Article(id=1322931590938112936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760284800000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-13, revisedDate=1779811200000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341070159, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1782316800000, pubDateStr=2026-06-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341070159, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341070159, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341070159, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322931549481599694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='12', pageStart='2001', pageEnd='2192', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1782316800000', pubDateStr='2026-06-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341060276, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343118019, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940180335829530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940180335829531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931549481599694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2101, endPage=2108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322931591135245225, articleId=1322931590938112936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Status quo and influencing factors of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among rural middle school students, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To understand the status quo of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among rural middle school students,and to explore the mediating role of digital health literacy and active health behaviors between family function and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors.

Methods

In December 2024,a survey was conducted on 1 093 middle school students from 2 rural schools in Fuyang city,Anhui province,using the General Family Functioning Scale,Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,the eHealth Literacy Scale,and Adolescent Proactive Health Behavior Scale.

Results

The total detection rates of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among 1 093 rural middle school students were 25.1% and 25.8% respectively.The correlation analysis results showed that family function,digital health literacy,and active health behaviors were all negatively correlated with internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors(P<0.05).Path analysis revealed that digital health literacy and active health behaviors played a partial mediating role between family function and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors,with the mediating effect values being 0.033 and -0.104 respectively.

Conclusions

The detection rate of internalizing and externalizing problems among rural middle school students is relatively higher.In future practice,it is possible to reduce the incidence of internalizing and externalizing problems by strengthening family functions,enhancing digital health literacy,and formulating healthy living plans.

, authors=Zhenzhen ZHANG1, Yinhe XUAN2, Yan LI1, Yuhan XU1, Ying LI3, Xiangdan SHEN1, authorsList=Zhenzhen ZHANG, Yinhe XUAN, Yan LI, Yuhan XU, Ying LI, Xiangdan SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangdan SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322931591969911726, articleId=1322931590938112936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=乡村中学生内外化问题行为现状及其影响因素, columnId=1220689488938980091, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解乡村中学生内外化问题行为现状,探析数字健康素养和主动健康行为在家庭功能和内外化问题行为之间的中介作用。

方法

于2024年12月,采用总体家庭功能量表、长处与困难问卷、电子健康素养量表、青少年主动健康行为量表对安徽省阜阳市2所乡村学校1 093名中学生进行调查。

结果

1 093名乡村中学生内外化问题行为总检出率分别为25.1%、25.8%。相关性分析结果显示,家庭功能、数字健康素养、主动健康行为均与内外化问题行为呈负相关(P<0.05)。路径分析显示,数字健康素养与主动健康行为在家庭功能与内外化问题行为之间起部分中介作用,中介效应值为0.033,-0.104。

结论

乡村中学生的内外化问题检出率较高,家庭功能、数字健康素养、主动健康行为是其内外化问题的影响因素,可以通过强化家庭功能,提升数字健康素养水平,制订健康生活计划,从而降低内外化问题的发生率。

