Article(id=1322929580838891567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1753027200000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-21, revisedDate=1776787200000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340590914, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1784908800000, pubDateStr=2026-07-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340590914, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340590914, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340590914, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322929547464815391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='14', pageStart='2385', pageEnd='2576', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1784908800000', pubDateStr='2026-07-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340582958, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343111003, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940150912790807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940150912790808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929547464815391, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2566, endPage=2571, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322929581136687152, articleId=1322929580838891567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on social integration of children with autism spectrum disorder, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The status quo,influencing factors,assessment tools,and intervention strategies for social integration of children with autism spectrum disorder were reviewed.The limitations of current research and recommendations were proposed.So as to provide a reference for improving the level of social inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder.

, authors=Qianrong MA1, Shujuan LIU2, Jingrui WANG1, Ying ZHANG1, Xiaojie GONG1, authorsList=Qianrong MA, Shujuan LIU, Jingrui WANG, Ying ZHANG, Xiaojie GONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shujuan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322929583183507505, articleId=1322929580838891567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=孤独症谱系障碍患儿社会融合研究进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对孤独症谱系障碍患儿的社会融合现状、影响因素、评估工具及干预策略等方面内容进行综述,提出目前研究的不足及建议,以期为提高孤独症谱系障碍患儿的社会融合水平提供参考。

, authors=马千蓉1, 刘淑娟2, *, *, 王婧瑞1, 张滢1, 公晓洁1, authorsList=马千蓉, 刘淑娟, 王婧瑞, 张滢, 公晓洁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘淑娟, authorNote=

马千蓉,护士,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
刘淑娟,E-mail:
LIU Shujuan, E-mail:
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马千蓉,护士,硕士研究生

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马千蓉,护士,硕士研究生

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孤独症谱系障碍患儿社会融合研究进展
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马千蓉 1 , 刘淑娟 2, *, * , 王婧瑞 1 , 张滢 1 , 公晓洁 1
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(14): 2566-2571
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (14) : 2566 -2571
孤独症谱系障碍患儿社会融合研究进展
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马千蓉1, 刘淑娟2, *, * , 王婧瑞1, 张滢1, 公晓洁1
作者信息
  • 1山东中医药大学护理学院,山东 250399
  • 2山东中医药大学附属医院
通讯作者:
刘淑娟,E-mail:
LIU Shujuan, E-mail:
作者简介:

马千蓉,护士,硕士研究生

Research progress on social integration of children with autism spectrum disorder
Qianrong MA1, Shujuan LIU2 , Jingrui WANG1, Ying ZHANG1, Xiaojie GONG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong 250399 China
  • 2Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
出版时间: 2026-07-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.026
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对孤独症谱系障碍患儿的社会融合现状、影响因素、评估工具及干预策略等方面内容进行综述,提出目前研究的不足及建议,以期为提高孤独症谱系障碍患儿的社会融合水平提供参考。

孤独症谱系障碍  /  儿童  /  社会融合  /  影响因素  /  评估工具  /  综述

The status quo,influencing factors,assessment tools,and intervention strategies for social integration of children with autism spectrum disorder were reviewed.The limitations of current research and recommendations were proposed.So as to provide a reference for improving the level of social inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder.

