Article(id=1322926866499240908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924415817757501, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1763395200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-18, revisedDate=1784044800000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339943765, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1788969600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339943765, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339943765, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339943765, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322924415817757501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='17', pageStart='2961', pageEnd='3152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788969600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793339359478, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343089343, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940060072542250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924415817757501, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940060072542251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924415817757501, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3049, endPage=3054, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322926866876728270, articleId=1322926866499240908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Potential categories and influencing factors of limb swelling in patients after total knee arthroplasty, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the potential categories and influencing factors of limb swelling after total knee arthroplasty(TKA).

Methods

A total of 239 patients undergoing TKA in the department of orthopedic surgery of a tertiary grade A hospital in Jiangsu province from June 2023 to May 2025 were selected as survey participants. Baseline surveys were conducted within one week postoperatively using the General Information Questionnaire,Limb Swelling Circumference Assessment Form, Pictorial Knee Self-Assessment Questionnaire,Orthopedic Patient Functional Exercise Adherence Scale,and Social Support Rating Scale.Limb swelling severity was assessed using the Limb Swelling Circumference Assessment Form on postoperative days 1,3,and 7,as well as at 1,3,and 6 months after discharge.Growth mixture modeling was used to identify potential categories of limb swelling after TKA,and logistic regression analysis was performed to examine influencing factors.

Results

A total of 206 patients(86.19%) completed the follow-up. Three potential categories of limb swelling were identified:high-level swelling with a high plateau(30.58%),moderate-level swelling with fluctuation (35.44%),and low-level swelling with a decreasing trend(33.98%).Logistic regression results showed that inflammation level,pain severity,knee joint function,comorbidities,functional exercise adherence,and social support were significant influencing factors of the potential categories of limb swelling after TKA(P<0.05).

Conclusions

Limb swelling after TKA exhibits population heterogeneity.Based on these findings,healthcare providers can implement stratified assessment and personalized interventions for postoperative swelling to improve patient outcomes in swelling rehabilitation.

, authors=Yang WANG1, 2, Qiyun ZHEN1, Ling CHEN2, Xiaomin YU1, Tingting DAI1, Zhou SU1, Huiwu QU1, authorsList=Yang WANG, Qiyun ZHEN, Ling CHEN, Xiaomin YU, Tingting DAI, Zhou SU, Huiwu QU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322926868961297361, articleId=1322926866499240908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别及影响因素, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别及其影响因素。

方法

选取2023年6月—2025年5月在江苏省某三级甲等医院骨关节外科住院的239例全膝关节置换术病人作为调查对象。采用一般资料调查表、肢体肿胀周径评估表、图示化膝关节病人自我评估问卷、骨科病人功能锻炼依从性量表、社会支持评定量表在术后1周内进行基线调查,采用肢体肿胀周径评估表在病人术后第1天、第3天、第7天及出院后1、3、6个月调查病人肢体肿胀程度,采用增长混合模型探讨全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别,采用Logistic回归分析探讨影响因素。

结果

共206例(86.19%)全膝关节置换病人完成随访。识别到高水平肿胀-高位组(30.58%)、中水平肿胀-波动组(35.44%)、低水平肿胀-回落组(33.98%)3个潜在类别。Logistic分析结果显示,炎症、疼痛、膝关节功能、合并症、锻炼依从性、社会支持是全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀潜在类别的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

