Article(id=1322931505848263242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931411006665649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1768579200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-17, revisedDate=1778774400000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341049872, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341049872, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341049872, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341049872, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322931411006665649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='13', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341027261, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343114456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940165425082661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931411006665649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940165425082662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931411006665649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2359, endPage=2364, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322931506037006923, articleId=1322931505848263242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on nursing practice strategies of exercise snacks intervention in weight management for overweight and obese populations, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

From the perspective of nursing practice,this paper reviewed the concept,physiological mechanisms,clinical effects,and research status of exercise snacks.It summarized the role of exercise snacks in improving body weight,body composition,cardiopulmonary function,metabolic indicators,and exercise adherence.Furthermore,four major nursing practice strategies,precision assessment,health education,intelligent monitoring,and psychological support,are proposed to provide a reference for implementing scientific weight management in clinical nursing.

, authors=Zihan LI1, Lei LIU1, Hongyuan LI2, Jiayu WANG1, Yu TIAN3, Xinyu ZHU1, Yan ZHAO1, authorsList=Zihan LI, Lei LIU, Hongyuan LI, Jiayu WANG, Yu TIAN, Xinyu ZHU, Yan ZHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lei LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322931506896839248, articleId=1322931505848263242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=运动零食干预在超重和肥胖人群体重管理中的护理实践策略研究进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

从护理实践角度,综述运动零食的概念、生理机制、临床效果及研究现状,总结其在改善体重、身体成分、心肺功能、代谢指标及运动依从性等方面的作用,并提出精准评估、健康教育、智能监测、心理支持四大护理实践策略,为临床护理开展科学体重管理提供参考。

, authors=李梓涵1, 刘蕾1, *, *, 李宏元2, 王嘉钰1, 田钰3, 朱薪觎1, 赵岩1, authorsList=李梓涵, 刘蕾, 李宏元, 王嘉钰, 田钰, 朱薪觎, 赵岩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘蕾, authorNote=

李梓涵,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘蕾,E-mail:
LIU Lei, E-mail:
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李梓涵,硕士研究生在读

