Article(id=1322929643606651340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=1781280000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340605879, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340605879, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340605879, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340605879, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322929547464815391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='14', pageStart='2385', pageEnd='2576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340582958, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343111003, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940150912790807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940150912790808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2482, endPage=2488, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322929645410202061, articleId=1322929643606651340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Summary of best evidence for early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery, columnId=1220689487877821128, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Interdisciplinary Nursing Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To summarize the best evidence for early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery,and to provide support for clinical practice.

Methods

An evidence-based question was constructed based on the PIPOST model.Following the "5S" model for evidence retrieval,relevant literature on early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery was systematically searched in domestic and international databases and related websites.The search period ranged from database inception to February 28,2025.Literature quality assessment and evidence extraction were performed independently by two researchers.

Results

A total of 20 articles were included,consisting of 2 clinical decisions,2 guidelines,2 expert consensus reports,8 systematic reviews,and 6 randomized controlled trials.Finally,27 pieces of evidence were summarized across 12 themes,namely multidisciplinary team,timing of initiation,mechanical ventilation management,sedation and analgesia,lung recruitment strategies,respiratory muscle training,assisted breathing function training,positioning management and early mobilization,safety monitoring,nutritional management,pulmonary embolism prevention,and psychological care.

Conclusions

The best evidence for early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery,as summarized in this study,covers aspects such as intervention,monitoring,and support.It is recommended that nursing staff apply the evidence selectively based on the specific clinical context to improve the quality of respiratory rehabilitation.

, authors=Xiaowei CHANG, Jie JING, Hongbo LUO, Mingxi ZHAO, Qianqian CAO, Jianshu YE, Jiaxin WANG, Zunzhu LI, authorsList=Xiaowei CHANG, Jie JING, Hongbo LUO, Mingxi ZHAO, Qianqian CAO, Jianshu YE, Jiaxin WANG, Zunzhu LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zunzhu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322929646307783120, articleId=1322929643606651340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据总结, columnId=1220689488053981904, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=交叉护理学研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

总结体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据,为临床实践提供支持。

方法

基于PIPOST模式构建循证问题,依据证据检索“5S”模型系统检索国内外数据库及相关网站中关于体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的文献,检索时限为建库至2025年2月28日。由2名研究者独立进行文献质量评价和证据提取。

结果

共纳入20篇文献,包括2篇临床决策、2篇指南、2篇专家共识、8篇系统评价和6篇随机对照试验,最终从多学科团队、启动时机、机械通气管理、镇静与镇痛、肺复张策略、呼吸肌训练、辅助呼吸功能训练、体位管理与早期活动、安全性监测、营养管理、肺栓塞预防、心理护理12个主题汇总27条证据。

结论

本研究总结的体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复最佳证据涵盖干预、监测与支持等环节,建议护理人员结合具体情境选择性应用,以提升呼吸康复质量。

, authors=常晓未, 井杰, 罗红波, 赵明曦, 曹倩倩, 叶剑书, 王佳鑫, 李尊柱*, *, authorsList=常晓未, 井杰, 罗红波, 赵明曦, 曹倩倩, 叶剑书, 王佳鑫, 李尊柱, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李尊柱, authorNote=

