Article(id=1322931472671310113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931411006665649, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761494400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-27, revisedDate=1779033600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793341041962, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1783612800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793341041962, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793341041962, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793341041962, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322931411006665649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='13', pageStart='2193', pageEnd='2384', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783612800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793341027261, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343114456, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940165425082661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931411006665649, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940165425082662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322931411006665649, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2223, endPage=2232, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322931473908629794, articleId=1322931472671310113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Expert consensus on home-based treatment and management of pulmonary tuberculosis patients, columnId=1322164987112575032, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The systematic guidelines or documents were lacked on the home-based management of pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) patients in China.To standardize management practices and improve treatment outcomes during home-based care,the consensus development team formulated the "Expert consensus on home-based treatment and management of pulmonary tuberculosis patients".This consensus draws on practical experience and methods of home-based PTB management in China,clinical practice guidelines, best available clinical evidence,and relevant international research.Focusing on key aspects of home-based PTB management,the consensus presents 20 recommendations across eight core dimensions:medication adherence,self-monitoring of disease status,disinfection and isolation,nutritional management,psychological support,home management for special PTB populations,rehabilitation exercises,and follow-up examinations.This consensus aims to provide a scientific and practical reference for clinical healthcare professionals at all levels of medical institutions and community health centers in implementing home-based management for PTB patients.

, authors=Lingli HU1, Dan MO2, Dan WANG3, Chuanfang WU4, Li HU5, Lihui ZHANG2, Zhiyun ZHANG6, Su'e YUAN2, authorsList=Lingli HU, Dan MO, Dan WANG, Chuanfang WU, Li HU, Lihui ZHANG, Zhiyun ZHANG, Su'e YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Su'e YUAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322931475280167203, articleId=1322931472671310113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=肺结核病人居家治疗管理专家共识, columnId=1322164987414564922, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=指南与共识, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

我国目前缺乏肺结核病人居家管理相关的系统性指南与文件,为规范肺结核病人居家治疗期间的管理行为、提升治疗效果,本共识制定团队结合我国肺结核居家治疗管理的实践经验与方法,参考临床诊疗指南、最佳临床实践证据及国外相关研究成果,针对肺结核病人居家治疗管理的核心问题,制定《肺结核病人居家治疗管理专家共识》。本共识围绕居家服药管理、居家自我病情监测、居家消毒隔离、居家营养管理、居家心理支持、特殊肺结核病人居家管理、居家康复运动、复查管理八大核心维度,提出20条推荐意见,旨在为各级医疗机构、社区卫生服务中心等的临床医护人员开展肺结核病人居家管理实践提供科学、合理的参考依据。

, authors=胡玲利1, 莫丹2, 王丹3, 吴传芳4, 胡丽5, 张丽辉2, 张志云6, 袁素娥2, *, *, authorsList=胡玲利, 莫丹, 王丹, 吴传芳, 胡丽, 张丽辉, 张志云, 袁素娥, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=袁素娥, authorNote=

胡玲利,主任护师

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袁素娥,E-mail:
YUAN Su'e, E-mail:
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病人类型糖化血红蛋白(%)空腹血糖(mmol/L)餐后血糖(mmol/L)
普通病人<7.0<7.0<10.0
合并心脑血管疾病/高龄病人<8.07.8~10.07.8~13.9
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结核病-糖尿病共病病人血糖控制分层目标

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病人类型糖化血红蛋白(%)空腹血糖(mmol/L)餐后血糖(mmol/L)
普通病人<7.0<7.0<10.0
合并心脑血管疾病/高龄病人<8.07.8~10.07.8~13.9
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肺结核病人居家治疗管理专家共识
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胡玲利 1 , 莫丹 2 , 王丹 3 , 吴传芳 4 , 胡丽 5 , 张丽辉 2 , 张志云 6 , 袁素娥 2, *, *
护理研究 | 指南与共识 2026,40(13): 2223-2232
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护理研究 |指南与共识 2026 , 40 (13) : 2223 -2232
肺结核病人居家治疗管理专家共识
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胡玲利1, 莫丹2, 王丹3, 吴传芳4, 胡丽5, 张丽辉2, 张志云6, 袁素娥2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1中南大学湘雅医学院附属株洲医院,湖南 412000
  • 2中南大学湘雅医院
  • 3湖南省结核病防治所(湖南省胸科医院)
  • 4长沙市中心医院
  • 5南华大学护理学院
  • 6首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院
通讯作者:
袁素娥,E-mail:
YUAN Su'e, E-mail:
作者简介:

胡玲利,主任护师

Expert consensus on home-based treatment and management of pulmonary tuberculosis patients
Lingli HU1, Dan MO2, Dan WANG3, Chuanfang WU4, Li HU5, Lihui ZHANG2, Zhiyun ZHANG6, Su'e YUAN2
Affiliations
  • 1Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan 412000 China
  • 2Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
  • 3Hunan Institute for Tuberculosis Control/Hunan Chest Hospital
  • 4Changsha Central Hospital
  • 5Nursing School, University of South China
  • 6Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University
出版时间: 2026-07-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.005
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我国目前缺乏肺结核病人居家管理相关的系统性指南与文件,为规范肺结核病人居家治疗期间的管理行为、提升治疗效果,本共识制定团队结合我国肺结核居家治疗管理的实践经验与方法,参考临床诊疗指南、最佳临床实践证据及国外相关研究成果,针对肺结核病人居家治疗管理的核心问题,制定《肺结核病人居家治疗管理专家共识》。本共识围绕居家服药管理、居家自我病情监测、居家消毒隔离、居家营养管理、居家心理支持、特殊肺结核病人居家管理、居家康复运动、复查管理八大核心维度,提出20条推荐意见,旨在为各级医疗机构、社区卫生服务中心等的临床医护人员开展肺结核病人居家管理实践提供科学、合理的参考依据。

肺结核  /  居家管理  /  用药管理  /  营养管理  /  康复  /  护理  /  专家共识

The systematic guidelines or documents were lacked on the home-based management of pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) patients in China.To standardize management practices and improve treatment outcomes during home-based care,the consensus development team formulated the "Expert consensus on home-based treatment and management of pulmonary tuberculosis patients".This consensus draws on practical experience and methods of home-based PTB management in China,clinical practice guidelines, best available clinical evidence,and relevant international research.Focusing on key aspects of home-based PTB management,the consensus presents 20 recommendations across eight core dimensions:medication adherence,self-monitoring of disease status,disinfection and isolation,nutritional management,psychological support,home management for special PTB populations,rehabilitation exercises,and follow-up examinations.This consensus aims to provide a scientific and practical reference for clinical healthcare professionals at all levels of medical institutions and community health centers in implementing home-based management for PTB patients.