autism spectrum disorder  /  children  /  social integration  /  influencing factor  /  assessment tool  /  review
马千蓉, 刘淑娟, 王婧瑞, 张滢, 公晓洁. 孤独症谱系障碍患儿社会融合研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (14) : 2566 -2571 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.026
Qianrong MA, Shujuan LIU, Jingrui WANG, Ying ZHANG, Xiaojie GONG. Research progress on social integration of children with autism spectrum disorder[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (14) : 2566 -2571 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.026
孤独症谱系障碍(autism spectrum disorder,ASD)是一种复杂的神经发育性障碍,以持续存在的社会交往困境、兴趣范围狭窄及重复刻板行为为主要特征,给家庭及社会带来沉重负担[1]。全球流行病学2021年调查数据显示,ASD患病人数已达7 800万例,约占全球人口总数的1%~2%[2]。Zhou等[3]于2014—2016年的调查数据显示,我国6~12岁儿童ASD患病率为0.70%,且呈逐年递增趋势。潘晓巍等[4]研究结果显示,截至2021年,我国12岁以下ASD患儿总数可达200万例,居儿童精神类疾病之首。受疾病特征影响,ASD患儿的社会参与度低于健康同龄人乃至其他残疾儿童[5],社会融合(social integration)问题已成为ASD患儿的重要议题[6]。社会融合指个体融入社会群体,被接纳、认可并获得相应社会支持的过程[7],良好的社会融合能在一定程度上促进ASD患儿身心健康发展。现对ASD患儿的社会融合现状、影响因素、评估工具及干预策略进行综述,以期为进一步提升其社会融合水平提供理论参考与实践依据。
社会融合的概念最早由社会学家Durkheim等[8]提出,指人们在社区中的相互联系与互动。我国学者还将社会融合译为社会融入及社会整合等[9]。欧盟2003年报告将社会融合定义为个体通过生产活动、社会关系、社区参与和休闲活动等方式融入社会的过程,并将以上4个维度作为社会融合的核心属性[10]。我国不同学科对社会融合的理论阐释不同,心理学领域将其定义为个体融入群体的过程[11];社会学领域聚焦于移民群体文化认同的动态过程[12];护理学领域将其定义为个体对功能障碍的康复及适应过程[13],同时也是促进慢性病病人社会功能重建的关键目标[14]。已有研究表明,高水平的社会融合能显著改善个体健康结局,提升主观幸福感,凸显了其在健康促进领域的重要实践价值[15-16]。
ASD患儿因社交沟通障碍和重复刻板行为,易面临社会孤立风险,影响其社会融合水平。已有研究结果显示,ASD患儿社区活动参与度低于健康同龄儿童及其他残障患儿,可能与其特有的神经机制及交往模式有关[5]。在神经机制方面,ASD患儿处理社交信息时眶额皮质、颞顶联合区和镜像神经元系统等关键脑区激活水平较低,导致其社交意图理解困难[17],影响其社会活动的参与情况。昝飞[18]研究发现,ASD患儿常表现出非典型社交模式,如社交发起困难、共同注意缺失、情感共享能力受限等。此外,付忠莲[19]研究表明,ASD患儿在语言功能方面存在显著的发育迟滞,具体表现为代词混淆、语法结构异常及语用能力缺陷。以上问题均会对ASD患儿社会融合产生不良影响。
社会融合是社会排斥的对立面,ASD患儿所经历的社会孤立与社会排斥会阻碍其社会融合。已有研究发现,ASD患儿所经历的社会孤立与社会排斥会随着年龄增长加剧[20-21],原因可能与儿童成长发育过程中社交互动的复杂性逐渐增加,而ASD患儿的高级社交技能相对缺乏,导致其社交障碍有关。尽管ASD患儿的社会互动能力也会随年龄增长有所提高[22-23],但其与健康儿童在社交模式上仍存在差异,且这种差异可能随年龄增长而逐渐扩大[24]。因此,年龄对ASD患儿社会融合的影响不容忽视。在ASD患儿成长早期实施针对性干预,可有效改善其社会孤立状态,进而提升社会融入水平。
