Article(id=1322929526967251630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=1778169600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340578071, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340578071, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340578071, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340578071, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322929431592972373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='15', pageStart='2577', pageEnd='2768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340555332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343107287, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940135335145743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940135335145744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2652, endPage=2658, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322929527369904815, articleId=1322929526967251630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Conceptual analysis of disability stigma, columnId=1322165051855843964, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Theoretical Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To systematically analyze the conceptual connotation,attributes,antecedents,and consequences of disability stigma by using the Rodgers evolutionary concept analysis method,in order to construct its theoretical framework and to provide a basis for developing assessment tools and intervention strategies in the nursing field.

Methods

A systematic search of Chinese and English databases such as CNKI,WanFang Database,VIP Database,CBM,PubMed,EBSCO,Web of Science,EMbase,Scopus,etc.,were conducted.Following the structured procedures of Rodgers' method,the concept of disability stigma was conceptual analysised by examining its evolution,defining attributes,antecedents,consequences,and model cases.

Results

Four defining attributes of disability stigma were identified:derogatory identity representation,labeling stereotypes,social alienation and rejection,and structural power imbalance.Its antecedents originate from public attitudes and self-perception,while its consequences encompass health-related social withdrawal,negative physical and psychological outcomes,impaired family functioning,occupational rehabilitation barriers,and diminished overall well-being.

Conclusion

Disability stigma constitutes a dynamic process,socio-culturally constructed and reinforced through interpersonal interactions and institutional arrangements,which severely constrains the health outcomes and social participation of individuals with disabilities.The theoretical framework established in this study facilitates a deeper understanding of disability stigma from a nursing perspective,providing a valuable reference for developing multi-level,interdisciplinary anti-stigma interventions and advancing health equity policies.

, authors=Zhiqi LI, Mengmeng WANG, Wenqian ZHU, Meixiang JIN, Lihua JIN, authorsList=Zhiqi LI, Mengmeng WANG, Wenqian ZHU, Meixiang JIN, Lihua JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lihua JIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322929529576108723, articleId=1322929526967251630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=残疾污名的概念分析, columnId=1322165052220748414, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=理论研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

运用Rodgers演化概念分析法系统剖析残疾污名的概念内涵、属性、前因与后果,以构建其理论框架,为护理领域开发评估工具和干预策略提供依据。

方法

系统检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、EBSCO、Web of Science、EMbase、Scopus等中英文数据库,遵循Rodgers概念分析法的结构化流程,从概念演化、定义属性、前因后果及典型案例方面对残疾污名进行概念分析。

结果

界定残疾污名的4个核心属性为贬损性身份标记、标签化刻板认知、社会性疏离排斥与结构性权力失衡。其前因源于公众态度与自我认知,后果涵盖健康相关社交退缩、负性身心结局、家庭功能受损、职业康复困境及整体福祉下降。

结论

残疾污名是一个由社会文化建构、经人际互动与制度安排强化的动态过程,严重制约残疾人的健康结局与社会参与。本研究构建的理论框架有助于从护理学视角深化对残疾污名的理解,为制定跨学科反污名干预策略及推动健康公平政策提供参考。

, authors=李枳七, 王梦梦, 朱文倩, 金美香, 金丽花*, *, authorsList=李枳七, 王梦梦, 朱文倩, 金美香, 金丽花, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=金丽花, authorNote=

李枳七,护士,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
金丽花,E-mail:
JIN Lihua, E-mail:
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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929526967251630, language=CN, label=图1, caption=残疾污名概念框架图, figureFileSmall=tr6nCeLnnYzYQERKlN3hUg==, figureFileBig=n/FjZIklNoxhzty/vjVgpA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929534122734300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929526967251630, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Development overview of concept of disability stigma