pulmonary tuberculosis  /  home-based management  /  medication management  /  nutritional management  /  rehabilitation  /  nursing  /  expert consensus
胡玲利, 莫丹, 王丹, 吴传芳, 胡丽, 张丽辉, 张志云, 袁素娥. 肺结核病人居家治疗管理专家共识. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (13) : 2223 -2232 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.005
Lingli HU, Dan MO, Dan WANG, Chuanfang WU, Li HU, Lihui ZHANG, Zhiyun ZHANG, Su'e YUAN. Expert consensus on home-based treatment and management of pulmonary tuberculosis patients[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (13) : 2223 -2232 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.005
肺结核(pulmonary tuberculosis,PTB)是由结核分枝杆菌(mycobacterium tuberculosis,MTB)感染引起的一种慢性传染性疾病。2024年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)发布的全球结核病报告显示,2023年全球新发结核病病人1 080万例,我国仍然位居全球高负担国家第3位[1]。肺结核确诊后,治疗周期通常为6~9个月,耐药肺结核病人需要治疗18~24个月甚至更长[2]。在医院集中治疗后,多数病人进入居家治疗阶段,居家治疗是我国结核病治疗管理的重要环节,加强病人居家管理对提高其治疗效果和减少死亡率至关重要[3-4]。WHO曾发布《终止结核病战略》[5],强调并提倡病人主动参与疾病治疗过程,然而目前结核病病人居家治疗期间治疗效果并不理想,不少病人的药物管理行为差,常出现药物漏服、治疗中断等情况,还存在饮食关注度低、自我隔离措施执行率低等现象,影响治疗结局[6-7],严重时可造成病人耐药、复发,甚至死亡。对于肺结核病人的居家治疗管理,我国尚缺乏基于循证的专家共识或指南。为规范我国肺结核病人居家治疗期间的管理质量,提高肺结核病人的治疗效果,促进病人早日治愈,现组织多领域专家,基于国内外相关研究成果,结合我国目前肺结核病人居家治疗的实践,共同制订《肺结核病人居家治疗管理专家共识》(以下简称“共识”)。本共识对居家服药、居家自我病情监测、居家消毒隔离、居家营养管理、居家心理支持、特殊肺结核病人居家管理、居家康复运动、复查管理等方面进行了集中研讨并反复修改,提出了20条推荐意见,旨在为各级医疗机构、社区卫生服务中心等的临床医护人员开展肺结核病人居家管理实践提供科学、合理的参考依据。
根据复旦大学循证护理中心PIPOST模型,提出结构化循证问题。1)证据应用的目标人群 (population,P):肺结核居家治疗病人;2)干预措施(intervention,I):居家管理;3)应用证据的专业人员(professional,P):临床管理者、医院及社区医护人员等;4)结局指标(outcome,O):肺结核病人居家治疗期间服药依从性、自我病情监测、消毒隔离、营养状况、医院感染控制措施等;5)证据应用场所(setting,S):肺结核病人居所、定点医疗机构、社区卫生服务中心;6)证据类型(type of evidence,T):专家共识、系统评价、临床指南、证据总结、综述、原始研究。
2024年1月—2025年5月,由中华护理学会传染病护理专业委员会、湖南省防痨协会、湖南省护理学会传染病护理专业委员会组织国内结核病诊疗、预防与控制、临床护理、社区护理管理等领域专家,成立肺结核病人居家管理专家共识编写小组,采用会议共识法,由其中8名成员负责执笔撰写。
