Article(id=1322936950495261681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752595200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-16, revisedDate=1772899200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793342347977, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793342347977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793342347977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793342347977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322936785516503921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='11', pageStart='1809', pageEnd='2000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793342308644, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343121351, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940194344796237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940194344796238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1912, endPage=1917, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322936950910497778, articleId=1322936950495261681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Status quo and influencing factors on cognitive decline among empty nest elderly in the community, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the occurrence and influencing factors of cognitive decline among empty nest elderly in the community,and to provide scientific basis for developing precise community cognitive health intervention strategies.

Methods

Using convenience sampling method,a total of 260 empty nest elderly people aged 65 and above from 6 communities in Taiyuan city from October to November 2023 were selected as the research subjects.A General Information Questionnaire,the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D),and a composite cognitive function assessment tool were used to investigate.Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to explore the influencing factors of cognitive decline in empty nest elderly.

Results

The incidence of cognitive decline among empty nest elderly was 31.97%.Logistic regression analysis results showed that listening,social activities,digital device use,and sleep time were the influencing factors of cognitive decline in empty nest elderly in the community(all P<0.05).

Conclusions

Community empty nest elderly were at a high-risk of cognitive decline.Cognitive decline were influenced by multiple factors such as listening,social activities,digital device use,and sleep time.It is suggested that the community should develop targeted plans based on relevant influencing factors to provide theoretical basis for delaying the cognitive decline of empty nest elderly.

, authors=Yueqin LI1, Shitai FU1, Danqiong WANG1, Mengqi HAN2, Fan GUO3, authorsList=Yueqin LI, Shitai FU, Danqiong WANG, Mengqi HAN, Fan GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shitai FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322936952047154163, articleId=1322936950495261681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=社区空巢老年人认知功能下降现状及影响因素, columnId=1220689488938980091, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨社区空巢老年人认知功能下降的发生情况及其影响因素,为制定精准化的社区认知健康干预策略提供科学依据。

方法

采用便利抽样法,于2023年10月—11月选取太原市6个社区的260名≥65岁的空巢老年人为研究对象,采用一般情况问卷、流行病学研究中心抑郁量表(CES-D)、复合认知功能评估工具进行调查。通过单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析探讨空巢老年人认知功能下降的影响因素。

结果

空巢老年人认知功能下降的发生率为31.97%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,听力、社交活动、数字设备应用、睡眠时长是社区空巢老年人认知功能下降的影响因素(均P<0.05)。

结论

社区空巢老年人是认知功能下降的高危人群,且受听力、社交活动、数字设备应用、睡眠多因素影响。建议社区根据相关影响因素,制定针对性的干预方案,为延缓空巢老人认知功能衰退提供理论依据。

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李月琴,副主任护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
付士太,E-mail:
FU Shitai, E-mail:
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Univariate analysis results of factors influencing cognitive decline among empty nest elderly in the community(n=244)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类认知功能正常(n=166)认知功能下降(n=78)统计值P
性别(例)男9637χ2=2.3130.151
女7041
受教育程度(例)初中及以下10845χ2=1.9070.592
高中3221
专科或本科239
研究生33
婚姻状况(例)未婚1912χ2=0.7420.325
已婚14766
日常生活活动困难(例)否12660χ2=0.0301.000
是4018
高血压(例)无12355χ2=0.3450.542
有4323
糖尿病(例)无15873χ2=0.2660.632
有85
脑卒中(例)无16272χ2=3.7680.047
有46
血脂异常(例)否15376χ2=2.5520.134
是132
饮酒(例)否12854χ2=1.7370.161
是3824
吸烟(例)否11444χ2=3.4970.086
是5234
头疼(例)无11757χ2=0.1750.534
有4921
与朋友交往(例)否10439χ2=3.5010.059
是6239
使用数字设备(例)否13072χ2=7.2930.008
是366
良好的社交活动(例)无12872χ2=8.2940.007
有386
锻炼(例)否6219χ2=4.0380.075
是10459
心理健康(例)≥10分8252χ2=6.3920.011
<10分8426
睡眠时长(例)<6 h4735χ2=6.5210.007
≥6 h11943
体质指数(kg/m2)21.61±2.7421.52±2.86t=0.2380.812
听力(分)2.11±0.892.46±0.96t=-2.8580.005
), ArticleFig(id=1322936963807981603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936950495261681, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

