Article(id=1322929694168982018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761235200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-24, revisedDate=1776614400000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340617935, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340617935, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340617935, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340617935, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322929547464815391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='14', pageStart='2385', pageEnd='2576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340582958, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343111003, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940150912790807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940150912790808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2467, endPage=2474, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322929694374502915, articleId=1322929694168982018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Categories of health-related quality of life and their influencing factors in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the categories of health-related quality of life(HRQoL) in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH) and to analyze their influencing factors.

Methods

A total of 152 PAH patients who attended the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Beijing city were selected as the survey subjects by convenience sampling method from February to September 2022.The survey was conducted using a general information questionnaire,the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy(COST),the Tilburg Frailty Scale,the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS),and the PAH-specific HRQoL scale(EmPHasis-10).Mplus 8.3 software was used for latent profile analysis.Unordered multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors.

Results

The total EmPHasis-10 score of PAH patients was 23.09±12.61.Their HRQoL was classified into three categories,namely good function group(28.29%),moderate limitation group(38.82%),and severe limitation group(32.89%).The regression analysis results showed that the 6-minute walk distance(6MWD),pulmonary artery systolic pressure,age,COST score,Tilburg Frailty Scale score,and HADS anxiety subscale score were the influencing factors for the HRQoL categories in PAH patients(P<0.05).

Conclusions

The HRQoL of PAH patients exhibits group heterogeneity.Nursing staff should develop individualized interventions based on the influencing factors of different HRQoL categories to improve patients' functional status and quality of life.

, authors=Ying JIANG1, Sijing PENG2, Xiaofeng KANG3, Min DOU1, authorsList=Ying JIANG, Sijing PENG, Xiaofeng KANG, Min DOU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Sijing PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322929695049785862, articleId=1322929694168982018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=肺动脉高压病人健康相关生活质量类别及其影响因素, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究肺动脉高压(PAH)病人健康相关生活质量(HRQoL)类别,并分析其影响因素。

方法

采用方便抽样法,选取2022年2月—9月在北京市某三级甲等医院门诊就诊的152例PAH病人为调查对象。采用一般资料调查表、慢性病治疗经济毒性功能评估综合评分量表(COST)、Tilburg衰弱量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)、PAH特异性HRQoL量表(EmPHasis-10)进行调查。采用Mplus 8.3软件进行潜在剖面分析,采用无序多分类Logistic回归分析探讨影响因素。

结果

PAH病人EmPHsis-10总分为(23.09±12.61)分,其HRQoL可分为功能良好组(28.29%)、中等受限组(38.82%)、严重受限组(32.89%)3类。回归分析结果显示,6 min步行距离(6MWD)、肺动脉收缩压、年龄、COST得分、Tilburg衰弱量表得分、HADS焦虑分量表得分是PAH病人HRQoL类别的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

PAH病人的HRQoL具有群体异质性,护理人员应结合不同HRQoL类别的影响因素制定个体化的干预措施,以提升病人的功能状态与生活质量。

, authors=江莹1, 彭思敬2, *, *, 康晓凤3, 窦敏1, authorsList=江莹, 彭思敬, 康晓凤, 窦敏, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭思敬, authorNote=