系统检索美国国立指南库(National Guideline Clearinghouse,NGC)、苏格兰校际指南网(Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network,SIGN)、中国指南网 、JBI循证卫生保健中心、PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、Cochrane Library、UpToDate、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统等数据库从建库至2025年5月31日发表的文献。英文检索词为:“tuberculosis”“pulmonary tuberculosis”“home management”“home care”“self-management”“self-care”“family management”“family care”,中文检索词为:“结核”“肺结核”“居家管理”“居家护理”“自我管理”“自我护理”“家庭管理”“家庭护理”;检索肺结核病人的流行病学特征、居家服药管理、居家自我病情监测、居家消毒隔离、居家营养管理、居家心理支持、特殊肺结核病人居家管理、居家康复及运动、复查管理等内容。共检索获得文献20 317篇,其中PubMed 169篇,Web of Science 6 467篇,EMbase11 252篇,Cochrane Library 635篇,中国知网74篇,万方知识服务平台884篇,维普546篇,中国生物医学文献服务系统207篇,手动检索相关文献的参考文献获得文献83篇,去重后获得文献15 421篇,经阅读题目、摘要、全文后纳入文献53篇。其中指南16篇、专家共识/建议6篇、系统评价7篇、综述7篇、原始研究17篇(含类实验研究4篇、横断面研究2篇、随机对照试验8篇、队列研究3篇),编写组对所纳入文献进行质量评价。1)类实验研究(4篇):整体质量良好,仅1篇未设立对照组、部分维度不适用,其余各项评价指标均达标;2)横断面研究(2篇):核心指标均符合要求,仅存在未采取措施控制混杂因素的共性问题;3)随机对照试验(8篇):研究设计整体合理,基线可比性、随访及结果测评等指标达标,主要不足为盲法实施不足、部分研究随访处理及结果分析存在小瑕疵;4)队列研究(3篇):暴露与结果测量、资料分析等核心维度达标,部分研究未有效处理混杂因素、随访完整性不足且未采取补救措施;5)综述(7篇):意见来源明确、逻辑自洽且引用文献,仅1篇能合理解释与文献的不一致性,其余均未做到该点;6)系统评价(7篇):循证问题、纳入标准、资料综合方法等指标达标,部分存在检索策略不完整、质量评价与资料提取未明确双人独立操作、未评估发表偏倚等问题,仅1篇各项指标均符合要求;7)专家共识(6篇):质量均为优质,意见来源权威、以人群利益为核心、论证逻辑清晰且引用文献,能合理解释与文献的不一致性;8)指南(16篇):按临床实践指南推荐意见质量评价工具(Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation-Recommendation Excellence,AGREE-REX)评价,整体得分>42.6%,其中10篇为高质量(整体得分>70%)、6篇为中等质量,均被推荐使用,中等质量指南需结合应用场景修改,高质量指南部分需小幅调整。整体而言,纳入共识制定的文献质量整体达标,各类文献均无严重质量缺陷,仅存在部分细节维度的不足,可为共识的制定提供可靠的证据支撑。
执笔专家结合临床专家的讨论结果,在文献研究的基础上进行2轮线下讨论,形成初步推荐意见及《共识》初稿。
针对初稿的推荐意见,无直接证据或仅纳入定性研究的共识问题,实施德尔菲法专家咨询和专家讨论会议。德尔菲法专家咨询以电子邮件方式发放和回收,每轮咨询后由执笔人整理专家意见。《共识》制订组成员进行2轮线上会议,通过集体讨论对共识内容进行逐条探讨、修正、补充,整理后形成《共识》终稿,经批准、发布和发表后,按计划传播、实施、评价并定期更新。本研究已通过伦理委员会审核(审批号:KY2024086-01)。此外,共识已在国际实践指南注册平台(Practice Guideline Registration for Transparency,http://guidelines-registry.cn/)进行双语注册(注册号:PREPARE-2025CN324)。
《共识》采用世界卫生组织推出的推荐分级的评价、制订和评估(Grades of Recommendations Assessment,Development and Evaluation,GRADE)证据质量分级和推荐强度系统,对证据质量和推荐强度进行分级[8-9]。
《共识》普遍适用于各级定点收治结核病人的医疗机构、社区卫生服务中心、乡村卫生院(室)、疾控部门等,《共识》的使用人群包括但不限于以上医疗机构的医护人员,《共识》的目标人群是居家治疗的肺结核病人,包括因各种原因未住院治疗的活动性肺结核病人、住院治疗未完成治疗疗程,出院后需要继续进行治疗管理的肺结核病人。
指结核病病人全程治疗或继续治疗阶段在家进行抗结核药物治疗,治疗期间病人须接受医务人员的医学指导和家庭成员或志愿者的帮助。按照国家基本公共卫生服务项目[10]的要求,基层医疗卫生机构人员需要定期入户督导访视病人,在病人居家治疗前,指导和培训病人家属或志愿者掌握病人居家治疗督导管理知识。
结核病病人在督导人员直接面视下服药并记录,是世界卫生组织推荐的结核病控制核心策略。自1995年全球推广以来,DOT策略提高了结核病治愈率(达95%),并降低了耐药结核发生率。截至2025年,中国已实现该策略全国覆盖,目前成为发展中国家结核病防治的主要手段[11]。