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Reference(id=1322931513683223213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=106, issue=2, pageStart=e791, pageEnd=e802, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=Wongpipit W, Zhang X Y, Miyashita M, journalName=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wongpipit W,Zhang X Y,Miyashita M,et al.Interrupting prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose concentration in young men with central obesity[J].The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism,2021,106(2):e791-e802., articleTitle=Interrupting prolonged sitting reduces postprandial glucose concentration in young men with central obesity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931513746137774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=7, pageStart=1183, pageEnd=1189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=Chen Y C, Walhin J P, Hengist A, journalName=Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Y C,Walhin J P,Hengist A,et al.Interrupting prolonged sitting with intermittent walking increases postprandial gut hormone responses[J].Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,2022,54(7):1183-1189., articleTitle=Interrupting prolonged sitting with intermittent walking increases postprandial gut hormone responses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931513813246639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=72, issue=2, pageStart=183, pageEnd=192, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=Zhou J M, Gao X N, Zhang D D, journalName=Endocrine Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou J M,Gao X N,Zhang D D,et al.Effects of breaking up prolonged sitting via exercise snacks intervention on the body composition and plasma metabolomics of sedentary obese adults:a randomized controlled trial[J].Endocrine Journal,2025,72(2):183-192., articleTitle=Effects of breaking up prolonged sitting via exercise snacks intervention on the body composition and plasma metabolomics of sedentary obese adults:a randomized controlled trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931513905521328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=World Obesity Federation, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=World Obesity Federation.Exercise snacks--a simple and effective way to avoid doing nothing[EB/OL].(2025-10-15)[2025-10-28].https://www.worldobesity.org/news/exercise-snacks-a-simple-and-effective-way-to-avoid-doing-nothing., articleTitle=Exercise 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pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=Song L, Liang J Q, Wang W T, journalName=Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song L,Liang J Q,Wang W T,et al.Global trends in research of mitochondrial biogenesis over past 20 years:a bibliometric analysis[J].Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity,2023,2023:7291284., articleTitle=Global trends in research of mitochondrial biogenesis over past 20 years:a bibliometric analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931514182345395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=21, issue=34, pageStart=4283, pageEnd=4288, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=王娅, 孙娟, 邓楠, journalName=中国全科医学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王娅,孙娟,邓楠,等.久坐行为干预在2型糖尿病患者及其高危人群中的研究进展[J].中国全科医学,2018,21(34):4283-4288., articleTitle=久坐行为干预在2型糖尿病患者及其高危人群中的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931514270425780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=14, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=Muise E S, Guan H P, Liu J Q, journalName=PLoS One, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Muise E S,Guan H P,Liu J Q,et al.Pharmacological AMPK activation induces transcriptional responses congruent to exercise in skeletal and cardiac muscle,adipose tissues and liver[J].PLoS One,2019,14(2):e0211568., articleTitle=Pharmacological AMPK activation induces transcriptional responses congruent to exercise in skeletal and cardiac muscle,adipose tissues and liver, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931514337534645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=Monteiro A, Moore J, Aikens R, journalName=JMIR Research Protocols, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Monteiro A,Moore J,Aikens R,et al.A work-based,fully remote,and peer-supported exercise snack behavior change intervention (MOV'D):protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial[J].JMIR Research Protocols,2025,14:e64455., articleTitle=A work-based,fully remote,and peer-supported exercise snack behavior change intervention (MOV'D):protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931514425615030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=15, issue=10, pageStart=2304, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Lazou A, journalName=Nutrients, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Douligeris A,Methenitis S,Lazou A,et al.The effect of acute pre-workout supplement ingestion on basketball-specific performance of well-trained athletes[J].Nutrients,2023,15(10):2304., articleTitle=The effect of acute pre-workout supplement ingestion on basketball-specific performance of well-trained athletes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931514530472631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=769, pageEnd=785, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=Dzhioeva O, Belyavskiy E, journalName=Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dzhioeva O,Belyavskiy E.Diagnosis and management of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF):current perspectives and recommendations[J].Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management,2020,16:769-785., articleTitle=Diagnosis and management of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF):current perspectives and recommendations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931514593387192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=1000, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=Serra-Paya N, Ensenyat A, Real J, journalName=BMC Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Serra-Paya N,Ensenyat A,Real J,et al.Evaluation of a family intervention programme for the treatment of overweight and obese children (Nereu Programme):a randomized clinical trial study protocol[J].BMC Public Health,2013,13(1):1000., articleTitle=Evaluation of a family intervention programme for the treatment of overweight and obese children (Nereu Programme):a randomized clinical trial study protocol, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322931514668884665, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, 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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322931510487163531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Core dimension framework of nursing practice for exercise snack interventions in overweight and obese populations, figureFileSmall=7KEfJbWjKPaIkC+yz/tpsQ==, figureFileBig=D9gkO2whUT6BY9DMh7KoFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931510571049612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, language=CN, label=图1, caption=运动零食干预在超重和肥胖人群中的护理实践核心维度框架, figureFileSmall=7KEfJbWjKPaIkC+yz/tpsQ==, figureFileBig=D9gkO2whUT6BY9DMh7KoFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931510768181901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Nursing practice strategies for weight management in obese and overweight patients through ES intervention, figureFileSmall=hnb9bBBR601OusbiEH7syA==, figureFileBig=Q9+COF8Jw4JkvFEHPnzeqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931510843679374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, language=CN, label=图2, caption=运动零食干预在肥胖及超重病人体重管理的护理实践策略, figureFileSmall=hnb9bBBR601OusbiEH7syA==, figureFileBig=Q9+COF8Jw4JkvFEHPnzeqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322931510940148367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Research literature extraction table for exercise snack intervention in overweight and obese populations