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张真真,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
申香丹,E-mail:
SHEN Xiangdan, E-mail:
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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Hypothetical relationship diagram, figureFileSmall=wB2lIUbFFx/ma6L9Q4YBng==, figureFileBig=wl9B2UjXXDfdLzjgYYW0cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931598701769699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=CN, label=图1, caption=路径假设, figureFileSmall=wB2lIUbFFx/ma6L9Q4YBng==, figureFileBig=wl9B2UjXXDfdLzjgYYW0cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931598886319076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Path coefficient diagram of the mediating effect model of family functioning on internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among rural middle school students, figureFileSmall=9gAKPtsC1SrJxC+6FqEwsg==, figureFileBig=rzUfIEDu287KT/E71XNwmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931598961816549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=CN, label=图2, caption=乡村中学生家庭功能对内外化问题行为影响的中介效应模型路径系数图, figureFileSmall=9gAKPtsC1SrJxC+6FqEwsg==, figureFileBig=rzUfIEDu287KT/E71XNwmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931599049896934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of detection rates of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among rural middle school students with different demographic characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数内化问题行为(n=274)外化问题行为(n=282)
检出人数(%)χ2值P检出人数(%)χ2值P
性别男573126(22.0)6.079<0.05140(24.4)1.177>0.05
女520148(28.5)142(27.3)
年龄≤12岁35980(22.3)2.254>0.05103(28.7)2.432>0.05
13岁552147(26.6)133(24.1)
≥14岁18247(25.8)46(25.3)
年级初一591146(24.7)0.091>0.05163(27.6)2.129>0.05
初二502128(25.5)119(23.7)
是否担任班级干部是25158(23.1)0.667>0.0553(21.1)3.736>0.05
否842216(25.7)229(27.2)
是否独生子女是8726(29.9)1.167>0.0530(34.5)3.722>0.05
否1 006248(24.7)252(25.0)
是否单亲家庭是8728(32.2)2.548>0.0532(36.8)5.954<0.05
否1 006246(24.5)250(24.9)
父亲文化程度专科及以上8221(25.6)0.169>0.0520(24.4)2.711>0.05
高中或中专35486(24.3)81(22.9)
初中及以下657167(25.4)181(27.5)
母亲文化程度专科及以上8022(27.5)0.977>0.0520(25.0)0.034>0.05
高中或中专31573(23.2)81(25.7)
初中及以下698179(25.6)181(25.9)
居住情况与父母或父亲、母亲一方同住660159(24.1)1.287>0.05172(26.1)0.371>0.05
与祖父祖母/外祖父外祖母同住37397(26.0)93(24.9)
其他6018(30.0)17(28.3)
家族是否患有慢性病是3215(46.9)8.345<0.0512(37.5)2.357>0.05
否1 061259(24.4)270(25.4)
运动习惯每日运动584142(24.3)2.034>0.05140(24.0)10.892<0.05
每周3~5次27064(23.7)62(23.0)
每周1次或2次20056(28.0)64(32.0)
从不3912(30.8)16(41.0)
饮食习惯以清淡为主7521(28.0)31.559<0.0524(32.0)76.141<0.05
荤素搭配均衡782167(21.4)150(19.2)
偏好油腻、辛辣食物18660(32.3)89(47.8)
经常吃快餐、外卖2213(59.1)12(54.5)
其他2813(46.4)7(25.0)
健康状况良好816178(21.8)20.288<0.05158(19.4)77.815<0.05
一般26188(33.7)112(42.9)
较差168(50.0)12(75.0)
是否使用电子产品是899229(25.5)0.440>0.05233(25.9)0.036>0.05
否19445(23.2)49(25.3)
上网关注较多的相关信息健康信息542148(27.3)5.968>0.05142(26.2)0.209>0.05
减肥健身24164(26.6)63(26.1)
营养养生31062(20.0)77(24.8)
使用电子产品的频率每日使用17655(31.3)7.193>0.0565(36.9)17.045<0.05
每周3~5 d25061(24.4)60(24.0)
每周1 d或2 d611150(24.5)138(22.6)
从未568(14.3)19(33.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1322931599154754535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同人口学特征的乡村中学生内外化行为问题检出率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数内化问题行为(n=274)外化问题行为(n=282)
检出人数(%)χ2值P检出人数(%)χ2值P
性别男573126(22.0)6.079<0.05140(24.4)1.177>0.05
女520148(28.5)142(27.3)
年龄≤12岁35980(22.3)2.254>0.05103(28.7)2.432>0.05
13岁552147(26.6)133(24.1)
≥14岁18247(25.8)46(25.3)
年级初一591146(24.7)0.091>0.05163(27.6)2.129>0.05
初二502128(25.5)119(23.7)
是否担任班级干部是25158(23.1)0.667>0.0553(21.1)3.736>0.05
否842216(25.7)229(27.2)
是否独生子女是8726(29.9)1.167>0.0530(34.5)3.722>0.05
否1 006248(24.7)252(25.0)
是否单亲家庭是8728(32.2)2.548>0.0532(36.8)5.954<0.05
否1 006246(24.5)250(24.9)
父亲文化程度专科及以上8221(25.6)0.169>0.0520(24.4)2.711>0.05
高中或中专35486(24.3)81(22.9)
初中及以下657167(25.4)181(27.5)
母亲文化程度专科及以上8022(27.5)0.977>0.0520(25.0)0.034>0.05
高中或中专31573(23.2)81(25.7)
初中及以下698179(25.6)181(25.9)
居住情况与父母或父亲、母亲一方同住660159(24.1)1.287>0.05172(26.1)0.371>0.05
与祖父祖母/外祖父外祖母同住37397(26.0)93(24.9)
其他6018(30.0)17(28.3)
家族是否患有慢性病是3215(46.9)8.345<0.0512(37.5)2.357>0.05
否1 061259(24.4)270(25.4)
运动习惯每日运动584142(24.3)2.034>0.05140(24.0)10.892<0.05
每周3~5次27064(23.7)62(23.0)
每周1次或2次20056(28.0)64(32.0)
从不3912(30.8)16(41.0)
饮食习惯以清淡为主7521(28.0)31.559<0.0524(32.0)76.141<0.05
荤素搭配均衡782167(21.4)150(19.2)
偏好油腻、辛辣食物18660(32.3)89(47.8)
经常吃快餐、外卖2213(59.1)12(54.5)
其他2813(46.4)7(25.0)
健康状况良好816178(21.8)20.288<0.05158(19.4)77.815<0.05
一般26188(33.7)112(42.9)
较差168(50.0)12(75.0)
是否使用电子产品是899229(25.5)0.440>0.05233(25.9)0.036>0.05
否19445(23.2)49(25.3)
上网关注较多的相关信息健康信息542148(27.3)5.968>0.05142(26.2)0.209>0.05
减肥健身24164(26.6)63(26.1)
营养养生31062(20.0)77(24.8)
使用电子产品的频率每日使用17655(31.3)7.193>0.0565(36.9)17.045<0.05
每周3~5 d25061(24.4)60(24.0)
每周1 d或2 d611150(24.5)138(22.6)
从未568(14.3)19(33.9)
), ArticleFig(id=1322931599238640616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Correlations among family functions of rural middle school students,digital health literacy, active health behaviors,and internalized and externalized problem behaviors(r value)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目家庭功能数字健康素养主动健康行为内外化问题行为
家庭功能1.000
数字健康素养0.305①1.000
主动健康行为0.488①0.550①1.000
内外化问题行为-0.463①-0.152①-0.323①1.000
① P<0.01。
), ArticleFig(id=1322931599330915305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