全膝关节置换术后肢体肿胀存在群体异质性,医护人员可据此对术后病人实施肿胀分层评估与个性化干预,以改善病人术后肿胀康复结局。

, authors=汪洋1, 2, 真启云1, 陈玲2, 于小敏1, 戴婷婷1, 苏宙1, 瞿辉武1, authorsList=汪洋, 真启云, 陈玲, 于小敏, 戴婷婷, 苏宙, 瞿辉武, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=汪洋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Yang, E-mail:
汪洋,主管护师,硕士研究生在读,E-mail:
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authorNames=Blasco J M, Díaz-Díaz B, Igual-Camacho C, journalName=BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Blasco J M,Díaz-Díaz B,Igual-Camacho C,et al.Effectiveness of using a chatbot to promote adherence to home physiotherapy after total knee replacement,rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial[J].BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders,2023,24(1):491., articleTitle=Effectiveness of using a chatbot to promote adherence to home physiotherapy after total knee replacement,rationale and design of a randomized clinical trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322926883016409140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=59, issue=22, pageStart=2753, pageEnd=2759, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=张沐晨, 宋慧娟, 覃承诃, journalName=中华护理杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张沐晨,宋慧娟,覃承诃,等.骨搬运术后患者运动恐惧体验的质性研究[J].中华护理杂志,2024,59(22):2753-2759., articleTitle=骨搬运术后患者运动恐惧体验的质性研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322926883171598389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=16, issue=null, pageStart=1257, pageEnd=1268, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=Shen B J, Guan T J, Du X Y, journalName=Patient Preference and Adherence, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shen B J,Guan T J,Du X Y,et al.Medication adherence and perceived social support of hypertensive patients in China:a community-based survey study[J].Patient Preference and Adherence,2022,16:1257-1268., articleTitle=Medication adherence and perceived social support of hypertensive patients in China:a community-based survey study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322926883251290166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=58, issue=24, pageStart=3028, pageEnd=3036, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=张文忠, 季红, 王宁, journalName=中华护理杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张文忠,季红,王宁,等.全膝关节置换术后患者康复治疗体验质性研究的Meta整合[J].中华护理杂志,2023,58(24):3028-3036., articleTitle=全膝关节置换术后患者康复治疗体验质性研究的Meta整合, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322926883322593337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=20, pageStart=4941, pageEnd=4945, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=王小婷, 何璟, 缪小龙, journalName=中国老年学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王小婷,何璟,缪小龙,等.老年髋/膝关节置换术患者围术期输血影响因素及预测模型建立[J].中国老年学杂志,2024,44(20):4941-4945., articleTitle=老年髋/膝关节置换术患者围术期输血影响因素及预测模型建立, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322926883599417402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=13, issue=23, pageStart=7376, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=Negrini F, Fascio E, Tivolesi V, journalName=Journal of Clinical Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Negrini F,Fascio E,Tivolesi V,et al.Efficacy of kinesiotaping on functional outcomes,pain,and edema in the early rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty surgery:a randomized controlled trial[J].Journal of Clinical Medicine,2024,13(23):7376., articleTitle=Efficacy of kinesiotaping on functional outcomes,pain,and edema in the early rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty surgery:a randomized controlled trial, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322926869431059410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322926869439448019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, companyId=1322926869431059410, language=EN, country=null, 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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, companyId=1322926869754020821, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2安庆市立医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322926875705737229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Potential category developmental trajectory plot of limb swelling in patients after TKA, figureFileSmall=VPRlju43L/fqSgfYnOa92g==, figureFileBig=YE/Ut05pqwbPB+f6zN46hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926875802206222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, language=CN, label=图1, caption=全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别发展轨迹, figureFileSmall=VPRlju43L/fqSgfYnOa92g==, figureFileBig=YE/Ut05pqwbPB+f6zN46hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322926876167110671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fit indices of growth mixture model for the developmental trajectory of swelling after TKA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率(%)
LMRTBLRT
13 879.9843 929.9023 882.376
23 834.2053 897.4353 837.2360.8600.036<0.00156.12/43.88
33 717.4953 794.0363 721.1630.984<0.001<0.00135.44/33.98/30.58
43 693.6853 783.5383 697.9910.978<0.001<0.00135.44/30.58/29.61/4.37
53 675.1313 778.2953 680.0750.9430.140<0.00130.58/29.61/19.42/16.02/4.37
), ArticleFig(id=1322926876246802448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全膝关节置换术后肿胀发展轨迹增长混合模型拟合指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率(%)
LMRTBLRT
13 879.9843 929.9023 882.376
23 834.2053 897.4353 837.2360.8600.036<0.00156.12/43.88
33 717.4953 794.0363 721.1630.984<0.001<0.00135.44/33.98/30.58
43 693.6853 783.5383 697.9910.978<0.001<0.00135.44/30.58/29.61/4.37
53 675.1313 778.2953 680.0750.9430.140<0.00130.58/29.61/19.42/16.02/4.37
), ArticleFig(id=1322926876519432209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate analysis of influencing factors for different categories of postoperative limb swelling in patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类低水平肿胀-回落组(n=70)中水平肿胀-波动组(n=73)高水平肿胀-高位组(n=63)统计值P
性别[例(%)]男23(32.86)18(24.66)15(23.81)χ2=1.7360.420
女47(67.14)55(75.34)48(76.19)
年龄(岁)71.33±6.5372.92±5.6770.59±5.94F=2.6680.072
文化程度[例(%)]小学及以下18(25.71)23(31.51)25(39.68)
初中28(40.00)23(31.51)25(39.68)χ2=6.1830.186
高中及以上24(34.29)27(36.99)13(20.63)
婚姻状况[例(%)]其他11(15.71)13(17.81)10(15.87)χ2=0.1400.932
已婚59(84.29)60(82.19)53(84.13)
居住地[例(%)]城市44(62.86)36(49.32)37(58.73)χ2=2.8090.245
农村26(37.14)37(50.68)26(41.27)
居住方式[例(%)]独居11(15.71)17(23.29)3(4.76)χ2=9.1150.010
与家人同住59(84.29)56(76.71)60(95.24)
医保类别[例(%)]其他类别医保32(45.71)32(43.84)23(36.51)
职工医保19(27.14)23(31.51)20(31.75)χ2=1.6670.797
居民医保19(27.14)18(24.66)20(31.75)
体质指数[例(%)]<18.5 kg/m24(5.71)5(6.85)10(15.87)
18.5~24.0 kg/m230(42.86)30(41.10)14(22.22)χ2=9.9990.040
>24.0 kg/m236(51.43)38(52.05)39(61.90)
合并症[例(%)]无25(35.71)12(16.44)9(14.29)χ2=11.0420.004
有45(64.29)61(83.56)54(85.71)
图示化膝关节病人评估问卷(分)疼痛2.40(2.00,3.00)3.00(2.80,3.20)3.60(3.20,4.80)H=64.023<0.001
炎症2.00(1.67,3.33)2.67(2.33,3.00)3.67(3.00,4.67)H=63.403<0.001
功能2.50(2.33,2.67)2.83(2.67,3.00)3.67(3.00,4.50)H=59.853<0.001
锻炼依从性[例(%)]低依从性19(27.14)31(42.47)7(11.11)
中等依从性28(40.00)26(35.62)24(38.10)χ2=20.469<0.001
高依从性23(32.86)16(21.92)32(50.79)
社会支持[例(%)]低17(24.29)39(53.42)6(9.52)
中等35(50.00)18(24.66)39(61.90)χ2=34.628<0.001
较高18(25.71)16(21.92)18(28.57)
), ArticleFig(id=1322926876615901202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