ASD患儿表现出的流涎症、社交沟通障碍、联想思维缺陷以及攻击或自伤行为等疾病特征,会严重阻碍其社会网络构建、人际沟通及社会参与,从而降低其社会融合能力[25]。已有研究指出,ASD患儿在社交互动过程中难以识别自身及他人情绪,无法进行有效的情感沟通,导致其社交沟通困难,进而影响其社会融合[26]。故应基于ASD患儿的特征和需求,开展针对性的社交技能教育与培训。
社会认知是指对社会信息的感知和解释,涵盖社会感知、情绪识别和心智理论等核心维度[27]。Morrison等[28]研究表明,ASD患儿及青年在社会感知、情绪识别和心智理论3个方面的评分均低于神经典型发育个体。ASD患儿社会认知能力与同龄人存在差异,不仅会加剧其与同龄人间的社会隔离,还可能制约其社交能力的发展,成为患儿社会融合的核心障碍。提示医护人员在关注ASD患儿疾病治疗的同时,也需注重提升其自身能力及环境支持,促进社会接纳。
家庭经济状况、照顾者态度以及父母的自我效能感是影响ASD患儿社会融合的重要因素。Akpeke等[29]研究表明,ASD患儿家庭因患儿的特殊需求,在医疗康复、教育投入及日常生活方面承受着巨大的经济压力。这些多维经济负担相互叠加,不仅会加剧家庭经济困境,更可能因资源获取受限而间接阻碍儿童的康复进程与社会融合。家庭是ASD患儿成长发展的核心环境,照顾者的态度与行为对患儿社会融合至关重要。照顾者应通过理解、接纳和积极引导帮助ASD患儿建立起对自我及外部世界的信任感,为其社会融合奠定基础[30]。此外,针对ASD患儿家长的研究表明,ASD患儿父母在长期照顾及经济负担中面临着较大压力,父母的压力水平与其自我效能感呈负相关,父母的自我效能感降低会影响患儿的学校参与情况,进而在一定程度上影响患儿的社会融合[31]。提示医护人员在制订护理评估和干预计划时,需充分考虑家庭经济负担及其对资源可及性的限制。同时,加强与ASD患儿家庭照顾者的交流,帮助其了解家庭环境对患儿社会融合的重要性,并通过心理疏导提高患儿父母的自我效能感。
物理环境与公众态度是ASD患儿社会融合的重要影响因素。Law等[32]研究表明,噪声、灯光过强、人群过多等感官刺激是ASD患儿社会融合的主要障碍,可能导致其因感官超负荷而回避社会活动。此外,由于社交和行为障碍,ASD患儿常面临欺凌、孤立和歧视,甚至经历长期的社会排斥与社会隔离[33]。公众对ASD患儿的态度会一定程度上影响患儿的社会融合。提示医护人员在护理工作中应评估患儿所处的物理环境,避免过度的感官刺激。同时,应加强对ASD患儿疾病特征的宣教,让公众给予ASD患儿接纳与支持。
王帅有等[34]指出,社区融合与社会融合在概念上既有关联也存在区别,社区融合是社会融合的浓缩与最终归宿。CIQ由Willer等[35]于1993年编制,用于评估个体社区融合水平。该问卷包含家庭融入、社交融入和生产力3个维度,共15个条目,得分越高反映社区融合功能越好。Callaway等[36]于2016年基于电子社交网络的影响对原量表进行修订,形成社区融合问卷-修订版(CIQ-R),CIQ-R新增“电子社交网络”维度,共4个维度、18个条目。CIQ条目适中、易于理解且填写耗时短,是评估社区融合最广泛的工具之一,通过测量病人社区融合水平可间接了解其社会融合状况。但该问卷侧重于客观层面的评估,对心理层面的考量不足,且其条目选项未进行标准化处理。
SII是Craig障碍评估和报告技术(Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique,CHART)的子量表[37],用于评估病人的社会融合水平。该量表包含家庭构成、浪漫参与、亲属联系数量、商业伙伴及朋友数量、与陌生人发起对话的频率5个维度。总分0~100分,得分越低表示社会融合水平越低。目前,该量表尚无专门针对ASD患儿的中文版本。未来有必要进行本土化调试并验证其信效度,以进一步验证SII在我国ASD患儿中的适用性。
ASD患儿和青少年的生活质量量表由Gómez等[38]开发,包括情感健康、物质健康、身体健康、个人发展、权利、自主性、人际关系及社会融合8个分量表,其中,社会融合分量表是目前用于评估ASD患儿社会融合水平的重要工具,该分量表共12个条目,由熟悉ASD患儿情况的人员根据患儿实际表现进行评估,采用Likert 4级评分法,从“从不”到“总是”依次计1~4分,得分越高表示社会融合越好;该分量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.88,信效度良好。吉彬彬等[33]于2025年对ASD患儿和青少年的生活质量量表社会融合分量表进行翻译和修订。修订版分量表包含社区参与、社交活动、环境适应性3个维度,其Cronbach's α系数为0.872,重测信度为0.846,具有良好信效度,可用于评估我国ASD患儿社会融合水平。