规范服药是结核病治疗成功的核心要素。2019年,WHO发布的《结核药物治疗与病人护理指南》[11]明确指出,不规律服药可导致血药浓度波动,不仅会降低杀菌效果,更会增加获得性耐药风险。因此,病人应严格按照医嘱规定的时间服药,确保药物在体内的浓度维持在有效水平。有临床数据显示,漏服药物后盲目剂量加倍将提高药物性肝损伤发生率达37%[12],故需严格遵循补服原则,漏服应尽快补服,但不应在下次服药时剂量加倍,以免引起药物过量[13]。
推荐意见1:居家治疗病人应严格遵医嘱服药,规范服药时间,避免漏服,确保药物血药浓度维持在有效水平(推荐级别:1A级)。
抗结核药物可引发肝肾功能损害、胃肠道反应、视神经炎、心脏毒性等副作用,研究证实定期监测可将严重并发症发生率降低52%[14]。对于合并基础疾病的居家治疗病人,需特别注意抗结核药物与其他药物联用时的相互作用,建议通过治疗药物监测(therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM)实现精准给药[15]。
推荐意见2:病人居家治疗期间严格遵医嘱到定点医院复查,监测疗效和不良反应,如有自觉症状应及时就医(推荐级别:1A级)。
家庭支持体系可以通过情感关怀与行为监督双重机制提升居家治疗信心。Meta分析显示,有效家庭督导可使治疗成功率提高1.8倍[16]。社区管理方面,目前国内乡村医师和基层社区关怀人员在结核居家治疗过程中承担了重要角色[17],推行“家庭医生签约-定期访视-电子档案追踪”模式,持续推进肺结核病人家庭医生签约服务及全面使用智能工具进行病人管理,规则服药率(98.1%)处于较高水平[18-19]。
推荐意见3:建议建立以家庭成员为核心、社区卫生工作者为延伸的服药监督体系,共同参与病人服药监督管理(推荐级别:1B级)。
智能辅助工具的应用可改善居家服药管理质量。有随机对照试验显示,干预组不良依从比例为10%,对照组为37%,调整后风险差为-29.2[95%CI(-35.3,-22.2),P<0.01],电子药盒联合APP提醒可使病人药物漏服率下降[20];视频观察治疗(video observed therapy,VOT)技术对远程病人的实时督导有效性与直接面视督导相当(P>0.05),治疗完成率相当,但VOT组的依从性高于DOT(RR=2.79)[21]。需特别指出的是,部分老年病人由于身体机能退化、学习速度慢等原因,在数字技术应用上面临较大困难,建议采用语音提醒药盒等适老化设计,以确保技术干预的有效性。
推荐意见4:应关注个体需求,如条件允许建议借助智能辅助工具督导和助力病人服药管理(推荐级别:1B级)。
肺结核病人居家治疗期间,应重视和关注自身疾病症状,有无咳嗽咳痰,痰液性状、量,有无痰中带血、咯血等紧急情况,避免疾病加重的诱发因素[22]。合并慢性呼吸系统疾病者需关注家庭氧疗效果,排痰困难、气促明显者需及时就医。研究发现,肺结核病人在大咯血前常伴随典型的前驱症状,如咽喉发痒、口感异常(干、渴、甜、咸等)、胸部异常(闷、痛、声响)、血腥味嗅觉等,伴有全身麻木或情绪异常[23]。医护人员需指导病人掌握紧急处理的方法,如深呼吸、轻咳排血等,一旦出现痰中带血或咯血先兆应立即就医。
推荐意见5:居家治疗期间病人需密切关注自身局部及全身症状,避免导致疾病加重的诱发因素;出现痰中带血、咯血先兆、呼吸困难等紧急情况应及时、就近就医(推荐级别:1A级)。
2024年11月,国家疾病预防控制局联合国家卫生健康委员会等部委印发了《全国结核病防治规划(2024—2030年)》,规划明确提出实施传染性肺结核规范隔离治疗策略[24],许多国家在肺结核病人隔离治疗方面开展了相关实践。有学者指出基于社区的居家隔离有望成为经济有效的隔离措施[25],但在隔离时长、解除隔离条件等方面还在不断探索。有研究证实,单间隔离可使家庭接触者感染风险降低64%[26]。当空间受限时,采用密闭隔断(如直达屋顶布帘)并保持≥1.1 m床间距,可减少感染性气溶胶扩散[27]。居所可采用自然通风(每日≥10次,单次>10 min)使飞沫核浓度下降86%[28],通风不良应采取机械通风方式,气流方向由室内向室外流动[29]。
推荐意见6:传染性肺结核病人宜实施单间隔离,条件受限时需确保床间距≥1.1 m并设置密闭隔断,居住环境保持每日≥10次自然通风或定向机械通风(推荐级别:1B级)。
痰菌阳性病人在公共区域应持续佩戴医用防护口罩(过滤效率≥95%),其密切接触者每天暴露时间需控制在15 min内[24]。行为干预研究表明,规范执行咳嗽礼仪(咳嗽或打喷嚏时,采用餐巾纸、手绢或双手捂住口、鼻部,或用衣服袖管的内侧遮掩住口鼻部),可使飞沫扩散距离缩短至0.3 m(对照组1.5 m),手卫生依从性>80%时接触传播风险下降57%[27]。含菌痰液消毒实验显示,2 000 mg/L含氯消毒剂作用30 min可完全灭活MTB[30]。病人接触的污染物分类处理:食具煮沸30 min可破坏菌体细胞壁;纺织品日光暴晒6 h(紫外线强度≥90 μW/cm²)可达到终末消毒要求;环境表面如家具、墙壁、地面、各台面等建议采用1 000 mg/L含氯消毒剂擦拭,作用时间≥30 min[31]。
