Article(id=1322936946217058702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753372800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-25, revisedDate=1776614400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793342346957, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1779638400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793342346957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793342346957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793342346957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322936901946179634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='10', pageStart='1617', pageEnd='1808', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779638400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793342336403, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343127243, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940219045052525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940219045052526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936901946179634, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1665, endPage=1671, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322936946468716943, articleId=1322936946217058702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder and influencing factors in patients with early pregnancy loss, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with early pregnancy loss and to analyze their influencing factors.

Methods

Patients with early pregnancy loss who attended the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic of a tertiary grade A hospital in Wuhan city were selected as the study subjects by a convenience sampling method from September 2024 to May 2025.Surveys were conducted on the day of early pregnancy loss,one month after early pregnancy loss,and three months after early pregnancy loss using a general information questionnaire,the post-traumatic stress disorder Checklist-Civilian Version,the Dyadic Coping Inventory,the Chinese Version Perceived Stress Scale,the Sense of Coherence Scale-13,and the Perceived Social Support Scale.A latent class growth model was used to identify the developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients.Logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the influencing factors.

Results

A total of 405 patients were finally included.Three distinct developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder were identified in patients with early pregnancy loss,namely a high traumatic stress response-chronic risk group(113 cases,27.9%),a low traumatic stress response-sustained improvement group(230 cases,56.8%),and a high traumatic stress response-rapid remission group(62 cases,15.3%).The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that the mode of conception,number of miscarriages,social support,sense of coherence,dyadic coping,and perceived stress were influencing factors for the developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with early pregnancy loss(all P<0.05).

Conclusions

There is group heterogeneity in the developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with early pregnancy loss.Clinical healthcare providers should promptly conduct psychological screening for patients with early pregnancy loss and develop precise nursing interventions based on the influencing factors of different trajectories to alleviate post-traumatic stress disorder in these patients.

, authors=Cui XING, Li LIU, Jiangming WU, Meiliyang WU, Jia QU, authorsList=Cui XING, Li LIU, Jiangming WU, Meiliyang WU, Jia QU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jia QU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322936947227885970, articleId=1322936946217058702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=早期妊娠丢失病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹及影响因素, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨早期妊娠丢失(EPL)病人创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)发展轨迹,并分析其影响因素。

方法

采用便利抽样法,于2024年9月—2025年5月选取武汉市某三级甲等医院妇产科门诊就诊的早期妊娠丢失病人为研究对象,于早期妊娠丢失当日、早期妊娠丢失后1个月、早期妊娠丢失后3个月,采用一般资料调查表、创伤后应激检查量表平民版、二元应对量表、知觉压力量表、心理一致感量表、领悟社会支持量表进行调查,采用潜类别增长模型识别病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹,通过Logistic回归分析探讨影响因素。

结果

最终纳入405例病人,共识别出早期妊娠丢失病人3种创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹,分别为高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组(113例,27.9%)、低创伤应激反应-持续改善组(230例,56.8%)、高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组(62例,15.3%)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,妊娠方式、流产次数、社会支持、心理一致感、二元应对、压力感知是早期妊娠丢失病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹的影响因素(均P<0.05)。

结论

早期妊娠丢失病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹存在群体异质性,临床医护人员应及时对早期妊娠丢失病人进行心理筛查,根据不同轨迹的影响因素制定精准的护理措施,以缓解病人的创伤后应激障碍。

