Article(id=1322929432465376248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762444800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-07, revisedDate=1778169600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340555539, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340555539, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340555539, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340555539, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322929431592972373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='15', pageStart='2577', pageEnd='2768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340555332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343107287, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940135335145743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940135335145744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2695, endPage=2701, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322929432670897145, articleId=1322929432465376248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Qualitative study on the psychological and behavioral adaptation process of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the psychological and behavioral adaptation process of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia(IAH) regarding their lack of symptom perception,identify key stage characteristics,and to construct an adaptation model to provide a theoretical basis for formulating intervention strategies.

Methods

Using purposive sampling method,semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 hospitalized patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in a tertiary grade A hospital in Tianjin from May to June 2025.NVivo 15.0 software was employed for coding and analyzing the interview data.Grounded theory was used to construct a relational model of psychological and behavioral adaptation in patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia.

Results

The symptom perception characteristics of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia manifested in three types:complete loss of perception,highered perception threshold,and static situational perception loss.The psychological and behavioral adaptation process exhibited dynamic changes through different stages(confusion,conflict,negativity,and reconstruction),encompassing five psychological patterns(ignorance and indifference,confusion and helplessness,fear and anxiety,passive acceptance,and regular adaptation) and six behavioral patterns(lack of strategy,contradictory compensation,inert avoidance,strict monitoring,technology-driven,and experience-driven),with phenomena of leapfrogging and regression between stages.

Conclusions

Patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia exhibit staged psychological adaptation and behavioral compensation patterns under the state of symptom perception loss.This finding provides a theoretical basis for the development of clinical intervention strategies.

, authors=Hongmei XU, Yang YANG, Chun MU, Di BAO, Qiuling XING, authorsList=Hongmei XU, Yang YANG, Chun MU, Di BAO, Qiuling XING, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qiuling XING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322929433203573756, articleId=1322929432465376248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=低血糖感知受损病人心理行为适应过程的质性研究, columnId=1220689488938980091, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究低血糖感知受损病人对症状感知缺失心理行为的适应过程,识别关键阶段特征并构建适应模型,为制定干预策略提供理论依据。

方法

采用目的抽样法,于2025年5月—6月选取天津某三级甲等医院18例低血糖感知受损住院病人进行半结构式访谈,运用NVivo 15.0软件对访谈资料进行编码分析,采用扎根理论方法构建低血糖感知受损病人心理行为适应的关系模型。

结果

低血糖感知受损病人症状感知特征表现为完全性感知丧失、感知阈值升高、静态情境感知缺失3种类型,其心理行为适应呈现动态变化过程(困惑期、冲突期、消极期、重构期),涵盖5种心理模式(无知漠视、困惑无助、恐惧焦虑、被动接纳、规律适应)和6种行为模式(策略缺乏、矛盾代偿、惰性回避、严格监控、技术主导、经验驱动),各阶段间存在跨越与回退现象。

结论

低血糖感知受损病人在症状感知缺失状态下呈现阶段性心理适应与行为代偿模式,可为临床干预策略的制定提供理论基础。

, authors=许洪梅, 杨洋, 穆纯, 包頔, 邢秋玲*, *, authorsList=许洪梅, 杨洋, 穆纯, 包頔, 邢秋玲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邢秋玲, authorNote=