人工全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀不同类别影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类低水平肿胀-回落组(n=70)中水平肿胀-波动组(n=73)高水平肿胀-高位组(n=63)统计值P
性别[例(%)]男23(32.86)18(24.66)15(23.81)χ2=1.7360.420
女47(67.14)55(75.34)48(76.19)
年龄(岁)71.33±6.5372.92±5.6770.59±5.94F=2.6680.072
文化程度[例(%)]小学及以下18(25.71)23(31.51)25(39.68)
初中28(40.00)23(31.51)25(39.68)χ2=6.1830.186
高中及以上24(34.29)27(36.99)13(20.63)
婚姻状况[例(%)]其他11(15.71)13(17.81)10(15.87)χ2=0.1400.932
已婚59(84.29)60(82.19)53(84.13)
居住地[例(%)]城市44(62.86)36(49.32)37(58.73)χ2=2.8090.245
农村26(37.14)37(50.68)26(41.27)
居住方式[例(%)]独居11(15.71)17(23.29)3(4.76)χ2=9.1150.010
与家人同住59(84.29)56(76.71)60(95.24)
医保类别[例(%)]其他类别医保32(45.71)32(43.84)23(36.51)
职工医保19(27.14)23(31.51)20(31.75)χ2=1.6670.797
居民医保19(27.14)18(24.66)20(31.75)
体质指数[例(%)]<18.5 kg/m24(5.71)5(6.85)10(15.87)
18.5~24.0 kg/m230(42.86)30(41.10)14(22.22)χ2=9.9990.040
>24.0 kg/m236(51.43)38(52.05)39(61.90)
合并症[例(%)]无25(35.71)12(16.44)9(14.29)χ2=11.0420.004
有45(64.29)61(83.56)54(85.71)
图示化膝关节病人评估问卷(分)疼痛2.40(2.00,3.00)3.00(2.80,3.20)3.60(3.20,4.80)H=64.023<0.001
炎症2.00(1.67,3.33)2.67(2.33,3.00)3.67(3.00,4.67)H=63.403<0.001
功能2.50(2.33,2.67)2.83(2.67,3.00)3.67(3.00,4.50)H=59.853<0.001
锻炼依从性[例(%)]低依从性19(27.14)31(42.47)7(11.11)
中等依从性28(40.00)26(35.62)24(38.10)χ2=20.469<0.001
高依从性23(32.86)16(21.92)32(50.79)
社会支持[例(%)]低17(24.29)39(53.42)6(9.52)
中等35(50.00)18(24.66)39(61.90)χ2=34.628<0.001
较高18(25.71)16(21.92)18(28.57)
), ArticleFig(id=1322926878293622803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Multivariate analysis of influencing factors for different categories of postoperative limb swelling in patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
高水平肿胀-高位组常数-9.1231.69329.034<0.001
疼痛0.9520.3716.5990.0102.591[1.253,5.358]
炎症1.1200.32811.645<0.0013.066[1.611,5.835]
功能1.0110.4215.7480.0172.747[1.203,6.276]
合并症-1.3240.6574.0570.0440.266[0.073,0.965]
中水平肿胀-波动组常数-5.2641.39614.218<0.001
功能1.1620.3978.5860.0033.196[1.469,6.952]
合并症-1.0130.4854.3710.0370.363[0.140,0.939]
锻炼依从性1.0960.5264.3420.0372.991[1.067,8.382]
社会支持1.0820.5384.0430.0442.951[1.028,8.475]
), ArticleFig(id=1322926878373314581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322926866499240908, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