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邢翠,主管护师,本科

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瞿佳,E-mail:
QU Jia, E-mail:
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articleId=1322936946217058702, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Trajectory plot of the latent variable growth model for PTSD in patients with EPL, figureFileSmall=8BY/tqHsRK+lnIu4CI+c+w==, figureFileBig=SRYVj+gO4/2EEKQJR3J62Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322936950210036156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EPL病人PTSD潜变量增长模型轨迹图, figureFileSmall=8BY/tqHsRK+lnIu4CI+c+w==, figureFileBig=SRYVj+gO4/2EEKQJR3J62Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322936950398779837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Developmental trajectories of PTSD in patients with EPL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率
LMRTBLRT
18 372.0628 404.0938 378.7081.000
28 273.8348 317.8778 282.9720.858<0.001<0.0010.295/0.705
38 228.9348 284.9888 240.5640.8240.004<0.0010.279/0.568/0.153
48 214.7268 282.7928 228.8490.9050.051<0.0010.281/0.454/0.022/0.242
), ArticleFig(id=1322936950478471614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率
LMRTBLRT
18 372.0628 404.0938 378.7081.000
28 273.8348 317.8778 282.9720.858<0.001<0.0010.295/0.705
38 228.9348 284.9888 240.5640.8240.004<0.0010.279/0.568/0.153
48 214.7268 282.7928 228.8490.9050.051<0.0010.281/0.454/0.022/0.242
), ArticleFig(id=1322936950549774783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate analysis of factors influencing developmental trajectories of PTSD in patients with EPL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组(n=62)低创伤应激反应-持续改善组(n=230)高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组(n=113)统计值P
年龄(岁)31.00(27.25,34.00)32.00(29.00,36.00)32.00(28.00,35.00)Z=3.3210.190
受教育程度[例(%)]初中及以下6(9.68)19(8.26)6(5.31)
高中/中专8(12.90)28(12.17)17(15.04)
专科17(27.42)64(27.83)39(34.51)χ2=4.0510.853
本科26(41.94)97(42.17)40(35.40)
研究生5(8.06)22(9.57)11(9.73)
职业分类[例(%)]一般职员28(45.16)88(38.26)42(37.17)
个体经营者5(8.06)27(11.74)10(8.85)
服务业人员7(11.29)10(4.35)8(7.08)
技术开发/工程师1(1.61)9(3.91)4(3.54)
工人劳动者1(1.61)3(1.30)1(0.88)0.732①
自由职业14(22.58)60(26.09)38(33.63)
老师/公务员2(3.23)17(7.39)4(3.54)
医护人员3(4.84)13(5.65)5(4.42)
科研人员1(1.61)3(1.30)1(0.88)
家庭月收入[例(%)]<3 000元6(9.68)17(7.39)7(6.19)
3 000~5 000元10(16.13)44(19.13)17(15.04)
>5 000~10 000元23(37.10)67(29.13)34(30.09)χ2=9.5920.295
>10 000~20 000元19(30.65)56(24.35)36(31.86)
>20 000元4(6.45)46(20.00)19(16.81)
居住地[例(%)]城镇56(90.32)211(91.74)102(90.27)χ2=0.2590.878
农村6(9.68)19(8.26)11(9.73)
妊娠次数(次)7.00(6.00,8.00)7.00(6.00,8.00)7.00(6.00,8.00)Z=1.1340.567
本次妊娠孕周(周)2.00(1.00,3.00)2.00(1.00,3.00)2.00(1.00,3.00)Z=1.5430.462