SIS由Secker等[39]编制,旨在评估心理健康服务使用者的社会融合水平。原版量表包含社会孤立、社会关系和社会接纳3个维度,共20个条目,采用Likert 4级评分法,1分表示“非常不符合”,4分表示“非常符合”,其中条目1、条目7、条目12、条目13、条目18为反向计分,得分越高表示社会融合状况越好。Cordier等[40]认为,SIS是评估社会融合的重要工具,并验证了其在ASD患儿父母中的有效性。吉彬彬等[41]于2024年对SIS进行翻译和修订,中文版SIS包含社会接触、社会接纳、活动参与和主观感受4个维度,共19个条目,由ASD患儿父母进行自评,总分越高表明社会融合水平越好;该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.870,重测信度为0.823,具有良好信效度。SIS目前多用于评估ASD患儿父母的社会融合水平,对ASD患儿社会融合的评估存在一定局限性。
ASD患儿的核心症状是其社会融合不良的关键影响因素,通过改善核心症状、提升社交沟通能力,促进其社会融合是临床护理工作的重要目标之一。改善沟通能力是促进社会融合的核心,良好的沟通及表达能力是ASD患儿实现社会融合的重要前提。已有研究表明,ASD患儿在信息加工过程中存在视觉偏好[42],利用视觉支持策略提升沟通能力是有效的干预途径。图片交换沟通系统(picture exchange communication system,PECS)是一种以图片为媒介,引导儿童进行有效沟通的训练方法[43]。已有研究表明,PECS联合康复护理能改善ASD患儿的语言理解与表达能力,提高其社交沟通水平,并对认知和行为产生积极影响[43-44]。且PECS训练操作灵活,不受时间、空间限制,医护人员可向患儿照护者传授相关经验,便于在家庭环境中持续开展训练。同时,视觉疗愈通过提供图画影像信息可以有效改善ASD患儿语言理解及表达障碍[45]。此外,康复护理本身也是促进ASD患儿社会融合的关键手段之一。杨娟等[46]针对ASD患儿开展随机对照试验,在常规护理的基础上增加康复护理干预内容,包括制订个体化的康复计划、实施认知行为疗法、开展姿势性语言的学习和表情动作的理解、进行语言障碍训练等,结果表明,康复护理能有效缓解患儿核心症状的严重程度,减轻其心理障碍,并提升其行为能力及社会适应能力。范晶晶等[47]将68例ASD患儿作为研究对象,对照组采用常规的护理模式,干预组采用综合护理模式,结果表明,综合护理干预模式能改善患儿沟通能力及行为模式,减轻患儿心理障碍,促进患儿社会融合。行为训练是缓解ASD患儿核心症状,改善交流沟通,促进社会融合的有效手段[48]。建议在临床和家庭护理中,系统性地应用PECS、视觉疗愈等视觉支持策略作为改善ASD患儿沟通理解和表达能力的核心干预手段。同时,将康复护理理念与方法深度整合至ASD患儿的常规护理及家庭干预计划中,以综合改善其核心症状。此外,由于ASD干预的长期性和复杂性,需加强对ASD患儿照顾者的宣教与支持,避免因长期照护倦怠而放弃干预。
家庭护理干预是促进ASD患儿社会融合的关键环节之一。家庭是ASD患儿成长的主要环境,其干预效果直接影响患儿康复进程。以家庭为中心的早期干预策略可以通过将干预方法融入患儿日常生活,有效缓解核心症状,促进其社会融合[49]。1)应用行为分析疗法(applied-behavior-analysis,ABA)是目前针对ASD患儿且被广泛认可的一种干预方法[50]。李春芳等[51]采用ABA联合家庭护理对ASD患儿进行干预,包括制订个性化计划、实施ABA训练、开展家庭护理指导、进行持续监测及效果反馈,结果表明,该联合干预方法可以改善患儿的社交、感知与认知、表达及语言沟通能力,提升其社会融合水平。2)早期介入丹佛模式(ESDM)以儿童的兴趣为导向,制订针对性计划,全面发展其语言、游戏、社会交往等技能[52]。闫莉等[53-54]研究表明,家属参与下的ESDM密集训练可改善ASD患儿的社交行为,减轻核心症状严重程度。3)社会支持对于推动ASD患儿社会融合至关重要[55],其中,同伴支持作为社会支持的一种形式,是改善其社会交往能力的有效途径。已有研究表明,同伴支持干预能减少ASD患儿的社会疏离感,促进其与普通儿童间的积极互动,改善其社交沟通障碍,提升其社会融合能力[56-57]。提示应确立家庭在ASD患儿干预中的主导地位,将ABA、ESDM融入患儿的日常生活中,并对患儿照顾者进行系统培训及长期随访。同时,积极构建同伴支持网络,加强ASD患儿与其同伴之间的交流与沟通。此外,医护人员应加强多学科合作,为家庭护理、同伴支持等提供持续的专业指导,保证干预的持续性和有效性。