社区空巢老年人认知功能下降影响因素的单因素分析结果(n=244)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类认知功能正常(n=166)认知功能下降(n=78)统计值P
性别(例)男9637χ2=2.3130.151
女7041
受教育程度(例)初中及以下10845χ2=1.9070.592
高中3221
专科或本科239
研究生33
婚姻状况(例)未婚1912χ2=0.7420.325
已婚14766
日常生活活动困难(例)否12660χ2=0.0301.000
是4018
高血压(例)无12355χ2=0.3450.542
有4323
糖尿病(例)无15873χ2=0.2660.632
有85
脑卒中(例)无16272χ2=3.7680.047
有46
血脂异常(例)否15376χ2=2.5520.134
是132
饮酒(例)否12854χ2=1.7370.161
是3824
吸烟(例)否11444χ2=3.4970.086
是5234
头疼(例)无11757χ2=0.1750.534
有4921
与朋友交往(例)否10439χ2=3.5010.059
是6239
使用数字设备(例)否13072χ2=7.2930.008
是366
良好的社交活动(例)无12872χ2=8.2940.007
有386
锻炼(例)否6219χ2=4.0380.075
是10459
心理健康(例)≥10分8252χ2=6.3920.011
<10分8426
睡眠时长(例)<6 h4735χ2=6.5210.007
≥6 h11943
体质指数(kg/m2)21.61±2.7421.52±2.86t=0.2380.812
听力(分)2.11±0.892.46±0.96t=-2.8580.005
), ArticleFig(id=1322936963929616421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936950495261681, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variable assignment status

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变量赋值方式
脑卒中无=0;有=1
吸烟否=0;是=1
与朋友交往否=0;是=1
使用数字设备否=0;是=1
良好的社交活动无=0;有=1
锻炼否=0;是=1
心理健康≥10分=0;<10分=1
睡眠时长<6 h=0;≥6 h=1
听力原值输入
认知功能正常=0;下降=1
), ArticleFig(id=1322936964307103784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936950495261681, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量赋值情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方式
脑卒中无=0;有=1
吸烟否=0;是=1
与朋友交往否=0;是=1
使用数字设备否=0;是=1
良好的社交活动无=0;有=1
锻炼否=0;是=1
心理健康≥10分=0;<10分=1
睡眠时长<6 h=0;≥6 h=1
听力原值输入
认知功能正常=0;下降=1
), ArticleFig(id=1322936966039351337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936950495261681, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate analysis results of factors influencing cognitive decline among empty nest elderly in the community

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
使用数字设备-1.2830.5036.5010.0110.277[0.103,0.743]
良好的社交活动-1.4950.5118.5590.0030.224[0.082,0.610]
睡眠时长-0.2360.06811.8600.0010.790[0.691,0.903]
听力0.4280.1736.1540.0131.534[1.094,2.152]
), ArticleFig(id=1322936966307786794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936950495261681, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

社区空巢老年人认知功能下降影响因素的多因素分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
使用数字设备-1.2830.5036.5010.0110.277[0.103,0.743]
良好的社交活动-1.4950.5118.5590.0030.224[0.082,0.610]
睡眠时长-0.2360.06811.8600.0010.790[0.691,0.903]
听力0.4280.1736.1540.0131.534[1.094,2.152]
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社区空巢老年人认知功能下降现状及影响因素
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李月琴 1 , 付士太 1, *, * , 王丹琼 1 , 韩孟祺 2 , 郭凡 3
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(11): 1912-1917
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (11) : 1912 -1917
社区空巢老年人认知功能下降现状及影响因素
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李月琴1, 付士太1, *, * , 王丹琼1, 韩孟祺2, 郭凡3
作者信息
  • 1山西白求恩医院(山西医学科学院),山西医科大学第三医院,同济山西医院,山西 030032
  • 2山西中医药大学
  • 3山西医科大学
通讯作者:
付士太,E-mail:
FU Shitai, E-mail:
作者简介:

李月琴,副主任护师,硕士研究生

Status quo and influencing factors on cognitive decline among empty nest elderly in the community
Yueqin LI1, Shitai FU1 , Danqiong WANG1, Mengqi HAN2, Fan GUO3
Affiliations
  • 1Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Shanxi 030032 China
  • 2Shanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
  • 3Shanxi Medical University
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.014
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目的

探讨社区空巢老年人认知功能下降的发生情况及其影响因素,为制定精准化的社区认知健康干预策略提供科学依据。

方法

采用便利抽样法,于2023年10月—11月选取太原市6个社区的260名≥65岁的空巢老年人为研究对象,采用一般情况问卷、流行病学研究中心抑郁量表(CES-D)、复合认知功能评估工具进行调查。通过单因素分析和多因素Logistic回归分析探讨空巢老年人认知功能下降的影响因素。

结果

空巢老年人认知功能下降的发生率为31.97%。Logistic回归分析结果显示,听力、社交活动、数字设备应用、睡眠时长是社区空巢老年人认知功能下降的影响因素(均P<0.05)。

结论

社区空巢老年人是认知功能下降的高危人群,且受听力、社交活动、数字设备应用、睡眠多因素影响。建议社区根据相关影响因素,制定针对性的干预方案,为延缓空巢老人认知功能衰退提供理论依据。

认知功能  /  空巢老年人  /  社区  /  影响因素  /  调查研究
Objective

To explore the occurrence and influencing factors of cognitive decline among empty nest elderly in the community,and to provide scientific basis for developing precise community cognitive health intervention strategies.

Methods

Using convenience sampling method,a total of 260 empty nest elderly people aged 65 and above from 6 communities in Taiyuan city from October to November 2023 were selected as the research subjects.A General Information Questionnaire,the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale(CES-D),and a composite cognitive function assessment tool were used to investigate.Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were used to explore the influencing factors of cognitive decline in empty nest elderly.

Results

The incidence of cognitive decline among empty nest elderly was 31.97%.Logistic regression analysis results showed that listening,social activities,digital device use,and sleep time were the influencing factors of cognitive decline in empty nest elderly in the community(all P<0.05).

Conclusions

Community empty nest elderly were at a high-risk of cognitive decline.Cognitive decline were influenced by multiple factors such as listening,social activities,digital device use,and sleep time.It is suggested that the community should develop targeted plans based on relevant influencing factors to provide theoretical basis for delaying the cognitive decline of empty nest elderly.