常晓未,主管护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
李尊柱,E-mail:
LI Zunzhu, E-mail:
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in patients in the postoperative phase of cardiac surgery:a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J].Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine,2023,47(3):162-172., articleTitle=Inspiratory muscle training in patients in the postoperative phase of cardiac surgery:a systematic review and Meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929655564612132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=45, issue=4, pageStart=264, pageEnd=273, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=Dsouza F V, Amaravadi S K, Samuel S R, journalName=Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dsouza F V,Amaravadi S K,Samuel S R,et al.Effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries:a systematic review with Meta-analysis[J].Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine,2021,45(4):264-273., articleTitle=Effectiveness of inspiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle strength in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries:a systematic review with Meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929655644303909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=16, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=Zhang S S, Li B, Meng X P, journalName=Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang S S,Li B,Meng X P,et al.The effects of inspiratory muscle training(IMT) on patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) surgery:a systematic review and Meta-analysis[J].Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine,2023,24(1):16., articleTitle=The effects of inspiratory muscle training(IMT) on patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft(CABG) surgery:a systematic review and Meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929655711412774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=33, issue=5, pageStart=101, pageEnd=109, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=王一木, 王灵雨, 刘靖宇, journalName=实用心脑肺血管病杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王一木,王灵雨,刘靖宇,等.吸气肌训练对心脏外科手术患者干预效果的Meta分析[J].实用心脑肺血管病杂志,2025,33(5):101-109., articleTitle=吸气肌训练对心脏外科手术患者干预效果的Meta分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929655795298855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=8, issue=4, pageStart=266, pageEnd=271, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=Cordeiro A L L, Carvalho B S C, Silva E G D, journalName=Journal of Clinical and Translational Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cordeiro A L L,Carvalho B S C,Silva E G D,et al.Inspiratory muscle training and functional capacity following coronary artery bypass grafting in high-risk patients:a pilot randomized controlled trial[J].Journal of Clinical and Translational Research,2022,8(4):266-271., articleTitle=Inspiratory muscle training and functional capacity following coronary artery bypass grafting in high-risk patients:a pilot randomized controlled trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929655870796328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=126, issue=5, pageStart=1067, pageEnd=1074, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=Martinsson A, Houltz E, Wallinder A, journalName=British Journal of Anaesthesia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Martinsson A,Houltz E,Wallinder A,et al.Lung recruitment in the prone position after cardiac surgery:a randomised controlled study[J].British Journal of Anaesthesia,2021,126(5):1067-1074., articleTitle=Lung recruitment in the prone position after cardiac surgery:a randomised controlled study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929655946293801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=39, issue=6, pageStart=E19, pageEnd=E25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=Zanini M, Nery R M, De Lima J B, journalName=Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zanini M,Nery R M,De Lima J B,et al.Effects of different rehabilitation protocols in inpatient cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery:a randomized clinical trial[J].Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention,2019,39(6):E19-E25., articleTitle=Effects of different rehabilitation protocols in inpatient cardiac rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass graft surgery:a randomized clinical trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929656030179882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=29, issue=8, pageStart=1180, pageEnd=1186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=Manapunsopee S, Thanakiatpinyo T, Wongkornrat W, journalName=Heart, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Manapunsopee S,Thanakiatpinyo T,Wongkornrat W,et al.Effectiveness of incentive spirometry on inspiratory muscle strength after coronary artery bypass graft surgery[J].Heart,Lung & Circulation,2020,29(8):1180-1186., articleTitle=Effectiveness of incentive spirometry on inspiratory muscle strength after coronary artery bypass graft surgery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929656114065963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=27, pageStart=264, pageEnd=268, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=许文慧, 王雅静, journalName=中国当代医药, refType=null, unstructuredReference=许文慧,王雅静.心脏手术患者早期肺康复分级护理模式的应用研究[J].中国当代医药,2021,28(27):264-268., articleTitle=心脏手术患者早期肺康复分级护理模式的应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929656206340652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=29, pageStart=3954, pageEnd=3957, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=彭雪茹, 沈旭慧, journalName=全科护理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭雪茹,沈旭慧.瑜伽式呼吸训练对体外循环心脏术后病人康复的影响研究[J].全科护理,2020,18(29):3954-3957., articleTitle=瑜伽式呼吸训练对体外循环心脏术后病人康复的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929656294421037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=6, issue=1, pageStart=80, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=Hickmann C E, Castanares-Zapatero D, Bialais E, journalName=Annals of Intensive Care, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hickmann C E,Castanares-Zapatero D,Bialais E,et al.Teamwork enables high level of early mobilization in critically ill patients[J].Annals of Intensive Care,2016,6(1):80., articleTitle=Teamwork enables high level of early mobilization in critically ill patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929656365724206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=35, issue=20, pageStart=79, pageEnd=82, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=杨青, 方芳, 虞敏, journalName=护理学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨青,方芳,虞敏,等.老年心脏外科术后患者早期康复实践[J].护理学杂志,2020,35(20):79-82., articleTitle=老年心脏外科术后患者早期康复实践, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929656453804591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=28, issue=7, pageStart=361, pageEnd=368, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会结构性心脏病专业委员会, journalName=中国介入心脏病学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国医师协会心血管内科医师分会结构性心脏病专业委员会.经导管主动脉瓣置换术后运动康复专家共识[J].中国介入心脏病学杂志,2020,28(7):361-368., articleTitle=经导管主动脉瓣置换术后运动康复专家共识, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322929646551052753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322929646559441362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, companyId=1322929646551052753, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322929646567829971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, companyId=1322929646551052753, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国医学科学院北京协和医院,北京 100730)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322929651143815686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Literature screening process and results, figureFileSmall=2IqrgLtu0U6rayQhky1faQ==, figureFileBig=z2/byPUTklS+VW4tw8ndrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929651223507463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献筛选流程及结果, figureFileSmall=2IqrgLtu0U6rayQhky1faQ==, figureFileBig=z2/byPUTklS+VW4tw8ndrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929651424834056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic characteristics of included literature