江莹,护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
彭思敬,E-mail:
PENG Sijing, E-mail:
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L,et al.Financial toxicity and its associations with health-related quality of life among urologic cancer patients in an upper middle-income country[J].Support Care Cancer,2020,28(4):1703-1715., articleTitle=Financial toxicity and its associations with health-related quality of life among urologic cancer patients in an upper middle-income country, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322929695402107399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322929695410496008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, companyId=1322929695402107399, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China/Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui 230001 China), 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province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2安徽中医药大学护理学院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322929695578268173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322929695595045390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, companyId=1322929695578268173, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322929695603433999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, companyId=1322929695578268173, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3北京协和医学院护理学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322929697365041709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Distribution of latent profile characteristics of HRQoL of PAH patients, figureFileSmall=bmodK7yYt/Df6ZIDeE/YWw==, figureFileBig=au13rWYFpBB/Zh48AAxywA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929697440539182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PAH病人HRQoL的潜在剖面特征分布, figureFileSmall=bmodK7yYt/Df6ZIDeE/YWw==, figureFileBig=au13rWYFpBB/Zh48AAxywA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929697616699951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fit indices of the latent profile model for HRQoL of PAH patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率(%)
LMRTBLRT
14 762.5144 857.3664 757.321
24 730.3634 815.5164 724.4360.9240.010<0.00189.00/11.00
34 650.7444 732.2474 641.6220.945<0.001<0.00138.82/28.29/32.89
44 652.3744 812.6394 644.8950.9260.381<0.00135.72/24.45/17.69/22.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322929697679614512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PAH病人HRQoL潜在剖面模型的拟合指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率(%)
LMRTBLRT
14 762.5144 857.3664 757.321
24 730.3634 815.5164 724.4360.9240.010<0.00189.00/11.00
34 650.7444 732.2474 641.6220.945<0.001<0.00138.82/28.29/32.89
44 652.3744 812.6394 644.8950.9260.381<0.00135.72/24.45/17.69/22.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322929697771889201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate analysis of factors influencing HRQoL categories of PAH patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类严重受限组(n=50)中等受限组(n=59)功能良好组(n=43)统计值P
年龄(岁)41.0(33.0,51.3)38.0(35.0,47.0)36.0(32.0,43.0)H=4.2720.016
性别[例(%)]男4(8.0)5(8.5)1(2.3)0.412①
女46(92.0)54(91.5)42(97.7)
婚姻状况[例(%)]未婚4(8.0)5(8.5)7(16.3)0.693①
已婚43(86.0)50(84.7)34(79.1)
离异/丧偶3(6.0)4(6.8)2(4.7)
文化程度[例(%)]小学及以下4(8.0)4(6.8)2(4.7)
初中14(28.0)9(15.3)4(9.3)0.051①
高中9(18.0)5(8.5)11(25.6)
专科及以上23(46.0)41(69.5)26(60.5)
家庭月均收入[例(%)]<3 000元10(20.0)12(20.3)6(14.0)χ2=8.4710.206
3 000~5 000元16(32.0)17(28.8)18(41.9)
>5 000~10 000元17(34.0)16(27.1)6(14.0)
>10 000元7(14.0)14(23.7)13(30.2)
心功能分级[例(%)]I级或Ⅱ级22(44.0)49(83.1)40(93.0)χ2=33.125<0.001
Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级28(56.0)10(16.9)3(7.0)
治疗方案[例(%)]无(基础治疗)3(6.0)5(8.5)3(7.0)
单药治疗16(32.0)21(35.6)20(46.5)0.721①
双联治疗20(40.0)25(42.4)14(32.6)
三联治疗11(22.0)8(13.6)6(14.0)
经济相关服药不依从[例(%)]是17(34.0)9(15.3)5(11.6)χ2=8.6970.013
否33(66.0)50(84.7)38(88.4)
灾难性医疗支出[例(%)]否20(40.0)24(40.7)22(51.2)χ2=1.4680.480
是30(60.0)35(59.3)21(48.8)