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
演进阶段时间代表人物/来源核心概念焦点与贡献
概念源起古希腊时期古希腊语Stigma[11]奴隶或罪犯身体上的可见标记视污名为制度化可见标记,核心功能是社会分层、控制与排斥
中国古代(先秦)《管子·中匡》[12]入者不说,出者不誉,污名满天下从道德伦理阐释,强调越规致恶名
理论奠基1963年Goffman[13]污名:个体的丢脸特征,使其从完整平常人沦为被玷污者聚焦受损社会身份及人际互动管理,奠定污名研究微观社会学基础
社会模型与动态化1970年—2001年残疾社会模式[14]、世界卫生组织(WHO)国际功能、残疾和健康分类(ICF)框架[15-16]残疾:社会支持缺失或健康状况与个体、环境动态交互的结果确立生物-心理-社会综合模型,提供多维度理解残疾与污名的统一框架
1995年Alonzo等[17]污名:随疾病进程动态演变的社会体验,系统性限制个体生命机会从静态特质论转向动态过程论,深化污名与疾病互动的理解
1988年、1992年Mehta等[18]、Birenbaum[19]连带污名:因与受污名者存在社会关联而间接承受的污名化影响将Goffman理论构想操作化为实证模型
2001年Link等[6]污名:以权力为核心,含贴标签、刻板印象、区隔、地位丧失和歧视的动态社会过程揭示污名作为优势群体的社会控制过程
心理内化与多维化2002年、2005年Corrigan等[20]、Corrigan等[21]公众污名:群体层面的刻板印象、偏见与歧视
自我污名:个体内化公众负面观点的过程
奠定污名内在化理论基础,将研究视角从社会反应延伸至个体心理过程
2007年Yang等[22]污名是通过道德-躯体/情感双维度作用的主体间互动过程本质是道德体验,并结合中美精神疾病污名案例验证理论
当代扩展与制度解构2013年彭芸爽等[23]可隐匿污名:可隐藏、暴露后招致社会贬损的身份属性揭示披露-隐藏决策困境及心理资源损耗
2014年陶鹏[24]媒介污名:通过报道或传播某一特定群体、事物的负面信息实施污名,改变社会公众对其原有的印象提示媒介污名与公众、自我污名的三维解读框架
2017年关文军等[25]残疾污名:由分类排斥、话语符号暴力、制度区隔组成将残疾污名焦点转向对社会规范的解构与制度的重塑
), ArticleFig(id=1322929534202426077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929526967251630, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

残疾污名概念发展概况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
演进阶段时间代表人物/来源核心概念焦点与贡献
概念源起古希腊时期古希腊语Stigma[11]奴隶或罪犯身体上的可见标记视污名为制度化可见标记,核心功能是社会分层、控制与排斥
中国古代(先秦)《管子·中匡》[12]入者不说,出者不誉,污名满天下从道德伦理阐释,强调越规致恶名
理论奠基1963年Goffman[13]污名:个体的丢脸特征,使其从完整平常人沦为被玷污者聚焦受损社会身份及人际互动管理,奠定污名研究微观社会学基础
社会模型与动态化1970年—2001年残疾社会模式[14]、世界卫生组织(WHO)国际功能、残疾和健康分类(ICF)框架[15-16]残疾:社会支持缺失或健康状况与个体、环境动态交互的结果确立生物-心理-社会综合模型,提供多维度理解残疾与污名的统一框架
1995年Alonzo等[17]污名:随疾病进程动态演变的社会体验,系统性限制个体生命机会从静态特质论转向动态过程论,深化污名与疾病互动的理解
1988年、1992年Mehta等[18]、Birenbaum[19]连带污名:因与受污名者存在社会关联而间接承受的污名化影响将Goffman理论构想操作化为实证模型
2001年Link等[6]污名:以权力为核心,含贴标签、刻板印象、区隔、地位丧失和歧视的动态社会过程揭示污名作为优势群体的社会控制过程
心理内化与多维化2002年、2005年Corrigan等[20]、Corrigan等[21]公众污名:群体层面的刻板印象、偏见与歧视
自我污名:个体内化公众负面观点的过程
奠定污名内在化理论基础,将研究视角从社会反应延伸至个体心理过程
2007年Yang等[22]污名是通过道德-躯体/情感双维度作用的主体间互动过程本质是道德体验,并结合中美精神疾病污名案例验证理论
当代扩展与制度解构2013年彭芸爽等[23]可隐匿污名:可隐藏、暴露后招致社会贬损的身份属性揭示披露-隐藏决策困境及心理资源损耗
2014年陶鹏[24]媒介污名:通过报道或传播某一特定群体、事物的负面信息实施污名,改变社会公众对其原有的印象提示媒介污名与公众、自我污名的三维解读框架
2017年关文军等[25]残疾污名:由分类排斥、话语符号暴力、制度区隔组成将残疾污名焦点转向对社会规范的解构与制度的重塑
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残疾污名的概念分析
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李枳七 , 王梦梦 , 朱文倩 , 金美香 , 金丽花 *, *
护理研究 | 理论研究 2026,40(15): 2652-2658
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护理研究 |理论研究 2026 , 40 (15) : 2652 -2658
残疾污名的概念分析
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李枳七, 王梦梦, 朱文倩, 金美香, 金丽花*, *
作者信息
  • 1延边大学护理学院,吉林 133002
通讯作者:
金丽花,E-mail:
JIN Lihua, E-mail:
作者简介:

李枳七,护士,硕士研究生在读

Conceptual analysis of disability stigma
Zhiqi LI, Mengmeng WANG, Wenqian ZHU, Meixiang JIN, Lihua JIN
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Yanbian University, Jilin 133002 China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.010
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目的

运用Rodgers演化概念分析法系统剖析残疾污名的概念内涵、属性、前因与后果,以构建其理论框架,为护理领域开发评估工具和干预策略提供依据。

方法

系统检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、EBSCO、Web of Science、EMbase、Scopus等中英文数据库,遵循Rodgers概念分析法的结构化流程,从概念演化、定义属性、前因后果及典型案例方面对残疾污名进行概念分析。

结果

界定残疾污名的4个核心属性为贬损性身份标记、标签化刻板认知、社会性疏离排斥与结构性权力失衡。其前因源于公众态度与自我认知,后果涵盖健康相关社交退缩、负性身心结局、家庭功能受损、职业康复困境及整体福祉下降。

结论

残疾污名是一个由社会文化建构、经人际互动与制度安排强化的动态过程,严重制约残疾人的健康结局与社会参与。本研究构建的理论框架有助于从护理学视角深化对残疾污名的理解,为制定跨学科反污名干预策略及推动健康公平政策提供参考。

残疾污名  /  概念分析  /  残疾人  /  护理  /  理论模型
Objective

To systematically analyze the conceptual connotation,attributes,antecedents,and consequences of disability stigma by using the Rodgers evolutionary concept analysis method,in order to construct its theoretical framework and to provide a basis for developing assessment tools and intervention strategies in the nursing field.

Methods

A systematic search of Chinese and English databases such as CNKI,WanFang Database,VIP Database,CBM,PubMed,EBSCO,Web of Science,EMbase,Scopus,etc.,were conducted.Following the structured procedures of Rodgers' method,the concept of disability stigma was conceptual analysised by examining its evolution,defining attributes,antecedents,consequences,and model cases.

Results

Four defining attributes of disability stigma were identified:derogatory identity representation,labeling stereotypes,social alienation and rejection,and structural power imbalance.Its antecedents originate from public attitudes and self-perception,while its consequences encompass health-related social withdrawal,negative physical and psychological outcomes,impaired family functioning,occupational rehabilitation barriers,and diminished overall well-being.

Conclusion

Disability stigma constitutes a dynamic process,socio-culturally constructed and reinforced through interpersonal interactions and institutional arrangements,which severely constrains the health outcomes and social participation of individuals with disabilities.The theoretical framework established in this study facilitates a deeper understanding of disability stigma from a nursing perspective,providing a valuable reference for developing multi-level,interdisciplinary anti-stigma interventions and advancing health equity policies.