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者发表时间国家样本量(人)研究类型研究对象有效结局指标
De Jong等[24]2018年美国22可行性研究超重/肥胖成人(BMI 27~33 kg/m²)活动能量消耗(AEE)、每日步数、空腹胰岛素浓度、疲劳感
Larsen等[25]2019年澳大利亚19随机对照试验超重/肥胖成人(BMI 25~40 kg/m²)胰岛素曲线下面积(iAUC)
Henson等[26]2020年英国129随机对照试验各体重分布成人(BMI 19.6~44.6 kg/m²)胰岛素曲线下面积
Wheeler等[27]2020年澳大利亚67随机交叉试验超重/肥胖成人(BMI 25.0~44.9 kg/m²)胰岛素曲线下面积、甘油三酯总曲线下面积(tAUC)
Rafiei等[28]2021年加拿大23随机交叉试验超重/肥胖成人[BMI(35.1±6.4)kg/m²]胰岛素曲线下面积
Wongpipit等[29]2021年澳大利亚36随机对照试验超重/肥胖中青年
[BMI(29.6±3.8) kg/m²]
零食能量摄入
Chen等[30]2022年中国10随机交叉试验超重/肥胖成人[BMI(31.9±6.7)kg/m²]肠道激素
Zhou等[31]2025年中国27随机对照试验超重/肥胖成人(BMI>25 kg/m²)体重、体脂率、总脂肪量、躯干脂肪量、心肺功能(最大摄氧量)
), ArticleFig(id=1322931511011451536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322931505848263242, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

运动零食干预在超重和肥胖人群中的文献信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
作者发表时间国家样本量(人)研究类型研究对象有效结局指标
De Jong等[24]2018年美国22可行性研究超重/肥胖成人(BMI 27~33 kg/m²)活动能量消耗(AEE)、每日步数、空腹胰岛素浓度、疲劳感
Larsen等[25]2019年澳大利亚19随机对照试验超重/肥胖成人(BMI 25~40 kg/m²)胰岛素曲线下面积(iAUC)
Henson等[26]2020年英国129随机对照试验各体重分布成人(BMI 19.6~44.6 kg/m²)胰岛素曲线下面积
Wheeler等[27]2020年澳大利亚67随机交叉试验超重/肥胖成人(BMI 25.0~44.9 kg/m²)胰岛素曲线下面积、甘油三酯总曲线下面积(tAUC)
Rafiei等[28]2021年加拿大23随机交叉试验超重/肥胖成人[BMI(35.1±6.4)kg/m²]胰岛素曲线下面积
Wongpipit等[29]2021年澳大利亚36随机对照试验超重/肥胖中青年
[BMI(29.6±3.8) kg/m²]
零食能量摄入
Chen等[30]2022年中国10随机交叉试验超重/肥胖成人[BMI(31.9±6.7)kg/m²]肠道激素
Zhou等[31]2025年中国27随机对照试验超重/肥胖成人(BMI>25 kg/m²)体重、体脂率、总脂肪量、躯干脂肪量、心肺功能(最大摄氧量)
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运动零食干预在超重和肥胖人群体重管理中的护理实践策略研究进展
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李梓涵 1 , 刘蕾 1, *, * , 李宏元 2 , 王嘉钰 1 , 田钰 3 , 朱薪觎 1 , 赵岩 1
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(13): 2359-2364
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (13) : 2359 -2364
运动零食干预在超重和肥胖人群体重管理中的护理实践策略研究进展
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李梓涵1, 刘蕾1, *, * , 李宏元2, 王嘉钰1, 田钰3, 朱薪觎1, 赵岩1
作者信息
  • 1辽宁中医药大学护理学院,辽宁 110847
  • 2大连友谊医院
  • 3辽宁省肿瘤医院
通讯作者:
刘蕾,E-mail:
LIU Lei, E-mail:
作者简介:

李梓涵,硕士研究生在读

Research progress on nursing practice strategies of exercise snacks intervention in weight management for overweight and obese populations
Zihan LI1, Lei LIU1 , Hongyuan LI2, Jiayu WANG1, Yu TIAN3, Xinyu ZHU1, Yan ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning 110847 China
  • 2Dalian Friendship Hospital
  • 3Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.022
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从护理实践角度,综述运动零食的概念、生理机制、临床效果及研究现状,总结其在改善体重、身体成分、心肺功能、代谢指标及运动依从性等方面的作用,并提出精准评估、健康教育、智能监测、心理支持四大护理实践策略,为临床护理开展科学体重管理提供参考。