cognitive function  /  empty nest elderly  /  community  /  influencing factors  /  investigation
李月琴, 付士太, 王丹琼, 韩孟祺, 郭凡. 社区空巢老年人认知功能下降现状及影响因素. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (11) : 1912 -1917 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.014
Yueqin LI, Shitai FU, Danqiong WANG, Mengqi HAN, Fan GUO. Status quo and influencing factors on cognitive decline among empty nest elderly in the community[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (11) : 1912 -1917 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.014
截至2023年,我国60岁及以上的人口数量达2.97亿人,约占总人口的21.1%[1]。老年人口持续增加、传统家庭结构转变、大量青壮年劳动力离开家庭,导致老年人留守独居现象增多,形成了一个特殊的群体——空巢老年人。空巢老年人是指年龄60岁及以上无子女或者子女不在身边照顾的独居或与配偶共同居住的老年人[2]。研究显示,预计到2030年空巢老年人规模将持续增长,其占比可攀升至老年人口的90%,全国将有超过2亿名老年人处于空巢状态[3]。空巢老年人由于缺少子女的陪伴和照顾,社会支持获取受到限制,认知功能会受到严重影响[4]。而认知功能减退会使老年人的生活质量显著下降,期望寿命缩短,给家庭和社会带来沉重的照护负担和经济压力。此外,空巢老年人由于缺乏家庭监督和支持,可能更易忽视健康管理,这些行为因素均与认知功能下降密切相关。党的二十大报告强调,优化人口发展战略,实施积极应对人口老龄化国家战略,发展养老事业和养老产业,优化孤寡老年人服务[5],坚持预防为主、防治结合,坚持强化照护、扩大供给,提高老年人生命质量,促进实现健康老龄化[6]。因此,对空巢老年人进行认知功能下降的早期预防具有重要意义。目前针对空巢老年人这一特殊群体的认知研究相对匮乏。且现有研究多数采用横断面设计[7]。本研究旨在分析社区空巢老年人认知功能下降现状及其危险因素,为延缓空巢老年人认知衰退提供更有力的证据。
于2023年10月—11月,采用便利抽样法,选取太原市6所社区卫生服务中心的老年人为调查对象。纳入标准:1)拥有太原市户籍或居住时间满6个月的人口;2)年龄≥65岁;3)知情同意,自愿参加本调查;4)居住状态符合空巢老年人的定义,即子女长期不在身边(如因工作、学习、结婚等原因离家),独居或仅与配偶同住[2];5)意识清楚,能够配合完成认知能力评估测试及调查。排除标准:1)调查期间因各种原因不在社区居住或人户分离;2)失语、失聪、失明、截瘫或其他躯体疾病和(或)无法与他人进行正常交流;3)患有重大疾病(如因严重的心肺功能不全、肝肾疾病、中毒性脑病等)、可引起脑功能障碍的神经系统疾病或已处于生命终末期;4)患有严重精神障碍、抑郁症(需临床诊断而非仅量表筛查)或已被确诊为认知障碍;5)有精神疾病史或先天精神发育迟缓;6)丧失日常生活能力或日常生活能力严重障碍;7)其他特殊情况,如近期经历重大生活事件(如丧偶、重大手术等),可能对认知能力产生短期影响;8)已确诊为其他心理疾病。样本量计算:根据Logistic回归对于样本量的要求,样本量应为自变量数的5~10倍[8],本研究共20个自变量,考虑20%的失访率,样本量应为125~250例。本研究已通过山西白求恩医院 山西医学科学院医学伦理审查(批件号:YXLL-2023-186)。
由经过统一培训且考核通过的调查员对社区老年人进行面对面问卷调查。于2023年10月—11月对社区空巢老年人进行基线调查。
因春节假期等因素适当延长随访时间,所有对象随访时间差控制在2个月内。于2025年1月—2月电话联系调查对象预约随访时间及地点,采用面对面方式进行再次调查。调查过程中,由调查员逐一将问卷条目向老年人复述,根据其回答勾选答案。问卷回收后进行双人核对、录入,确保数据的真实性和准确性。