妊娠方式[例(%)]自然妊娠53(85.48)222(96.52)100(88.50)χ2=12.5110.002
辅助生殖9(14.52)8(3.48)13(11.50)
计划妊娠[例(%)]是41(66.13)173(75.22)82(72.57)χ2=2.0720.355
否21(33.87)57(24.78)31(27.43)
妊娠丢失类型[例(%)]不全流产8(12.90)19(8.26)16(14.16)
完全流产1(1.61)6(2.61)2(1.77)0.454①
稽留流产53(85.48)205(89.13)95(84.07)
流产次数[例(%)]0次41(66.13)117(50.87)59(52.21)χ2=15.8620.015
1次13(20.97)68(29.57)23(20.35)
2次4(6.45)28(12.17)11(9.73)
≥3次4(6.45)17(7.39)20(17.70)
有无子女[例(%)]无45(72.58)159(69.13)85(75.22)χ2=1.4290.489
有17(27.42)71(30.87)28(24.78)
心理一致感(分)48.00(41.00,52.00)48.00(45.00,52.00)45.00(39.50,49.00)Z=20.555<0.001
社会支持(分)55.13±11.9655.52±12.5449.46±12.67F=9.346<0.001
压力感知(分)28.48±5.0726.47±6.0229.58±5.92F=11.472<0.001
二元应对(分)114.00(98.00,123.50)116.00(103.00,130.75)107.00(95.00,120.00)Z=11.6230.003
), ArticleFig(id=1322936950629466560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组(n=62)低创伤应激反应-持续改善组(n=230)高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组(n=113)统计值P
年龄(岁)31.00(27.25,34.00)32.00(29.00,36.00)32.00(28.00,35.00)Z=3.3210.190
受教育程度[例(%)]初中及以下6(9.68)19(8.26)6(5.31)
高中/中专8(12.90)28(12.17)17(15.04)
专科17(27.42)64(27.83)39(34.51)χ2=4.0510.853
本科26(41.94)97(42.17)40(35.40)
研究生5(8.06)22(9.57)11(9.73)
职业分类[例(%)]一般职员28(45.16)88(38.26)42(37.17)
个体经营者5(8.06)27(11.74)10(8.85)
服务业人员7(11.29)10(4.35)8(7.08)
技术开发/工程师1(1.61)9(3.91)4(3.54)
工人劳动者1(1.61)3(1.30)1(0.88)0.732①
自由职业14(22.58)60(26.09)38(33.63)
老师/公务员2(3.23)17(7.39)4(3.54)
医护人员3(4.84)13(5.65)5(4.42)
科研人员1(1.61)3(1.30)1(0.88)
家庭月收入[例(%)]<3 000元6(9.68)17(7.39)7(6.19)
3 000~5 000元10(16.13)44(19.13)17(15.04)
>5 000~10 000元23(37.10)67(29.13)34(30.09)χ2=9.5920.295
>10 000~20 000元19(30.65)56(24.35)36(31.86)
>20 000元4(6.45)46(20.00)19(16.81)
居住地[例(%)]城镇56(90.32)211(91.74)102(90.27)χ2=0.2590.878
农村6(9.68)19(8.26)11(9.73)
妊娠次数(次)7.00(6.00,8.00)7.00(6.00,8.00)7.00(6.00,8.00)Z=1.1340.567
本次妊娠孕周(周)2.00(1.00,3.00)2.00(1.00,3.00)2.00(1.00,3.00)Z=1.5430.462
妊娠方式[例(%)]自然妊娠53(85.48)222(96.52)100(88.50)χ2=12.5110.002
辅助生殖9(14.52)8(3.48)13(11.50)
计划妊娠[例(%)]是41(66.13)173(75.22)82(72.57)χ2=2.0720.355
否21(33.87)57(24.78)31(27.43)
妊娠丢失类型[例(%)]不全流产8(12.90)19(8.26)16(14.16)
完全流产1(1.61)6(2.61)2(1.77)0.454①
稽留流产53(85.48)205(89.13)95(84.07)
流产次数[例(%)]0次41(66.13)117(50.87)59(52.21)χ2=15.8620.015
1次13(20.97)68(29.57)23(20.35)
2次4(6.45)28(12.17)11(9.73)
≥3次4(6.45)17(7.39)20(17.70)
有无子女[例(%)]无45(72.58)159(69.13)85(75.22)χ2=1.4290.489
有17(27.42)71(30.87)28(24.78)
心理一致感(分)48.00(41.00,52.00)48.00(45.00,52.00)45.00(39.50,49.00)Z=20.555<0.001
社会支持(分)55.13±11.9655.52±12.5449.46±12.67F=9.346<0.001
压力感知(分)28.48±5.0726.47±6.0229.58±5.92F=11.472<0.001
二元应对(分)114.00(98.00,123.50)116.00(103.00,130.75)107.00(95.00,120.00)Z=11.6230.003
), ArticleFig(id=1322936950730129857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Variable assignment