运动零食  /  超重  /  肥胖  /  零食式锻炼  /  体重管理  /  护理实践  /  综述

From the perspective of nursing practice,this paper reviewed the concept,physiological mechanisms,clinical effects,and research status of exercise snacks.It summarized the role of exercise snacks in improving body weight,body composition,cardiopulmonary function,metabolic indicators,and exercise adherence.Furthermore,four major nursing practice strategies,precision assessment,health education,intelligent monitoring,and psychological support,are proposed to provide a reference for implementing scientific weight management in clinical nursing.

exercise snacks  /  overweight  /  obesity  /  snack-style exercise  /  weight management  /  nursing practice  /  review
李梓涵, 刘蕾, 李宏元, 王嘉钰, 田钰, 朱薪觎, 赵岩. 运动零食干预在超重和肥胖人群体重管理中的护理实践策略研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (13) : 2359 -2364 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.022
Zihan LI, Lei LIU, Hongyuan LI, Jiayu WANG, Yu TIAN, Xinyu ZHU, Yan ZHAO. Research progress on nursing practice strategies of exercise snacks intervention in weight management for overweight and obese populations[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (13) : 2359 -2364 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.022
随着人们生活水平的提升,超重和肥胖已成为全球性公共卫生挑战,其发病率显著攀升。据世界肥胖联盟(World Obesity Federation)《世界肥胖报告2025》预测[1],全球成年人超重人数[体质指数(BMI)≥25.0 kg/㎡]将从2010年的16.12亿人激增至2030年的29.3亿人,而肥胖人数(BMI≥30.0 kg/㎡)更是将从2010年的5.24亿人增长至2030年的11.31亿人。我国的肥胖形势同样严峻。有研究预测,若无有效干预,至2030年,中国成人超重肥胖率可能高达70.5%[2]。超重和肥胖不仅是高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病及某些癌症等慢性病的重要危险因素,严重威胁个体健康,还带来巨大的医疗经济负担,预计相关医疗费用将占全国总医疗费用的22%[3]。面对这一严峻挑战,各国政府及卫生组织积极推行体重管理策略[4]。我国国家卫生健康委联合多部门宣布,开展为期3年的“体重管理年”活动,旨在广泛营造体重管理支持性环境[5]。实现科学的减重,要强调运动干预在科学减重中的核心作用[6]。然而,传统的结构化运动干预模式在实际推广中面临诸多障碍,如时间限制、场地需求、依从性差以及个体运动能力差异等,导致其难以有效融入日常生活并长期坚持[7-8]。在此背景下,运动零食(exercise snacks,ES)作为一种源自运动科学的新型、灵活且便捷的运动模式,正逐渐受到医学和护理领域的广泛关注。