乡村中学生家庭功能、数字健康素养、主动健康行为、内外化问题行为的相关性(r值)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目家庭功能数字健康素养主动健康行为内外化问题行为
家庭功能1.000
数字健康素养0.305①1.000
主动健康行为0.488①0.550①1.000
内外化问题行为-0.463①-0.152①-0.323①1.000
① P<0.01。
), ArticleFig(id=1322931599406412778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Estimation results of the model's mediating effects

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效应类型点估计值标准误95%CI中介效应占比(%)中介效果
下限上限
H10.0330.0170.0010.0686.16支持
H2-0.1040.021-0.145-0.06519.40支持
H3-0.0430.011-0.068-0.0248.02支持
总中介效应-0.1140.022-0.157-0.00721.27支持
直接效应-0.4220.033-0.495-0.36078.73支持
总效应-0.5360.027-0.589-0.482
), ArticleFig(id=1322931599507076075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931590938112936, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型的中介效应估计结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
效应类型点估计值标准误95%CI中介效应占比(%)中介效果
下限上限
H10.0330.0170.0010.0686.16支持
H2-0.1040.021-0.145-0.06519.40支持
H3-0.0430.011-0.068-0.0248.02支持
总中介效应-0.1140.022-0.157-0.00721.27支持
直接效应-0.4220.033-0.495-0.36078.73支持
总效应-0.5360.027-0.589-0.482
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乡村中学生内外化问题行为现状及其影响因素
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张真真 1 , 玄银河 2 , 李妍 1 , 续玉含 1 , 李颖 3 , 申香丹 1, *, *
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(12): 2101-2108
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (12) : 2101 -2108
乡村中学生内外化问题行为现状及其影响因素
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张真真1, 玄银河2, 李妍1, 续玉含1, 李颖3, 申香丹1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1延边大学护理学院,吉林 136002
  • 2延边朝医医院
  • 3延边脑科医院
通讯作者:
申香丹,E-mail:
SHEN Xiangdan, E-mail:
作者简介:

张真真,硕士研究生在读

Status quo and influencing factors of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among rural middle school students
Zhenzhen ZHANG1, Yinhe XUAN2, Yan LI1, Yuhan XU1, Ying LI3, Xiangdan SHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Yanbian University, Jilin 136002 China
  • 2Yanbian Chao Yi Hospital
  • 3Yanbian Brain Hospital
出版时间: 2026-06-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.013
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目的

