Article(id=1322936929733452312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754409600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-06, revisedDate=1778169600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793342343027, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793342343027, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793342343027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793342343027, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322936785516503921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='11', pageStart='1809', pageEnd='2000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793342308644, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343121351, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940194344796237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940194344796238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1986, endPage=1990, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322936931964822041, articleId=1322936929733452312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on risk prediction models for oral mucosal pressure injuries in patients with orotracheal intubation, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviewed the current research status on risk prediction models for oral mucosal pressure injuries.A comprehensive analysis was conducted from multiple dimensions,including the representativeness of data,the collection and screening of predictive factors,the outcomes of internal and external validation of models,and their significance for clinical practice.It aims to assist clinical medical staff in accurately identifying modifiable risk factors for oral mucosal pressure injuries and to provide practical guidance for developing targeted preventive and interventional measures.

, authors=Long HUANG, Huan WU, Wei LI, Chunyan LIU, authorsList=Long HUANG, Huan WU, Wei LI, Chunyan LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunyan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322936932665270810, articleId=1322936929733452312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=经口气管插管病人口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型的研究进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型研究现状进行综述,从模型构建数据代表性、预测因子收集与筛选、模型的内外部验证结果及对临床实践的意义等方面进行综合分析,以期为临床医护人员准确识别可干预的口腔黏膜压力性损伤因素、制定针对性预防及干预措施提供实践指导。

, authors=黄珑, 吴环, 李薇, 刘春燕*, *, authorsList=黄珑, 吴环, 李薇, 刘春燕, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘春燕, authorNote=

黄珑,护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘春燕,E-mail:
LIU Chunyan, E-mail:
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黄珑,护师,硕士研究生

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黄珑,护师,硕士研究生

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经口气管插管病人口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型的研究进展
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黄珑 , 吴环 , 李薇 , 刘春燕 *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(11): 1986-1990
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (11) : 1986 -1990
经口气管插管病人口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型的研究进展
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黄珑, 吴环, 李薇, 刘春燕*, *
作者信息
  • 1珠海市人民医院(北京理工大学附属医院,暨南大学珠海临床医学院),广东 519000
通讯作者:
刘春燕,E-mail:
LIU Chunyan, E-mail:
作者简介:

黄珑,护师,硕士研究生

Research progress on risk prediction models for oral mucosal pressure injuries in patients with orotracheal intubation
Long HUANG, Huan WU, Wei LI, Chunyan LIU
Affiliations
  • 1Zhuhai People's Hospital(The Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Institute of Technology,Zhuhai Clinical Medical College of Jinan University), Guangdong 519000 China
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.025
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对口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型研究现状进行综述,从模型构建数据代表性、预测因子收集与筛选、模型的内外部验证结果及对临床实践的意义等方面进行综合分析,以期为临床医护人员准确识别可干预的口腔黏膜压力性损伤因素、制定针对性预防及干预措施提供实践指导。

经口气管插管  /  黏膜压力性损伤  /  预测模型风险因素  /  护理  /  综述

This paper reviewed the current research status on risk prediction models for oral mucosal pressure injuries.A comprehensive analysis was conducted from multiple dimensions,including the representativeness of data,the collection and screening of predictive factors,the outcomes of internal and external validation of models,and their significance for clinical practice.It aims to assist clinical medical staff in accurately identifying modifiable risk factors for oral mucosal pressure injuries and to provide practical guidance for developing targeted preventive and interventional measures.

