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Article(id=1322936790251864375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758988800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-28, revisedDate=1776787200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793342309773, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1781020800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793342309773, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793342309773, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793342309773, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322936785516503921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='11', pageStart='1809', pageEnd='2000', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1781020800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793342308644, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343121351, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940194344796237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940194344796238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322936785516503921, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1975, endPage=1980, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322936790650323256, articleId=1322936790251864375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on moral distress of psychiatric nurses, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study reviewed the measurement tools,current situation,sources,and influencing factors of the moral distress of psychiatric nurses,and proposed coping strategies and suggestions for the moral distress of psychiatric nurses,aiming to provide reference for improving the moral distress of psychiatric nurses and enhancing their work experience.

, authors=Yangjing WANG, Lijuan XIONG, Wenjing YU, Yuhan WANG, Xueqin GUO, authorsList=Yangjing WANG, Lijuan XIONG, Wenjing YU, Yuhan WANG, Xueqin GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yangjing WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322936791489184057, articleId=1322936790251864375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=精神科护士道德困境的研究进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对精神科护士道德困境的测量工具、现状、来源、影响因素进行综述，并提出精神科护士道德困境的应对策略与建议，旨在为改善精神科护士的道德困境、提升精神科护士的工作体验提供参考。

, authors=王暘婧, 熊莉娟, 余文静, 王钰涵, 郭雪琴, authorsList=王暘婧, 熊莉娟, 余文静, 王钰涵, 郭雪琴, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王暘婧, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Yangjing, E-mail:
王暘婧，护师，硕士研究生，E-mail：
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精神科护士道德困境的研究进展