包括空巢老年人的一般人口学特征(性别、受教育程度、婚姻状况等)、健康情况(糖尿病、高血压、血脂异常、听力等)及生活行为(吸烟、饮酒、锻炼、社交活动、睡眠、数字设备使用情况)等相关信息。锻炼指除日常生活必要的活动外,额外进行的一系列有目的、有一定运动强度、重复的身体活动;良好的社交活动指参与2个及以上个体间相互互动和信息交流的活动[9];睡眠时长≥6 h为良好[10];根据世界卫生组织(WHO)听力障碍标准将听力分为正常、轻度、中度、中重度、重度和极重度6个等级,正常听力(<20 dB)计0分,轻度听力损失(20~<35 dB)计1分,中度听力损失(35~<50 dB)计2分,中重度听力损失(50~<65 dB)计3分,重度听力损失(65~<80 dB)计4分,极重度听力损失(≥80 dB)计5分[11]。
采用CES-D评估空巢老年人心理健康,该量表由10个项目组成,涉及过去1周的感受和行为。每个项目均采用Likert 4级评分法,“很少或没有时间(<1 d)”计0分,“一些或少量时间(1~2 d)”计1分,“偶尔或中等时间(3~4 d)”计2分,“大部分或所有时间(5~7 d)”计3分。总分0~30分,得分越高表示抑郁症状越明显,得分<10分表示无抑郁;得分≥10分表示存在抑郁症状但不一定达到抑郁症标准。该量表在老年人中应用的Cronbach's α系数为0.72~0.88[12-13]。
采用复合认知功能评估工具评估空巢老年人的认知功能,参考Sha等[14-15]开发的量表,复合认知功能评估工具包含时间定向(5项)、计算与注意(5项)、视觉空间(1项)及情景记忆(10项)4个维度。其中时间定向包括年、月、日、星期和季节5个问题;计算与注意为100连续减7的问题,连续减5次;视觉空间要求研究对象画出2个五角星重叠的图形;情景记忆包含10个词语的即时记忆和延时记忆问题,正确记忆1个词语计1分,2次记忆的平均分为记忆力得分。除记忆力外,每答对1题计1分,各问题得分相加得到认知功能总分[14]。得分越高表示受试者的认知功能越好。该量表在我国中老年人群中验证显示良好的信效度,Cronbach's α系数为0.845[15],重测信度为0.792[14],与简易精神状态检查表(MMSE)的效标效度r为0.681(P<0.001)[15]。参考相关研究[14-16],本研究将评分下降≥2分判定为出现认知功能下降。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析,符合正态分布的定量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验;不符合正态分布的定量资料采用中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]表示,组间比较采用非参数Mann-Whitney秩和检验,定性资料采用例数、百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用单因素分析及多因素分析探讨社区空巢老年人认知功能下降的影响因素,以P<0.05为有统计学意义。
共调查260例社区空巢老年人,随访过程中,1例发生脑卒中、1例去世、8例主动要求退出、6例无法取得联系,最后共随访成功244例。244例社区空巢老年人中78例(31.97%)出现认知功能下降。社区空巢老年人认知功能下降影响因素的单因素分析结果见表1。
以社区空巢老人出现认知功能下降为因变量,将单因素分析中P<0.1的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归,变量赋值方式见表2。结果显示,使用数字设备、社交活动、睡眠时长、听力水平是社区空巢老年人认知功能下降的影响因素(均P<0.05),详见表3。
空巢老人作为老年群体中的特殊人群,因缺乏子女陪伴,更容易产生孤独感和无助感,长期的情感缺失可能加速其认知功能的衰退。本研究结果显示,31.97%的社区空巢老年人出现认知功能下降,说明社区空巢老年人是认知功能下降的高危人群,本研究结果高于武汉市社区空巢老年人轻度认知障碍的患病率[17],低于湖南省农村地区空巢老年人轻度认知障碍患病率[18]。原因可能与评价标准不一致且城市空巢老年人受教育程度及收入较高有关。
本研究结果显示,积极参与社区活动可降低社区空巢老年人认知能力下降的风险。与Fan等[19-20]研究结果一致,其研究均表明良好的社交活动能有效延缓认知退化,对于老年人的认知功能具有保护作用[21]。提示社区卫生服务人员应关注空巢老人的社交活动,可考虑组织各类互动活动,如定期举办交流会、公益讲座、兴趣培训班等多样化的社交活动,创建良好的社交环境,促进社区空巢老年人参与社交活动。