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方式
EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组=(0,0);高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组=(1,0);低创伤应激反应-持续改善组=(0,1)
妊娠方式辅助生殖=0;自然妊娠=1
流产次数0次=(0,0,0);1次=(1,0,0);2次=(0,1,0);≥3次=(0,0,1)
社会支持原值输入
心理一致感原值输入
二元应对原值输入
压力感知原值输入
), ArticleFig(id=1322936950822404546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变量赋值方式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方式
EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组=(0,0);高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组=(1,0);低创伤应激反应-持续改善组=(0,1)
妊娠方式辅助生殖=0;自然妊娠=1
流产次数0次=(0,0,0);1次=(1,0,0);2次=(0,1,0);≥3次=(0,0,1)
社会支持原值输入
心理一致感原值输入
二元应对原值输入
压力感知原值输入
), ArticleFig(id=1322936950902096323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Multivariate analysis of factors influencing Developmental trajectories of PTSD in patients with EPL

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发展轨迹自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组常数-2.8311.9712.0630.151
社会支持0.0310.0154.4370.0351.032[1.002,1.062]
流产次数 ≥3次-1.2630.5924.5570.0330.283[0.089,0.902]
低创伤应激反应-持续改善组常数-3.3051.5374.6270.031
二元应对0.0150.0074.7510.0291.015[1.002,1.029]
心理一致感0.0350.0164.9150.0271.035[1.004,1.067]
压力感知-0.0560.0245.4050.0200.946[0.903,0.991]
妊娠方式1.1540.4985.3810.0203.172[1.196,8.413]
流产次数 ≥3次-0.9020.3895.3790.0200.406[0.189,0.870]
), ArticleFig(id=1322936950973399492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322936946217058702, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹影响因素的多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发展轨迹自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组常数-2.8311.9712.0630.151
社会支持0.0310.0154.4370.0351.032[1.002,1.062]
流产次数 ≥3次-1.2630.5924.5570.0330.283[0.089,0.902]
低创伤应激反应-持续改善组常数-3.3051.5374.6270.031
二元应对0.0150.0074.7510.0291.015[1.002,1.029]
心理一致感0.0350.0164.9150.0271.035[1.004,1.067]
压力感知-0.0560.0245.4050.0200.946[0.903,0.991]
妊娠方式1.1540.4985.3810.0203.172[1.196,8.413]
流产次数 ≥3次-0.9020.3895.3790.0200.406[0.189,0.870]
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早期妊娠丢失病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹及影响因素
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邢翠 , 刘莉 , 吴江明 , 吴梅利洋 , 瞿佳 *, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(10): 1665-1671
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (10) : 1665 -1671
早期妊娠丢失病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹及影响因素
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邢翠, 刘莉, 吴江明, 吴梅利洋, 瞿佳*, *, *
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,湖北 430030
通讯作者:
瞿佳,E-mail:
QU Jia, E-mail:
作者简介:

邢翠,主管护师,本科

Developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder and influencing factors in patients with early pregnancy loss
Cui XING, Li LIU, Jiangming WU, Meiliyang WU, Jia QU
Affiliations
  • 1Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030 China
出版时间: 2026-05-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.007
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目的

探讨早期妊娠丢失(EPL)病人创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)发展轨迹,并分析其影响因素。

方法

采用便利抽样法,于2024年9月—2025年5月选取武汉市某三级甲等医院妇产科门诊就诊的早期妊娠丢失病人为研究对象,于早期妊娠丢失当日、早期妊娠丢失后1个月、早期妊娠丢失后3个月,采用一般资料调查表、创伤后应激检查量表平民版、二元应对量表、知觉压力量表、心理一致感量表、领悟社会支持量表进行调查,采用潜类别增长模型识别病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹,通过Logistic回归分析探讨影响因素。

结果

最终纳入405例病人,共识别出早期妊娠丢失病人3种创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹,分别为高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组(113例,27.9%)、低创伤应激反应-持续改善组(230例,56.8%)、高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组(62例,15.3%)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,妊娠方式、流产次数、社会支持、心理一致感、二元应对、压力感知是早期妊娠丢失病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹的影响因素(均P<0.05)。

结论

早期妊娠丢失病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹存在群体异质性,临床医护人员应及时对早期妊娠丢失病人进行心理筛查,根据不同轨迹的影响因素制定精准的护理措施,以缓解病人的创伤后应激障碍。

早期妊娠丢失  /  创伤后应激障碍  /  发展轨迹  /  潜类别增长模型  /  影响因素  /  护理
Objective

To explore the developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with early pregnancy loss and to analyze their influencing factors.