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王暘婧 , 熊莉娟 , 余文静 , 王钰涵 , 郭雪琴
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(11): 1975-1980
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (11) : 1975 -1980
精神科护士道德困境的研究进展
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王暘婧 , 熊莉娟, 余文静, 王钰涵, 郭雪琴
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院，湖北 430020
通讯作者:
WANG Yangjing, E-mail:
王暘婧，护师，硕士研究生，E-mail：
Research progress on moral distress of psychiatric nurses
Yangjing WANG , Lijuan XIONG, Wenjing YU, Yuhan WANG, Xueqin GUO
Affiliations
  • 1Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430020 China
出版时间: 2026-06-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.023
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摘要
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对精神科护士道德困境的测量工具、现状、来源、影响因素进行综述，并提出精神科护士道德困境的应对策略与建议，旨在为改善精神科护士的道德困境、提升精神科护士的工作体验提供参考。

精神科  /  护士  /  道德困境  /  护理管理  /  综述

This study reviewed the measurement tools,current situation,sources,and influencing factors of the moral distress of psychiatric nurses,and proposed coping strategies and suggestions for the moral distress of psychiatric nurses,aiming to provide reference for improving the moral distress of psychiatric nurses and enhancing their work experience.

psychiatry  /  nurses  /  moral distress  /  nursing management  /  review
王暘婧, 熊莉娟, 余文静, 王钰涵, 郭雪琴. 精神科护士道德困境的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (11) : 1975 -1980 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.023
Yangjing WANG, Lijuan XIONG, Wenjing YU, Yuhan WANG, Xueqin GUO. Research progress on moral distress of psychiatric nurses[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (11) : 1975 -1980 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.023
正文
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伴随着医疗技术的迅速发展，医疗环境变得愈加复杂，护士作为医疗服务一线的核心力量，其职业实践始终处于多元的伦理困境与道德考验中[1]。护理工作在促进他人健康福祉这一道德要求下展开，护士不仅是技术的执行者，也是道德决策的实践者，看似简单的任务和操作也可能产生严重的道德后果[2]。道德困境（moral distress，MD）是个体知晓自己该做什么，但因系统或个人因素导致他们几乎不可能采取其认为正确的行动所产生的一种痛苦体验。当察觉到不同价值观之间的冲突，但无法做出同时保留两者的选择，护士可能会感到道德困扰[3]，影响其幸福感，导致职业倦怠和离职[4-5]。精神科病人由于存在认知障碍、行为异常和病情反复等疾病特殊性，以及非自愿住院、用药、约束等治疗特殊性[6]，护士不仅需要面对病人生理层面的护理需求，还需处理因病人特殊心理和行为状况所引发的道德困境，寻求病人尊严、自主权和治疗者之间的平衡[7]。本研究综述了精神科护士道德困境的研究现状、测量工具、来源、影响因素以及应对策略，并提出建议，旨在为管理者制定精神科护士道德困境的应对策略提供参考依据。
1　道德困境的概念及发展
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Jameton于1984年将道德困境界定为个体明晰正确的道德行为方向，却因制度性外部限制无法践行的状态，是对某道德挑战事件的自然反应[8]。这一理解聚焦道德判断与外部约束的矛盾，该定义随后引发诸多学者的探讨。Weinberg等[9]认为此定义忽视了护理实践中不存在绝对正确的行动路径，多数情况下需要在多元冲突中寻找平衡。Paley[10]认为其固化了护士“被动承受委屈”的形象，忽视了护士在道德实践中的主观能动性，弱化了护士的道德主体性。Morley[11]研究则指出，道德困境包括道德事件体验及心理痛苦体验2个核心要素，并且二者存在直接因果关联。这些批判性研究推动道德困境的认知发生转向，从最初强调外部约束下的道德践行障碍，逐步拓展至护士主体对道德判断本身的反思，以及对复杂实践场景中多元道德选择的考量，促使道德困境的概念内涵不断深化与丰富。