病程(年)6.0(2.0,8.0)4.0(1.0,7.0)3.0(1.0,6.0)H=3.0660.216
6MWD(m)366.5(243.8,451.5)480.0(442.0,528.0)520.0(480.0,550.0)H=46.601<0.001
肺动脉收缩压(mmHg)75.5(56.8,90.5)59.0(43.0,78.0)47.0(35.0,62.0)H=31.232<0.001
每月自付费用(元)3 750(2 925,6 000)3 000(2 000,5 000)3 000(1 500,4 000)H=8.8310.012
COST得分(分)13.08±10.1114.95±5.0818.58±6.43F=7.5060.001
Tilburg衰弱量表得分(分)8(6,10)5(3,7)3(3,5)H=53.144<0.001
HADS焦虑分量表得分(分)7(3,12)6(3,8)3(1,5)H=21.037<0.001
HADS抑郁分量表得分(分)7(4,15)3(1,7)2(0,4)H=28.196<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322929697843192370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PAH病人HRQoL类别影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类严重受限组(n=50)中等受限组(n=59)功能良好组(n=43)统计值P
年龄(岁)41.0(33.0,51.3)38.0(35.0,47.0)36.0(32.0,43.0)H=4.2720.016
性别[例(%)]男4(8.0)5(8.5)1(2.3)0.412①
女46(92.0)54(91.5)42(97.7)
婚姻状况[例(%)]未婚4(8.0)5(8.5)7(16.3)0.693①
已婚43(86.0)50(84.7)34(79.1)
离异/丧偶3(6.0)4(6.8)2(4.7)
文化程度[例(%)]小学及以下4(8.0)4(6.8)2(4.7)
初中14(28.0)9(15.3)4(9.3)0.051①
高中9(18.0)5(8.5)11(25.6)
专科及以上23(46.0)41(69.5)26(60.5)
家庭月均收入[例(%)]<3 000元10(20.0)12(20.3)6(14.0)χ2=8.4710.206
3 000~5 000元16(32.0)17(28.8)18(41.9)
>5 000~10 000元17(34.0)16(27.1)6(14.0)
>10 000元7(14.0)14(23.7)13(30.2)
心功能分级[例(%)]I级或Ⅱ级22(44.0)49(83.1)40(93.0)χ2=33.125<0.001
Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级28(56.0)10(16.9)3(7.0)
治疗方案[例(%)]无(基础治疗)3(6.0)5(8.5)3(7.0)
单药治疗16(32.0)21(35.6)20(46.5)0.721①
双联治疗20(40.0)25(42.4)14(32.6)
三联治疗11(22.0)8(13.6)6(14.0)
经济相关服药不依从[例(%)]是17(34.0)9(15.3)5(11.6)χ2=8.6970.013
否33(66.0)50(84.7)38(88.4)
灾难性医疗支出[例(%)]否20(40.0)24(40.7)22(51.2)χ2=1.4680.480
是30(60.0)35(59.3)21(48.8)
病程(年)6.0(2.0,8.0)4.0(1.0,7.0)3.0(1.0,6.0)H=3.0660.216
6MWD(m)366.5(243.8,451.5)480.0(442.0,528.0)520.0(480.0,550.0)H=46.601<0.001
肺动脉收缩压(mmHg)75.5(56.8,90.5)59.0(43.0,78.0)47.0(35.0,62.0)H=31.232<0.001
每月自付费用(元)3 750(2 925,6 000)3 000(2 000,5 000)3 000(1 500,4 000)H=8.8310.012
COST得分(分)13.08±10.1114.95±5.0818.58±6.43F=7.5060.001
Tilburg衰弱量表得分(分)8(6,10)5(3,7)3(3,5)H=53.144<0.001
HADS焦虑分量表得分(分)7(3,12)6(3,8)3(1,5)H=21.037<0.001
HADS抑郁分量表得分(分)7(4,15)3(1,7)2(0,4)H=28.196<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322929697918689843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate analysis of factors influencing HRQoL categories of PAH patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
中等受限组①常量0.7632.5750.0880.767
6MWD-0.0120.0055.7760.0160.988[0.979,0.998]
肺动脉收缩压0.0360.0155.7860.0161.036[1.007,1.067]
COST得分-0.8190.3445.6910.0170.269[0.112,0.649]
严重受限组①常量-2.4622.9630.6900.406
6MWD-0.0130.0056.0020.0140.987[0.978,0.997]
肺动脉收缩压0.0630.01812.422<0.0011.065[1.028,1.102]
年龄0.0930.0347.4790.0061.098[1.027,1.174]
Tilburg衰弱量表得分1.5160.43712.0480.0014.555[1.935,10.724]
HADS焦虑分量表得分0.9100.4184.7480.0292.485[1.096,5.634]
), ArticleFig(id=1322929697994187316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929694168982018, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PAH病人HRQoL类别影响因素的多因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
中等受限组①常量0.7632.5750.0880.767
6MWD-0.0120.0055.7760.0160.988[0.979,0.998]
肺动脉收缩压0.0360.0155.7860.0161.036[1.007,1.067]
COST得分-0.8190.3445.6910.0170.269[0.112,0.649]
严重受限组①常量-2.4622.9630.6900.406
6MWD-0.0130.0056.0020.0140.987[0.978,0.997]
肺动脉收缩压0.0630.01812.422<0.0011.065[1.028,1.102]
年龄0.0930.0347.4790.0061.098[1.027,1.174]
Tilburg衰弱量表得分1.5160.43712.0480.0014.555[1.935,10.724]
HADS焦虑分量表得分0.9100.4184.7480.0292.485[1.096,5.634]
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肺动脉高压病人健康相关生活质量类别及其影响因素
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江莹 1 , 彭思敬 2, *, * , 康晓凤 3 , 窦敏 1
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(14): 2467-2474
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (14) : 2467 -2474
肺动脉高压病人健康相关生活质量类别及其影响因素
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江莹1, 彭思敬2, *, * , 康晓凤3, 窦敏1
作者信息
  • 1中国科学技术大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院),安徽 230001
  • 2安徽中医药大学护理学院
  • 3北京协和医学院护理学院
通讯作者:
彭思敬,E-mail:
PENG Sijing, E-mail:
作者简介:

江莹,护师,硕士研究生

Categories of health-related quality of life and their influencing factors in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Ying JIANG1, Sijing PENG2 , Xiaofeng KANG3, Min DOU1
Affiliations
  • 1The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China/Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui 230001 China
  • 2School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine
  • 3School of Nursing, Peking Union Medical College
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.011
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目的

探究肺动脉高压(PAH)病人健康相关生活质量(HRQoL)类别,并分析其影响因素。

方法

采用方便抽样法,选取2022年2月—9月在北京市某三级甲等医院门诊就诊的152例PAH病人为调查对象。采用一般资料调查表、慢性病治疗经济毒性功能评估综合评分量表(COST)、Tilburg衰弱量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)、PAH特异性HRQoL量表(EmPHasis-10)进行调查。采用Mplus 8.3软件进行潜在剖面分析,采用无序多分类Logistic回归分析探讨影响因素。

结果

PAH病人EmPHsis-10总分为(23.09±12.61)分,其HRQoL可分为功能良好组(28.29%)、中等受限组(38.82%)、严重受限组(32.89%)3类。回归分析结果显示,6 min步行距离(6MWD)、肺动脉收缩压、年龄、COST得分、Tilburg衰弱量表得分、HADS焦虑分量表得分是PAH病人HRQoL类别的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

PAH病人的HRQoL具有群体异质性,护理人员应结合不同HRQoL类别的影响因素制定个体化的干预措施,以提升病人的功能状态与生活质量。

肺动脉高压  /  健康相关生活质量  /  潜在剖面分析  /  影响因素
Objective

To explore the categories of health-related quality of life(HRQoL) in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH) and to analyze their influencing factors.

Methods

A total of 152 PAH patients who attended the outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Beijing city were selected as the survey subjects by convenience sampling method from February to September 2022.The survey was conducted using a general information questionnaire,the Comprehensive Score for Financial Toxicity Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy(COST),the Tilburg Frailty Scale,the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS),and the PAH-specific HRQoL scale(EmPHasis-10).Mplus 8.3 software was used for latent profile analysis.Unordered multinomial Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors.

Results

The total EmPHasis-10 score of PAH patients was 23.09±12.61.Their HRQoL was classified into three categories,namely good function group(28.29%),moderate limitation group(38.82%),and severe limitation group(32.89%).The regression analysis results showed that the 6-minute walk distance(6MWD),pulmonary artery systolic pressure,age,COST score,Tilburg Frailty Scale score,and HADS anxiety subscale score were the influencing factors for the HRQoL categories in PAH patients(P<0.05).

Conclusions

The HRQoL of PAH patients exhibits group heterogeneity.Nursing staff should develop individualized interventions based on the influencing factors of different HRQoL categories to improve patients' functional status and quality of life.