disability stigma  /  conceptual analysis  /  persons with disabilities  /  nursing  /  theoretical model
李枳七, 王梦梦, 朱文倩, 金美香, 金丽花. 残疾污名的概念分析. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (15) : 2652 -2658 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.010
Zhiqi LI, Mengmeng WANG, Wenqian ZHU, Meixiang JIN, Lihua JIN. Conceptual analysis of disability stigma[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (15) : 2652 -2658 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.010
随着平等、参与、共享的理念日益成为社会共识,残疾人在各领域的融入程度不断提升。然而,残疾仍常被赋予负面标签,由此产生的残疾污名已成为阻碍其社会融合与健康公平的核心问题之一[1]。全球残疾人口超过13亿人[2],我国残疾人总数也已超过8 500万人[3]。且在人口老龄化背景下,残疾发生率持续攀升,残疾人群的多样性和复杂性愈发显著,使得相关污名问题尤为突出。研究显示,残疾人多处于社会边缘地位,更容易遭受歧视与排斥,属于受污名化影响最严重的群体之一[4]。污名化不仅阻碍残疾人实现基本人权和社会参与[5],更对其自我发展构成持续挑战。
目前,残疾污名研究已成为多学科交叉领域的热点,但概念层面仍存在界定不清、结构模糊、学科理解分歧等挑战[6-7]。具体而言,概念常被简单等同于社会歧视,其内在机制与多维结构阐释不足;相关概念分散,缺乏系统整合,制约了理论创新与实践推进[7-8]。在护理实践中,残疾污名影响突出。护理人员与病人接触密切,其态度和行为直接影响残疾人健康结局与就医体验。护理人员常因刻板认知简化对残疾的评估程序,未提供充分的健康信息支持[9]。此类隐性偏见不仅损害护患信任,也加剧了健康不平等[10]。因此,从护理学角度系统解构残疾污名,对提升护理质量、建设包容性健康环境具有重要现实意义。
为弥补上述理论缺口,本研究采用Rodgers演化概念分析法,该方法适合于分析概念的动态演变,与护理学强调的“人-环境-健康”交互理念相契合。通过整合社会学、心理学与护理学理论,本研究旨在系统澄清残疾污名的概念结构,为开发护理评估工具、制订反污名干预策略提供理论基础,进而推动护理人员在促进健康公平与社会融合中发挥更积极作用。
采用主题词与自由词相结合的方式,检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献服务系统、PubMed、EBSCO、Web of Science、EMbase、Scopus等数据库,同时查阅文献的参考文献作为补充。中文检索词:“残疾”“残障”“污名”“污名化”“病耻感”等;英文检索词:“disability”“disabled persons”“impairment”“stigma”“stigmatization”“social stigma”“self stigma”“shame”“labeling”等。检索时限为数据库建库至2025年3月1日。文献纳入标准:以残疾污名为主要研究主题,涉及概念演化、属性、前因、后果、测评工具等内容。排除标准:会议、与主题无关、无全文、重复发表的文献。初步检索获得文献2 374篇,查重后剩余文献1 922篇,阅读题目和摘要后剩余文献530篇,阅读全文后剩余40篇文献,扩大检索,追溯文献的参考文献纳入21篇,共纳入61篇文献。文献发表时间为1964—2024年,其中近5年发表文献占30%。
采用Rodgers演化概念分析法的结构化流程对残疾污名开展探讨,严格遵照该方法学的要求,最终纳入文献不少于30篇,以保障研究结论的稳健性。研究内容涵盖残疾污名的概念演进、定义属性、前因、后果及典型案例。在文献筛选与概念分析过程中,由2名研究人员分别独立完成,如遇意见不一致,则引入第3名研究者共同商讨,直至达成共识。