Methods

Patients with early pregnancy loss who attended the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic of a tertiary grade A hospital in Wuhan city were selected as the study subjects by a convenience sampling method from September 2024 to May 2025.Surveys were conducted on the day of early pregnancy loss,one month after early pregnancy loss,and three months after early pregnancy loss using a general information questionnaire,the post-traumatic stress disorder Checklist-Civilian Version,the Dyadic Coping Inventory,the Chinese Version Perceived Stress Scale,the Sense of Coherence Scale-13,and the Perceived Social Support Scale.A latent class growth model was used to identify the developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients.Logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the influencing factors.

Results

A total of 405 patients were finally included.Three distinct developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder were identified in patients with early pregnancy loss,namely a high traumatic stress response-chronic risk group(113 cases,27.9%),a low traumatic stress response-sustained improvement group(230 cases,56.8%),and a high traumatic stress response-rapid remission group(62 cases,15.3%).The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that the mode of conception,number of miscarriages,social support,sense of coherence,dyadic coping,and perceived stress were influencing factors for the developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with early pregnancy loss(all P<0.05).

Conclusions

There is group heterogeneity in the developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder in patients with early pregnancy loss.Clinical healthcare providers should promptly conduct psychological screening for patients with early pregnancy loss and develop precise nursing interventions based on the influencing factors of different trajectories to alleviate post-traumatic stress disorder in these patients.