orotracheal intubation  /  mucosal pressure injury  /  prediction models risk factors  /  nursing  /  review
黄珑, 吴环, 李薇, 刘春燕. 经口气管插管病人口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (11) : 1986 -1990 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.025
Long HUANG, Huan WU, Wei LI, Chunyan LIU. Research progress on risk prediction models for oral mucosal pressure injuries in patients with orotracheal intubation[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (11) : 1986 -1990 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.025
作为医疗器械相关压力性损伤(medical device-related pressure injury,MDRPI)的常见类型之一,口腔黏膜压力性损伤(oral mucosal pressure injury,OMPI)指位于口腔黏膜处的压力性损伤,主要是由于经口气管插管及其固定器对口腔黏膜施加持续压力、摩擦力和(或)剪切力造成的损伤。据报道,危重病人黏膜压力性损伤的发生率可高达88.2%,其中最常见的黏膜损伤部位为口腔黏膜[1]。口腔黏膜压力性损伤不仅会增加病人的疼痛感及感染风险,还可能导致病人住院时间延长、医疗成本增加等不良后果[2]。早期识别和预防口腔黏膜压力性损伤有助于改善病人近远期预后结局,提高病人住院满意度[3]。然而,由于口腔黏膜压力性损伤发生部位隐蔽、不易观察,相较于已被广泛关注和深入研究的皮肤压力性损伤,其在临床中常被医务人员忽视[1]。近年来,口腔黏膜压力性损伤逐渐受到国内外学者的重视[4-7],相关风险预测模型的研究也随之增多[8-13],但现有模型在研究人群代表性、预测因子筛选及预测性能评价等方面存在差异,其临床适用性仍有待进一步探讨。因此,本研究旨在综述口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型的研究现状,以期为临床医护人员正确选择与应用口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型,制定个体化的精准护理提供参考。
风险预测模型是一种通过统计分析方法或人工智能算法,系统整合多个预测因子,形成可定量评估个体或群体发生某种目标事件风险的评估工具[14]。预测模型的构建流程主要包括数据采集处理、模型构建、性能评估、内外部验证及模型呈现与更新等[15]。数据采集处理阶段应关注数据来源的研究设计、潜在预测因子的选择、样本量估算合理性、结局事件的判定标准及数据清洗的方式。模型构建阶段应关注预测变量的筛选依据,选用的传统统计模型、人工智能与机器学习算法是否评估了变量间的交互效应、数据量及数据分布特征[16]。模型性能评估多以内部验证与外部验证的结果为依据,其核心在于通过区分度、校准度、决策曲线分析(decision curve analysis,DCA)等关键指标,对模型的整体性能及泛化能力开展系统性评定[17-18]。内外部验证是为了充分考察模型的可重复性及外推性,内部验证主要是基于模型构建的数据集进行分析,外部验证可基于不同时间、不同地域的数据集进行分析。模型的最优呈现形式需结合应用场景与使用人群特征进行选择,目前临床预测模型常见的呈现形式主要包括回归公式、列线图、网页工具等[19-20]。此外,由于医学技术的不断发展,既往及当前所构建的模型均需不断动态更新,以确保预测结果的精准度[21]。
Choi等[22]研究对27例气管插管病人(共收集194 d数据)进行了一项前瞻性观察性研究,并比较了逻辑回归和朴素贝叶斯算法构建的口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型的差异。通过Logistic回归分析筛选得到口腔上部黏膜压力性损伤的危险因素为商用气管导管固定器、使用血管活性药物、红细胞比容水平和血清白蛋白水平,口腔上部黏膜压力性损伤模型受试者工作特征(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.82,敏感性为60.0%,特异性为89.1%;口腔下部黏膜压力性损伤的危险因素为牙垫、商用气管导管固定器、使用皮质类固醇药物,口腔下部黏膜压力性损伤模型ROC曲线下面积为0.68,敏感性为85.2%,特异性为76.0%。