推荐意见7:病人排出的痰液采用2 000 mg/L含氯消毒剂密闭浸泡消毒≥30 min后再倾倒;病人物品需分类实施湿热消毒或化学消毒(推荐级别:2B级)。
推荐意见8:病人及家庭成员均应重视并落实呼吸道防护(戴口罩、遵守咳嗽礼仪、减少外出、勤洗手等),降低家庭内传播风险(推荐级别:2B级)。
肺结核病人营养管理关系到其治疗结局,病人合并症的营养管理尤应重点关注。因肺结核合并糖尿病、慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)及人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染3种合并症发生率高、对营养代谢的影响显著及营养管理的特殊性,优先纳入本共识。
肺结核病人因疾病消耗和药物副作用易出现营养不良,需在居家治疗期间定期到医疗机构或社区卫生服务中心进行营养风险评估并制定个性化方案[32]。居家营养管理也需遵循个性化原则,肺结核共病病人应根据疾病具体情况给予针对性指导。营养支持遵循阶梯原则:轻度营养不良者强化营养教育联合口服营养补充剂(oral nutritional supplements,ONS),中重度者按欧洲临床营养和代谢学会(European Society of Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism,ESPEN)发布的“五阶梯营养治疗原则”干预[33]。饮食清淡易消化,食物以谷类为主,优质蛋白比例超过50%(肉类、豆类),保证每日摄入总能量为35~40 kcal/kg,通过蔬果摄入补充膳食纤维[34-35]。将体质指数(body mass index,BMI)和体重变化作为核心监测指标,指导病人和家属掌握自测方法并进行动态记录,如4周内体重减轻>2 kg应及时就医干预[36]。
推荐意见9:建议活动性肺结核病人监测自身体重变化,每3个月至医疗机构或社区卫生服务中心进行营养风险筛查,监测BMI及血清前白蛋白水平,接受“专业评估-病人参与”协同管理的阶梯式营养干预(推荐级别:1A级)。
需配合专业医师实施“代谢-感染”双路径管理策略。1)维持BMI为18.5~23.9 kg/m²,每个月动态评估,遵医嘱调整抗结核药物剂量;2)依据并发症发生风险实施血糖分层控制[37](具体见表1);3)营养处方中总热量需增加10%~20%,以满足高代谢需求;碳水化合物占总能量50%~65%,优先选择低血糖生成指数食物;蛋白质占总能量15%~20%,其中优质蛋白应超过1/3[35];补充维生素B和维生素C,特别注意部分降糖药引起的维生素B12吸收障碍;若微量营养素摄入不足或需求增加,可补充0.5~1.5倍推荐摄入量的复合微量元素膳食补充剂[38]。
推荐意见10:建议所有成人肺结核病人在诊断时完成糖尿病筛查,共病病人需执行“结核-代谢”双路径营养处方(推荐级别:1A级)。
慢性肾脏病导致的氮质血症与结核病高代谢状态形成恶性循环。有研究显示,慢性肾脏病合并结核病人发生营养不良的风险为48.92%[39]。蛋白质限制需遵循《慢性肾脏病营养治疗指南》分层原则:慢性肾脏病 1期或2期实施适度限制[0.8 g/(kg·d)],3期及以上严格低蛋白膳食方案[0.6 g/(kg·d)],并同步补充α-酮酸[0.12 g/(kg·d)]以维持正氮平衡[40]。能量供给需参照ESPEN标准实施年龄差异化调控,60岁以下病人基础代谢率较老龄组高12%~15%[41]。限制加工食品、香蕉、土豆等高钾食物,重点关注磷代谢和钾的平衡。膳食结构建议采用饮食控制高血压(dietary approaches to stop hypertension,DASH)模式改良方案:每日膳食纤维≥30 g(全谷物占比50%以上),钠摄入量<2.3 g/d,添加糖<总能量10%[42]。队列研究证实,该方案可使肾功能年下降速率减缓34%(肾小球滤过率下降值由4.2 [mL/(min·1.73 m²)]降至2.8 [mL/(min·1.73 m²)][43]。
推荐意见11:肺结核合并慢性肾脏病病人积极配合分阶段营养干预。1)蛋白质摄入量按慢性肾脏病分期调控[1期或2期 0.8~1.0 g/kg/d,3 期及以上0.6~0.8 g/(kg·d)],优质蛋白占比≥60%;2)能量供给按年龄分层[≤60岁35 kcal/(kg·d),>60岁30~35 kcal/(kg·d)];3)维持血清磷1.13~1.78 mmol/L、血钾3.5~5.0 mmol/L(推荐级别:1B级)。