运动零食以其短时、高强度的间歇性特点,被证实能有效改善体脂代谢紊乱[9],并在提升身体质量、改善心肺功能及代谢健康方面展现出显著优势[10],同时具有较高的依从性和可行性[11]。运动零食为超重和肥胖人群的体重管理提供创新方案,适用于难以长时间连续运动的个体。鉴于护理人员在多方面的核心作用,深入探讨运动零食在超重和肥胖人群中的应用进展及护理实践意义十分重要。现系统梳理国内外文献,阐述运动零食的概念演化、生理学机制,分析其在超重和肥胖人群体重及心肺功能、代谢健康、身体活动与能量平衡及自我疲劳感管理中的应用效果。同时,关注运动零食干预的实施策略、潜在挑战与未来方向,探讨护理人员在运动零食干预中的核心角色与实践价值,并系统性提炼与展望其护理实践策略,以期为构建人性化、可持续的体重管理护理模式提供理论依据与操作框架。
运动零食又名零食式锻炼、碎片化运动、零食运动法,其概念源于体育学的高强度间歇训练(high-intensity interval training,HIIT)和冲刺间歇训练(sprint interval training,SIT)[12],旨在通过短时间的高强度运动带来健康效益。
运动零食的理念起源可追溯至2007年,Kennedy等[13]研究验证的短时间身体活动对健康的积极影响,打破了“运动必须长时间”的传统观念。其生理学基础在于:即使是短暂但高强度的肌肉收缩,也能迅速激活能量代谢途径,例如促进肌肉葡萄糖转运蛋白(GLUT4)的易位,从而增强细胞对葡萄糖的摄取和利用[14]。同时,高强度运动能有效刺激线粒体生物发生,提高脂肪氧化能力,并诱发运动后过量氧耗(excess post-exercise oxygen consumption,EPOC),即“后燃效应”,在运动结束后数小时内持续提升能量消耗[15-16]。这些生理特性使得运动零食无需长期占用护理时间,且可通过碎片化指导快速落地,适配临床护理的高效性需求。
早期运动零食设计多为每组10~25 min的中等强度运动,组间间隔1~4 h,以累积全天运动量[17]。然而,这种模式因单次时长仍相对较长、对场地器械有一定要求以及依从性较低等问题,逐渐显现出与现代快节奏生活不匹配的局限性[18]。随着研究的深入,运动零食的单次运动时长和间隔时间进一步缩短。2014年,Francois等[19]明确提出“exercise snacks”这一术语,将其定义为单次持续1 min的高强度间歇运动,旨在通过餐前分时高效的运动改善血糖控制。目前,运动零食尚未形成统一的普适性定义,但Islam等[20]提出的“一天中分散进行的多次短于1 min的剧烈运动”被广泛接受。运动零食的研究范围逐渐扩展至老年人[21]、青少年[22]及慢性病病人[11]等更广泛人群,并在提升心肺功能[20]、中断久坐行为[23]等方面显示出积极作用。运动零食概念的不断演化及其在不同人群中的实践成果,为其在超重和肥胖干预中的深入探索奠定了重要基础。
尽管运动零食前景广阔,但其定义与执行标准尚未完全统一,这在一定程度上阻碍了其在临床实践中的推广和标准化应用。未来研究应结合运动生理学和临床医学的最新证据,进一步明确运动零食的“最小有效剂量”,并针对不同肥胖群体探索个性化的适配方案。从护理视角来看,运动零食的灵活性和低门槛特点使其成为理想的临床干预措施。护士在运动零食的推广中扮演着关键角色。首先,通过健康教育帮助病人理解运动零食的益处和执行方法;其次,在评估病人身体状况和运动能力的基础上,协助制定个性化的运动零食计划,并提供动作示范和安全指导;最后,利用智能穿戴设备或移动应用程序进行运动监测和行为反馈,提高病人依从性。推动运动零食从“实验理念”向“临床护理实践”的转化,将有助于提升护理在体重管理和慢性病预防中的专业价值。
运用主题分析法对纳入的8篇文献信息进行资料提取,见表1。结果显示,运动零食干预在超重和肥胖人群中展现出多方面的积极作用,主要体现在以下4个维度:体重及身体成分优化与心肺功能提升、代谢健康指标管理、身体活动与能量平衡促进以及自我疲劳感管理,以此得出运动零食干预在超重和肥胖人群中的护理实践核心维度框架。见图1。
2024年,世界肥胖大会强调,运动零食干预作为一种高频次、短时间运动累积以打破久坐并增加全天能量消耗的新型模式,为超重和肥胖人群的体重管理提供了思路[32]。