了解乡村中学生内外化问题行为现状,探析数字健康素养和主动健康行为在家庭功能和内外化问题行为之间的中介作用。

方法

于2024年12月,采用总体家庭功能量表、长处与困难问卷、电子健康素养量表、青少年主动健康行为量表对安徽省阜阳市2所乡村学校1 093名中学生进行调查。

结果

1 093名乡村中学生内外化问题行为总检出率分别为25.1%、25.8%。相关性分析结果显示,家庭功能、数字健康素养、主动健康行为均与内外化问题行为呈负相关(P<0.05)。路径分析显示,数字健康素养与主动健康行为在家庭功能与内外化问题行为之间起部分中介作用,中介效应值为0.033,-0.104。

结论

乡村中学生的内外化问题检出率较高,家庭功能、数字健康素养、主动健康行为是其内外化问题的影响因素,可以通过强化家庭功能,提升数字健康素养水平,制订健康生活计划,从而降低内外化问题的发生率。

青少年  /  问题行为  /  家庭功能  /  数字健康素养  /  主动健康行为  /  影响因素
Objective

To understand the status quo of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among rural middle school students,and to explore the mediating role of digital health literacy and active health behaviors between family function and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors.

Methods

In December 2024,a survey was conducted on 1 093 middle school students from 2 rural schools in Fuyang city,Anhui province,using the General Family Functioning Scale,Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire,the eHealth Literacy Scale,and Adolescent Proactive Health Behavior Scale.

Results

The total detection rates of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among 1 093 rural middle school students were 25.1% and 25.8% respectively.The correlation analysis results showed that family function,digital health literacy,and active health behaviors were all negatively correlated with internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors(P<0.05).Path analysis revealed that digital health literacy and active health behaviors played a partial mediating role between family function and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors,with the mediating effect values being 0.033 and -0.104 respectively.

Conclusions

The detection rate of internalizing and externalizing problems among rural middle school students is relatively higher.In future practice,it is possible to reduce the incidence of internalizing and externalizing problems by strengthening family functions,enhancing digital health literacy,and formulating healthy living plans.