本研究结果显示,使用数字设备(电脑、智能手机等)的空巢老年人认知功能下降的风险低。一方面,电脑、智能手机等数字设备对老年人来说是较为陌生的新兴事物,学习新技术需要调动多种认知领域,如记忆力、注意力、视空间和执行能力等;另一方面,数字设备作为接入互联网的载体,集社交、休闲娱乐、信息获取等多样化服务和功能于一体,可提供丰富的认知刺激和认知功能的保护性资源,如增强社会参与和互动,减轻抑郁和孤独感,获取健康信息,提高健康素养,进而促进健康生活方式,对延缓老年人的认知功能衰退有积极作用[22]。因此,应鼓励空巢老年人使用数字设备,为减少老年数字鸿沟,社区可定期举办数字设备应用培训班,安排志愿者协助社区空巢老年人使用数字设备,同时与电信企业合作提供优惠套餐,最后还应加强对空巢老年人防诈骗教育的培训。
本研究结果显示,有良好睡眠(睡眠时间≥6 h)的老年人认知功能下降风险低。这与Niu等[23]研究结果一致。分析原因可能为:睡眠时间不足会导致β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)沉积,而Aβ沉积可使血管壁淀粉样变,导致血管硬化,弹性变差,诱发破裂或形成血栓,损伤脑组织,进而影响认知功能,且Aβ沉积会诱使神经细胞凋亡,使神经突退缩及神经元变性,细胞间信号传递出现异常,导致记忆、语言、计算等认知功能下降,进而导致认知障碍的发生[24]。睡眠时间短还会促进炎性因子生成,大量的炎性因子会改变下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴活性,对认知产生影响[25]。因此,应加强关注空巢老年人睡眠时长,通过健康宣教纠正“老人少睡正常”的误区,建议老年人每日维持6~8 h的睡眠[25-26],对失眠者提供及时的认知行为干预。
本研究结果显示,听力下降是社区空巢老年人认知功能下降的危险因素,即听力越差的老年人认知功能下降的可能性越大,与廖玉琪等[27-28]研究结果一致。美国一项历时5年对347名>55岁的受试者研究后发现,听力减退病人多存在额叶、顶叶的改变,这可能是其发生认知功能下降的原因之一[29]。老年人因为听力下降影响交流常会选择回避各种社交活动,可能出现社交上的孤立以及减少与家人朋友的交流,最终出现抑郁或认知障碍[30]。因此,要注重对听力下降空巢老年人的关注,尽早识别老年人听力下降现象,给予积极干预,建议将听力筛查纳入社区常规体检项目,并针对有听力问题的空巢老年人尽早开展干预措施,如降噪技术和康复服务(助听器和耳蜗植入等),并建议将助听器干预纳入认知衰退一级预防策略。
1)随访时间较短,未来需延长随访时间并使用交叉滞后模型等更复杂的分析方法;2)样本量较少,需进一步扩大样本量进行验证;3)听力评估采用WHO分级,未进行纯音测听;4)数字设备使用未量化使用时长及功能类型;5)本研究中将认知功能总分下降≥2分定义为认知功能下降,虽较原标准更为严格,但该量表的最小临床重要差异(MCID)尚未在同类人群中充分验证,未来研究需进一步确立适合我国老年人群的认知功能变化阈值。
本研究结果显示,使用数字设备、良好的社交活动、良好的睡眠(睡眠时长≥6 h)是空巢老年人认知功能下降的保护因素;听力下降为社区空巢老年人认知功能下降的独立危险因素。提示应以这些因素作为干预靶点,制定针对性的方案:1)社区开展“听力-睡眠”二联筛查,建立电子健康档案;2)对听力下降者转诊耳鼻喉科,对于睡眠障碍者提供认知行为干预或转诊支持;3)联合社工组织“数字设备教学小组”进行数字设备应用教学,同时加强对空巢老年人进行防诈骗教育。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.014
  • 接收时间:2025-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-16
  • 修回日期:2026-03-08
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    1山西白求恩医院(山西医学科学院),山西医科大学第三医院,同济山西医院,山西 030032
    2山西中医药大学
    3山西医科大学

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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