许洪梅,主管护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
邢秋玲,E-mail:
XING Qiuling, E-mail:
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Diabetologica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X N,Kan Y S,Liu H Y,et al.Prevalence and contributing factors of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes:a meta-analysis[J].Acta Diabetologica,2023,60(9):1155-1169., articleTitle=Prevalence and contributing factors of impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes:a meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929442229714991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=42, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=Hernar I, Strandberg R B, Nilsen R M, journalName=Diabetic Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hernar I,Strandberg R B,Nilsen R M,et al.Prevalence and risk factors for impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia:a registry-based study of 10 202 adults with type 1 diabetes in Norway[J].Diabetic 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refType=null, unstructuredReference=Macon E L,Devore M H,Lin Y K,et al.Current and future therapies to treat impaired awareness of hypoglycemia[J].Frontiers in Pharmacology,2023,14:1271814., articleTitle=Current and future therapies to treat impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444226203700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=10.1080/08870446.2025.2502515, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=Petter C, Khan K, Babbage C, journalName=Psychology & Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Petter C,Khan K,Babbage C,et al.A systematic review exploring perceptions of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders using the common-sense model of illness representations[J].Psychology & Health,2025:1-34., articleTitle=A systematic review exploring perceptions of Tourette syndrome and tic disorders using the common-sense model of illness representations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444297506870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=5, pageStart=616, pageEnd=623, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=Scott W D, Cervone D, Ebiringah O U, journalName=International Journal of Psychology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Scott W D,Cervone D,Ebiringah O U.The social-cognitive clinician:on the implications of social cognitive theory for psychotherapy and assessment[J].International Journal of Psychology,2024,59(5):616-623., articleTitle=The social-cognitive clinician:on the implications of social cognitive theory for psychotherapy and assessment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444373004343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=30, issue=3, pageStart=511, pageEnd=521, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=杨莉萍, 亓立东, 张博, journalName=心理科学进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨莉萍,亓立东,张博.质性研究中的资料饱和及其判定[J].心理科学进展,2022,30(3):511-521., articleTitle=质性研究中的资料饱和及其判定, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444448501816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=34, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=Fishler Malone K, Carmichael N, journalName=Journal of Genetic Counseling, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fishler Malone K,Carmichael N.Research methodologies in genetic counseling:grounded theory[J].Journal of Genetic Counseling,2025,34(3):e70060., articleTitle=Research methodologies in genetic counseling:grounded theory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444519804985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=3, pageStart=276, pageEnd=280, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=刘均娥, 王莹, 孙柳, journalName=中华护理杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘均娥,王莹,孙柳.质性研究护理论文的撰写与质量评价[J].中华护理杂志,2024,59(3):276-280., articleTitle=质性研究护理论文的撰写与质量评价, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444595302458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=132, pageEnd=135, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=王雅静, 方彭华, 张真稳, journalName=国际内分泌代谢杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王雅静,方彭华,张真稳.2型糖尿病患者低血糖感知受损的研究进展[J].国际内分泌代谢杂志,2023,43(2):132-135., articleTitle=2型糖尿病患者低血糖感知受损的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444670799931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=6, issue=10, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=Bisgaard Bengtsen M, Møller N, journalName=Journal of the Endocrine Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bisgaard Bengtsen M,Møller N.Experimentally induced hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in humans:determinants,designs,and drawbacks[J].Journal of the Endocrine Society,2022,6(10):bvac123., articleTitle=Experimentally induced hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure in humans:determinants,designs,and drawbacks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444733714492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=27, issue=5, pageStart=2363, pageEnd=2376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=Berry S A, Liarakos A L, Koutroukas V, journalName=Diabetes,Obesity and Metabolism, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Berry S A,Liarakos A L,Koutroukas V,et al.The challenge of assessing impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in diabetes in the era of continuous glucose monitoring:a narrative review of evidence and translation into clinical practice[J].Diabetes,Obesity and Metabolism,2025,27(5):2363-2376., articleTitle=The challenge of assessing impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia in diabetes in the era of continuous glucose monitoring:a narrative review of evidence and translation into clinical practice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929444805017661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=12, issue=2, pageStart=391, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=Hölzen L, Schultes B, Meyhöfer S M, journalName=Biomedicines, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hölzen L,Schultes B,Meyhöfer S M,et al.Hypoglycemia unawareness--a review on 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articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=58, issue=19, pageStart=2380, pageEnd=2386, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=俞晓慧, 章新琼, 范敏, journalName=中华护理杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=俞晓慧,章新琼,范敏,等.胰岛素治疗糖尿病患者低血糖感知受损现状及心理因素分析[J].中华护理杂志,2023,58(19):2380-2386., articleTitle=胰岛素治疗糖尿病患者低血糖感知受损现状及心理因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929445039898688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=32, pageEnd=36, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=梁臣, 李爱仙, 夏磊, journalName=护理学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁臣,李爱仙,夏磊,等.糖尿病患者低血糖感知受损的概念分析[J].护理学杂志,2023,38(3):32-36., articleTitle=糖尿病患者低血糖感知受损的概念分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929445107007553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, doi=null, pmid=null, 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departmentName=null, remark=1天津医科大学朱宪彝纪念医院 天津市内分泌研究所 国家卫生健康委激素与发育重点实验室 天津市代谢性疾病重点实验室,天津 300134)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322929437540483109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Psychological and behavioral adaptation model of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia, figureFileSmall=qsO/vBFWaUNPyY1AeavkcA==, figureFileBig=ofs4KAI2ezlpf6KAc+pLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929437615980582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, language=CN, label=图1, caption=低血糖感知受损病人心理行为适应模型, figureFileSmall=qsO/vBFWaUNPyY1AeavkcA==, figureFileBig=ofs4KAI2ezlpf6KAc+pLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929439625052199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Coding example