2　精神科护士道德困境的研究现状
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国外精神科护士道德困境研究包括质性研究与量性研究，质性研究包括紧急临床情景下的道德困境[12]、具体治疗情景下的道德困境[13]及相应的Meta整合[14]，重点探讨精神科护士在面对复杂伦理情景时的个人体验和心理感受，且这些研究通常通过深入访谈和案例分析，揭示道德困境的形成机制及其对精神科护士职业倦怠和心理健康的负面影响。量性研究结果显示，精神科护士处于中等水平的道德困境[15-17]，通过构建结构方程模型验证了精神科护士道德困境、同情疲劳、污名化之间的关系[18]，为后续的干预研究提供了逻辑与数据支撑。国内精神科护士道德困境研究起步较晚，多围绕某一具体道德情景，如对精神科护士遭受暴力后的体验与应对展开讨论[19]，以及浅析精神科护理中存在的问题与缺陷[20]，也有量性研究检验了道德困境在职场暴力和同情疲劳之间的中介作用[21]，但缺乏评估国内精神科护士道德困境水平的量性研究。综上所述，目前精神科护士道德困境的研究内容比较局限，研究变量探索仍不够丰富，影响因素探究不够全面，干预策略的研究有待开展。
3　精神科护士道德困境的评估工具
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3.1　精神科护士道德困境量表（the Moral Distress Scale for Psychiatric nurses，the MDS-P）
精神科护士道德困境量表是于2010年由Ohnishi等[22]基于Corley等[23]编制的护士道德困境量表修订形成，涉及护士不道德行为、人员配备不足、默许侵犯病人权利3个方面的道德困扰，共15个条目。各条目采用Likert 7级评分法，从“非常不频繁”到“非常频繁”依次赋值0~6分[15]。已被译成意大利语、波斯语、韩语等[4,24-25]，在多种文化背景下均显示出良好的信效度。该量表是在精神科护士道德困境相关研究中使用最广泛的量表，其侧重外部环境及行为层面的道德困境，护士内在认知方面的道德困境仍有待挖掘。
3.2　精神科护士道德困境指数（Psychiatric Nurses' Moral Dilemma Index）
精神科护士道德困境指数于2022年由Hisadomi等[26]编制，包括6个分量表、42个项目，用于测量被试者在过去6个月中经历道德困境的频率和心理负担程度。分量表包括病人权利、治疗、身体约束、病房规则、病人以外的关系和护理6方面的道德困境情景。从“完全没有”“没有负担”到“经常”“非常负担”依次赋值0~3分，得分越高表明受试者经历道德困境的频率和心理负担程度越高[27]，各分量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.70~0.87。该工具维度划分精细且全面，不仅关注发生频率，也考虑了负担程度，测量结果更加综合、可靠；但目前仅在日本应用且条目数量较多，未来可考虑汉化使用，并结合我国文化情景适当删减、修改条目，丰富我国精神科护士道德困境测量工具。
3.3　中文版精神科护士道德困境量表
中文版精神科护士道德困境量表由我国学者刘晓培[28]编制，包括自主权限过低、未维护病人最大利益、价值冲突3个维度，共20个条目。每个条目分为发生频率和困扰程度两部分，采用Likert 5级评分法计分，从“从未发生”“无困扰”到“非常频繁发生”“严重困扰”依次赋值0~4分。总分为条目发生频率与困扰程度乘积之和，总分越高说明精神科护士道德困境水平越高。此量表基于我国临床实践开发，能够较好地反映我国精神科护士工作的实际情况；采用乘积计分法，使得量化结果更兼顾主观与客观的双重属性，更具解释力；但中文版精神科护士道德困境量表开发时限较短，仍有优化和验证的空间。未来可应用于精神科护士道德困境的相关研究，进一步探讨该量表的信效度及适用性。
4　精神科护士道德困境的来源
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4.1　强制干预与病人主观意愿
当病人精神健康出现问题，被认为无法做出适当的决定且对自己或他人构成危险时，实施强制性干预被视为一种合理的处理方式[13]。根据实施形式，可以将强制干预分为正式强制干预和非正式强制干预[7]。正式强制干预通常是由医疗机构或法律规定，例如强制住院、保护性约束和强制用药，这些措施具有明确的法律依据和程序；非正式干预则是通过拉近护患关系、让家属参与说服病人接受治疗等方式进行，这种干预缺乏正式的法律程序支持，但依然具有一定影响力。然而，这些干预方式更多考虑的是客观的治疗效果和安全保障，例如约束是一种善意的行为，被认为是保护病人免于伤害自己的必要行为，尽管护士希望减轻病人痛苦[29]，但是不可否认没有考虑病人本人的主观意愿，使得病人在干预过程中感到无助和被侵犯的情绪。当病人无法表达自己意愿或明确拒绝强制性干预举措时，是否实施强制干预措施便成为一个复杂的道德选择，使护士陷入两难境地。除此之外，选择何种方式的强制干预措施既能兼顾治疗效果最佳化，又使病人被尊重感最大化，也是护士需要平衡的一个难题。
4.2　知情同意与病人认知能力