经朴素贝叶斯算法构建的口腔上部黏膜压力性损伤模型ROC曲线下面积为0.85,准确率为79%;口腔下部黏膜压力性损伤模型ROC曲线下面积为0.60。2种算法构建的口腔黏膜压力性损伤预测模型中,口腔上部黏膜压力性损伤预测模型性能均优于口腔下部黏膜压力性损伤模型。尽管口腔上部黏膜压力性损伤预测模型在准确率、ROC曲线下面积等指标上表现相对较好,但研究未对其进行外部验证。值得注意的是,不同于其他研究[8-9],该研究采用时间序列数据进行建模,这有助于精准识别口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险的动态变化,但这类模型性能高度依赖数据采集的连续性与完整性,且模型对算法选择要求更高,传统统计方法难以有效识别变量间的动态交互效应,而复杂机器学习算法可因数据不足导致模型过拟合[23]。该研究仅纳入194 d的数据,存在样本量不足、模型过拟合风险高的局限性。建议未来进一步扩大样本量,以降低模型过拟合风险,提升模型的可靠性。
张树光等[13]以533例经口气管插管老年病人为研究对象,通过单因素和Logistic回归分析最终确定7个口腔黏膜压力性损伤的独立危险因素。模型计算公式为Logit(P)=4.989-0.743×性别+0.242×急性生理与慢性健康状况(APACHE Ⅱ)评分-0.023×血红蛋白-0.308×血清白蛋白+1.778×俯卧位通气+0.840×使用血管收缩药物+0.009×气管插管留置时间。该模型ROC曲线下面积为0.870,敏感性为87.5%,特异性为73.8%,表明区分度较好。模型内外部验证ROC曲线下面积分别为0.876和0.875,校准曲线与理想曲线拟合好(P=0.651),决策曲线分析在0.03~0.50范围表现出正的净效益,具有较好的预测效能,可为临床早期识别高危人群提供一定的参考。然而,此研究纳入的预测因子血清白蛋白、血红蛋白等指标的收集时间点未明确。此外,研究主要以老年病人为研究对象,这限制了模型的外推性和适用范围。
陈锐等[10]研究以455例体外循环术后留置经口气管插管病人的数据构建列线图模型,通过Logistic回归分析明确高血压史、术后使用体外膜肺氧合(extracorporeal membrane oxygenation,ECMO)、术前红细胞比容、术前空腹血糖及术中最低体温为重症监护室体外循环术后病人口腔黏膜压力性损伤的独立危险因素。该模型ROC曲线下面积为0.883,敏感性为86.7%,特异性为77.2%,Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验显示,P=0.871,校准曲线一致性良好,提示模型具有较好的预测能力和稳定性。已有研究证实,气管插管时间、使用血管活性药物是口腔黏膜压力性损伤发生的独立影响因素[3],但该模型未考虑使用血管活性药物对于口腔黏膜压力性损伤发生的影响,提示纳入预测因子不全,且该模型未进行外部验证,外推性受限。
Jia等[8]研究以1 037例经口气管插管病人数据为训练集,484例经口气管插管病人的数据为验证集,构建口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测列线图。38个变量经LASSO回归和Cox回归筛选后确定了5个独立预测因子,包括抗生素使用、营养治疗持续时间、躁动、插管期间是否发生低血压、入重症监护室时的血清白蛋白水平。模型一致性指数(C-index)为0.75,提示模型区分能力良好;ROC曲线分析结果显示,模型第3天、第5天、第7天的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.87,0.84,0.81,表明模型在不同时间节点的风险识别效能稳定。模型在不同医院的外部验证结果显示,一致性指数为0.77,第3天、第5天、第7天的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.91,0.93,0.93。模型内外部验证的校准曲线均接近理想曲线,表明模型具有良好的区分度、校准度和临床实用性,可作为经口气管插管病人口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险评估的参考工具。建议未来在不同省份、不同级别的医院验证该模型的稳定性,以促进模型的临床应用。
辜甜田等[11]研究便利选取478例经口气管插管病人,其中335例病人作为建模组,143例病人作为验证组。通过Logistic回归分析最终纳入每日口腔护理次数、气管插管时间、气管导管材质、是否使用牙垫、每日口腔吸引次数、气管插管期间的镇静程度评估表(Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale,RASS)最高值及糖尿病7个危险因素。内部验证显示该模型的ROC曲线下面积为0.930,敏感性为83.3%,特异性为89.4%,校正曲线结果显示,预测值同实测值基本一致,准确度良好。外部验证显示该模型的ROC曲线下面积为0.908,敏感性为84.0%,特异性为87.5%,预测准确率87.41%。内外部验证结果均显示该模型具有良好的区分度、校准度。但模型最终纳入的预测因子每日口腔吸引次数,其采集方式为研究者查看护理记录中的最低口腔吸引频率,部分医院并无记录这一指标,且护理记录可能存在漏记、记录不准确等问题,这可能导致模型临床实用性欠缺。