HIV感染导致的CD4+T淋巴细胞耗竭与结核病高代谢消耗形成协同恶化效应。有队列研究显示,HIV感染组的营养不良发生率为40.91%[44],营养干预遵循“高能量-高蛋白”原则。该类病人静息能量消耗较健康人群增加25%~40%,蛋白质摄入量需达普通结核病病人的1.3倍以逆转负氮平衡[44]。研究显示,异烟肼通过竞争性抑制吡哆醛激酶,使维生素B6生物利用率下降72%,补充50 mg/d可完全预防神经毒性,降低神经病变不良反应风险[45]。血清前白蛋白>180 mg/L时提示病人蛋白质急性缺乏,需启动肠内营养支持。故HIV/MTB合并感染者的强化营养支持方案。1)每日能量摄入35~40 kcal/(kg·d),蛋白质1.5~2.0 g/(kg·d);2)常规补充维生素B6 25~50 mg/d;3)每4周到医疗机构或社区卫生服务中心监测血清前白蛋白及人体成分分析。需根据抗反转录病毒药物(antiretroviral therapy,ART)-抗结核药物相互作用动态调整膳食结构(如依非韦伦治疗期需限制高脂饮食),实现精准干预。
推荐意见12:HIV/MTB合并感染者需执行强化营养支持方案。1)每日能量摄入35~40 kcal/(kg·d),蛋白质1.5~2.0 g/(kg·d);2)常规补充维生素B6 25~50 mg/d;3)每4周到医疗机构或社区卫生服务中心监测血清前白蛋白及人体成分分析(推荐级别:1A级)。
多中心研究结果显示,肺结核病人抑郁患病率为47.9%,焦虑患病率为42.6%,38.5%的病人同时存在抑郁和焦虑症状,这种心理状态对治疗中断产生了明显影响[46-47]。有研究显示,每周2次、每次45 min的心理疏导能将病人的治疗依从性提高39%[48]。病人可至定点医疗机构接受生理调节技术如渐进性肌肉放松训练、音乐治疗等。1)渐进性肌肉放松训练时,按照头颈部→躯干→四肢的肌群顺序,实施“收缩-放松”循环(收缩5 s/放松15 s),每日2次、每次20 min,研究证实其可使皮质醇水平下降34%[49]。2)音乐治疗:推荐选择60~80 bpm节律音乐,晨间以α波音乐(8~13 Hz)提神,夜间以δ波音乐(0.5~4.0 Hz)促眠,声压级控制在50~60 dB进行音乐治疗干预[50]。
研究显示,家属配合建立“社区医生-家属-病友”三位一体支持体系构建社会支持网络,每周1次、共8次的组织结构化小组干预(含疾病管理技能培训、污名化应对策略等)可使病人社会功能评分提高28%[51]。家属主动帮助居家隔离病人实施远程心理疏导(每周≥3次视频沟通),可有效降低孤独感(下降41%)[52]。心理干预也可遵循“认知重建-行为矫正-社会支持”三维模式,通过实施认知行为干预实现认知重建,借助结构化健康教育将疾病认知正确率提升至82%,通过治疗进程图谱等可视化工具降低恐惧情绪[53]。
推荐意见13:肺结核病人需要家庭、社区的支持,可建立动态心理评估机制,鼓励病人定期到定点医疗机构进行焦虑抑郁筛查,中重度心理障碍(评分≥10分)的居家治疗病人主动配合医疗机构实施阶梯式心理干预(推荐级别:1B级)。
因药物治疗方案复杂,服药时间较非耐药肺结核长,副作用更大,部分药物会导致皮肤颜色改变等容貌变化;在用药之前需耐心向病人做好解释,使病人主动接受治疗。病人需严格执行由具有耐药结核病管理经验的医生制定治疗方案,主动监测药物副作用和治疗效果[54-55]。当出现不适症状或异常征象时应立即到定点医疗机构就诊,遵医嘱停止用药,直到医生建议恢复治疗。当病人接受具有心脏毒性药物治疗时,需定期到定点医疗机构监测心功能和电解质水平,在基线和用药2周时检查心电图,之后每个月1次[56]。
研究显示,多重耐药治疗方案导致药物相关不良事件发生率达39%[95%CI(32%,47%)],其中耳毒性(听阈升高≥20 dB)占21%、甲状腺功能异常(促甲状腺激素>10 mIU/L)占17%[57]。病人需每4周到定点医疗机构检测丙氨酸氨基转移酶(>80 U/L需调整剂量)及纯音测听(使用注射剂者基线及每个月1次)。
推荐意见14:建议耐药肺结核病人严格执行专业医生制定的治疗计划,主动关注用药细节及毒性反应,自觉不适时立即到定点医疗机构就诊(推荐级别:1A级)。
目前,国内各地区结核发病率存在差异,结核病人在地区间流动现象普遍。数据显示,结核病人在落地后监测项目中,仅能识别出外来人口中少数活动性结核病病例,因此需要采取额外的结核病预防策略[58]。流动肺结核病人由于管理机构、住所的变化,易造成失访失治,故需严格依据《中国结核病预防控制工作技术规范(2020年版)》[22]进行登记和治疗,配合转出转入地结核病防治机构完善基本情况、转出前诊疗情况、目前所用抗结核方案、病人及家属联系方式等信息,主动了解跨区域转诊流程和注意事项[59]。未完成疗程的住院病人出院后,需按原方案或标准化疗方案继续治疗。病人需同时配合疾控中心全程追踪治疗进展,原则上实行居住地管理,确需跨区域流动者实施异地管理的,病人应主动报备主管医生办理转出手续,抵达目的地后须向当地定点医疗机构报到并继续治疗。医疗机构既要考虑既往结核病暴露风险及进展为活动性疾病的可能,也要权衡不良反应风险与治疗完成率[58],通过居住地管理与跨区域管理协同机制,确保全疗程规范治疗[59]。