adolescents  /  problem behavior  /  family function  /  digital health literacy  /  active health behaviors  /  influencing factors
张真真, 玄银河, 李妍, 续玉含, 李颖, 申香丹. 乡村中学生内外化问题行为现状及其影响因素. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (12) : 2101 -2108 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.013
Zhenzhen ZHANG, Yinhe XUAN, Yan LI, Yuhan XU, Ying LI, Xiangdan SHEN. Status quo and influencing factors of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors among rural middle school students[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (12) : 2101 -2108 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.013
问题行为(problem behavior)是指妨碍个体社会适应的异常行为[1],分为内化问题和外化问题,尽管两类问题的行为表征各异,但其在发展路径与病因上常呈现紧密的交织性,并存在“共发”现象[2]。内化问题包括抑郁、焦虑等消极情绪情感;外化问题包括攻击、违纪等不符合社会道德规范的行为[3]。青少年时期是各种内外化问题行为的高发期[4]。国外内外化问题的检出率分别为24.2%与11.9%,且农村地区更为严重[5]。同样,国内乡村青少年内外化问题也高于城市地区,其检出率约为43.6%[6],并呈直线上升趋势[7]。内外化问题不仅会损害青少年的情绪调节、适应能力、学业表现与社会交往,增加其自杀风险[8-12],并且这些负面影响会延续至成年时期[13]。因此,加强乡村青少年心理健康保护、破解内外化问题困境刻不容缓。家庭功能是指系统的家庭生活质量,涉及家庭的健康、能力等要素[14]。研究显示,良好的家庭功能不仅可以减少青少年的冒险行为[15],还可以保护青少年免受不良发育结果的影响[16],而经常与父母发生冲突以及在家庭中进行更多消极互动的青少年更有可能有内外化问题行为[17],但其作用机制尚不完全明确。
互联网普及为青少年带来机遇[18],但同时也带来独特数字负面风险[19]。数字健康素养指个体在多变环境下,综合个人、社会因素及技术限制,掌握搜寻、理解、评估、应用、分享和创造健康信息的能力,具备此素养者能降低因信息误判或行为失当引发的健康损害[20]。电子健康素养模型[21]强调个人、情境和环境因素的相互影响,家庭功能作为核心的情境与环境因素,深刻影响青少年的数字健康素养能力;而这种能力的高低决定了青少年能否有效利用数字资源预防、识别和应对内外化问题,最终影响问题的发展、持续或缓解。由此,本研究提出假设H1:数字健康素养在家庭功能与内外化问题行为之间起中介作用。
青春期的吸烟、饮酒等健康危险行为[22],往往以聚集态势呈现[23],从而增加内外化问题发生的风险[24]。而主动健康行为是个体主动构建健康素养、养成良好习惯的过程,可降低健康危险行为发生的风险[25]。根据家庭系统理论[26],个体的行为和心理状态受家庭功能的直接影响,并有研究发现,青少年的家庭功能可正向预测其主动健康行为水平[27]。故本研究提出假设H2:主动健康行为在家庭功能与内外化问题行为之间起中介作用。此外,电子健康使用综合模型进一步指出,较高的数字健康素养有助于个体更加积极地采取主动健康行为,并减少负面心理效应[28]。基于此,本研究提出假设H3:数字健康素养和主动健康行为在家庭功能对内外化问题行为的影响中发挥链式中介作用。
社会认知理论[29]强调个体因素(数字健康素养)、行为因素(主动健康行为、内外化问题行为)与环境因素(家庭功能)之间的动态交互作用。个体的行为不仅受内在个人因素的驱动,还深受外部环境及行为反馈的影响,个体在做出健康行为选择时,会基于个人、社会环境与行为结果的交互作用进行决策[30-31],进而从理论层面支持H1、H2、H3假设。本研究根据提出的假设(见图1),探析家庭功能对青少年内外化问题行为的作用机制,为后续内外化问题精准干预提供实证参考。
于2024年12月,通过便利抽样及整群抽样相结合的方法,选取安徽省阜阳市2所乡村学校1 093名中学生展开调查。样本量需满足结构方程模型的要求,即样本量大小应达到估计参数的10~20倍[32]。本研究包含4个已知参数及回归系数等30个待估计参数,因此最少需要样本量300例。本研究已获得延边大学科技伦理委员会审核批准(伦理号:20241223),并获得未成年人父母或法定监护人、本人及校方的知情同意。
由课题组自行编制,内容包括3部分。1)一般人口学资料:性别、年龄、年级、是否担任班级干部、是否独生子女、是否单亲家庭、父母亲文化程度、居住情况。2)健康相关状况:家族是否患有慢性病、运动习惯、饮食习惯、健康状况,以及慢性病对应国际疾病分类编码(ICD10)[33]。3)网络使用情况:是否使用网络电子产品、上网关注较多的相关信息、使用电子产品的频率。