李敏等[12]研究便利选取552例经口气管插管病人为研究对象,分为训练集(400例)和验证集(152例)。研究通过文献研究和专家小组会议确定23个相关预测变量,并基于Logistic回归逐步向后法筛选出7个预测变量,构建的模型公式为Logit(P)=20.947+年龄×0.047+APACHE Ⅱ评分×0.160-首次RASS评分×1.043+血清白蛋白×0.125-高年资医生×4.762+(牙垫+纱布+口咽通气管)×2.083+人工气道留置时间×0.513。内部验证显示该模型的ROC曲线下面积为0.908,敏感性为94.9%,特异性为60.8%,预测准确率83.7%,Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验显示,P=0.427,提示模型校准度良好。外部验证显示该模型的ROC曲线下面积为0.956,敏感性为90.0%,特异性为89.3%,预测正确率98.68%,表明模型在外部验证中仍具有较好的区分度和校准度。然而,模型以首次RASS评分进行预测,可能导致模型对部分病人的风险评估出现偏差。RASS评分反映的是病人的躁动镇静程度,重症监护室病人病情复杂,受疾病进展、治疗干预等多种因素影响,其躁动状态会持续动态变化。仅采用首次RASS评分作为预测变量,无法准确反映病人在整个气管插管期间的真实状态,进而影响模型的准确性。
王志伟[24]以915例经口气管插管病人为研究对象,构建并验证列线图预测模型。经Logistic回归分析确定APACHE Ⅱ评分、入重症监护室24 h内改良Beck口腔评分≥10分、使用镇静药物、俯卧位通气、气管导管留置时长、氧合指数≥200 mmHg及24 h气管导管固定频次≥2次对口腔黏膜压力性损伤发生具有独立影响。内外部验证显示该模型的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.936和0.936,均>0.9,表明模型能有效区分口腔黏膜压力性损伤病人;Hosmer-Lemeshow检验结果均显示P>0.05,校准曲线接近理想曲线。然而,模型构建样本仅来自新疆某三级甲等医院,受地域和医疗环境的限制,样本的代表性可能不足,这可能导致模型的外推性受限。此外,预测变量氧合指数是以首次动脉血气分析结果为准进行收集,静态指标的收集方式可能会在一定程度上影响模型口腔黏膜压力性损伤发生风险预测的准确性。
张英等[25]研究回顾性收集209例经口气管插管病人的数据构建列线图预测模型,经Logistic回归分析确定俯卧位通气、使用血管收缩药物、置管时不能表达主诉、高APACHE Ⅱ评分、气管插管留置时间长为口腔黏膜压力性损伤的危险因素。模型内部验证显示ROC曲线下面积为0.881,校准曲线平均绝对误差为0.016,表明模型区分能力和校准度较好。但模型未进行外部验证,外推性受限,且变量数据均为回顾性收集,尤其是预测因子置管时不能表达主诉,可能存在明显的选择偏倚和回忆偏倚。
Hu等[9]研究回顾性分析了238例经口气管插管病人的数据,将其分为训练集(166例)和验证集(72例),经Logistic回归分析筛选出Braden量表评分低、血红蛋白低、血细胞比容高、插管持续时间长4个独立危险因素。内外部验证该模型的ROC曲线下面积分别为0.874和0.875,提示模型区分度较好;决策曲线均显示预测概率与实际概率一致性高,提示模型预测准确性可。但研究采用回顾性设计,可能存在选择偏倚,且构建模型的样本量相对较小,可能影响结果的普适性。此外,血细胞比容与口腔黏膜压力性损伤的关联机制不明[22],这种关联是否为因子间的交互作用尚有待探究。
研究人群选择上,2项研究分别选择三级甲等医院的重症监护室体外循环术后病人[10]和老年经口气管插管病人[13],1项国外研究[22]选择二级、三级医院混合的经口气管插管病人,其余研究[8-9,11-12,24-25]均选择三级甲等医院的经口气管插管病人。现有模型构建数据集多来源单中心,建议未来研究开展多中心研究收集数据,确保模型的可推广性。样本量估算上,为避免模型过度拟合,模型的结局事件数与变量数比例应≥10∶1[26],若结局事件发生率<20%时,比例最好为20∶1[15]。现有研究口腔黏膜压力性损伤发生率为14.03%~55.60%,其中部分研究[11-13,22]构建模型时样本量不满足条件,这可能导致模型可信度与可重复性差。数据处理上,缺失数据处理方法的合理性直接影响研究结果的可靠性[15]。3项研究[8-9,22]描述了缺失数据的处理方式,其中Hu等[9]和Choi等[22]研究采用直接删除法,Jia等[8]对缺失比例<20%采用链式方程多重插补(multiple imputation by chained equations,MICE)进行填补。模型数据处理时,直接删除缺失数据可能导致样本代表性下降,降低模型在实际临床中泛化能力,故建议未来构建相关模型时详细汇报缺失数据处理方式,采用恰当的缺失数据处理方式,避免直接删除数据,以减少偏倚。