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献文献类型文献来源主题
Smetana等[12]2025临床决策UpToDate减少成年人术后肺部并发症的措施
Barbeito等[13]2024临床决策UpToDate心脏手术后的管理
British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation[14]2023指南UpToDate心血管疾病预防与康复标准
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network[15]2017指南医脉通心脏康复
国家心血管病中心《冠状动脉旁路移植术后心脏康复专家共识》编写委员会[16]2020专家共识医脉通冠状动脉旁路移植术后心脏康复
国家心血管病中心《中西医结合Ⅰ期心脏康复专家共识》专家委员会[17]2017专家共识医脉通中西医结合Ⅰ期心脏康复
Evangelodimou等[18]2024系统评价PubMed心脏手术病人实施低强度到高强度吸气肌训练的益处
Aquino等[19]2024系统评价PubMed心脏手术后立即进行呼吸肌训练对呼吸肌力量、肺功能和住院时间的影响
Araújo等[20]2024系统评价PubMed冠状动脉搭桥术后吸气肌训练对运动能力、呼吸肌力量、住院时间和生活质量的影响
Fang等[21]2024系统评价PubMed吸气肌训练对心脏手术病人术前和术后呼吸功能及临床结局的影响
Cordeiro等[22]2023系统评价PubMed心脏手术后吸气肌训练对呼吸肌力量、肺功能、功能能力和住院时间的影响
Dsouza等[23]2021系统评价PubMed吸气肌训练对心脏手术病人呼吸肌力量、肺功能和功能能力的影响
Zhang等[24]2023系统评价Web of Science吸气肌训练对冠状动脉旁路移植术病人的影响
王一木等[25]2025系统评价CNKI吸气肌训练对心脏外科手术病人的干预效果
Cordeiro等[26]2022RCTPubMed高风险病人冠状动脉搭桥术后进行吸气肌训练对功能能力、肺部并发症和住院时间的影响
Martinsson等[27]2021RCTPubMed心脏手术后俯卧位对肺功能恢复的影响
Zanini等[28]2019RCTPubMed不同康复方案对冠状动脉搭桥手术病人住院期间和出院后功能能力、肺功能和呼吸肌功能的影响
Manapunsopee等[29]2020RCTWeb of Science术后激励性肺量计和深呼吸训练对冠状动脉搭桥手术病人吸气肌力量的影响
许文慧等[30]2021RCTCNKI心脏手术病人早期肺康复分级护理模式的应用研究
彭雪茹等[31]2020RCTCNKI瑜伽式呼吸训练对体外循环心脏术后病人康复的影响
), ArticleFig(id=1322929651525497353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入文献的基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献文献类型文献来源主题
Smetana等[12]2025临床决策UpToDate减少成年人术后肺部并发症的措施
Barbeito等[13]2024临床决策UpToDate心脏手术后的管理
British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation[14]2023指南UpToDate心血管疾病预防与康复标准
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network[15]2017指南医脉通心脏康复
国家心血管病中心《冠状动脉旁路移植术后心脏康复专家共识》编写委员会[16]2020专家共识医脉通冠状动脉旁路移植术后心脏康复
国家心血管病中心《中西医结合Ⅰ期心脏康复专家共识》专家委员会[17]2017专家共识医脉通中西医结合Ⅰ期心脏康复
Evangelodimou等[18]2024系统评价PubMed心脏手术病人实施低强度到高强度吸气肌训练的益处
Aquino等[19]2024系统评价PubMed心脏手术后立即进行呼吸肌训练对呼吸肌力量、肺功能和住院时间的影响
Araújo等[20]2024系统评价PubMed冠状动脉搭桥术后吸气肌训练对运动能力、呼吸肌力量、住院时间和生活质量的影响
Fang等[21]2024系统评价PubMed吸气肌训练对心脏手术病人术前和术后呼吸功能及临床结局的影响
Cordeiro等[22]2023系统评价PubMed心脏手术后吸气肌训练对呼吸肌力量、肺功能、功能能力和住院时间的影响
Dsouza等[23]2021系统评价PubMed吸气肌训练对心脏手术病人呼吸肌力量、肺功能和功能能力的影响
Zhang等[24]2023系统评价Web of Science吸气肌训练对冠状动脉旁路移植术病人的影响
王一木等[25]2025系统评价CNKI吸气肌训练对心脏外科手术病人的干预效果
Cordeiro等[26]2022RCTPubMed高风险病人冠状动脉搭桥术后进行吸气肌训练对功能能力、肺部并发症和住院时间的影响
Martinsson等[27]2021RCTPubMed心脏手术后俯卧位对肺功能恢复的影响
Zanini等[28]2019RCTPubMed不同康复方案对冠状动脉搭桥手术病人住院期间和出院后功能能力、肺功能和呼吸肌功能的影响
Manapunsopee等[29]2020RCTWeb of Science术后激励性肺量计和深呼吸训练对冠状动脉搭桥手术病人吸气肌力量的影响
许文慧等[30]2021RCTCNKI心脏手术病人早期肺康复分级护理模式的应用研究
彭雪茹等[31]2020RCTCNKI瑜伽式呼吸训练对体外循环心脏术后病人康复的影响
), ArticleFig(id=1322929651613577738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Quality evaluation results of guidelines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献各领域标准化百分比(%)≥60%的领域数(个)≥30%的领域数(个)等级
目的
范围和
利益相关群体制订严谨性清晰性适用性编辑独立性
British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation[14]2023100.0088.8964.5894.4456.25100.0056B级
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network[15]2017100.0086.1187.5094.4456.2591.6756B级
), ArticleFig(id=1322929651701658123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