知情同意既是一个法律原则，也是病人在就诊过程中享有的一项基本权利，具体指病人有权获得有关诊断、预后、益处和风险的最新和全面信息，这些信息与诊断评估和推荐的治疗有关，法律规定必须明确获得病人的同意且始终有效[30]，包括医方告知、病人理解其内容、病人做出同意决策3个环节[31]。精神疾病本身和治疗用药都对病人的认知能力有所影响，让其无法表达疑问，理解治疗重要性，配合治疗流程，使其决策能力不佳，使知情同意的有效性受到质疑；部分病人否认自己的患病状态，提供更多的疾病信息反而会加重他们的抵触情绪，阻碍治疗进程。以上提出的对立关系使护士在实践中面临道德困境。在评估病人的认知能力前提下，如何确保知情同意真实有效？这不仅要求护士具备较高的沟通技巧，还需要对病人的心理状况进行细致地分析，以应对在知情同意过程中可能出现的道德挑战。
4.3　病人需求与有限资源
精神科病人多面临身体及心理的不适体验，来自外界的支持能够让其感受到尊重和理解。因此，他们渴望得到专业的照护[32]、沟通和陪伴[33]，例如治疗性对话、激励、建立信任的护患关系和全面评估疾病状态，然而在拉近护患关系的同时又要保持专业距离，避免病人的情感依赖。精神科护士表示，由于人力资源缺乏，他们无法从始至终感知病人情绪的变化，因此无法及时安抚病人[29]，满足所有病人的需求；且与未经过培训的同事一起工作极大增加了护士的责任感和担忧[12]，要求精神科护士在给予同事独立操作的权力和严格配合监督之间反复权衡；此外，由于安抚病人的时间有限，缺乏足够的时间进行治疗性对话，导致护士对护理质量产生自我怀疑。护士在病人需求和客观调节下面临道德困境，在有限的时间和人力资源条件下，除完成基本的护理工作之外，如何给予病人必要的情感支持，既能满足病人需求，又不影响护士的专业判断，构建一个健康的互动环境。
4.4　专业自主权与决策范围
精神科护士在面对治疗过程中的一些道德困境时，虽然凭借自身的临床经验对某些措施存有疑虑，但往往选择遵循医嘱，这使得他们在临床决策中处于被动地位且决策范围受限。当护士识别出医生在某些治疗情景下可能缺乏对病人的尊重，其在执行医嘱时产生内心挣扎与挫败，事后后悔没有表达自己的想法，陷入自责[34]。精神科护士之间的道德考量也存在差异，难以达成一致，进一步激发了护士的内心困境[29]，这种护士自我与团队道德选择上的困境是团队成员沟通协作机制不足的产物，既影响了精神科护士的道德自我效能感，也影响了护理质量。在这种情景下，精神科护士会感受到其职业价值受到挑战，影响护士在精神科护理中的专业角色定位。
4.5　暴力风险与防护界限
精神科护理的工作对象是精神疾病病人，病人发病时无法控制自己的言行，无法避免暴力[35]，包括自杀、自残以及伤害医护人员的行为。目前有的治疗理念主张让病人适当发泄以避免强制治疗，因此在某些特定条件下的暴力行为被认为是合理的宣泄途径[12]。在护理人力资源不足的大背景下，精神科的床护比仍较为紧张，为保证病人安全，精神科护士往往选择隐忍、自我消化病人实施的暴力行为[35]，无法兼顾自身的身体与心理健康，进而影响工作表现。保护病人的安全和维护自身健康的矛盾，使得护士在护理过程中不仅要关注病人的需求，还要时刻警惕自身的身心状态，两者的冲突和权衡揭示了精神科护理工作中深层次的伦理挑战。如何在暴力风险下保证病人的安全，明晰合理的防护界限，成为精神科护理实践中不可忽视的难题。
5　精神科护士道德困境的影响因素
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5.1　人口学因素
影响精神科护士道德困境的人口学因素主要包括年龄、学历、收入等。研究显示，年龄越大的精神科护士道德困境水平越低。随着年龄的增加，精神科护士的工作经历逐渐丰富，遇到的道德困境情景更多，案例的积累使其判断与处理能力提高，面对类似情景时更加从容，道德决策效能感较高。受教育程度高的精神科护士比受教育程度较低的精神科护士经历更高水平的道德困扰，这可能因为受教育程度越高，接受了更为系统的伦理学和临床决策培训[4]。因此，在面对道德困境时，能够更全面地分析问题和考虑各种可能的后果，对道德困境考虑得更加全面，自我要求也会更加严格。收入较高的护士通常在工作环境、职业发展和职业培训方面享有更多的资源，这可能使他们在面对道德困境时有更好的支持和更高的心理安全感。
5.2　组织环境因素
影响精神科护士道德困境的组织环境因素包括工作环境和组织氛围感知。在病人例数较少病房工作的护士道德困扰程度更高。病人例数较少的病房通常是急性病房，主要关注病人病情的紧急控制和当下安全，而长期病房则强调病人的长期康复和心理支持，面临更多潜在未知的道德挑战。组织氛围感知主要表现为应对资源有限、权力不够，因此面对护士认为正确的事情有一种无力感[16]，从而道德困境高。感知的组织氛围，团队的授权是精神科护士道德困境的影响因素。当精神科护士感知到组织支持少、应对资源有限、权力不够时，他们会有一种无力感[16]，难以实施正确的护理决策，道德困境更高。
5.3　社会心理因素
影响精神科护士道德困境的社会心理因素主要包括道德敏感性。道德敏感性被定义为一种识别病人脆弱性并预测病人道德决定后果的能力，尤其是在存在道德歧义的情况下[36]，道德敏感性高的护士能够更敏锐地感知和识别临床中的伦理问题。精神科护理中护士经常面对病人自主权、知情同意和强制治疗之间的决定，且精神科病人所处的弱势地位使其感受到更深的责任感和道德压力。研究表明，道德敏感性更高的护士更容易经历道德困境，因为他们更频繁地意识到道德上的挑战，但因内外部条件限制无法有效应对挑战，从而陷入道德困境[37]。
6　精神科护士道德困境的应对策略与建议
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6.1　构建多学科、多形式道德支持系统，协助精神科护士道德清算