pulmonary arterial hypertension  /  health-related quality of life  /  latent profile analysis  /  influencing factors
江莹, 彭思敬, 康晓凤, 窦敏. 肺动脉高压病人健康相关生活质量类别及其影响因素. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (14) : 2467 -2474 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.011
Ying JIANG, Sijing PENG, Xiaofeng KANG, Min DOU. Categories of health-related quality of life and their influencing factors in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (14) : 2467 -2474 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.011
肺动脉高压(pulmonary arterial hypertension,PAH)是一种恶性进展性疾病,其病理本质为肺动脉血管发生结构性和功能性改变,导致血流受限和肺血管阻力持续升高,最终诱发右心衰竭,甚至危及生命[1]。2020年Lancet全球经济负担特刊报道,目前全球约有1.92亿例右心衰竭病人,其中约30%由PAH引起[2]。PAH起病隐匿,早期诊断较为困难,传统治疗方式下病人预后较差,中位生存期仅为2.8年,1、2、3年生存率依次为8%、16%和21%[3-4]。随着右心漂浮导管诊断技术的不断进步及靶向药物的广泛应用,PAH病人的生存率提升,接受双联靶向治疗的病人3年生存率可由48.0%提高至86.5%[5-6]。相较于单纯延长生存期,当前医学界更关注如何提升PAH病人的健康相关生活质量(health-related quality of life,HRQoL)。HRQoL可直观反映疾病对病人身心和社会功能的综合影响,已成为PAH重要的临床结局指标之一[7]。目前常用的HRQoL评估工具多为通用量表,如简明健康调查简表(SF-36)和欧洲五维健康量表(EQ-5D)[8],但此类工具在反映PAH特异性症状和功能受限方面存在一定局限,难以准确评估病人的真实健康状态[9-10]。此外,既往研究多采用总分评价HRQoL水平[11-12],忽略了病人在疾病感受、症状体验等方面存在的个体差异,难以揭示其潜在的异质性。潜在剖面分析(latent profile analysis,LPA)是一种以个体为中心的统计分析方法,能够基于病人在多个变量上的响应特征识别潜在异质亚群,有利于发现具有临床意义的病人分类特征,从而为实施精准干预提供依据。本研究采用潜在剖面分析方法对PAH病人特异性HRQoL进行分类识别,并进一步探索各类别的影响因素,以期为个体化护理干预策略的制定提供理论依据和实践指导。
采用方便抽样法,选取2022年2月—9月在北京市某三级甲等医院门诊就诊的PAH病人为调查对象。纳入标准:1)根据《中国肺动脉高压诊断与治疗指南(2021版)》[13]确诊为PAH;2)年龄≥18岁;3)病情稳定;4)随诊时间≥3个月;5)具备良好的语言沟通和理解能力;6)自愿参与本研究。排除标准:1)存在严重的认知障碍;2)经通气灌注显像或计算机断层扫描肺血管造影证实有明显肺栓塞;3)高分辨率CT或肺功能检查提示中至重度肺间质病变;4)因严重心力衰竭而无法完成6 min步行距离(6 minutes walk distance,6MWD)试验。根据潜在剖面分析中样本量需为自变量数量5~10倍的估算原则[14],结合本研究共纳入17个自变量,理论所需样本量为85~170例。考虑10%的失访率后,最终所需样本量为95~189例。本研究共纳入152例PAH病人,满足分析所需样本量要求。本研究已通过北京协和医学院护理学院伦理委员会批准(批准号:PUMCSON-2021-17)。所有研究对象均知情同意并签署知情同意书。
一般资料调查表由研究者根据研究目的自行设计,主要包括年龄、性别、婚姻状况、文化程度、家庭月均收入、心功能分级、治疗方案、经济相关服药不依从(指因经济负担而调整用药方式,如停止或延迟服药、降低服药频率或剂量以延长用药时间)[15]、灾难性医疗支出(依据世界卫生组织的定义,当家庭在医疗方面的强制性自付费用占家庭扣除食品支出后可自由支配收入的40%以上时,视为灾难性医疗支出[16])、病程、6MWD、肺动脉收缩压(通过心脏超声估算)、每月自付费用等。