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
选择性编码主轴
编码
开放式编码原始语句(访谈对象编号)
核心范畴主范畴范畴概念代码
适应过程困惑期困惑无助心理困惑对低血糖感知缺失事件表示困惑这次没有反应,我也不知道为什么(P02)
问题是没个症状,也不知道低不低,也不知道高不高(P03)
我有时候就摸不清这种情况,一点没摸透,我感觉掌握不了(P15)
外因归因倾向将低血糖感知缺失归于外因一点(低血糖)症状都没有,不知道为什么,是不是和没有睡好有关系?或者躺着的原因(P11)
我觉得跟那回血糖一下子特别高有关系,也可能身体虚弱,或者什么其他原因(P18)
策略缺乏行为应对策略缺乏因低血糖无症状,缺乏应对策略假如有饥饿感,知道想吃东西,但是低血糖没症状,我不知道,我就没法办(P10)
像昨天一量才知道血糖低了,要不都不知道……我也不知道怎么办(P01)
预防策略缺乏不知道如何预防无症状低血糖还真没法预防,不知道什么时候犯(低血糖)(P05)
我预防不了,我这个低血糖就是突发的,不管吃不吃,吃什么,血糖都不稳定(P16)
), ArticleFig(id=1322929439713132584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

编码示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
选择性编码主轴
编码
开放式编码原始语句(访谈对象编号)
核心范畴主范畴范畴概念代码
适应过程困惑期困惑无助心理困惑对低血糖感知缺失事件表示困惑这次没有反应,我也不知道为什么(P02)
问题是没个症状,也不知道低不低,也不知道高不高(P03)
我有时候就摸不清这种情况,一点没摸透,我感觉掌握不了(P15)
外因归因倾向将低血糖感知缺失归于外因一点(低血糖)症状都没有,不知道为什么,是不是和没有睡好有关系?或者躺着的原因(P11)
我觉得跟那回血糖一下子特别高有关系,也可能身体虚弱,或者什么其他原因(P18)
策略缺乏行为应对策略缺乏因低血糖无症状,缺乏应对策略假如有饥饿感,知道想吃东西,但是低血糖没症状,我不知道,我就没法办(P10)
像昨天一量才知道血糖低了,要不都不知道……我也不知道怎么办(P01)
预防策略缺乏不知道如何预防无症状低血糖还真没法预防,不知道什么时候犯(低血糖)(P05)
我预防不了,我这个低血糖就是突发的,不管吃不吃,吃什么,血糖都不稳定(P16)
), ArticleFig(id=1322929441667678249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

General information of interviewees(n=18)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号性别年龄(岁)糖尿病类型病程(年)文化程度并发症数量(个)近6个月低血糖次数(次)诊断备注
P01女502型糖尿病24初中49
P02女321型糖尿病13初中28
P03女542型糖尿病5小学及以下14
P04女731型糖尿病35专科230成年人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病
P05女551型糖尿病9中专/高中26成年人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病
P06女851型糖尿病2小学及以下36暴发性1型糖尿病
P07男802型糖尿病42初中42
P08女552型糖尿病20中专/高中36
P09男592型糖尿病30中专/高中62
P10男692型糖尿病20初中52
P11女652型糖尿病16初中23
P12女562型糖尿病13本科24
P13男412型糖尿病10初中38
P14男612型糖尿病15初中38
P15男491型糖尿病7专科29成年人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病
P16女201型糖尿病8中专/高中19
P17男442型糖尿病13中专/高中12
P18男342型糖尿病7本科212
), ArticleFig(id=1322929441755758634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929432465376248, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

访谈对象的一般资料(n=18)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号性别年龄(岁)糖尿病类型病程(年)文化程度并发症数量(个)近6个月低血糖次数(次)诊断备注
P01女502型糖尿病24初中49
P02女321型糖尿病13初中28
P03女542型糖尿病5小学及以下14
P04女731型糖尿病35专科230成年人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病
P05女551型糖尿病9中专/高中26成年人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病
P06女851型糖尿病2小学及以下36暴发性1型糖尿病
P07男802型糖尿病42初中42
P08女552型糖尿病20中专/高中36
P09男592型糖尿病30中专/高中62
P10男692型糖尿病20初中52
P11女652型糖尿病16初中23
P12女562型糖尿病13本科24
P13男412型糖尿病10初中38
P14男612型糖尿病15初中38
P15男491型糖尿病7专科29成年人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病
P16女201型糖尿病8中专/高中19
P17男442型糖尿病13中专/高中12
P18男342型糖尿病7本科212
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低血糖感知受损病人心理行为适应过程的质性研究
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许洪梅 , 杨洋 , 穆纯 , 包頔 , 邢秋玲 *, *
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(15): 2695-2701
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (15) : 2695 -2701
低血糖感知受损病人心理行为适应过程的质性研究
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许洪梅, 杨洋, 穆纯, 包頔, 邢秋玲*, *
作者信息
  • 1天津医科大学朱宪彝纪念医院 天津市内分泌研究所 国家卫生健康委激素与发育重点实验室 天津市代谢性疾病重点实验室,天津 300134
通讯作者:
邢秋玲,E-mail:
XING Qiuling, E-mail:
作者简介:

许洪梅,主管护师,硕士研究生

Qualitative study on the psychological and behavioral adaptation process of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia
Hongmei XU, Yang YANG, Chun MU, Di BAO, Qiuling XING
Affiliations
  • 1NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-ⅠMemorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134 China
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.016
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目的

探究低血糖感知受损病人对症状感知缺失心理行为的适应过程,识别关键阶段特征并构建适应模型,为制定干预策略提供理论依据。

方法

采用目的抽样法,于2025年5月—6月选取天津某三级甲等医院18例低血糖感知受损住院病人进行半结构式访谈,运用NVivo 15.0软件对访谈资料进行编码分析,采用扎根理论方法构建低血糖感知受损病人心理行为适应的关系模型。

结果

低血糖感知受损病人症状感知特征表现为完全性感知丧失、感知阈值升高、静态情境感知缺失3种类型,其心理行为适应呈现动态变化过程(困惑期、冲突期、消极期、重构期),涵盖5种心理模式(无知漠视、困惑无助、恐惧焦虑、被动接纳、规律适应)和6种行为模式(策略缺乏、矛盾代偿、惰性回避、严格监控、技术主导、经验驱动),各阶段间存在跨越与回退现象。

结论

低血糖感知受损病人在症状感知缺失状态下呈现阶段性心理适应与行为代偿模式,可为临床干预策略的制定提供理论基础。

糖尿病  /  低血糖感知受损  /  扎根理论  /  心理行为适应过程  /  质性研究
Objective

To explore the psychological and behavioral adaptation process of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia(IAH) regarding their lack of symptom perception,identify key stage characteristics,and to construct an adaptation model to provide a theoretical basis for formulating intervention strategies.

Methods

Using purposive sampling method,semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 hospitalized patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia in a tertiary grade A hospital in Tianjin from May to June 2025.NVivo 15.0 software was employed for coding and analyzing the interview data.Grounded theory was used to construct a relational model of psychological and behavioral adaptation in patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia.

Results

The symptom perception characteristics of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia manifested in three types:complete loss of perception,highered perception threshold,and static situational perception loss.The psychological and behavioral adaptation process exhibited dynamic changes through different stages(confusion,conflict,negativity,and reconstruction),encompassing five psychological patterns(ignorance and indifference,confusion and helplessness,fear and anxiety,passive acceptance,and regular adaptation) and six behavioral patterns(lack of strategy,contradictory compensation,inert avoidance,strict monitoring,technology-driven,and experience-driven),with phenomena of leapfrogging and regression between stages.

Conclusions

Patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia exhibit staged psychological adaptation and behavioral compensation patterns under the state of symptom perception loss.This finding provides a theoretical basis for the development of clinical intervention strategies.