指南的质量评价结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献各领域标准化百分比(%)≥60%的领域数(个)≥30%的领域数(个)等级
目的
范围和
利益相关群体制订严谨性清晰性适用性编辑独立性
British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation[14]2023100.0088.8964.5894.4456.25100.0056B级
Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network[15]2017100.0086.1187.5094.4456.2591.6756B级
), ArticleFig(id=1322929651768766988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Summary of best evidence for early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
证据主题证据内容证据等级
多学科团队1)呼吸康复应由多学科团队共同实施,需包含医生、护士、康复专家、呼吸治疗师等专业人员[12,14,16,28]1A级
启动时机2)呼吸康复干预应在术后24 h内开始[26,28-30]1B级
机械通气管理3)建议使用肺保护性通气策略:低潮气量(6~8 mL/kg理想体重),呼吸频率10~14/min,平台压(PP)<20 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),呼气末正压(PEEP)5~8 cmH2O,驱动压(PP-PEEP)<15 cmH2O[13]2D级
4)建议脱机前调整呼吸机参数至自主呼吸模式,进行腹式呼吸训练[16]5B级
5)建议转入ICU后6 h内拔管[13]1A级
镇静与镇痛6)建议使用短效静脉镇静药物(如右美托咪定或丙泊酚),便于早期拔管[13]1A级
7)建议采用多模式镇痛,促进早期活动和深呼吸能力恢复[12-13]1A级
8)有早期拔管指征的病人谨慎使用阿片类药物,避免过度镇静和呼吸抑制;不宜早期拔管的病人可以持续输注芬太尼等阿片类镇痛药[13]1A级
肺复张策略9)推荐在高风险病人中开展深呼吸训练或使用激励式肺量计训练;对于早期出现呼吸功能不全的病人,无创通气支持可能有益[12]1A级
10)无法采取深呼吸训练或激励式肺量计训练等用力呼吸措施增加肺容积的病人可给予持续气道正压通气[12]1A级
11)血流动力学稳定者,可采用俯卧位肺复张策略以改善氧合和肺通气[27]1C级
呼吸肌训练12)心脏手术后病人应接受吸气肌训练作为心脏术后改善呼吸肌力量和肺功能的有效措施[18,20-26,28]1A级
13)吸气肌训练强度应至少为30%最大吸气压,频率为每天≥2次,尤其是高风险病人[19-20,25-26,28]1A级
14)应采用渐进式训练模式,逐步增加训练强度[16,30]1C级
辅助呼吸功能训练15)腹式缩唇呼吸(每次5~10 min,每日2次或3次)可作为辅助呼吸训练手段[17]1C级
16)激励式肺量计可作为改善吸气肌力量的辅助手段[29]1B级
17)瑜伽式呼吸训练(腹式呼吸,吸气∶呼气=1∶2)可作为辅助手段[31]1C级
体位管理与早期活动18)建议采取半卧位,避免完全仰卧位[12]1A级
19)建议血流动力学稳定的病人在拔管后数小时内开始在胸骨保护下进行胸部理疗以及主动活动训练[12-13]2D级
20)早期主被动活动启动指征:心肌标志物无升高、无明显心力衰竭失代偿征兆、无新发严重心律失常或心电图改变[17]5B级
21)病情稳定后应逐步进行床上坐起、床旁站立[16]5B级
22)建议早期下床活动和主动上下肢运动训练结合以改善躯体功能[28]1C级
23)肢体运动开始为5~10 min,随后逐步延长,活动强度依据心率、血压、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率和Borg评分确定(Borg评分12~13分为宜)[16]5B级
安全性监测24)终止训练指征:经皮脉搏血氧饱和度下降>5%或<90%;心率较基线增加>20/min或>120/min;Borg评分≥15分[17]5B级
营养管理25)术后2~3 d仍不能经口摄入机体所需热量的80%时,应给予肠内营养[13]1A级
肺栓塞预防26)在机械性静脉血栓栓塞预防的基础上,采取药物预防措施,预防静脉血栓及其导致的肺栓塞[12-13]3B级
心理护理27)应考虑为病人提供心理健康教育(如目标设定、自我监测)以满足其心理健康需求,坚持身体活动[15]5B级
), ArticleFig(id=1322929651894596109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929643606651340, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