推荐意见15:流动肺结核病人需积极配合“跨区域”管理模式,跨地区活动及时上报转出地疾控机构,配合完成跨区域治疗信息移交,防止疾病传播(推荐级别:1B级)。
老年肺结核病人抗结核治疗过程中,胃肠道反应、肝肾功能损害、血液系统损害等不良反应发生率高于年轻病人,易导致不规律治疗、治疗中断或疗程延长。且老年肺结核病人常合并多种慢性病、膳食制备困难和抵抗力低下,长期的药物摄入、情绪低落、食欲不佳等因素均可影响老年病人营养摄入,易发生营养不良[35]。因此,针对老年肺结核居家治疗病人,应积极配合有效治疗基础疾病及并发症,关注所用药物与抗结核治疗药物之间的相互作用[52]。家属协助老人加强营养,根据病人喜好制备可口饭菜,增加食欲。可采用三餐两点制或三餐三点制,保证蛋白质摄入以延缓肌肉衰减。有吞咽障碍和咀嚼困难的老年人,家属可通过烹调和加工改变食物的质地和性状(细软、切碎煮烂),使之易于咀嚼吞咽,以保证摄入量[35]。居家老年病人需要家庭和社会给予更多的关怀。
推荐意见16:老年肺结核居家治疗病人自身需关注多病共存状态,按时按量服用药物,家属应关注基础疾病治疗药物与抗结核治疗药物之间的相互作用,协助老年病人加强营养,给予更多关注及心理支持(推荐级别:2B级)。
儿童肺结核的早期症状不典型,幼儿可能表现为不活泼、精神不振、脾气急躁或无故哭闹,婴幼儿可出现不明原因发热,以持续性低热(37.5~38.5 ℃)为首发症状者占63.2%,伴食欲减退(摄食量下降>40%)及体重增长停滞(Z评分<-2分)者需高度警惕[60]。学龄期儿童可表现为咳嗽、疲乏无力、盗汗、食欲减退等,居家治疗期间家属需每日记录体温、咳嗽情况及夜间盗汗程度(每周浸湿衣物≥3件为重度),便于向专科医师提供准确的病情信息。
儿童肺结核病人的服药需引起家属重视,应由家属监督直接面视下服药,通过亲眼目睹服药过程的监督机制,配合“家庭-医院”“学校-医院”协同管理模式,提高儿童肺结核病人服药依从性,密切监测不良反应。家属需在专业医师或营养师指导下,给患儿加强营养,保证治疗期间蛋白质供给达2.0~2.5 g/(kg·d),维生素A补充剂量为1 500~2 000 IU/d,锌元素摄入达10 mg/d以维持辅助性T细胞1型(Th1)免疫功能[61]。学龄儿童和青少年监测体重变化,治疗后2个月还未恢复至正常BMI者,应到定点医疗机构进行营养评估,检查是否有共病情况[61]。皮褶厚度可作为监测儿童结核病病人营养状况的简易且有效的指标[35],三头肌皮褶厚度测量采用Lange caliper法,促甲状腺激素值低于同年龄同性别第10百分位时,营养不良风险增加3.8[95%CI(2.1,6.9)]倍[35]。
儿童肺结核病人因隔离可导致焦虑或社交退缩,家属需关注患儿的情绪反应,建议家属每日有效陪伴患儿≥2 h;患儿缺课超过14 d者可通过“学校-医院”远程教育联动。家属发现患儿情绪异常时,及时到定点医疗机构就诊,配合进行儿童抑郁量表筛查(≥15分者配合转介心理科)[62]。儿童肺结核病人经过规范治疗后复学,需根据居住地情况,在接受规范化治疗的定点医疗机构开具复学证明[63]。
推荐意见17:儿童肺结核病人由家属监督直接面视下服药,患儿每个月到定点医疗机构监测三头肌皮褶厚度(TSF)及血清前白蛋白,治疗满2个月监测BMI,未达标者主动接受共病筛查(推荐级别:1B级)。
适度的运动能提高免疫力,降低慢性炎症和传染性疾病的发生率,同时增强病人的肌肉力量,抵抗局部反应和全身炎症反应[64]。研究表明,肺康复能够改善肺结核病人的肺功能、运动能力和生活质量[65-66]。居家肺结核病人可进行呼吸肌训练和呼吸操,增强呼吸肌力量,提高机体氧合能力、增强心肺功能,可通过有氧训练、抗阻运动、太极拳、八段锦等锻炼心肺耐力和肌肉力量。运动应循序渐进,根据病人身体耐受状况逐渐增加强度和时间,运动时每次15~30 min,心率不超过100次/min为宜,以避免过度运动损伤身体,保障康复效果与安全[66-67]。良好的作息习惯可调节身体生物钟,促进机体器官修复和免疫系统正常运转[68]。
推荐意见18:建议肺结核病人病情稳定、生命体征平稳即可进行肺康复计划,根据个人耐受情况选择合适的运动方法、运动强度及运动时长,规律作息(推荐级别:1A级)。
肺结核病人居家治疗期间应定期到定点医疗机构复查,初治敏感肺结核病人在治疗特定时间进行痰涂片及培养检查,强化期末结束时行影像学检查,判断抗结核治疗效果。病情变化时及时复诊,可调整治疗方案[69-70]。居家治疗期间应每个月到定点医疗机构复查血常规、肝功能、肾功能、血电解质、尿常规等基础指标。初治敏感肺结核病人分别于抗结核治疗2、5、6个月末,进行痰涂片及培养检查,如果痰培养阳性,应进一步行菌种鉴定及药物敏感试验;在治疗2个月末时痰菌仍阳性,需在治疗3个月末加查1次痰涂片和培养。同时,需要复查监测药物不良反应,如应用乙胺丁醇和利奈唑胺的病人应每月监测视力、视野和色觉,使用丙硫异烟胺的病人应每隔3~6个月监测促甲状腺激素水平,使用贝达喹啉、德拉马尼等的病人应每个月进行心电图检查[14]。远程互联网诊疗为结核病病人的复查提供了便利,部分检查检验项目区域互认避免了重复检查,减轻病人负担。但互联网诊疗也存在一定局限性,如无法进行全面的体格检查等,医生也应根据病人的具体情况,综合判断是否需要进行线下检查或诊疗[71-72]。