early pregnancy loss  /  post-traumatic stress disorder  /  developmental trajectory  /  latent class growth model  /  influencing factors  /  nursing
邢翠, 刘莉, 吴江明, 吴梅利洋, 瞿佳. 早期妊娠丢失病人创伤后应激障碍发展轨迹及影响因素. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (10) : 1665 -1671 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.007
Cui XING, Li LIU, Jiangming WU, Meiliyang WU, Jia QU. Developmental trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder and influencing factors in patients with early pregnancy loss[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (10) : 1665 -1671 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.007
早期妊娠丢失(early pregnancy loss,EPL)是指在妊娠12周内出现宫内胚胎死亡,表现为妊娠囊内无胚胎或胚胎无胎心搏动,发生率为10%左右[1]。EPL作为女性生育历程中突发性创伤事件,会对女性心理健康产生消极影响[2-3]。创伤后应激障碍(post-traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)是EPL后的常见心理健康问题,临床表现为反复出现的创伤体验、持续的高警觉状态和回避等[4]。已有结果显示,EPL后女性PTSD患病率为10%~45%[3],严重影响女性心理、人际关系和社会功能,甚至可能增加再次流产风险[5-6]。加强生殖健康服务,深入开展早孕和流产后关爱服务是构建生育友好型社会的重要举措[7]。目前,关于EPL女性PTSD的研究多为横断面设计[3],无法系统了解PTSD发展的动态演变规律及其内在异质性,导致临床实践中精准识别潜在高危人群以及确定最佳的心理干预时机依据不足。已有研究结果显示,PTSD发生并不完全取决于事件的客观严重程度,而是与个体的主观感知、情绪调节能力以及所处的社会环境密切相关[8-9]。为更有效地开展流产后关爱服务,精准探寻风险人群和干预时点,本研究拟基于潜类别增长模型(latent class growth model,LCGM)识别EPL病人PTSD演变轨迹,并分析其影响因素,以期为医护人员识别重点干预群体,实施精准干预提供依据。
采用便利抽样法,于2024年9月—2025年5月选取武汉市某三级甲等医院妇产科门诊就诊的EPL病人为研究对象。纳入标准:1)已婚;2)孕周≤12周;3)确诊为EPL,并已完成相应治疗;4)会使用智能手机;5)知情同意并自愿参与本研究。排除标准:1)近期有其他重大事件发生;2)有明确的精神病史;3)有听力或语言表达障碍,无法正确理解问卷内容。依据Kendall样本量估算方法,样本量至少为自变量数的15~20倍[10],本研究共纳入17个变量,并考虑20%的失访率,所需病人为319~425例。本研究已通过华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院伦理委员会审批(编号:TJ-IRB202412228)。
由研究者自行编制,内容包括年龄、受教育程度、职业分类、家庭月收入、居住地、妊娠次数、本次妊娠孕周、妊娠方式、是否计划妊娠、妊娠丢失类型、流产次数、有无子女等。
由美国PTSD研究中心根据《精神障碍诊断和统计手册》第4版编制而成[11]。杨晓云[12]于2007年对PCL-C进行汉化。量表包括创伤再体验症状、回避麻木症状、警觉性增高症状3个维度,共17个条目,已广泛应用于不同人群的PTSD调查。量表采用Likert 5级评分法,总分17~85分,得分越高代表PTSD发生的可能性越大,PTSD总分≥38分为PTSD阳性。该量表是国际公认的具有良好信效度的通用性PTSD筛查量表,本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.855~0.888。
由Bodenmann[13]编制,Xu等[14]汉化,用于评估夫妻应对个人和共同压力源的情况。量表包括压力沟通应对、支持性应对、授权应对、共同应对、消极应对、质量评价6个维度,共37个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,从“极少”到“非常频繁”依次计1~5分,消极应对维度采用反向计分,质量评价维度(2个条目)不计入总分。量表总分35~175分,得分越高表示夫妻之间积极二元应对越多。本研究中量表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.948。
由Cohen等[15]编制,杨廷忠等[16]修订,用于评估个体在生活中的压力程度。量表包括紧张感和失控感2个维度,共14个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,量表总分0~56分,0~28分表示压力正常,>28~42分表示压力较大,>42~56分表示压力过大。量表结构效度符合理论构想,本研究中量表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.742。
由Antonovsky[17]编制,包蕾萍等[18]汉化,用于评估个体的心理一致感。量表包括可理解感、可控制感和意义感3个维度,共13个条目,采用Likert 7级评分法,总分13~91分,得分越高表示心理一致感水平越高。本研究中量表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.787。
由Dahlem等[19]编制,黄丽等[20]翻译和修订,用于评估个体领悟社会支持水平,包括家庭支持、朋友支持、其他支持3个维度,共12个条目,采用Likert 7级评分法,从“非常不符合”到“非常符合”依次计1~7分,总分12~84分,得分越高表示感知到的社会支持水平越高,中文版量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.84。本研究中量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.756。