COST由美国芝加哥大学De Souza等[17]编制,由于慧会等[18]汉化,在PAH病人中具有良好的适用性[19]。量表包括11个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,从“一点也不”到“非常多”依次计0~4分,总分0~44分。得分越低表示经济毒性越严重。中文版COST的内容效度为0.82,Cronbach's α系数为0.889[18],本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.923。
Tilburg衰弱量表由荷兰Tilburg大学Gobbens等[20]开发,由奚兴等[21]汉化。量表共包括15个条目,涵盖3个维度,分别为躯体衰弱(8个条目,包括身体健康、体重变化、行走能力、平衡能力、听力、视力、握力及疲劳感)、心理衰弱(4个条目,包括记忆力、焦虑、抑郁和应对能力)和社会衰弱(3个条目,包括独居情况、社会关系和社会支持)。量表总分0~15分,得分越高表示衰弱程度越严重,>4分提示存在衰弱状态。中文版 Tilburg衰弱量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.686[21],本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.801。
HADS由Zigmond等[22]编制,由叶维菲等[23]汉化。量表包括焦虑和抑郁2个分量表,每个分量表包含7个条目,共14个条目,采用Likert 4级评分法,每个分量表得分为0~21分,>7分提示可能存在焦虑或抑郁情绪。本研究中,HADS总体的Cronbach's α系数为0.825,焦虑分量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.806,抑郁分量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.783。
EmPHasis-10由英国PAH协会与曼彻斯特大学共同研发[24],由陈月香等[25]汉化。量表共10个条目,采用Likert 6级评分法,总分0~50分,得分越高表示病人HRQoL受损程度越严重。中文版EmPHasis-10的重测信度为0.89,Cronbach's α系数为0.91[25],本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.94。
在PAH病人门诊候诊期间,研究者征得病人同意后通过二维码现场发放电子问卷。现场调查内容包括病人的人口学信息和各量表得分,疾病治疗相关数据则在调查结束后由研究者通过病人就诊码从医院病历系统提取。问卷首页设有统一指导语及注意事项,只有全部答完才能提交问卷。调查过程中针对病人不理解的内容进行详尽解释,若病人无法自主填写,则由研究者根据病人回答代为填写。问卷回收后,研究者即刻审查问卷完整性,及时补充漏填项。共发放152份问卷,成功回收152份有效问卷,有效问卷回收率为100%。
采用Mplus 8.3软件构建PAH病人HRQoL的潜在剖面模型。以EmPHasis-10的10个条目得分作为外显变量,依次拟合包括1~4个潜在剖面的模型,并综合指标判断模型的拟合优度,从中选择最佳模型。其中,信息准则指标包括艾凯克信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)及样本校正的BIC(adjusted BIC,aBIC),指标数值越小表示模型拟合越好;分类准确性指标包括信息熵(Entropy),取值范围为0~1,越接近1表示分类精度越高,≥0.80表明分类准确率超过90%;模型比较指标包括Lo-Mendell-Rubin调整的似然比检验(Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test,LMRT)和Bootstrapped 似然比检验(Bootstrapped likelihood ratio test,BLRT),若P<0.05说明当前模型(第k类模型)相较于前一模型(第k-1类模型)具有更优的拟合效果。采用SPSS 26.0进行统计分析,符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析;不符合正态分布的定量资料以中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]表示,组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。定性资料以频数和百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。采用无序多分类Logistic回归分析探讨影响因素。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