Zhou等[31]通过一项随机对照试验,将27名超重及肥胖的久坐成年人分为运动零食组(14人)和对照组(13人),运动零食组进行每周4 d、每天6次的爬楼梯冲刺[每次22 s,爬60级台阶,间隔≥1 h,强度为自觉“挑战性速度”,自觉运动强度量表(5.1±2.1分)],对照组保持久坐。结果经双能X线吸收法(DEXA)和最大摄氧量(VO2max)检测发现,运动零食组干预后体重平均值从76.81 kg下降至74.29 kg,下降约3.3%;体脂率从41.71%下降至39.59%,下降约5.1%;总脂肪量和躯干脂肪量分别下降约7.5%和8%。其机制包括:1)总能量消耗增加,运动零食通过高频次的短时活动,增加了非运动性活动产热,从而提升了全天总能量消耗[31]。尽管单次运动时间短,但其累积效应不容忽视。此外,运动零食的“短时高强度”特性可激活“后燃效应”,使运动后数小时内能量消耗持续升高,促进脂肪氧化[15-16]。2)研究发现,运动零食干预后受试者血浆甘氨酸水平升高15.3%[31]。甘氨酸作为一种氨基酸,被认为可通过增强线粒体功能,促进脂肪酸氧化并减少氧化应激,从而间接抑制脂肪合成,有助于实现体重和体脂的下降[33]。
Zhou等[31]的研究显示,运动零食组受试者的最大摄氧量平均数从21.4 mL/(kg·min)提升至37.61 mL/(kg·min),上升约13.5%。表明运动零食干预能显著改善超重和肥胖人群的心肺功能。其机制在于:运动零食干预期间受试者心率可达(117.7±20.5)/min[31],长期高强度间歇训练可增强心肌收缩力,促进肌纤维类型转换,并增加毛细血管密度,从而有效提升心脏射血能力和氧气输送效率[34]。
运动零食干预在改善超重和肥胖人群的代谢健康指标方面表现出显著潜力,主要体现在血糖稳态、血脂水平和食欲调节激素的优化。
De Jong等[24]研究发现,超重/肥胖成人通过每次5 min、每日累积45 min的中高强度(Borg量表评分为13分)步行干预3 d后,空腹胰岛素浓度显著降低约37.3%。其机制包括:1)GLUT4活性提升,运动零食高频次的肌肉收缩能持续激活并促进GLUT4从细胞内向细胞膜转位,从而增强肌肉细胞对葡萄糖的摄取和利用,减少对循环胰岛素的需求[14];2)对抗久坐引起的胰岛素抵抗,运动零食通过频繁中断久坐行为,有效避免了长时间静坐导致的细胞胰岛素抵抗状态[35]。此外,Larsen等[25-28]的研究表明,运动零食干预可使超重和肥胖人群的餐后胰岛素曲线下面积降低16.5%~26.0%。这可能与运动零食作为高强度运动能提高肝脏对胰岛素的清除能力,并通过累积效应有效降低餐后胰岛素水平有关[36]。
Wheeler等[27]研究进一步指出,在久坐期间每隔30 min穿插短暂剧烈步行活动,可使超重/肥胖人群全天三酰甘油总曲线下面积降低6%。这提示运动零食干预能显著降低三酰甘油暴露。频繁的运动激活肌肉脂蛋白脂酶(LPL),增加三酰甘油的清除率;同时,胰岛素水平的降低也解除了对LPL的抑制,进一步促进了三酰甘油的分解和利用[27]。
Chen等[30]研究显示,超重/肥胖人群通过间隔20 min的快步走(6.4 km/h,单次2 min,累计30 min/5.5 h)干预后,其肠道激素胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)和肽YY(PYY)水平相较于久坐者分别上升26%和31%。这两种激素均具有抑制食欲、增加饱腹感的作用。高强度间歇性运动导致的肌肉剧烈收缩可能促进肠道L细胞分泌GLP-1和PYY,且运动零食干预的累积效应使得餐后肠道激素水平升高[30]。
运动零食干预在促进超重和肥胖人群的身体活动量、优化能量消耗以及调节食欲方面展现出独特的优势,为实现能量平衡提供了多维度的策略。
De Jong等[24]的研究利用ActiGraph GT3X 加速度计和ActivPAL倾角计对超重/肥胖人群进行运动零食干预后的活动能量消耗(AEE)和每日步数进行了监测,结果显示,干预后受试者在工作日和非工作日的AEE分别提升0.78 MJ/d和0.54 MJ/d,每日步数则分别增加2 911步和2 841步,这有力证明了运动零食在提升日常能量消耗和身体活动量方面的有效性。与Monteiro等[37]的结论一致,即碎片化的运动模式因其更易融入日常工作和生活,提高了超重/肥胖人群的运动参与度和累积活动时间,从而增加了活动能量消耗和每日步数。
Wongpipit等[29]的研究发现,对超重/肥胖人群进行了为期12周的运动零食干预,即单次15 s高强度骑行、强度170% VO2peak、结合60 s体力恢复交替进行的设计。结果发现,干预组的总零食能量摄入和不健康零食能量摄入分别较未干预组下降了48%和58%。这表明运动零食干预可能通过调节运动动机和食欲,有效减少了对高能量零食的渴望。其潜在机制可能为运动对饥饿素和瘦素等食欲调节激素的影响以及运动后带来的饱腹感和心理满足感,从而降低了对高能量零食的渴望[29]。