现有研究在建立模型前通过文献回顾和专家讨论确定潜在的预测因子,但在筛选预测因子时,除Jia等[8]研究采用LASSO回归和Cox回归,其余研究均采用Logistic回归筛选危险因素。在预测因子纳入上,各模型纳入预测因子的数量为3~7个,其中,仅少数因子被绝大多数模型共同纳入,多数因子的纳入与否受制于研究对象特征、样本量及方法学设计等。纳入≥3个模型的预测因素有气管插管时间[9,11-13,24-25]、APACHE Ⅱ评分[12-13,24-25]、俯卧位通气[13,24-25]、血清白蛋白水平[8,12,22]。气管导管及导管固定装置会对口腔黏膜形成持续性机械压迫,留置时间越长,口腔黏膜缺血缺氧越严重,口腔黏膜压力性损伤发生风险也随之升高[27-28]。尽管气管插管留置时间是口腔黏膜压力性损伤的公认危险因素,但Jia等[8]和陈锐等[10]经统计筛选后均未将其纳入最终模型。研究仅依靠统计分析结果判定纳入预测变量,未结合临床实际和专家意见,易导致部分核心预测因子的缺失[15]。6项研究对APACHE Ⅱ评分进行了分析,但张英等[25]纳入的因子为置管时的APACHE Ⅱ评分,李敏等[12]纳入的因子为置管24 h内的APACHE Ⅱ评分,王志伟[24]纳入的因子为入科24 h内的APACHE Ⅱ评分,3项研究均未说明不同时间点评分的选择依据。建议未来研究在预测因素筛选时,平衡统计分析结果显著性与临床合理性,对临床公认但统计未显著的变量,应综合考虑指标收集便捷度、成本和专家意见后决定纳入与否[29-30],避免因单一依据统计分析结果导致的核心预测因子缺失。此外,为提升模型的可靠性与可推广性,后续研究需明确界定预测因素的收集方式及标准,避免因收集方式不规范和理解差异导致的结果偏差。
在模型验证上,超过半数的模型经过了内外部验证[8,11-13,24],除Choi等[22]研究构建的下口腔黏膜压力性损伤预测模型,其余模型的ROC曲线下面积可达0.8~0.9,提示多数模型对口腔黏膜压力性损伤的发生风险具有较好的区分能力。经过验证的模型,仅Jia等[8]选择不同医院的数据对模型进行外部验证,其余模型验证方式均为同一医院不同时间的数据进行验证,此方式本质上仍是在相同数据集进行验证,可能会导致模型适用范围受限,推广到其他医院时,实际预测效果难以预测。此外,部分模型未经过独立外部数据集的检验[9-10,22,25],仅基于建模数据集的拆分验证,易导致模型在不同临床场景或人群中的应用效能受限。在临床应用上,口腔黏膜压力性损伤模型研究起步相对较晚,多数集中在近2年内,故大多数模型尚未在不同地区和人群中进行验证及应用。建议未来研究运用多元化统计分析方法开发不同口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险模型,同步开展多中心验证,依据模型在验证数据中的差异表现进行针对性优化调整,提升模型的临床实用性[31]。
口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型的建立为临床医护人员提供科学的评估工具,使其充分识别口腔黏膜压力性损伤的风险因素,由原先被动应对转为主动预防,从而降低口腔黏膜压力性损伤发生率,减轻病人的痛苦。但现存的口腔黏膜压力性损伤风险预测模型研究尚处于起步阶段,存在构建方法单一、部分预测因子脱离临床实际及模型未经过有效验证等局限性。对未来研究的启示:1)打破现有模型仅依赖单因素结合Logistic回归分析结果构建列线图的传统方法,可采用人工智能、机器学习算法开发动态预测模型,以提升模型的预测效能和灵活性;2)合理筛选预测因子,选择定义清晰、临床易获取且测量误差小、可干预的变量,避免纳入模型的预测因子出现理论可行但临床难获取或获取不便的问题[20];3)促进现有模型的验证和应用,探索模型能否降低口腔黏膜压力性损伤相关治疗成本,促进模型的临床转化。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.025
  • 接收时间:2025-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-06
  • 修回日期:2026-05-08
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    1珠海市人民医院(北京理工大学附属医院,暨南大学珠海临床医学院),广东 519000

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