PAH病人的EmPHasis-10得分为(23.09±12.61)分,COST得分为(16.22±10.19)分,Tilburg衰弱量表得分6(3,8)分,HADS焦虑分量表得分为6(2,8)分,HADS抑郁分量表得分为4(1,8)分。
基于EmPHasis-10的10个条目得分对病人进行潜在剖面分析,共拟合1~4个模型,结果显示,随着模型数增加,AIC、BIC及aBIC总体呈降低趋势,且所有模型的Entropy>0.90。模型4的LMRT检验结果无统计学意义(P>0.05);模型3的Entropy最高(0.945),各类别后验概率均>20%,且比例分布相对均衡。综合考虑模型拟合优度、简洁性及临床意义,最终确定模型3为最佳拟合模型。见表1。
模型3将PAH病人分为3类,基于EmPHasis-10的10个条目得分绘制潜在剖面图,结果显示,PAH病人HRQoL的3个类别在EmPHasis-10各条目上无交叉,但得分存在明显差异。类别1共43例(28.29%)病人,其各条目得分均较低,表明其HRQoL受损程度较轻,HRQoL较好,故命名为“功能良好组”;类别2共59例(38.82%)病人,其各条目得分处于中等水平,故命名为“中等受限组”;类别3共50例(32.89%)病人,其各条目得分较高,表明其HRQoL受损程度较大,故命名为“严重受限组”。见图1。
以PAH病人HRQoL类别为因变量[功能良好组=(0,0);中等受限组=(1,0);严重受限组=(0,1)],以单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量为自变量,自变量赋值方式:心功能分级,Ⅰ级或Ⅱ级=0,Ⅲ级或Ⅳ级=1;经济相关服药不依从,否=0,是=1;年龄、6MWD、肺动脉收缩压、每月自付费用、COST得分、Tilburg衰弱量表得分、HADS焦虑分量表得分、HADS抑郁分量表得分均以原值输入。采用无序多分类Logistic回归模型进行多因素分析,结果显示,6MWD、肺动脉收缩压、年龄、COST得分、Tilburg衰弱量表得分、HADS焦虑分量表得分是PAH病人HRQoL类别的影响因素(P<0.05),见表3。
EmPHasis-10专为PAH病人设计,能够全面、敏感地反映疾病对病人HRQoL的实际影响,被认为是PAH病人临床首选的特异性HRQoL评估工具[24,26]。研究结果显示,PAH病人的EmPHasis-10得分为(23.09±12.61)分,提示其HRQoL为中度受损,与以往研究结果[27-29]相似。基于该量表得分进一步采用潜在剖面分析探讨PAH病人的HRQoL类别,共识别出功能良好组、中等受限组与严重受限组3类,表明PAH病人的HRQoL有群体异质性。其中,严重受限组(32.89%)病人的EmPHasis-10各条目得分普遍较高,仅在“说话气促”条目得分相对较低,可能与该类病人日常交流频率较低有关,如独居、性格内向或社交需求较少,导致其在言语活动中较少出现明显症状。中等受限组(38.82%)在“自信心”条目得分较高,提示此类病人可能面临较强的无力感,缺乏自我效能感与外部支持系统。功能良好组(28.29%)病人整体HRQoL感知较积极,有较强的功能恢复潜力,可能与该组多数病人来自北京市,具备较高的诊疗可及性及自我管理资源有关。Lewis等[30]基于EmPHasis-10得分将病人划分为3个风险等级,并证实不同等级与病人死亡率间存在相关性。提示EmPHasis-10在HRQoL评估、风险预警与临床分层管理中具有实践指导意义。因此,护理人员应充分利用EmPHasis-10在测量PAH病人HRQoL方面的特异性,结合不同HRQoL类别特征,对病人开展分层管理与个体化干预,进而改善其预后。
本研究结果显示,与严重受限组、中等受限组相比,6MWD较长的PAH病人更易归为功能良好组(均P<0.05);与功能良好组相比,肺动脉收缩压较高的PAH病人更易归为严重受限组、中等受限组(均P<0.05)。6MWD作为反映病人运动耐力与功能状态的经典指标,不仅与临床风险分层密切相关,也是预测主观症状负担和HRQoL的敏感因素[31-32]。Cascino等[33]研究发现,6MWD与EmPHasis-10得分呈负相关,病人运动能力越强,其自我感知的HRQoL越好。Reeves等[34]研究进一步指出,6MWD是区分低、中、高风险病人的重要独立预测因子,6MWD缩短病人进入高风险组的可能性上升。肺动脉收缩压反映了肺血管负荷和右心功能状况,高肺动脉收缩压可能导致右心室无法有效代偿,诱发右心室重构和功能减退,引起呼吸困难、气促等症状。尽管Sakamoto等[35]研究发现,EmPHasis-10评分与肺动脉收缩压之间相关性不明显,但其研究对象多为经球囊肺动脉成形术治疗后血流动力学已基本恢复正常的病人。与之相比,本研究纳入的病人多为血流动力学指标尚未纠正的病人,肺动脉收缩压作为病情进展的指标,在此类人群中仍具有较强的预测价值。因此,医护人员在评估病人HRQoL时,应将主观量表评估结果与客观功能指标相结合,关注运动能力下降和血流动力学指标恶化的病人,早期识别高风险人群。