除了生理层面的改善,运动零食干预在改善超重和肥胖人群的自我疲劳感方面也展现出优势,并对心理健康产生积极影响。
De Jong等[24]采用情绪状态量表(POMS-F)对超重/肥胖人群的自我疲劳感进行评估,结果显示,运动零食干预后,目标人群的POMS-F得分低于未干预者。这种改善可能归因于运动零食“短时、高强度、多次”的特点,有助于降低个体的主观疲劳感知水平[38]。相较于传统长时间连续运动,运动零食避免了心率和代谢负荷的急剧且长时间上升,从而减少了运动后的疲劳残留,使身体更容易恢复[39]。
运动零食通过将运动拆解为日常生活中易于执行的片段,有效降低了病人对运动的心理门槛和畏惧感,特别是对于那些长期久坐、体力不佳或对运动存在负面体验的超重/肥胖人群[40]。这种运动模式增强了病人的运动信心和掌控感,有助于在认知、情绪和行为之间形成正向循环。病人更容易体验到运动带来的即时益处,从而提升了对运动的积极情绪,进而增强了长期运动的依从性,对慢性病管理效果产生积极影响[41]。
当前运动零食干预研究高度聚焦于运动生理机制与临床效果验证,却严重忽视护理实践路径的系统性构建。文献分析显示,现有研究多源于运动科学领域,缺乏对护理人员角色的深度挖掘,导致运动零食在临床推广中陷入护理人员缺乏标准化操作指南、个性化实施工具及可持续干预框架的困境,使护理实践长期处于被动执行状态,未能有效发挥其在体重管理中的核心价值,制约了运动零食从理论到实践的转化效率。
针对目前研究存在的问题,本研究提出以下四大护理实践策略。首先,精准评估与个性化方案制定策略:可以通过BMI、体脂率以及运动能力的评估,制定个性化运动零食方案,例如针对BMI较高人群优先推荐1 min快走,每天3次,并依据自觉运动强度量表,3~4分动态调整运动形式;其次,健康教育与技能指导策略:可以在健康教育中采用学习短视频、动作图解手册的教学方式,在门诊或社区场景实施手把手示范或手机教程观看,重点强调碎片化运动无需器械不占时间的可行性;再次,智能监测与反馈机制构建策略:可以整合可穿戴设备数据与微信小程序,实现自动监测运动数据并做好记录和反馈,如当监测到运动频次不足时推送激励语音;最后,心理支持与动机强化策略:可以设计即时收益机制,如连续3 d完成运动零食奖励健康食谱,可以有效缓解运动疲劳感强化心理动机,见图2。这些策略可以为护理人员提供从评估到随访的标准化操作模板,切实填补了运动零食护理实践从理论到落地的关键缺口。
本综述系统阐述了运动零食在超重肥胖人群体重管理中的护理实践应用,证实运动零食能有效改善体重、身体成分、心肺功能及代谢健康指标,提升病人运动依从性和心理健康水平。护理人员在运动零食干预中扮演着核心角色,从精准评估、个性化方案制定到健康教育、技能指导、监测反馈及心理支持方面为运动零食的实施提供了专业保障。未来,护理人员应进一步深化运动零食干预的临床实践:1)围绕“精准评估与个性化方案制定”策略,开展基于循证的运动零食干预方案设计,建立标准化护理操作流程;2)基于“健康教育与技能指导”策略,加强运动零食干预的临床效果评价,探索运动零食对不同亚群的差异化效果;3)依托“智能监测与反馈机制构建”策略,推动运动零食干预与智能健康技术的融合,开发便捷的运动监测与指导工具;4)结合“心理支持与动机强化”策略,加强护理人员运动零食干预的专业培训,提升护理队伍的体重管理能力。通过深化护理实践,运动零食有望成为超重、肥胖人群体重管理的常规护理策略,为提升护理专业价值、推动体重管理护理模式创新提供新路径。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.022
  • 接收时间:2026-01-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-17
  • 修回日期:2026-05-15
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    1辽宁中医药大学护理学院,辽宁 110847
    2大连友谊医院
    3辽宁省肿瘤医院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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