证据主题证据内容证据等级
多学科团队1)呼吸康复应由多学科团队共同实施,需包含医生、护士、康复专家、呼吸治疗师等专业人员[12,14,16,28]1A级
启动时机2)呼吸康复干预应在术后24 h内开始[26,28-30]1B级
机械通气管理3)建议使用肺保护性通气策略:低潮气量(6~8 mL/kg理想体重),呼吸频率10~14/min,平台压(PP)<20 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),呼气末正压(PEEP)5~8 cmH2O,驱动压(PP-PEEP)<15 cmH2O[13]2D级
4)建议脱机前调整呼吸机参数至自主呼吸模式,进行腹式呼吸训练[16]5B级
5)建议转入ICU后6 h内拔管[13]1A级
镇静与镇痛6)建议使用短效静脉镇静药物(如右美托咪定或丙泊酚),便于早期拔管[13]1A级
7)建议采用多模式镇痛,促进早期活动和深呼吸能力恢复[12-13]1A级
8)有早期拔管指征的病人谨慎使用阿片类药物,避免过度镇静和呼吸抑制;不宜早期拔管的病人可以持续输注芬太尼等阿片类镇痛药[13]1A级
肺复张策略9)推荐在高风险病人中开展深呼吸训练或使用激励式肺量计训练;对于早期出现呼吸功能不全的病人,无创通气支持可能有益[12]1A级
10)无法采取深呼吸训练或激励式肺量计训练等用力呼吸措施增加肺容积的病人可给予持续气道正压通气[12]1A级
11)血流动力学稳定者,可采用俯卧位肺复张策略以改善氧合和肺通气[27]1C级
呼吸肌训练12)心脏手术后病人应接受吸气肌训练作为心脏术后改善呼吸肌力量和肺功能的有效措施[18,20-26,28]1A级
13)吸气肌训练强度应至少为30%最大吸气压,频率为每天≥2次,尤其是高风险病人[19-20,25-26,28]1A级
14)应采用渐进式训练模式,逐步增加训练强度[16,30]1C级
辅助呼吸功能训练15)腹式缩唇呼吸(每次5~10 min,每日2次或3次)可作为辅助呼吸训练手段[17]1C级
16)激励式肺量计可作为改善吸气肌力量的辅助手段[29]1B级
17)瑜伽式呼吸训练(腹式呼吸,吸气∶呼气=1∶2)可作为辅助手段[31]1C级
体位管理与早期活动18)建议采取半卧位,避免完全仰卧位[12]1A级
19)建议血流动力学稳定的病人在拔管后数小时内开始在胸骨保护下进行胸部理疗以及主动活动训练[12-13]2D级
20)早期主被动活动启动指征:心肌标志物无升高、无明显心力衰竭失代偿征兆、无新发严重心律失常或心电图改变[17]5B级
21)病情稳定后应逐步进行床上坐起、床旁站立[16]5B级
22)建议早期下床活动和主动上下肢运动训练结合以改善躯体功能[28]1C级
23)肢体运动开始为5~10 min,随后逐步延长,活动强度依据心率、血压、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率和Borg评分确定(Borg评分12~13分为宜)[16]5B级
安全性监测24)终止训练指征:经皮脉搏血氧饱和度下降>5%或<90%;心率较基线增加>20/min或>120/min;Borg评分≥15分[17]5B级
营养管理25)术后2~3 d仍不能经口摄入机体所需热量的80%时,应给予肠内营养[13]1A级
肺栓塞预防26)在机械性静脉血栓栓塞预防的基础上,采取药物预防措施,预防静脉血栓及其导致的肺栓塞[12-13]3B级
心理护理27)应考虑为病人提供心理健康教育(如目标设定、自我监测)以满足其心理健康需求,坚持身体活动[15]5B级
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体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据总结
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常晓未 , 井杰 , 罗红波 , 赵明曦 , 曹倩倩 , 叶剑书 , 王佳鑫 , 李尊柱 *, *
护理研究 | 交叉护理学研究 2026,40(14): 2482-2488
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护理研究 |交叉护理学研究 2026 , 40 (14) : 2482 -2488
体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据总结
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常晓未, 井杰, 罗红波, 赵明曦, 曹倩倩, 叶剑书, 王佳鑫, 李尊柱*, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院北京协和医院,北京 100730
通讯作者:
李尊柱,E-mail:
LI Zunzhu, E-mail:
作者简介:

常晓未,主管护师,硕士研究生

Summary of best evidence for early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery
Xiaowei CHANG, Jie JING, Hongbo LUO, Mingxi ZHAO, Qianqian CAO, Jianshu YE, Jiaxin WANG, Zunzhu LI
Affiliations
  • 1Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730 China
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.013
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目的

总结体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据,为临床实践提供支持。

方法

基于PIPOST模式构建循证问题,依据证据检索“5S”模型系统检索国内外数据库及相关网站中关于体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的文献,检索时限为建库至2025年2月28日。由2名研究者独立进行文献质量评价和证据提取。

结果

共纳入20篇文献,包括2篇临床决策、2篇指南、2篇专家共识、8篇系统评价和6篇随机对照试验,最终从多学科团队、启动时机、机械通气管理、镇静与镇痛、肺复张策略、呼吸肌训练、辅助呼吸功能训练、体位管理与早期活动、安全性监测、营养管理、肺栓塞预防、心理护理12个主题汇总27条证据。

结论

本研究总结的体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复最佳证据涵盖干预、监测与支持等环节,建议护理人员结合具体情境选择性应用,以提升呼吸康复质量。

体外循环  /  心脏手术  /  呼吸康复  /  证据总结  /  循证护理
Objective

To summarize the best evidence for early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery,and to provide support for clinical practice.

Methods

An evidence-based question was constructed based on the PIPOST model.Following the "5S" model for evidence retrieval,relevant literature on early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery was systematically searched in domestic and international databases and related websites.The search period ranged from database inception to February 28,2025.Literature quality assessment and evidence extraction were performed independently by two researchers.

Results

A total of 20 articles were included,consisting of 2 clinical decisions,2 guidelines,2 expert consensus reports,8 systematic reviews,and 6 randomized controlled trials.Finally,27 pieces of evidence were summarized across 12 themes,namely multidisciplinary team,timing of initiation,mechanical ventilation management,sedation and analgesia,lung recruitment strategies,respiratory muscle training,assisted breathing function training,positioning management and early mobilization,safety monitoring,nutritional management,pulmonary embolism prevention,and psychological care.

Conclusions

The best evidence for early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery,as summarized in this study,covers aspects such as intervention,monitoring,and support.It is recommended that nursing staff apply the evidence selectively based on the specific clinical context to improve the quality of respiratory rehabilitation.

