰弱情况,做到早发现、早诊断、早干预;对高血压病人,医务人员应积极改善其认知衰弱,可尽早开展认知训练干预以及运动、饮食等指导,避免其健康状态恶化,从而导致生活质量进一步降低;对CVD共病病人,可以开展多学科协作管理,根据其疾病特点和认知衰弱状态制定个性化康复方案,以防出现不可逆的功能下降。
首先,CVD是由受试者自我报告,可能会产生回忆偏差。其次,本次研究无法获得各疾病的严重程度、持续时间等信息,无法完全明确认知衰弱恢复率低的原因,需要在未来研究中进一步验证。最后,由于调查未进行连续性随访,状态转变确切时间无法做到精确。
本研究探讨了中老年人CVD与认知衰弱的转归关系,不同类型CVD与认知衰弱转归关系各不相同,其中CVD共病病人比单病病人各状态发生恶化的风险高且改善恶化状态的可能性低,而高血压病人恶化状态改善的可能性较高。提示医护人员在治疗和护理CVD病人时,对于恶化状态改善可能性较高的疾病应及时干预,以延缓或逆转认知衰弱的发生。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.006
  • 接收时间:2025-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-29
  • 修回日期:2026-04-20
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    1南方医科大学护理学院,广东 510515
    2南方医科大学卫生管理学院
    3广东省高校哲学社会科学(健康管理 政策与精准健康服务协同创新研究)重点实验室
    4广州中医药大学公共卫生与管理学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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