推荐意见19:肺结核病人居家治疗期间定期复查基础指标及特异性指标并监测特殊药物不良反应,初治敏感肺结核病人治疗2、5、6个月末行痰涂片或培养动态监测,使用贝达喹啉者采用Fridericia公式校正后的QT间期(QTcF)>500 ms或出现具有临床意义的室性心律失常时应停药,丙硫异烟胺治疗者每3个月检测甲状腺功能(推荐级别:1A级)。
人工智能助力肺结核居家病人及其陪护人员主动获取结核健康知识,提升自我管理能力。多中心随机对照试验研究显示,人工智能辅助健康教育可使病人知识掌握率从58%提升至82%(P<0.01),治疗完成率提高19%[73];使用移动医疗APP集成电子药盒功能使治疗失访率从29.9%降至13.9%,服药依从性达96%[73]。区域检验结果互认政策使病人人均检查费用降低37%,但胸部CT等影像学检查仍需线下复核(符合率仅78%)[74-75]。病人及其照顾者可借助远程医疗的实时互动功能,与专业医疗人员进行高效沟通,及时解答在疾病管理过程中产生的各类疑问。同时,还可依据自身的实际状况获取具有针对性的个性化指导方案,从而提升自我疾病管理能力,更有效地推动身体的康复进程[71]。
推荐意见20:肺结核病人及其陪护人员可利用人工智能辅助健康教育,通过多种形式获取结核病相关科普知识(推荐级别:2B级)。
由于篇幅有限,本《共识》只陈述了与肺结核病人居家治疗期间最密切、最关心的部分,未将所有内容逐一罗列,如密切接触者的居家管理、合并其他疾病病人居家营养管理等;对于容易获得的知识也未详述,如七步洗手法和物品消毒注意事项等。未来,本共识建议针对肺结核病人居家管理问题着重从以下几个方面开展相关高质量研究:1)探索提高病人居家治疗依从性认知的路径和方法;2)推动家庭护理服务与现代信息技术的深度融合;3)制定肺结核病人居家管理关键质量敏感指标,以及探索精准监测和持续改进的管理模式。
参与编写专家组成员(排名不分先后)
中华护理学会传染病护理专业委员会:张志云(首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院)、王秀华(首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院)、毛燕君(同济大学附属养志康复医院)、陈丹萍(同济大学附属上海市肺科医院)、王晓燕(浙江大学医学院附属第一医院)、龚贝贝(南宁市第四人民医院)、梁月新(广西壮族自治区胸科医院)
湖南省防痨协会:王丹[湖南省结核病防治所(湖南省胸科医院)]、白丽琼[湖南省结核病防治所(湖南省胸科医院)]、黄国军[湖南省结核病防治所(湖南省胸科医院)]、谭云洪[湖南省结核病防治所(湖南省胸科医院)]、吴郁美[湖南省结核病防治所(湖南省胸科医院)]、谭英征(株洲市二医院)、李丹(中南大学湘雅医学院附属株洲医院)
湖南省护理学会传染病护理专业委员会:袁素娥(中南大学湘雅医院)、莫丹(中南大学湘雅医院)、张丽辉(中南大学湘雅医院)、黄燕(中南大学湘雅医院)、胡玲利(中南大学湘雅医学院附属株洲医院)、吴传芳(长沙市中心医院)、易敏(长沙市中心医院)、胡丽(南华大学护理学院)
段鸿飞(北京胸科医院)、竺丽梅(江苏省结核病防治所)、李帆(重庆市人民医院)、段钢(深圳市第三人民医院)、徐敏(浙江大学医学院附属第一医院)、卢俊伟(武汉大学中南医院)、何建莎(中南大学湘雅护理学院)

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.13.005
  • 接收时间:2025-10-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-27
  • 修回日期:2026-05-18
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    1中南大学湘雅医学院附属株洲医院,湖南 412000
    2中南大学湘雅医院
    3湖南省结核病防治所(湖南省胸科医院)
    4长沙市中心医院
    5南华大学护理学院
    6首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院

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占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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