cardiopulmonary bypass  /  cardiac surgery  /  respiratory rehabilitation  /  evidence summary  /  evidence-based nursing
常晓未, 井杰, 罗红波, 赵明曦, 曹倩倩, 叶剑书, 王佳鑫, 李尊柱. 体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据总结. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (14) : 2482 -2488 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.013
Xiaowei CHANG, Jie JING, Hongbo LUO, Mingxi ZHAO, Qianqian CAO, Jianshu YE, Jiaxin WANG, Zunzhu LI. Summary of best evidence for early postoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass cardiac surgery[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (14) : 2482 -2488 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.013
体外循环(cardiopulmonary bypass,CPB)心脏直视手术是心脏瓣膜病和冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病等多种心血管疾病的主要治疗手段之一[1],也是许多病人的最终治疗选择。尽管手术技术不断进步,但受手术创伤、人工灌注相关炎症反应及肺严重缺血-再灌注损伤等因素共同作用影响,病人术后肺部并发症(postoperative pulmonary complications,PPCs)发生率仍较高,可达50%[2-3]。已有研究结果显示,约85%的PPCs发生于术后3 d内[4-5],严重的PPCs可由最初的低氧血症发展为急性呼吸窘迫综合征,导致呼吸机撤除困难,机械通气时间和重症监护室(ICU)停留时间延长,甚至导致术后病人早期死亡。呼吸康复是改善病人肺通气功能、降低并发症发生率、缩短机械通气时间和ICU停留时间的重要康复手段,早期实施呼吸康复有利于使病人获益[6]。但目前尚未检索到针对体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的指南,而临床实践中对于早期呼吸康复的启动时机、关键措施等存在较大差异,限制了呼吸康复的规范实施。故本研究通过总结体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据,以期为临床实践提供证据支持。本研究已在复旦大学循证护理中心注册(注册号:ES20258351)且已经过我院伦理委员会批准(批件号:I-25PJ1620)。
采用PIPOST模式构建循证问题[7]。1)研究对象(population,P):体外循环心脏手术病人;2)干预措施(intervention,I):呼吸康复、肺康复措施等;3)证据实施者(professional,P):医护人员;4)结局指标(outcome,O):肺功能指标、肺部并发症发生率、ICU住院时间、机械通气时间;5)应用场所(setting,S):重症医学科;6)证据类型(type of evidence,T):临床决策、指南、专家共识、系统评价、证据总结、随机对照试验(RCT)。
依据证据检索“5S”模型,检索UpToDate、BMJ Best Practice、乔安娜布里格斯研究所(JBI)循证卫生保健数据库、国际指南协作网、英国国家卫生与保健评价研究院(National Institute for Health and Care Excellence,NICE)官网、苏格兰校际指南网(Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network,SIGN)、加拿大安大略注册护士协会(Registered-Nurses' Association of Ontario,RNAO)网站、医脉通、Cochrane Library、PubMed、Web of Science、中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据服务平台(WanFang Data)、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)、维普数据库(VIP)中有关呼吸康复的相关证据。中文检索词为:“心脏病/体外循环/心脏手术/冠状动脉旁路移植术”“肺部并发症/肺炎/肺水肿/肺不张/急性呼吸窘迫综合征”“呼吸康复/肺康复/呼吸功能锻炼/呼吸肌训练”等;英文检索词为:“heart disease/cardiopulmonary bypass/cardiac surgery”“pulmonary complications/pneumonia/pulmonary edema”“respiratory rehabilitation/pulmonary rehabilitation/respiratory function exercise/respiratory muscle training”等。采用主题词和自由词相结合的形式,针对不同数据库制定相应检索式,检索时限为建库至2025年2月28日。以PubMed为例,其检索策略如下。
#1 (heart disease[Title/Abstract] OR heart diseases[MeSH] OR cardiopulmonary bypass[MeSH] OR coronary artery bypass[MeSH] OR cardiac surgery[Title/Abstract] OR coronary heart disease[Title/Abstract] OR coronary artery bypass grafting[Title/Abstract] OR heart valve diseases[MeSH] OR valvular disease[Title/Abstract] OR coronary artery bypasses*[Title/Abstract])
#2 (pulmonary complications[Title/Abstract] OR pneumonia[MeSH] OR pulmonary edema[MeSH] OR pleural effusion[Title/Abstract] OR diaphragmatic dysfunction[Title/Abstract] OR acute respiratory distress syndrome[Title/Abstract] OR respiratory distress syndrome[MeSH])
#3 (respiratory rehabilitation[Title/Abstract] OR pulmonary rehabilitation[Title/Abstract] OR diaphragm[MeSH] OR respiratory function exercise[Title/Abstract] OR respiratory muscles[Title/Abstract] OR respiratory muscle training[Title/Abstract] OR early activity[Title/Abstract] OR inspiratory muscle training[Title/Abstract] OR lung recruitment[Title/Abstract])