该量表由Shek编制,李彩娜等[34]修订。量表为单一维度,共6个条目。采用Likert 5级计分法,得分越高,表示总体家庭功能越好。原量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.878,本研究中的Cronbach's α系数为0.910。
该量表由Goodman编制,寇建华等[35]翻译,包括情绪症状、品行问题、多动/注意缺陷、同伴交往问题、亲社会行为5个维度,共25个条目,亲社会行为维度不纳入内外化行为。采用Likert 3级计分法,内化(情绪症状、同伴交往问题)和外化(多动/注意缺陷和品行问题)行为2个分量表得分范围均为0~20分,得分越高表示内外化行为程度越严重。根据各分量表得分,分为正常(内外化问题行为0~8分)、异常(内外化问题行为9~20分)两组[36]。原量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.790,本研究中的Cronbach's α系数为0.810。
该量表由吴颖敏等[37]编制,包括自我知觉、信息获取、互动评判3个维度,共12个条目。采用Likert 5级计分法,总分越高表明个体的数字健康素养越高。原量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.910,本研究中的Cronbach's α系数为0.862。
该量表由樊可馨等[25]编制,包括健康责任、体育活动、营养膳食、精神心理、节制自律5个维度,共24个条目。采用Likert 4级评分法,得分越高提示青少年主动健康行为水平越高。原量表的Cronbach's α系数为 0.946,本研究中的Cronbach's α系数为0.922。
研究开展前,向安徽省2所乡村中学负责人发送邮件,说明研究目标、内容及研究人员详情,获同意后安排与各班级班主任面对面会议,会上详细介绍研究相关信息,并提供研究问卷、纸质信件及家长同意书。然后,通过各班级班主任将书面同意书以电子形式发给需填问卷班级的青少年家长,并填写相关研究调查表(近期是否参与青少年情绪/行为问题相似课题),同时确定填问卷的具体日期与时间,研究人员届时前往班级开展问卷调查。家长需在研究人员第2次到访前将收到的书面同意书以电子方式回传。
在指定日期,研究人员进行第2次到访,并提前对调查员进行培训,确保对问卷内容、流程的理解一致;明确隐私保护、知情同意等伦理要求;避免引导性提问、主观判断等影响数据客观性。以班级为单位,向符合参与标准的青少年发放问卷,安排青少年单人单桌以确保独立填写,告知可匿名填写,时长15~20 min。若有疑问,学生可举手,调查员至其座位旁,使用标准化答疑话术现场答疑。此次研究中,无青少年及其家长拒绝参与。对于当天缺勤的青少年,与各班主任协商在1周内集体安排补测(共14人);根据前期相关研究调查,对参与过同类课题的学生引导其进行自主学习,不发放问卷(共36人)。
问卷完成后现场检查,并请青少年补充遗漏选项。问卷完成后,2名研究人员共同判别问卷的有效性,回答不完全、逻辑不一致、错答或误解、按规律答题或者多个问题选择相同的答案为无效问卷,如有异议,同第3名研究人员讨论决定。
采用EpiData 3.1软件进行数据录入,应用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据分析。符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验;定性资料用频数、百分比(%)表示,采用χ2检验。采用Pearson相关分析考察家庭功能、数字健康素养、主动健康行为与内外化问题行为之间的关系。使用AMOS 28.0软件构建结构方程模型并验证假设模型,中介效应显著性检验运用偏差校正非参数百分位Bootstrap法检验,重复取样5 000次,计算中介效应的95%CI。所有分析均为双侧检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
乡村中学生内化和外化问题行为总检出率分别为25.1%(274/1 093)、25.8%(282/1 093)。不同人口学特征的乡村中学生内外化问题检出率比较见表1。
采用Harman单因素检验评估共同方法偏差问题。探索性因子分析结果显示,共析出13个特征值>1的公因子,其中首个公因子的方差解释率为20.86%,低于临界值40%[38]。因此,本研究数据不存在共同方法偏差。
以家庭功能为自变量,内外化问题行为为因变量,数字健康素养和主动健康行为为中介变量,在AMOS 28.0中拟合结构方程模型探析各变量之间的关系,并检验中介作用,见图2。模型的拟合指标χ2/ν=3.525,拟合优度指数(GFI)=0.972,调整拟合优度指数(AGFI)=0.956,规范拟合指数(NFI)=0.963,增值拟合指数(IFI)=0.973,Tucker-Lewis指数(TLI)=0.963,比较拟合指数(CFI)=0.973,近似误差均方根(RMSEA)=0.048,修正后的模型各项指标达到拟合要求,表明拟合效果良好[39]。
中介模型验证显示,95%CI均不包括0,说明本研究的H1、H2、H3假设成立,数字健康素养中介效应占比为6.16%,主动健康行为中介效应占比为19.40%,数字健康素养与主动健康行为的中介效应占比为8.02%。见表3。