本研究结果显示,与功能良好组相比,年龄较大、Tilburg衰弱量表得分和HADS焦虑分量表得分较高的病人易归为严重受限组(均P<0.05)。PAH病人常伴随心血管、肾脏及代谢系统的多种并发症[36],随着年龄增长,病人并发症负担增加[37],心理应对能力下降,功能减退更加明显。已有研究表明,PAH病人年龄每增加10岁,EmPHasis-10得分升高0.9分[38],提示高龄病人在疾病适应过程中面临更大挑战。因此,对于老年病人,医护人员应通过线上与线下途径实施个性化的疾病管理策略,激发病人的自我管理潜能,减缓其功能衰退。衰弱作为一种由多因素引起的生理储备下降状态,与HRQoL密切相关[39]。本研究发现,衰弱水平较高的病人HRQoL更易受限。这可能是由于长期PAH可导致外周组织灌注不足,进而引起骨骼肌和呼吸肌功能减退,表现为肌肉萎缩、疲劳、呼吸困难等典型衰弱症状[40]。这些生理限制不仅会直接影响病人的日常生活能力,也会降低其社会参与度,加重HRQoL受损程度。已有研究发现,在专业监测下进行个性化运动与呼吸训练可改善PAH病人的肌肉功能,增强运动耐力,同时提高衰弱评分和HRQoL[39]。提示临床工作人员应联合康复、营养等多学科人员为病人制订科学的运动处方,并借助互联网平台实时跟踪康复进展,从而有效预防或延缓衰弱进程,全面提升病人的HRQoL。本研究还发现,焦虑水平较高的病人HRQoL更易受限,与既往研究结果[11-12]相似。焦虑是PAH病人最常见的困扰之一[41],约19%的PAH病人存在中重度焦虑情绪[42]。Muntingh等[43]研究指出,病人因长期面临病情不确定性、复杂的治疗方案及经济负担,易产生焦虑情绪,表现为社会孤立、睡眠障碍和对未来的悲观态度。这些心理因素不仅会削弱病人的生活满意度,还可能干扰治疗依从性和康复进程。Halimi等[44]研究发现,为病人及其家庭提供专业的心理支持有利于缓解焦虑不适,增强归属感,提升HRQoL。建议护理人员在临床实践中常规评估PAH病人的心理状态,尤其是焦虑水平,及时提供针对性的心理干预措施,包括情绪疏导、压力管理及社会支持系统建设,帮助病人建立积极的心理应对机制,从而优化其健康结局。
本研究结果显示,与中等受限组相比,COST得分较高的PAH病人更易归为功能良好组(均P<0.05)。经济毒性不仅反映病人实际的经济支出负担,更体现其对经济压力的主观感知,与HRQoL密切相关[45]。Ting等[46]研究后指出,经济毒性作为一种主观评估指标,较传统客观经济指标更能敏锐捕捉病人在长期治疗过程中的经济焦虑与心理冲击,在预测HRQoL方面具有更强的效能。HRQoL处于中等受限水平的病人极易受经济、心理等非生理性因素影响,HRQoL处于“临界阶段”,其受经济毒性的负面作用尤为突出。一方面,这类病人通常对治疗依从性、自我管理能力和康复效果抱有较高期待;另一方面,长期的经济压力可能削弱其持续获取医疗服务、参与康复训练和心理支持的能力,使其身心处于高负荷运转状态,从而加剧情绪困扰、依从性下降与功能退化,形成HRQoL恶化的风险链条。对此,医护人员应高度关注其经济脆弱性,强化经济毒性筛查,及早识别潜在风险。应在维持病人基本功能状态的同时积极整合医疗保险政策、公益救助、用药指导等多元化资源,实施个性化经济支持策略,防止PAH病人因经济压力导致HRQoL恶化,最大限度地保障其生活质量与疾病管理的连续性。
本研究通过潜在剖面分析发现,PAH病人的HRQoL具有群体异质性,可分为严重受限组、中等受限组、功能良好组3类,6MWD、肺动脉收缩压、年龄、COST得分、Tilburg衰弱量表得分、HADS焦虑分量表得分是PAH病人HRQoL类别的影响因素。临床护理人员应高度关注病人HRQoL的分层特征,结合其所在类别制定更具针对性的分层管理与个体化干预策略,以提高病人的整体照护质量和生活质量。本研究病人来源于北京市1所三级甲等医院,可能存在一定的选择偏倚。未来可考虑开展多中心、大样本的纵向研究,以进一步揭示PAH病人HRQoL在疾病进程中的动态轨迹和长期干预效果,从而为精准护理与健康管理提供更具指导意义的循证依据。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.011
  • 接收时间:2025-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-24
  • 修回日期:2026-04-20
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    1中国科学技术大学附属第一医院(安徽省立医院),安徽 230001
    2安徽中医药大学护理学院
    3北京协和医学院护理学院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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