以EPL为起始节点,有利于捕捉创伤反应初期特征,明确PTSD发展基线与干预时机;同时参照我国相关指南[21],选择EPL后1个月及3个月进行随访。于EPL当日(T1)、EPL后1个月(T2)、EPL后3个月(T3)收集资料。T1资料由研究者在病人完成相应医疗治疗,病人生命体征平稳准备离院前获得,调查前向病人介绍研究目的,取得病人同意后面对面指导其填写问卷,采用问卷星收集资料,包括病人一般资料、PTSD、二元应对、压力感知、领悟社会支持、心理一致感得分。T2、T3资料于具体时点前后1周通过线下(妇产科门诊复查)和线上(电话随访、微信联系)相结合的方式获得,包括病人PTSD得分,随访时间与病人提前协商并根据其意愿灵活调整。问卷所有项目均设置为必填项。如内容填写自相矛盾、问卷均选择同一选项或呈明显规律性作答则视为无效问卷。
采用SPSS 25.0和Mplus 8.3进行统计分析,符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用方差分析;不符合正态分布的定量资料以中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]表示,组间比较采用秩和检验;定性资料以频数及百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。采用Mplus拟合PTSD发展轨迹,通过赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)和校正BIC(adjusted BIC,aBIC)判断模型拟合效果,数值越小表明模型拟合越好;采用信息熵(Entropy)评估分类精确度,越接近1表示分类越精确;采用Bootstrap似然比检验(Bootstrap likelihood ratio test,BLRT)和罗-梦戴尔-鲁本校正似然比检验(Lo-Mendell-Rubin test,LMRT)比较模型拟合差异,结合实际意义确定最佳模型。采用Logistic回归分析探讨EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹的影响因素。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
最初纳入459例EPL病人,T1时脱落9例病人,纳入450例病人;T2时脱落11例病人,纳入439例病人;T3时脱落34例病人,纳入405例病人。纳入病人与脱落病人一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。T1、T2、T3调查结果显示,PCL-C得分依次为(36.64±10.45)分、(31.24±8.76)分和(26.23±8.20)分。重复测量方差分析结果显示,F=330.059(P<0.001)。
共拟合1~4个发展轨迹模型,结果显示,随着模型数增加,AIC、BIC、aBIC值逐渐下降;当模型数为4时,LMRT无统计学意义(P>0.05)。确定模型3为最佳拟合模型。见表1。根据模型3中3个发展轨迹在不同时间的PCL-C得分绘制轨迹图,轨迹1共113例(27.9%)EPL病人,T1时PTSD水平较高,T2、T3时PCL-C得分下降略减缓,命名为“高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组”;轨迹2共230例(56.8%)EPL病人,T1时PTSD水平中等偏低,T2、T3时PCL-C得分持续降低,命名为“低创伤应激反应-持续改善组”;轨迹3共62例(15.3%)EPL病人,T1时PTSD水平较高,T2、T3时PCL-C得分快速下降,命名为“高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组”。见图1。
对单因素分析中P<0.05的变量进行共线性诊断,这些变量的方差膨胀因子(VIF)为1.008~1.289(均<5),表明自变量间不存在多重共线性。将这些变量作为自变量,将EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹作为因变量,进行Logistic回归分析,结果显示,妊娠方式、流产次数、社会支持、心理一致感、二元应对、压力感知是EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹的影响因素(均P<0.05)。变量赋值方式见表3,EPL病人PTSD发展轨迹影响因素的多因素分析结果见表4。
本研究结果显示,T1、T2、T3时EPL病人的PCL-C得分依次为(36.64±10.45)分、(31.24±8.76)分和(26.23±8.20)分,确诊EPL、胚胎及残留物清除以及治疗带来的身体不适等叠加的强应激事件冲击,可能使病人处于较高的PTSD水平。基于PCL-C得分,通过LCGM识别出EPL病人的3种PTSD发展轨迹,其中,高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组共113例(27.9%)EPL病人,低创伤应激反应-持续改善组共230例(56.8%)EPL病人,高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组共62例(15.3%)EPL病人,3种PTSD发展轨迹的PCL-C得分均随时间有所下降,与Farren等[22]研究结果相似,说明随着时间推移,EPL病人的身心逐步恢复,逐渐接受妊娠丢失这一应激事件,其PTSD症状得以减轻。但27.9%的病人属于高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组,提示一部分高风险人群在缺乏有效干预的情况下,其PTSD风险可能持续存在。医护人员在工作中应加强对EPL病人心理的关注,尽早评估流产女性的心理创伤风险,并及时采取有效措施(如创伤知情照护等)预防PTSD的发生。