#4 #1 AND #2 AND #3
纳入标准:1)研究对象为接受体外循环心脏手术的成年心脏病病人;2)研究内容涉及呼吸康复、肺康复、心肺康复、呼吸功能锻炼等;3)证据类型为国内外公开发表的临床决策、指南、专家共识、系统评价、证据总结及RCT。排除标准:1)重复发表;2)无法获取全文;3)非中英文;4)质量过低。
由2名受过循证方法培训的研究人员独立进行文献筛选和质量评价,如有分歧由第3名研究者判定。来源于UpToDate、BMJ Best Practice、JBI循证卫生保健数据库的临床决策默认为高级别证据直接纳入[8];采用指南研究与评价工具Ⅱ(the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & EvaluationⅡ,AGREE Ⅱ)对指南进行评价;采用澳大利亚JBI循证卫生保健中心真实性评价工具包(2016版)中相应的工具对专家共识、系统评价、RCT分别进行评价[9]。
由2名研究者独立进行证据提取,若2名研究者的证据提取结果不一致,则由第3名研究者判定。采用JBI证据预分级和证据推荐级别系统(2014)进行证据[10]分级,根据研究设计类型将证据等级划分为1~5级,1级为最高级别,5级为最低级别。当不同来源证据冲突时,遵循高质量证据优先、近期发表证据优先、国内指南优先的原则[11]。
共检索获得相关文献1 014篇,剔除重复文献及不符合标准文献,最终纳入文献20篇[12-31],包括2篇临床决策[12-13]、2篇指南[14-15]、2篇专家共识[16-17]、8篇系统评价[18-25]和6篇RCT[26-31]。文献筛选流程及结果见图1。
共纳入2篇临床决策[12-13],均来源于UpToDate,评定为高质量,予以纳入。
共纳入2篇指南[14-15],评价结果见表2。
共纳入2篇专家共识[16-17],其中,1篇[16]条目6“意见是否说明了与既往文献不一致的观点”评价为“不清楚”,其余条目评价为“是”;1篇[17]所有条目均评价为“是”。予以纳入。
共纳入8篇系统评价[18-25],其中,1篇[18]条目4“检索数据库或资源是否充分”评价为“否”,条目8“合并研究的方法是否恰当”评价为“不适用”,条目9“是否评估了发表偏倚的可能性”评价为“否”,其余条目均评价为“是”;3篇[19-21]条目9“是否评估了发表偏倚的可能性”评价为“否”,其余条目均评价为“是”;4篇[22-25]所有条目均评价为“是”。予以纳入。
共纳入6篇RCT[26-31],其中,1篇[26]条目2“是否采取分配隐藏”评价为“不清楚”,条目4“是否对研究对象实施盲法”和条目5“是否对干预者实施盲法”评价为“不适用”,其余条目均评价为“是”;1篇[27]条目4“是否对研究对象实施盲法”和条目5“是否对干预者实施盲法”评价为“不适用”,条目6“对结果测评者实施盲法”评价为“否”,其余条目均评价为“是”;2篇[28-29]条目4“是否对研究对象实施盲法”和条目5“是否对干预者实施盲法”评价为“不适用”,条目8“随访是否完整”评价为“否”,其余条目均评价为“是”;2篇[30-31]条目2“是否采取分配隐藏”评价为“不清楚”,条目4“是否对研究对象实施盲法”和条目5“是否对干预者实施盲法”评价为“不适用”,条目6“对结果测评者实施盲法”评价为“不清楚”,其余条目均评价为“是”。均予以纳入。
通过对提取的内容进行总结、分析和整合,最终从多学科团队、启动时机、机械通气管理、镇静与镇痛、肺复张策略、呼吸肌训练、辅助呼吸功能训练、体位管理与早期活动、安全性监测、营养管理、肺栓塞预防、心理护理12个主题中汇总27条证据,见表3。
本研究基于PIPOST模型,聚焦体外循环心脏手术病人,系统整合来自临床决策、指南、专家共识、系统评价及RCT的多层次证据,证据经过严格质量评价,并按照权威工具的指导进行分级,确保其科学性与可靠性。证据内容不仅涵盖呼吸康复的干预评估、训练方法、安全性监测全过程,且明确了呼吸康复早期启动时机,为康复训练提供了具体参数与安全监测指标,可为临床构建系统化、结构化的呼吸康复方案提供参考。
体外循环心脏手术病人具有病情复杂、并发症发生风险较高的特点,本研究强调了多学科协作在呼吸康复中的重要价值,证据1明确呼吸康复应由涵盖医疗、护理、康复、呼吸治疗等多个专业领域成员的团队协同实施。多学科团队协作有利于确保在安全前提下落实规范、有效的干预措施。术后3 d是PPCs的集中高发期,基于此本研究总结了具有明确靶向性的关键证据。证据2建议术后24 h内启动早期呼吸康复,与Hickmann等[32]的理念一致,可解决既往研究对于早期这一时间节点定义模糊的问题,有利于避免临床实践中因时机把握不清导致的康复延迟。值得注意的是,启动时机需在对病人个体情况进行全面评估的基础上灵活把握、尽早启动适合病人的康复活动,并非简单参照。
肺保护性通气策略能够减少呼吸机相关性肺损伤,并为呼吸康复提供基础条件。体外循环心脏手术病人多受疼痛困扰,导致呼吸幅度减小或康复依从性降低,精准、有效的镇痛、镇静是康复的前提。呼吸肌训练可有效改善膈肌功能障碍问题,早期活动则是促进整体功能恢复的主要驱动力。证据3~23总结了呼吸康复的肺保护性通气策略、镇静与镇痛、呼吸肌训练、辅助呼吸功能训练及早期活动等证据,并在方法、频率、时间等细节上给出具体参考。这些措施对病人的血流动力学等条件提出了更高要求,在实施过程中必须谨慎评估,根据病人耐受程度动态调整康复训练强度与内容,落实分级、分阶段、循序渐进、由被动到主动的康复训练原则[33]。
体外循环心脏术后早期呼吸康复与病房康复或综合康复不同,其特殊性在于病人可能在尚未完全清醒或仍处于机械通气阶段就接受康复干预。因此,在康复训练过程中要密切观察病人生命体征,若出现不宜继续训练的指征,应及时中止并给予积极处理[34]。证据24总结了安全监测指标可为康复过程提供客观、可操作的安全保障,有利于提高康复锻炼依从性。此外,营养管理、肺栓塞预防和心理护理是呼吸康复的重要组成部分,亦需给予重视。
本研究总结了体外循环心脏手术病人术后早期呼吸康复的最佳证据,涵盖多学科团队、启动时机、机械通气管理、镇静与镇痛、肺复张策略、呼吸肌训练、辅助呼吸功能训练、体位管理与早期活动、安全性监测、营养管理、肺栓塞预防、心理护理等内容,证据内容可靠,临床适用性强。然而,在应用证据时仍需结合具体场景与病人个体差异进行调整,以确保其可行性和有效性。本研究的主要局限在于仅聚焦了术后早期阶段,且纳入的原始研究在方法学质量上存在不足。未来可进一步将本研究证据转化为可实施的呼吸康复方案,并在临床情境中验证其可行性与有效性。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.013
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
  • 修回日期:2026-06-13
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    1中国医学科学院北京协和医院,北京 100730

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李尊柱,E-mail:
LI Zunzhu, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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