diabetes  /  impaired awareness of hypoglycemia,IAH  /  grounded theory  /  psychological and behavioral adaptation process  /  qualitative research
许洪梅, 杨洋, 穆纯, 包頔, 邢秋玲. 低血糖感知受损病人心理行为适应过程的质性研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (15) : 2695 -2701 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.016
Hongmei XU, Yang YANG, Chun MU, Di BAO, Qiuling XING. Qualitative study on the psychological and behavioral adaptation process of patients with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (15) : 2695 -2701 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.016
我国成年糖尿病患病人数居全球首位[1],病人有效的血糖管理对优化社会医疗保险资源配置、减轻社会经济负担具有重大意义。低血糖是病人血糖管理中的主要障碍之一。低血糖感知受损(impaired awareness of hypoglycemia,IAH)指病人在发生低血糖时机体警示症状的部分或完全性丧失[2]。流行病学研究显示,约25%的1型糖尿病病人[3]和22%的2型糖尿病病人[4]存在低血糖感知受损现象。低血糖感知受损病人因缺乏心悸、出汗、头晕等典型低血糖症状预警信号,而面临更为隐匿且复杂的管理难题,导致严重低血糖的风险增加3~6倍[5],不仅加剧病人的低血糖恐惧心理,更可能引发心脑血管事件、认知受损、交通事故等严重后果[4,6]。由于低血糖感知受损病人的低血糖管理高度依赖其心理调适和行为策略,理解其适应过程有助于识别关键干预时机,优化个性化管理方案。尽管已有研究通过混合方法描绘了低血糖感知受损病人的疾病感知与应对方式[7],但未系统揭示低血糖感知受损病人在症状预警缺失情境下的心理行为适应类型及路径。因此,本研究拟通过质性研究方法探索低血糖感知受损病人的心理行为适应过程,尝试构建低血糖感知受损心理行为适应模型,为开展精准化护理干预提供理论依据。
采用目的抽样法,于2025年5月—6月选取天津市以糖尿病诊疗为特色的三级甲等医院住院的糖尿病病人为研究对象,并运用最大差异法,确保样本在年龄、病程及文化程度等关键特征上具有异质性,以提高其代表性。纳入标准:1)符合《中国糖尿病防治指南(2024版)》[8]制定的糖尿病诊断标准;2)确诊糖尿病≥2年;3)低血糖感知受损评估(Clarke方法[9])≥4分;4)有良好的沟通能力且自愿参与本研究。排除标准:1)合并焦虑、抑郁等精神疾病史;2)合并认知障碍;3)处于疾病急性期,如急性心脑血管疾病等。
常识模型(common-sense model,CSM)用于解析病人的认知与情绪表征如何驱动其行为适应[10]。社会认知理论(social cognitive theory,SCT)的三元交互框架认为,个人、行为与环境三者相互作用,共同影响人类行为[11]。以科学问题为主导,借鉴常识模型和社会认知理论构建访谈提纲,对2例病人进行预访谈完善提纲。访谈提纲如下:1)请详细描述您最近1次发生低血糖但没感觉到症状的经历。2)您最早是什么时候注意到身体对低血糖信号(如心慌、出汗)不敏感的?当时是否有具体事件让您意识到这种变化?3)当您第1次经历无症状低血糖时的心理感受是什么?现在面对这种情况时,您的感受和过去相比有什么不同?4)您采取哪些措施预防和应对无症状低血糖事件?您认为这些方法是否有效?5)无症状低血糖对您的生活方式和血糖管理有哪些影响?6)您希望获得哪些支持更好地管理这种情况?
1)一般资料调查表:包含病人性别、年龄、病程、糖尿病类型、文化程度、并发症数量、近6个月低血糖次数等;2)低血糖感知受损评估问卷,由8个问题组成,用于评估病人的低血糖暴露和症状感知情况,总分0~7分,得分≥4分提示低血糖感知受损[9]。
首先,对病人进行低血糖感知受损量表评估;然后,通过电子病历系统查阅和病人自行补充的方式收集一般资料。访谈前告知病人研究目的、流程以及录音需要,与病人约定访谈时间和地点。运用访谈提纲对病人进行深度半结构式访谈,过程中避免诱导性提问,并注意观察和记录病人的语气、表情、肢体语言等信息。访谈选择安静的场所,访谈时间为20~50 min。当访谈至第16例病人时,资料达到饱和[12],继续访谈2例病人予以确认,期间未出现新的信息,结束访谈。18例病人编号P01~P18。本研究已经天津医科大学朱宪彝纪念医院医学伦理委员会审查通过(批号:ZXYJNYYs KMEC2024-40),病人知情同意,自愿参与本研究。