病人术后肢体肿胀不同类别影响因素的多因素分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
高水平肿胀-高位组常数-9.1231.69329.034<0.001
疼痛0.9520.3716.5990.0102.591[1.253,5.358]
炎症1.1200.32811.645<0.0013.066[1.611,5.835]
功能1.0110.4215.7480.0172.747[1.203,6.276]
合并症-1.3240.6574.0570.0440.266[0.073,0.965]
中水平肿胀-波动组常数-5.2641.39614.218<0.001
功能1.1620.3978.5860.0033.196[1.469,6.952]
合并症-1.0130.4854.3710.0370.363[0.140,0.939]
锻炼依从性1.0960.5264.3420.0372.991[1.067,8.382]
社会支持1.0820.5384.0430.0442.951[1.028,8.475]
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全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别及影响因素
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汪洋 1, 2 , 真启云 1 , 陈玲 2 , 于小敏 1 , 戴婷婷 1 , 苏宙 1 , 瞿辉武 1
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(17): 3049-3054
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (17) : 3049 -3054
全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别及影响因素
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汪洋1, 2 , 真启云1, 陈玲2, 于小敏1, 戴婷婷1, 苏宙1, 瞿辉武1
作者信息
  • 1江苏大学附属人民医院,江苏 212002
  • 2安庆市立医院
通讯作者:
WANG Yang, E-mail:
汪洋,主管护师,硕士研究生在读,E-mail:
Potential categories and influencing factors of limb swelling in patients after total knee arthroplasty
Yang WANG1, 2 , Qiyun ZHEN1, Ling CHEN2, Xiaomin YU1, Tingting DAI1, Zhou SU1, Huiwu QU1
Affiliations
  • 1Affiliated People's Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212002 China
  • 2Anqing Municipal Hospital
出版时间: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.013
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目的

探讨全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别及其影响因素。

方法

选取2023年6月—2025年5月在江苏省某三级甲等医院骨关节外科住院的239例全膝关节置换术病人作为调查对象。采用一般资料调查表、肢体肿胀周径评估表、图示化膝关节病人自我评估问卷、骨科病人功能锻炼依从性量表、社会支持评定量表在术后1周内进行基线调查,采用肢体肿胀周径评估表在病人术后第1天、第3天、第7天及出院后1、3、6个月调查病人肢体肿胀程度,采用增长混合模型探讨全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别,采用Logistic回归分析探讨影响因素。

结果

共206例(86.19%)全膝关节置换病人完成随访。识别到高水平肿胀-高位组(30.58%)、中水平肿胀-波动组(35.44%)、低水平肿胀-回落组(33.98%)3个潜在类别。Logistic分析结果显示,炎症、疼痛、膝关节功能、合并症、锻炼依从性、社会支持是全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀潜在类别的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

全膝关节置换术后肢体肿胀存在群体异质性,医护人员可据此对术后病人实施肿胀分层评估与个性化干预,以改善病人术后肿胀康复结局。

全膝关节置换术  /  肢体肿胀  /  潜在类别  /  影响因素  /  护理  /  纵向研究
Objective

To explore the potential categories and influencing factors of limb swelling after total knee arthroplasty(TKA).