本研究结果显示,与高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组相比,自然妊娠的EPL病人比辅助生殖的EPL病人更易归为低创伤应激反应-持续改善组(P<0.05)。辅助生殖的病人在经历EPL后应激症状较重且有加重的风险。辅助生殖诊疗过程复杂、周期较长,导致病人存在持续心理压力和经济负担,其在EPL发生前已存在心理脆弱性或心理储备不足[23],因此在EPL后PTSD水平较高。若相应资源不足以支持应对,病人有持续高PTSD风险。加强生殖健康服务是我国构建生育友好型社会的战略重点之一[7]。因此,临床医护人员应将辅助生殖病人列为EPL心理干预的重点关注对象。针对辅助生殖过程的特殊性,提供从诊疗初期到妊娠后期的全流程心理支持,包括提供清晰的诊疗信息,减少心理应激累积。
本研究结果显示,与高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组、低创伤应激反应-持续改善组相比,流产次数≥3次的EPL病人更易归为高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组(P<0.05)。复发性流产病人可能因创伤的累积效应以及多次流产导致的生育损伤使得创伤体验进一步强化,从而更易陷入持续高应激水平。而流产次数少的病人通常较为年轻,在面对突发应激事件时会出现复杂心理变化,但后续身心恢复较快。多项研究结果显示,复发性流产会加重女性心理负担,且病人再次妊娠时仍易出现心理健康问题[2,24-25]。因此,临床医护人员应了解病人病史,构建分层评估与支持体系,对首次流产病人应予以理解及创伤知情关怀,对流产次数较多的病人应将其视为PTSD高危人群进行重点管理,提供流产后心理咨询和悲伤辅导,对于仍有生育意愿的病人,需帮助其做好生育规划,降低流产后短期妊娠及流产风险,实现身心健康一体化管理。
本研究结果显示,与低创伤应激反应-持续改善组相比,压力感知水平较高的EPL病人更易归为高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组(P<0.05)。一项针对失独父母的研究表明,知觉压力正向预测PTSD[26]。因此,在EPL病人就诊当日,应常规引入简便、有效的压力评估工具,对EPL病人进行早期、动态的压力水平测评,对于压力水平较高的病人,应引入压力管理策略,如开展正念训练、书写疗法、设立关爱信箱等支持性措施,鼓励病人表达内心感受,协助病人识别并应对特异性压力源,避免压力累积导致PTSD症状的出现。
本研究结果显示,与高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组相比,心理一致感水平较高的EPL病人更易归为低创伤应激反应-持续改善组(P<0.05)。心理一致感是个体对内外环境刺激的理解,对自身具有的应对资源的利用能力以及对生活价值的感知能力[27]。心理一致感水平较高的病人会采取有效的应对策略调试和疏导压力与苦闷,有利于减轻PTSD症状。因此,医护人员可通过积极引导正确认知、提升自我效能、增强生育掌控感等方式帮助病人接纳EPL的现实,鼓励病人识别自身拥有的应对资源,并通过引导病人重新思考生活的价值和意义等方式增强病人心理一致感,减轻其PTSD持续状态。
本研究结果显示,与高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组相比,二元应对水平较高的EPL病人更易归为低创伤应激反应-持续改善组(P<0.05)。已有研究发现,二元应对是夫妻双方面对压力事件时的共同决策,在突发丧失事件下,夫妻积极的二元应对能降低女性悲伤程度,促进创伤后成长[28]。因此,心理干预不仅应关注病人个体,还需纳入伴侣或主要照顾者,医护人员应评估夫妻的应对模式,并向其积极宣教共同应对的重要性。通过引导开放沟通、情绪共享并教授具体的二元应对策略(如共同问题解决、情绪支持技巧)等,赋能夫妻协同面对创伤。同时,可考虑建立伴侣支持小组或提供专业资源转介,确保夫妻双方获得持续、协同的心理支持,共同促进心理适应与成长。
本研究结果显示,与高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组相比,社会支持水平较高的EPL病人更易归为高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组(均P<0.05)。良好的社会支持能够有效增强病人对不良环境的应对能力。社会支持作为一种外部缓冲,能减轻心理应激影响,帮助病人更好地恢复身心状态[29]。因此,医护人员应尽早评估病人支持网络,并针对性地构建多层次、持续性的社会支持体系,如基于家庭赋权模式指导家属提供有效支持[30],鼓励病人参与同伴支持小组或线上社区平台[31],同时加强医院-社区联动,为病人提供多样化的支持渠道,促进病人身心得到更好的恢复。
本研究探索了EPL病人PTSD的发展轨迹及其影响因素,结果显示,EPL病人有3种PTSD发展轨迹,即高创伤应激反应-慢性风险组、低创伤应激反应-持续改善组、高创伤应激反应-快速缓解组,其影响因素包括妊娠方式、流产次数、社会支持、心理一致感、二元应对、压力感知,可为医护人员识别重点干预人群、制定初步干预措施提供依据。但本研究也存在一定局限性,如研究对象来自同一所医院,且纵向追踪的时间较短,调查节点有限,未来可扩大调查范围,延长随访时间,以更全面地描绘EPL病人PTSD转归路径及潜在影响因素,为进一步的干预提供更精准依据。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.10.007
  • 接收时间:2025-07-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-05-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-25
  • 修回日期:2026-04-20
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    1华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院,湖北 430030

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)
属
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种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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