访谈结束后24 h内将录音资料逐字转录为文本,并删除可识别的个人信息。将文本反馈给受访者进行内容核实与补充,确认文本真实反映病人的体验。使用NVivo 15软件对访谈资料进行逐行编码,采用扎根理论方法,通过三级编码程序(开放式编码、主轴编码和选择性编码)对资料进行系统分析,并辅以备忘录记录编码过程中的理论思考[13]。通过系统的跨个案比较,分析连接不同适应阶段的关键触发事件与条件,推断阶段演进路径,初步构建心理行为适应模型。为保障研究质量,研究者通过撰写反思日志、双人独立编码、全程持续比较并回溯原始资料验证编码准确性等方法减少主观偏差[14]。在理论模型初步形成后,选取5例具有不同典型临床特征的受访者,向其展示模型流程图,收集其对该模型是否准确反映其真实体验、是否存在重要内容遗漏等方面的反馈意见,提升模型解释的恰当性与临床适用性。
研究开放式编码共得出215个代码、50个概念、15个范畴;主轴编码提炼出5个主范畴,在选择性编码阶段对主范畴及其之间的关系进行比较分析,得出“适应过程”这一核心范畴。以“困惑期”为例,选取部分核心概念进行编码示例,详见表1。
共访谈18例病人,其中男8例(44.4%),女10例(55.6%);年龄20~85(54.56±16.75)岁;病程2~42[13.00(7.75,21.00)]年,详见表2。
2例病人表现为完全性感知丧失;2例病人因血糖未持续下降未能评估是否有部分感知保留;14例病人表现为感知阈值升高,其中5例合并静态情境感知缺失。
2例病人表现为完全性感知丧失,表现为血糖极低时仍无主观症状。如P06:“血糖1.8 mmol/L,手也没抖,自己一点感觉也没有”。或者缺乏典型自主神经症状(如出汗、心悸),直接出现中枢神经症状,甚至发生严重低血糖事件,如P07:“有一回突然间半夜里精神不正常,还有一回低血糖叫救护车拉走了”。
多数病人(14/18)随着病程进展自主神经症状出现延迟,表现为症状感知阈值升高,仅在血糖降至较低水平时才出现低血糖症状。如P01:“昨天晚上吃完饭测血糖3.2 mmol/L,没感觉,测完之后心慌手抖症状才出现”。P18:“我一般血糖3点多的时候反应不是很强烈,2点多的时候症状就明显了”。
研究发现,感知阈值升高的病人中,有5例呈现“静态情境感知缺失”特征,表现为静息状态下低血糖感知能力显著弱于活动状态。如P16:“有时候刚睡醒,躺着没感觉,一起来就觉得手抖,一量血糖3点多”。P18:“躺着没有什么症状,感觉不太出来,但是站起来会有一些心慌、大脑空白的感觉,这时候,我基本上就低血糖了”。提示身体活动状态可能影响其对低血糖症状的感知能力。
研究观察到病人最初对低血糖感知缺失的现象表示困惑,如P02:“这次没有反应,我也不知道为什么”。并产生无助情绪,如P08:“这个事儿也影响心情,有时候有症状,有时候就没有”。有的病人将低血糖感知缺失归于外因,却依然困惑,P11:“一点(低血糖)症状都没有,不知道为什么,是不是和没有睡好有关系?或者躺着的原因”。
有的病人存在无知漠视心理,对发生低血糖的风险认识不足,如P03:“他们年头多了容易低血糖,我这年头短不太容易低血糖”。或者意识不到低血糖后果的严重性,P05:“我觉得血糖3点多没事儿,也不感觉难受”。P12:“发生都是在半夜,所以对我生活没什么影响”。甚至有病人存在致命性认知偏差,如P02:“我觉得低血糖在不吃东西的情况下,躺一会儿低过劲了就会返蹿成高血糖,不知道对不对”。
病人表现为对低血糖感知缺失的应对策略缺乏,如P01:“像昨天一量才知道血糖低了,要不都不知道,我也不知道怎么办”。P10:“假如有饥饿感,知道想吃东西,但是低血糖没症状,我不知道,我就没法办”。对于低血糖的预防也无计可施,如P05:“还真没法预防,不知道什么时候犯(低血糖)”。
研究观察到低血糖感知受损病人存在恐惧和焦虑的心理状态,有的病人表现出对无症状低血糖的担忧,如P14:“很后怕这事儿,万一血糖低的时候自己不知道就麻烦了”。同时,血糖的不可预测性进一步加剧心理压力,如P02:“有时候血糖低,吃完东西一下又高起来了,挺愁的”。更有病人将血糖波动视为一种“折磨”,如P08:“低血糖危险,但是血糖一会儿低一会儿高的也折磨人,你高了就高了,低了就低了呗,别老一会儿高一会儿低”。
病人通过看似矛盾的行为策略,试图平衡低血糖风险与生活质量需求。有的病人以舒适为导向,适当维持高血糖状态,如P13:“最起码血糖高点我不难受”。有的病人表现为昼夜行为分化,如P12:“白天我倒挺精心的,因为担心摔倒出危险,晚上就不在意了,起来去厕所感觉不舒服就回来赶紧躺床上,接着睡”。还有病人表现出典型认知-行为矛盾,如P10:“应该勤测测血糖,但又不愿意测,扎一下针心疼,怵得慌”。或者因社会认同威胁而产生技术排斥,P16:“以前要给戴胰岛素泵我没同意,戴泵影响太大了,滴里当啷的多膈应人”。