偏见和歧视是与污名化密切相关的概念。传统研究视角下,污名研究主要集中于面部畸形、艾滋病病人等特定人群,而偏见与歧视的研究则更多围绕基于性别、年龄等社会分类属性的人群[26]。一方面,污名现象常与行为偏差及身体异常相关,而歧视现象则更多地与社会属性相关;另一方面,污名研究侧重个体的特定特征,歧视研究则更多关联群体层面的特征;此外,污名研究关注被污名化个体本身,而歧视研究则着重于歧视行为的主体及其责任[27]。尽管偏见与歧视能在一定程度上揭示污名的某些方面,但仍无法全面覆盖其所有层次与内涵[4]。
残疾被视为个体身上具有否定性价值的“烙印”或“标记”,导致其社会身份被贬低,不再被视作完整、平等的正常人。该属性源于Goffman[13]对污名的经典界定,这是残疾污名最直观且典型的生成机制与表现形式,促使公众在无形中内化并固化了相关的负面价值观念。污名化促使残疾人产生“我们与他们”的对立心态,导致其被“他者化”并遭受强势群体的排斥[6]。这种贬损性标记并非源于残疾本身,而是社会文化赋予其负面意义的结果。在医疗护理语境中,此身份标记更明显,残疾被视为需要“修复”或“管理”的“缺陷”,个体其他能力、角色和价值被忽视,被低估,影响护理评估与干预的全面性,构成健康不平等的深层社会文化根源[28]。
随着社会文化对残疾的误解扩散,歧视和强制性标签化加剧,公众对残疾人群形成负面刻板印象,如认为其“无能”“依赖”[29]等,这反映了污名过程中主流文化将负面特征与特定标签相关联的维度。这些刻板印象成为一种认知捷径,虽简化了对个体的认知,却掩盖了残疾人群内部的异质性及其个人能力。这种认知会导致护理人员等照护者基于残疾标签而非个体具体情况作出判断,在照护初始阶段即潜藏着沟通障碍与个性化关怀缺失的隐患[30]。
在社会互动和制度层面,存在对残疾人保持距离、隔离或剥夺其充分参与社会生活机会与权利的行为,体现了污名在社会操作层面的特征,包括人际回避、歧视及系统性制度障碍,如无障碍设施缺失与政策不包容[31]。本质上这是优势群体基于对残疾的刻板认知,通过社会区隔机制剥夺弱势群体的社会权利,以巩固自身的社会优势地位。在健康照护领域,这可能使残疾人在寻求和获得医疗保健服务时面临物理环境、沟通或态度障碍,导致健康权益受损,难以在需要时及时获得必要护理支持与公共卫生资源[32]。
污名化过程中存在着结构性的权力差异。污名化群体处于权力弱势地位,其声音与利益易被边缘化,难以挑战施加于自身的负面标签与不公待遇。Corrigan等[21]强调的结构性歧视是此属性的核心体现。这种权力失衡导致残疾人在社会资源配置与规则制定中缺乏话语权,使其利益诉求陷入“失语”状态,只能被动接受既定的社会安排。这导致残疾人在护理关系和政策制定中话语权与决策参与权不足,其需求与偏好未得到充分倾听与尊重,影响了以病人为中心照护的实现与护理倡导的效能,最终使得旨在促进健康公平的政策难以触及其核心需求[33]。
该量表原版由世界卫生组织开发。2010年,田琪等[34]对该量表进行汉化与信效度验证。该量表包括包容、歧视、收获、期望4个维度,共16个条目,如“人们与残疾人在一起时容易变得不耐烦”“残疾人是家庭的负担”等。针对普通人群的版本采用Likert 5级评分法,特殊版本针对智力残疾人群简化为Likert 3级评分法,辅以表情符号以帮助理解。各条目“非常不同意”至“非常同意”依次计1、2、3、4、5分,期望与歧视2个维度为反向计分。总分16~80分,得分越高表明受试者对残疾人态度越积极。中文版总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.89,各维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.72~0.85。间隔1周后的重测信度为0.692~0.821(P<0.01)。经文化调适,该量表适用于我国残疾人群、照护者及普通人群态度的评估。
该量表由齐玲[35]于2014年编制。修订时参照精神疾病内化污名量表的条目,修改形成英文版源量表,后经标准的翻译、回译及文化调适等流程进行汉化。通过项目分析与探索性因子分析,最终确立的中文版量表包含贬低歧视、疏远、社交回避及污名抵制4个维度,共23个条目。每个条目采用Likert 4级计分法,从“非常不同意”到“非常同意”分别计1、2、3、4分,总分为23~92分,得分越高表明受试者自我污名水平越高。该量表的Cronbach's α系数和重测信度均为0.88,表明其具有良好的内部一致性和稳定性。