Methods

A total of 239 patients undergoing TKA in the department of orthopedic surgery of a tertiary grade A hospital in Jiangsu province from June 2023 to May 2025 were selected as survey participants. Baseline surveys were conducted within one week postoperatively using the General Information Questionnaire,Limb Swelling Circumference Assessment Form, Pictorial Knee Self-Assessment Questionnaire,Orthopedic Patient Functional Exercise Adherence Scale,and Social Support Rating Scale.Limb swelling severity was assessed using the Limb Swelling Circumference Assessment Form on postoperative days 1,3,and 7,as well as at 1,3,and 6 months after discharge.Growth mixture modeling was used to identify potential categories of limb swelling after TKA,and logistic regression analysis was performed to examine influencing factors.

Results

A total of 206 patients(86.19%) completed the follow-up. Three potential categories of limb swelling were identified:high-level swelling with a high plateau(30.58%),moderate-level swelling with fluctuation (35.44%),and low-level swelling with a decreasing trend(33.98%).Logistic regression results showed that inflammation level,pain severity,knee joint function,comorbidities,functional exercise adherence,and social support were significant influencing factors of the potential categories of limb swelling after TKA(P<0.05).

Conclusions

Limb swelling after TKA exhibits population heterogeneity.Based on these findings,healthcare providers can implement stratified assessment and personalized interventions for postoperative swelling to improve patient outcomes in swelling rehabilitation.