在精神科护理中，道德问题涉及医疗团队的不同成员，包括医生、护士、心理治疗师和社会工作者等，由于各方对道德原则的理解不同以及道德问题本身的复杂性，依靠单一学科的力量难以应对道德挑战[38]。现有的医疗伦理机构多聚焦医生群体面临的道德困境，但年轻或经验不足的护士很难参与高级医疗/护理道德事件的讨论和决策当中[39]。为应对这一局限，构建多学科道德支持系统可以整合不同领域的专业知识，开辟新的道德视角，为精神科护士提供更全面的支持和指导。国外已有精神科构建了在线的道德咨询系统[39]，该系统成员由精神科护士、精神科医生、社会心理工作者、律师和伦理学家构成，保证匿名的同时提供及时的道德困境分析与建议。这种在线道德咨询响应时间很快，护士不仅能够获得更加科学、全面的建议，还能够在日常工作中感受到来自多方力量的关怀与支持，接受来自外界的新观点，更好地理解不同道德决策下的后果，这对于提升他们的职业满意度、减轻道德困境带来的压力具有重要意义。然而，该系统应用尚未普及，在线咨询频次少于预期。线下的道德支持，如研讨会、小组讨论、情景回顾等，可帮助面临道德困境的精神科护士对自我行为和他人行为进行评价，反思道德实践中的问题，完成某一具体问题的道德清算[40-41]。
6.2　完善授权体系，提升精神科护士道德效能感
道德效能感是个体对自己有能力调动执行道德行为所需的动机、认知资源和行动方针的信念，既取决于个体自身对能力的信念,也取决于外部手段的支持[42]。虽然精神科护士在护理实践中发挥着关键作用，但许多护士感知到自己缺乏正式权力[15]，无法有效应对道德困境。授权机制的目标在于通过自我和外界辅助2条途径增强护士的自我效能感，使其能够更加积极、主动地应对道德困境，同时减轻外界压力对其决策过程的负面影响。心理授权是个体对工作场所和个人角色认识产生内化的过程，感觉到自己被重视，提高职业认同水平，工作态度积极。这不仅体现在明确精神科护士的职责范围，管理者还应赋予精神科护士更多的自主决策空间，例如在应对精神科病人的护理中护士可以被赋予根据实际情况灵活调整对病人的约束措施和时间的自主权[39]，减少外界对决策的干扰，从而提升其道德决策的独立性与信心。此外，应允许护士根据病人的具体情况，自行评估并执行备用医嘱，如药物调整等，这也能够提升他们在面对复杂临床情况时的自我效能感。结构授权是指管理者赋予员工需要的信息、支持、资源、学习知识的机会及利于工作的环境。管理者通过组织职业道德培训、结合临床实践、模拟道德情景，帮助精神科护士将理论知识转化为应对道德困境的实际操作能力。例如开展以伦理决策和道德敏感性为核心的培训，提升护士对复杂伦理问题的认识，培养沟通能力、差异包容能力，增强其应对道德困境的信心；形成科室共同的道德价值观，并关注科室道德环境，以防止护士出现道德困扰[43-44]。通过赋权，精神科护士可以更积极地参与道德决策，提升决策执行效能感，相信自己在处理问题中的关键作用。
6.3　实施正念压力管理，增强精神科护士道德韧性
由于病人疾病和护理工作内容的特殊性，且常因道德困境产生不安、内疚、愤怒等负性情绪，甚至意义感知、主动性下降[12]，精神科护士的心理压力和社会压力大于普通护士。道德韧性是一种将困境从负面经历转变为希望的能力，旨在建立和培养个人应对道德困境的能力[45]，不仅体现在应对道德冲突时的坚定信念和坚强意志，还包括内心的平和与稳定的人际关系[46]。正念压力管理是一种有效的干预方式，能够通过培养护士的自我调节和情绪觉察能力，帮助他们缓解压力并增强道德韧性[47]。正念技术，如深呼吸、冥想、瑜伽等，能够让护士在工作中集中注意力，减少外界和内在的负性干扰，进而增强其应对复杂道德情景的能力。然而，正念疗法需要长期的实践才能展现显著效果。因此，医院应为精神科护士提供持续的正念课程与培训，将正念技巧逐步内化为日常工作中的一种自我调节工具。通过这种长期的练习，精神科护士能够从积极的角度重新审视护理经历，减少道德困境带来的消极影响。此外，医院管理者还应通过配备心理评估与支持机制，持续关注精神科护士的心理状态。专业的心理干预和定期反馈能够帮助护士及时处理负面情绪，避免道德困境长期累积对其心理健康造成的负面影响。
7　小结
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道德困境不仅是精神科护士在护理实践中遇到的道德挑战，也是一种个体化的痛苦体验，具有个体差异性和地区差异性。目前，道德困境在重症监护室、新生儿重症监护室、肿瘤科、安宁疗护护士群体中的研究相对完善且成熟，国内尚未检索到对精神科护士道德困境开展的系统研究。未来可应用现有的测量工具进行现状调查，充分挖掘护士个人道德认知、医院道德管理体系、社会对精神科护理的认知等方面，进行多角度、多层次的影响因素探讨；通过深度访谈了解我国文化背景下精神科护士道德困境的形成机制及特点；并在此基础上提出针对性的干预措施，应用于临床实践，制定有效的应对策略，帮助护士缓解道德困扰，提供心理、职业及制度层面的多方支持，为促进精神科护士的职业健康与精神卫生服务质量的提升提供理论与实践依据。

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2026年第40卷第11期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.11.023
  • 接收时间：2025-09-28
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2026-06-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-09-28
  • 修回日期：2026-04-22
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    1华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院，湖北 430020

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WANG Yangjing, E-mail:
王暘婧，护师，硕士研究生，E-mail：
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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