该量表由范志光等[4]于2022年编制,包含行为偏差(15个条目)、社会拒绝(6个条目)及人际疏远(4个条目)3个维度,共25个条目,如“残疾人具有暴力倾向”等。各条目采用Likert 5级评分法,“非常不同意”至“非常同意”依次计1、2、3、4、5分,总分25~125分,得分越高表明受试者对残疾人的污名程度越严重。总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.96,各维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.86~0.97,分半信度为0.85~0.97。该量表为在我国文化背景下设计,适用于评估普通公众对残疾人的污名化程度。
前因指在某一概念形成之前所发生的事件或预先存在的状况。基于对现有文献的整合,可将残疾污名前因概括为公众态度与自我认知2个层面。
公众对残疾的认知往往存在先入为主的认知偏差,这种偏差并非基于客观事实,而是根植于社会文化背景与认知偏见之中。部分观念仍错误地将残疾归因于超自然因素而非生物医学因素[36],或固守其具有“攻击性”“缺乏社会能力与情感体验”等负面刻板印象[6]。这些误解最终将残疾人标签化为被动、无能、需要依赖的弱者。这种存在于大众与残疾人之间的社会疏离与排斥行为,不仅是构成污名的来源,更严重阻碍了残疾人的社会融合进程[8]。
长时间暴露于存在公众偏见与歧视环境中的残疾人,可能将负面社会态度内化为自我污名,并对加诸自身的标签形成合理化认同,例如,认可“自身能力不足”“低人一等”[37]。由于表达渠道长期受限,这种内化过程极大地影响其自我认知,引发自尊心下降与自我效能感减退,残障人士甚至可能无意识地介入并强化对自身群体的误解[20]。最终,个体在不知不觉中成为污名延续的共谋者,形成一种恶性循环。
污名现象在残疾人中较为普遍[6]。受污名影响的个体易出现自我贬低倾向,在社会互动中体验到不平等、孤立与排斥感,或因遭受歧视与耻辱感而回避、退缩,甚至最终逃避社交活动[38]。自我污名感强烈的残疾人往往会表现出自我厌恶与自我隔离,缺乏交往的主动性,并主动与他人保持距离[39]。从护理视角看,这种社会性退缩行为阻碍其参与健康促进活动。例如,病人会因外界眼光拒绝社区康复活动、回避健康筛查或疫苗接种,甚至隐瞒病情或淡化症状,这种健康回避行为会增高其并发症的发生风险,阻碍护理人员评估和干预,影响长期健康管理[40]。
长期处于社会排斥环境中的残疾人在日常交往中更易受到伤害,甚至遭受情绪虐待[41],这一状况对残疾人及照护者的整体心理健康产生负面影响[42]。此种影响不仅存在于心理层面,还会延伸至生理健康与健康行为领域,构成复杂的护理问题。遭受污名会加剧残疾人抑郁症状[43],削弱其自尊心,使自我评价消极[44]。研究表明,残障人士对污名的感知通过自尊心间接影响抑郁和焦虑程度[45]。心理损耗会外化为临床问题,如治疗依从性低、延迟就医、康复训练中断、频繁主诉躯体疼痛、疾病自我管理能力差等[9]。心理痛苦与社会支持匮乏可能使部分残疾人采取不健康应对策略,如物质滥用或自我忽视,加剧健康风险[46]。故污名衍生的心理健康问题不仅是残疾人康复的障碍,还增加了护理评估与干预的复杂性[47]。
残疾污名的影响常超越个体层面,蔓延至家庭系统并形成连带污名[48]。在护理实践中,内化污名且处于焦虑、疲惫状态的家庭,其照护功能会下降[49],并可能通过家庭成员的回避或过度保护等行为模式,反向强化公众对残疾群体的负面刻板印象与偏见。家庭成员,尤其是主要照料者需直面外界的社会性疏离与标签化刻板印象,压力与照护负担叠加后易导致身心衰竭[50]。照护者可能因感到羞耻推迟为残疾人寻求医疗帮助,或陪同就医时过度保护、进行替代性沟通,无意中剥夺了残疾人自主表达健康需求的权利[51]。
劳动力市场中的就业排斥与职业区隔限制了残疾人自我价值的实现[52],此后果与健康问题密切相关。失业导致的经济依赖状态,不仅引发经济压力与生活不稳定,更因社会角色的丧失而带来深层的无意义感,这些均为关键的社会健康决定因素[53]。从康复护理角度看,职业缺失使病人缺乏结构化的日常活动环境,阻碍其认知、体能及社交技能的维持与恢复[54]。护理人员通过康复训练协助病人重建生活自理能力,这是实现其重返社会康复目标的重要基础。此外,就业中存在的标签化认知与制度性排斥持续削弱病人康复训练的远期效果,导致病人产生无力感,进而导致其康复动机减退,从而制约整体康复护理成效的提升[55]。