传统干预方式常面临个体化差异大、治疗周期长、经济和精神负担沉重等问题。与之相比,数字干预技术具有一定优势,可有效促进ASD患儿社交技能发展和社会融合。1)实体交互技术:柴雅晴[58]在分析现有项目的基础上,创建了基于实体交互技术的新型干预项目。该项目通过精心设计的动画引导ASD患儿自然融入环境并进行全身交互,有利于改善患儿康复体验,增强其社会参与信心,促进社会融合。2)虚拟现实(VR)和增强现实(AR):Astafeva等[59]研究发现,基于VR和AR技术的治疗方法能够帮助无认知障碍的ASD患儿在社交沟通技能方面展现出更高水平的适应能力。Lee[60]利用AR技术使虚拟角色能实时生成适配不同性别特征和卡通形象的、全方位的自然肢体语言及面部表情,以供ASD患儿学习模仿,结果表明,该技术能提升ASD患儿的社交互动技能,有效缓解其在真人互动中常伴随的恐惧与焦虑情绪,从而助力其更好地融入社会。3)体感游戏:任青[61]的研究表明,在传统综合治疗基础上接受体感游戏康复治疗的患儿,社交障碍、日常生活能力及异常情绪行为等方面改善效果显著,与王丽霞[62]研究结果相似。4)社交机器人:生成式聊天机器人的兴起为ASD患儿的社会融合提供了新的思路。Chung等[63]研究表明,机器人干预项目能有效提升ASD患儿的社会沟通和参与度,机器人干预组患儿在沟通、社交行为和社交反应性方面均有显著改善。未来,人工智能辅助系统的开发与应用是重要方向。应着力整合可穿戴设备、智能APP、社交机器人等技术载体,并融合AR与视觉支持等内容,构建综合干预方案,系统性地辅助ASD患儿提升社交技能,推动其社会融合进程。同时,在推广应用过程中医护人员需高度重视患儿隐私保护,切实保障患儿及其家庭的信息安全。
1)目前,我国社会融合的研究多集中于老年人群及癌症病人,针对ASD患儿社会融合的研究相对较少,且多聚焦于社会参与、社交障碍等,社会融合研究不足,可能与ASD患儿社会融合的概念内涵尚未统一有关。2)ASD患儿社会融合的评估工具是评价ASD患儿社会融合的基础。目前社会融合的普适性量表较多,针对ASD患儿的特异性量表较少,且以国外研究者开发为主,我国成熟的评估工具较少。3)早期有效干预是改善ASD患儿疾病特征、提高其社会融合的重要因素。但我国实施的以家庭为中心的干预措施缺乏系统的干预流程与评估标准,干预质量无法保证。未来建议研究者通过对ASD患儿的社会融合进行概念分析,进一步明确其在护理领域的概念内涵;结合我国ASD患儿的特点,开发护理人员主导的符合我国ASD患儿特质的评估工具;构建结构化的家庭护理干预方案及居家护理培训手册,探索护士主导或参与的远程护理支持模式。
本研究从ASD患儿社会融合现状、影响因素、评估工具及干预策略等方面进行综述,总结我国社会融合研究中存在的不足,包括缺乏统一的概念内涵、本土化的评估工具以及系统性的干预流程和标准。我国关于ASD患儿社会融合的研究尚处于起步阶段,需参考已有经验开展相关研究,以提高ASD患儿社会融合水平。

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2026年第40卷第14期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.14.026
  • 接收时间:2025-07-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-07-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-21
  • 修回日期:2026-04-22
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    1山东中医药大学护理学院,山东 250399
    2山东中医药大学附属医院

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刘淑娟,E-mail:
LIU Shujuan, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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