有的病人表现出对低血糖感知缺失的无力感及被动接纳情绪,尤其长期经历血糖波动的病人,逐渐情绪耗竭,如P04:“有点抑郁了,只要血糖一低了高了就感觉压力很大,像我这种情况(低血糖感知缺失)不好,得上这个病,反正也是挺痛苦的,没办法”。P08:“想也白想,问医生也没用”。
主要表现为病人对血糖监测和疾病管理的消极态度与不规律应对策略,如P01:“也没心思测血糖,爱咋地咋地,能活着就不错了”。部分病人仅对可见的血糖异常进行了有限干预,如P16:“看到血糖高了低了,就控制一下,看不到的就没管了”。甚至有病人放弃了预防性管理的可能,完全在症状驱动下进食,如P11:“我平时就(管理的)稀里糊涂的,就是一饿得心慌了,看见嘛吃嘛,没症状就不吃”。
病人疾病相关焦虑情绪随时间推移逐渐缓解,心理状态呈现规律适应特征,如P15:“刚开始比较慌,现在就没有太慌了,因为知道自己的病情了”。这种适应过程使病人建立起血糖管理的信心,如P17:“我能摸得着什么时候是高(血糖)的症状,什么时候是低(血糖)的症状,不舒服了大概知道血糖多少”。P07:“基本上能掌握血糖变化,就(生活)规律呗”。
部分病人通过系统化的自我监测维持生活规律,形成精细化的疾病管理习惯,如P04:“我都拿本记着,每顿饭打多少胰岛素,吃多少饭,测餐前、餐后血糖”。部分病人建立了监测—验证—处理的标准化应对流程,如P06:“怕机器(瞬感)有误差,提示低了我就再验个指血,指血最标准了。血糖5点多的时候随便吃口馒头就上来了,4点多的时候吃点饼干就可以,血糖3点多吃这些就没有喝糖、喝饮料快了”。
在低血糖预防方面,有的病人依赖血糖监测技术(如持续葡萄糖监测系统、胰岛素泵等),如P03:“自己有血糖仪,没事就勤测着点”。P06:“我低血糖没症状,所以才带这个机器(瞬感),没这个不行的”。P15:“我感觉自己对血糖掌握不了,所以我准备长期佩戴瞬感,能实时监控,到那个血糖值会报警”。此外,部分病人采取主观感觉+客观监测的双重保障策略,如P04:“我觉得自个的感觉和那机器(瞬感)都得有,我还准备安胰岛素泵,要不血糖控制不好”。
部分病人能够捕捉低血糖的早期症状,如P18:“我一般心里发慌、头脑发蒙肯定是血糖低了,我有经验了,能及时处理,就不太危险”。P15:“我一感觉不对,还没到餐后2 h,就让护士给我测一下血糖,一测果然低了”。有的病人进一步形成症状-血糖值对应认知,并给予不同的处理方式,如P17:“我最早的感觉是头晕无力,这时就测一下血糖,4点多就先不吃,出虚汗的时候一般就3点左右了,我就赶紧吃东西”。有的病人可以动态调整控糖策略,如P04:“我根据自己的规律,觉得胰岛素用得有点多,就稍微多吃点”。
低血糖感知受损病人的心理行为适应呈现动态变化过程,主要形成以下路径:1)积极适应路径,表现为典型三阶段发展过程,即从初诊时的困惑期,经治疗中的冲突期,最终进入疾病管理的重构期;2)消极适应路径:部分病人由冲突期转入消极期。病人的适应过程并非线性进行,可呈现阶段性跨越或回退现象,具体路径关系见图1。
低血糖感知受损的发生可能与低血糖反调节机制缺陷、肾上腺素反应减退、肾上腺突触信号传导异常、脑组织葡萄糖和乳酸代谢改变、神经元损伤等机制有关[2,15]。本研究发现低血糖感知受损病人主要症状感知特征为完全性感知丧失和感知阈值升高。完全性感知丧失典型表现为病人P06(血糖1.8 mmol/L无主观症状)和P07(已发生严重低血糖事件),其特征符合反复低血糖导致的低血糖相关自主神经衰竭(hypoglycemia associated autonomic failure,HAAF)病理机制,显著增加了严重低血糖风险,严重时可危及生命[16]。另外,此类病人因症状识别能力缺失,传统依赖主观症状的自我管理策略可能失效[17],需要适当放宽血糖控制目标,或辅助自我血糖监测、持续葡萄糖监测等技术手段[8]。另一种症状感知特征为感知阈值升高,是神经系统对反复低血糖的适应性反应,此时需要更低的血糖水平才能诱发反向调节反应[18],缩短了病人自我救治的窗口期,同样增加了严重低血糖风险。研究表明,通过避免低血糖可阻止低血糖感知受损的进展并部分恢复低血糖感知[19],临床也可以通过健康教育与心理干预,持续葡萄糖监测、传感器增强型胰岛素泵、混合闭环胰岛素输注系统等技术,以及药物治疗等手段改善反调节激素反应及低血糖症状识别,从而改善低血糖感知[9]。
本研究发现5例低血糖感知受损病人呈现出显著的情境依赖性特征,病人在静息状态下(如卧位)症状感知能力显著低于活动状态。研究表明,静息状态下交感神经基础活性降低,可能进一步削弱对低血糖的感知,尤其在夜间睡眠时期[18]。这一现象可能是导致夜间低血糖感知障碍和晨起低血糖的重要原因,提示护理人员需特别重视病人在静息状态下的血糖监测,尤其是夜间睡眠和清晨觉醒这2个关键时段。
积极适应路径涵盖一个典型的3阶段过程:困惑期、冲突期、重构期。该路径与常识模型的动态调节机制相吻合:常识模型认为病人会基于对疾病的认知表征和情绪反应不断调整应对策略[10],这为本研究观察到的心理行为适应过程的变化提供了有力的理论解释,揭示适应过程发展的内在动力。