残疾本身导致的活动受限与社交减少会降低生活质量,污名则通过社会心理途径进一步削弱其主观幸福感。研究表明,残疾会中度甚至显著降低个体幸福感[56-57],且此种影响可能长期存在[58]。在护理学的生物-心理-社会健康模型中,幸福感是衡量整体健康的一项关键主观指标[59]。较低幸福感常与高压力、较差免疫功能及不健康生活方式相关。长期低幸福感的残疾人对康复训练消极、漠视健康建议、对未来悲观,且面对疾病更脆弱[5]。提升幸福感既是改善残疾人生活质量的目标,也是重要的护理干预手段和健康结局指标。
残疾污名的4个核心属性为贬损性身份标记、标签化刻板认知、社会性疏离排斥与结构性权力失衡;前因包括公众态度与自我认知;后果包括健康相关社交退缩、负性身心结局、家庭功能受损、职业康复困境及整体福祉下降,概念框架图详见图1。
通过典型案例具象化残疾污名的内涵,有助于更清晰地把握该概念的本质属性,进而深化对残疾污名的认知。
张先生,32岁,本科,3年前因车祸致双下肢瘫痪,需靠轮椅出行,曾是互联网公司运营主管,现待业,尝试回归日常却陷入困境。日常生活中,邻里常叫他“坐轮椅的张先生”,超市导购紧盯轮椅、刻意放慢语速询问需求,他过往的工作能力与爱好全被忽略,只剩“需特殊关照”的印记。求职时,他投递了12份运营岗简历,8家以“需外出协调”“办公区无障碍不足”初筛拒绝;2家面试企业反复问“轮椅是否影响协作”,即便展示优秀项目,仍因“客户对接形象不合适”被拒。朋友鲜少主动联系他,家人在平常通话时也会回避“运动”“旅行”等话题;社区志愿活动报名,却被以“场地有台阶”推脱,他渐渐不敢在人多的时候出门,直言“这种不被接纳的感觉,比身上的疼更熬人”。小区无障碍坡道常被杂物占用,他多次向物业、居委会反映,只获得“会跟进”的答复,始终没有整改,出门仍需家人搬抬轮椅;去医院报销康复治疗费用时,需准备病历、费用清单、诊断证明等材料,先后跑了收费处、医保窗口、病案室,工作人员仅简单告知所需文件,前后耗时1个多月才办好。如今他在家做线上兼职,定期复诊都尽量选工作日上午人少的时候去,“我不怕残疾,怕的是异样眼光、无形排斥,还有想做却总做不顺的事”。
本研究借助Rodgers演化概念分析法,系统阐明残疾污名的概念演进、核心特征及作用路径。残疾污名是由社会文化建构,经制度与人际互动强化,并最终被个体内化的动态过程[6,25],严重制约残疾人群的健康结局与社会参与[5,60]。本研究从护理学视角整合多学科建立具有可操作定义的概念框架,为系统识别和评估残疾污名提供理论基础[4]。应基于属性维度开发护理评估工具,助力临床人员早期识别贬损性对待、标签化认知及环境障碍,避免简化沟通或替代病人决策,推动建立尊重自主的护患关系。此外,护理教育应强化残疾社会模式与反歧视意识,培养文化照护能力;在政策层面可以推动将反污名指标纳入护理质量评价体系,建设包容性照护环境。近年来,有研究关注医疗环境中残疾污名的形成机制与干预策略[61],进一步支持本研究的现实重要性。本研究亦存在局限,如文献来源限于中英文数据库,概念关系需在多元文化及临床情景中进一步验证。未来应开发本土化护理评估工具,探索特定场景中污名的作用路径,并设计多层级干预策略,以促进护理实践向更公平、更包容的方向发展。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.010
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
  • 修回日期:2026-05-08
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作者信息
    1延边大学护理学院,吉林 133002

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金丽花,E-mail:
JIN Lihua, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hlyj/CN/10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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