本研究结果显示,乡村中学生内化和外化问题行为的总检出率分别为25.1%、25.8%,高于吴文懿等[40]报告的检出率。原因可能是城乡之间的多种差异,如教育资源与经济收入的不平衡等。此外,本研究发现,单亲家庭与每天使用电子产品的乡村中学生外化问题行为的发生率高,这与商莉敏等[41-42]的研究一致。原因可能是乡村单亲家庭的结构性困境被放大,增加了孩子出现外化问题的风险基础。中学生的大脑尚未发育成熟,自我控制能力相对较弱[43],过度使用电子产品也会成为诱发和维持外化问题行为的重要媒介。与其他地区和群体相比,乡村学校学生面临专业心理师资匮乏、相关课程体系薄弱问题。有研究指出,79.7%的学校虽配备心理教师,但多为兼任且以被动干预为主;83.1%的学校设有心理咨询室,但部分与办公区共用,引发隐私顾虑,抑制学生求助意愿[7]。因此,应提升教师发展性心理问题识别与预防性干预能力,推动工作重心前移;其次,落实心理咨询室独立化与标准化建设,增强环境安全性与专业性;最后,优化以活动为导向的心理课程设计,依托乡村学生偏好的体验式学习,融入情绪管理、人际交往等技能训练,从而有效降低心理行为问题发生风险。
本研究结果显示,乡村中学生家庭功能与内外化问题行为呈负相关,家庭功能对乡村中学生内外化问题行为有显著的预测作用,这与李小青等[44-45]研究结果一致。社会生态-素质压力模型[46]着重指出,压力性生活事件(如不良家庭功能),会激发个体内在的认知脆弱性。有研究显示,我国乡村留守儿童主要养育人是祖父母,其养育人文化水平较低,存在教养方式不当、监管不力,留守儿童精神需求得不到满足[47-48]。与此同时,乡村地区的家庭多注重维持家庭的经济运转,缺乏对孩子的科学教育引导,从而更容易产生内外化问题行为。针对这些问题,教育部门及公益组织定期开展乡村家长教育讲座,聚焦儿童成长心理特点与科学教养方法;学校搭建免费线上家长教育平台,同步推进学生心理健康筛查与早期干预;政府提供乡村创业培训,依托地方资源引导劳动力返乡创业,减少亲子分离引发的青少年行为问题。​
本研究结果显示,家庭功能既能通过数字健康素养和主动健康行为的中介作用影响青少年内外化问题行为,也能通过数字健康素养与主动健康行为的链式中介作用影响青少年问题行为。首先,家庭功能不仅对青少年的心理社会适应具有直接的促进作用,更能作为一种关键的环境资源,赋能青少年发展数字健康素养。功能良好的家庭通过提供支持、引导与示范,帮助青少年合理利用数字资源[49-51],从而提升其高效获取、批判性评价及应用健康信息的能力。而数字健康素养兼具两面性,其积极调节作用与网络不良影响相互制衡[52-53],形成了一条微弱的正向风险传导路径,提示家庭更要注重青少年健康信息辨别与网络风险防护的教育。其次,在良好的家庭功能支持下,青少年更易形成积极的健康管理意识与主动健康行为,从而有助于维持身心平衡,增强心理韧性[54]。在此基础上,高数字健康素养的青少年更倾向于积极地将所获知识应用于实践,从而有效促发主动健康行为,而这些积极的行为模式,如充足的身体活动和良好的情绪调节,最终成为减少情绪困扰与行为问题的直接保护因子[55]。
乡村地区电子设备使用呈现结构性分化,部分群体因数字健康素养不足而产生非理性使用行为,还有部分群体则受限于基础设施薄弱而被动与技术脱节。这种分化致使乡村中学生数字健康素养发展严重受限,既缺乏科学使用引导,又无法获得技术赋能,进一步增加其不良问题的发生。且在传统观念的影响下家长对心理健康问题的认识不足,往往未能及时重视与干预。应增强家长对心理健康问题的重视程度,完善乡村心理健康服务体系建设,并开展符合乡村实际的数字健康实践。同时,加大乡村公共文化服务数字化供给,通过学校与家庭协同,引入屏幕时间管理、信息甄别等动画课程,提升学生数字健康素养学习兴趣,促进其将知识转化为积极健康行为,从而有效预防和减少内外化问题。
本研究采取横断面研究,仅验证变量之间的相关关系,未来可以采取追踪研究方式进一步探索家庭功能、数字健康素养与主动健康行为对青少年内外化问题行为影响过程中的调节作用;采用自填问卷主观方式收集数据,可能存在信息偏倚,未来可探索客观的数据收集方式,并考虑纳入更多地区共同研究。
乡村中学生的内外化问题行为检出率较高,家庭功能可直接或通过数字健康素养和主动健康行为预测内外化问题行为,数字健康素养与主动健康行为这一链式中介作用也可间接影响内外化问题行为。因此,应强化家庭沟通功能,并且家长应提升对青少年的数字健康引导,获取和辨别网络健康信息;培养青少年的主动健康习惯,以家庭行为带动孩子养成主动健康行为,进而减少内外化问题行为的发生。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.12.013
  • 接收时间:2025-10-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-06-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-13
  • 修回日期:2026-05-27
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    1延边大学护理学院,吉林 136002
    2延边朝医医院
    3延边脑科医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
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属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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