由访谈结果可知,困惑期病人表现出以困惑无助和无知漠视为核心的心理特征,表现为风险认知缺陷,缺乏应对策略以及通过漠视缓解诊断焦虑等特征。其中无知漠视心理会降低病人对低血糖的警觉性与应对动机,使其将低血糖误认为常态,从而加剧低血糖感知受损的发展[9,20]。该阶段需向病人科普低血糖知识,破除“无症状等于无风险”误区,改善病人的认知缺陷,为后续适应性发展奠定基础。
病人启动干预后进入冲突期,在干预初期往往陷入认知与行为的矛盾状态:虽然理性认识到低血糖风险,但行为改变仍需克服长期惯性。这种冲突表现为既希望控制低血糖风险又渴望维持生活质量的双重诉求,同时伴随的低血糖焦虑可能形成恶性循环,反而加重低血糖感知障碍[21-22]。根据社会认知理论,这种矛盾可能源于自我效能不足、环境制约、短期舒适需求3个层面的交互作用,导致疾病认知与健康行为间的协调障碍。需要特别关注的是,冲突期作为关键的“黄金窗口期”,病人此时仍抱有行为改变的动机。护理人员应抓住这一关键时机,遵循美国糖尿病协会(ADA)糖尿病护理标准和我国糖尿病防治指南,实施技术-心理协同干预方案,如正念减压、认知行为疗法、症状感知训练及持续葡萄糖监测等,尤其是认知行为疗法、症状感知训练与持续葡萄糖监测的组合策略[8,23],构建完善的病人自我管理支持体系,有效提升自我管理效能[20],促进病人顺利过渡至重构期。
在重构期,病人逐渐形成规律化的健康行为模式,通过严格监控、技术主导和经验驱动等行为方式,在有效缓解疾病焦虑的基础上,完成了从被动应对到主动调控的认知转变,最终建立起稳定的疾病应对信心,形成了稳定的自我管理能力。
研究发现,部分病人会转向消极适应路径。当冲突期病人持续经历血糖控制失败等无效感累积时,可能形成被动接纳和回避行为,与沈支佳等[7]的访谈结果相似。这类病人存在长期停滞于消极期的风险,根据社会认知理论,个人认知、行为和环境共同塑造病人适应过程[11],病人通过环境支持或改变,如持续葡萄糖监测等技术干预、家庭支持或并发症等危机事件的触发,仍可能重新调整管理策略。俞晓慧等[20]研究指出,提升低血糖应对信心是改善低血糖感知受损心理机制的关键切入点,能有效增强病人的自我管理能力,这也为护理干预提供了方向。
值得关注的是,病人的适应阶段可呈现回退现象。本研究发现,即使进入重构期的病人,当遭遇病情突变(如胰岛功能严重下降)时,原有的适应模式可能突然失效,导致阶段回退,不得不重新适应新的疾病管理模式。还有病人经历长期管理疲劳时会有回退至消极期的倾向,如病人P04产生抑郁情绪。这一现象既印证了常识模型的动态调节机制[10],又揭示了情绪-行为交互作用:长期管理疲劳通过情绪耗竭瓦解其行为坚持性,这提示护理人员定期随访和动态评估的重要性,也揭示了通过家庭-医疗团队协同干预缓冲病人管理疲劳的必要性[8]。
病人也可呈现阶段性跨越。部分困惑期病人通过采用持续葡萄糖监测等技术手段直接跨越至重构期,如P06、P15。另有病人因管理策略缺失陷入消极期,表现为无规律应对行为,如P01。值得注意的是,部分病人呈现多阶段特征共存现象,如P12表现出的“昼夜认知解离”:白天保持完整风险认知并积极管理,夜间却出现认知脱节和行为漠视。这种非线性适应特征提示需实施个体化干预,定期评估病人心理行为特征并给予相应支持策略[23]。
综上所述,本研究通过扎根理论系统揭示了低血糖感知受损病人在症状感知缺失状态下的阶段性心理行为适应特征,包括困惑期、冲突期、消极期和重构期4个阶段,并阐明了病人在不同阶段呈现的特征性心理与行为代偿模式,为制订个体化护理干预策略提供了理论依据。然而,本研究存在一定局限性,研究结果主要基于访谈资料的质性分析,虽然通过扎根理论构建了理论模型,但尚需量化研究进行验证。未来研究可进一步开发阶段特征评估量表,建立客观量化标准,并通过纵向研究确定各阶段的持续时间阈值及影响因素,为构建个性化干预体系提供依据,从而优化低血糖感知受损病人的血糖管理。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.016
  • 接收时间:2025-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-07
  • 修回日期:2026-05-08
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    1天津医科大学朱宪彝纪念医院 天津市内分泌研究所 国家卫生健康委激素与发育重点实验室 天津市代谢性疾病重点实验室,天津 300134

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邢秋玲,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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