total knee arthroplasty  /  limb swelling  /  potential categories  /  influencing factors  /  nursing  /  longitudinal study
汪洋, 真启云, 陈玲, 于小敏, 戴婷婷, 苏宙, 瞿辉武. 全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀的潜在类别及影响因素. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (17) : 3049 -3054 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.013
Yang WANG, Qiyun ZHEN, Ling CHEN, Xiaomin YU, Tingting DAI, Zhou SU, Huiwu QU. Potential categories and influencing factors of limb swelling in patients after total knee arthroplasty[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (17) : 3049 -3054 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.013
全膝关节置换术是治疗晚期膝骨关节炎常见的手术方式[1]。随着人口老龄化的加剧,我国全膝关节置换手术量以年均近30%的速度增长,而美国每年约有超过60万例病人行全膝关节置换手术[1-2]。全膝关节置换术创伤大、出血多,术后早期伴有不同程度的肿胀。调查发现,出院后2~3周全膝关节置换术后下肢肿胀病人达90.7%,术后6个月肢体肿胀发生率为40.0%,术后1年肿胀发生率为 26.9%,而出院后再就诊者下肢肿胀发生率为20%[3-5]。膝关节肿胀加剧关节囊和软组织的疼痛与张力,软组织内持续升高的压力逐渐阻碍静脉回流,不仅影响局部组织血运,还可导致水疱、伤口裂开,严重者可能会发生骨筋膜室综合征,导致伤肢坏死而致残,甚至造成肺栓塞危及病人生命安全[6-7]。有研究证实,肿胀会随时间变化,发展轨迹不仅存在个体差异,群体层面也不尽相同[8]。目前,全膝关节置换术后肢体肿胀的研究主要为横断面研究,鲜有探讨术后肢体肿胀的纵向发展轨迹及其异质性。本研究采用增长混合模型(growth mixture modeling,GMM)探索术后肢体肿胀的发展轨迹,并分析潜在类别的影响因素,以期为全膝关节置换术后肢体肿胀的个性化管理提供依据。
采用方便抽样法,选取2023年6月—2025年5月在江苏省某三级甲等医院骨关节外科住院的膝骨关节炎病人为调查对象。纳入标准:1)年龄≥60岁;2)符合膝骨关节炎诊断标准[9],且首次接受单侧人工全膝关节置换术;3)了解本研究并签署知情同意书。排除标准:1)合并意识障碍、精神疾病者;2)恶性肿瘤终末期及多器官功能衰竭;3)术前伴有下肢深静脉血栓或下肢血管性疾病、静脉功能不全者;4)3个月内行膝关节穿刺者。剔除标准:1)无法配合研究或中途退出研究;2)失访。样本量依据潜在自变量数量的5~10倍计算,本研究共纳入19个自变量,考虑到20%的失访率,至少所需样本量为119例,根据潜变量增长混合模型至少需要200例的样本量识别准确性要求[10],最终纳入239例。本研究已通过医院伦理委员会审批(审批号:K-20220141-Y)。
以健康生态学模型作为理论依据,按照健康生态学模型的个人特质、行为特点、人际网络、工作和生活条件、政策环境5个维度纳入影响因素[11]。经回顾文献[3,12-13]后,初步整理各维度的代表性因素。通过研究小组讨论,纳入可能影响膝关节肿胀的因素。
在查阅文献的基础上,结合健康生态学模型自行设计。主要包含性别、年龄、体质指数、文化程度、婚姻状况、居住地、居住情况、医疗类型、合并症9个条目。
常用肢体肿胀评估标准为:0度为无肢体肿胀;1度为较正常皮肤肿胀,但皮纹仍存在;2度为较正常皮肤肿胀,但皮纹消失;3度为极度肿胀,皮肤上出现水疱[7]。为更精准判断肢体肿胀严重程度,临床上往往采用周径测量。测量姿势为:双下肢平放,使用防水记号笔标注,软尺测量。测量部位为双侧肢体髌骨中部周径[7,14]。肿胀周径=患侧髌骨中部周径-健侧髌骨中部周径。
问卷由王炜等[15]编制,用于评价膝关节炎病人膝关节的状况。该量表包含疼痛、炎症、功能3个维度,共14个条目,每个条目0分表示健康,10分表示非常严重,总分0~140分,分值越高代表病人膝关节炎症越严重。该量表Cronbach's α系数为0.90,重测信度内部一致性系数为0.96。本研究中量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.914。
量表由谭嫒媛等[16]编制,用于评价骨科术后病人功能锻炼的依从性。该量表包括与心理方面相关、与主动学习相关、与身体方面相关的3个维度,共15个条目,每个条目1分表示根本做不到,5分表示完全做得到,总分<20分为低依从性,20~55分为中等依从性,>55分为高依从性。量表Cronbach's α系数为0.930。本研究中量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.948。
量表是我国学者肖水源[17]于1994年编制,用于评价病人所获得的社会支持水平。包含主观支持、客观支持及社会支持的利用度3个维度,共10个条目。条目6和条目7中,回答“无任何来源”计0分,回答“下列来源”者,有几个来源则计几分,其他每个选项分别计1~4分,总分12~66分,总分≤22分表示社会支持水平较低;总分为23~44分,表示社会支持水平中等;总分为45~66分,表示社会支持水平较高。该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.896,重测信度为0.89~0.94,具有良好的信度。
研究组成员在病人术后1周内收集一般资料及纸质版问卷调查,全膝关节置换术后第1天(T1)、第3天(T2)、第7天(T3)的患肢肿胀周径由骨科专科护士在上午同一时间段测量。出院时教会病人自测要点,在术后1个月(T4)、3个月(T5)、6个月(T6)通过电话随访、复诊等形式追踪获取肿胀值。
本研究从2个方面进行质量控制。1)在填写问卷前,由经过培训的研究小组成员向调查对象介绍调查目的和填写要点。问卷由研究小组成员发放,病人本人独立完成,对于受文化程度、年龄等影响而需协助填写问卷的病人,调查者可就问卷每个条目进行客观解释,避免使用引导性语言,各选项均由病人自己决定。所有问卷由研究者现场检查,如有遗漏项,请病人及时补充。2)资料处理阶段由2名具有相关数据处理经验的人员逐一核对并录入,统计过程则在熟悉护理学相关高阶统计的博士指导下完成,保证统计结果的严谨性和准确性。
使用Mplus 8.7和SPSS27.0软件进行统计分析。采用增长混合模型探究人工全膝关节置换术术后肿胀在T1~T6时间上的变化趋势,拟合指标为艾凯克信息标准(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、贝叶斯信息标准(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)、矫正的贝叶斯信息标准(adjusted Bayesian information crite-rion,aBIC)、熵(Entropy)、自助法似然比检验(Bootstrapped likelihood ratio test,BLRT)及罗-梦戴尔-鲁本校正似然比检验(Lo-Mendell-Rubin likelihood ratio test,LMRT)。当AIC、BIC、aBIC逐渐减小,表明模型拟合越好;Entropy越接近1,说明分类越精确;BLRT、LMRT有统计学意义,表明k个类别模型优于k-1个类别模型。单因素分析对符合正态分布的定量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)描述,多组间的比较采用方差分析;不符合正态分布的定量资料采用中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]描述,多组间比较采用秩和检验;定性资料以例数、百分比(%)描述,多组间比较采用χ2检验。以潜在类别为因变量,对差异有统计学意义的单因素进行Logistic回归分析。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共发放问卷239份,最终回收239份,问卷有效回收率为100%,术后1例因病情恶化要求退出本研究,中途失访32例,最终206例病人完成随访。
人工全膝关节置换术后肿胀模型的拟合结果见表1。AIC、BIC、aBIC的值随着模型类别的增加而逐渐降低;所有模型的熵值均>0.80;BLRT和LMRT拟合指标结果表明4个类别和3个类别比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);从类别概率上,4个类别存在占比<5%的类别[18],不具有代表性。因此,3个类别的模型拟合度及精确性较高。
依据3个类别形成肿胀轨迹图,并根据变化特征命名,见图1。类别1:肿胀起始值最高(截距=5.560),全程变化明显且持续保持最高(斜率=2.536,P<0.001),命名为“高水平肿胀-高位组”,共63例(30.58%);类别2:肿胀起始值中等(截距=4.798),全程中等水平波动(斜率=1.090,P<0.001),命名为“中水平肿胀-波动组”,共73例(35.44%)。类别3:肿胀起始值最低(截距=3.349),全程变化不明显且持续保持最低(斜率=-0.229,P<0.001),命名为“低水平肿胀-回落组”,共70例(33.98%)。
结果显示,居住方式、体质指数、炎症水平、疼痛程度、膝关节功能、合并症、功能锻炼依从性、社会支持在不同类别病人中比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),见表2。
以全膝关节置换术后肿胀发展轨迹的3个潜在类别为因变量,以低水平肿胀-回落组为参照,将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量作为自变量进行多因素Logistic回归分析。其中,连续变量以原始值输入,分类变量赋值情况:合并症,有=0,无=1;锻炼依从性,高依从性=1,中等依从性=2,低依从性=3;社会支持,较高=1,中等=2,低=3。Logistic回归分析结果显示,炎症水平、疼痛程度、膝关节功能、合并症、功能锻炼依从性、社会支持是全膝关节置换术后肢体肿胀潜在类别的影响因素(P<0.05),见表3。
本研究结果显示,全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀水平总体呈下降趋势,与Loyd等[19]的研究一致。本研究通过增长混合模型识别出3种全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀发展轨迹的潜在类别,即高水平肿胀-高位组、中水平肿胀-波动组、低水平肿胀-回落组,说明在全膝关节置换术后肿胀程度存在群体异质性。本研究结果显示,30.58%病人肿胀处于高水平状态,高于既往研究[3,20],既往研究显示术后约有20%病人出现严重肿胀,可能因为本研究中包含术后发生肌间静脉血栓的病人,且部分高水平肿胀病人未达到严重肿胀程度,此类病人炎症、疼痛症状明显[3,20]。本研究中35.44%病人肿胀呈中等水平,功能锻炼依从性低、社会支持不足的病人居多,出院后脱离医护人员的支持与指导,肿胀呈波动状态;本研究中33.98%病人肿胀处于低水平状态,与Gao等[13]研究相似,反映出该类病人具有良好的生理基础或康复条件。因此,医护人员应将高水平和中水平肿胀作为重点进行针对性指导。根据肿胀的水平进行分层管理,不仅能满足病人的个体需求,更能使有限的医疗资源得到合理的配置。
本研究发现,疼痛程度高的病人更易归于高水平肿胀-高位组。与冉妮等[21]研究结果相似,疼痛程度高会引起产生局部肌肉的反射性痉挛,从而引起血液循环受阻,加重肢体肿胀。故医护人员应重视疼痛的评估,并予以早期干预。本研究发现,炎症评分越高,炎症水平越高,更易进入高水平肿胀-高位组,与Yang等[22]研究相似。全膝关节置换术后肿胀主要由炎症反应驱动,从而引起局部组织血管扩张和通透性增加,使细胞外液和蛋白质渗出到组织间隙,而骨切割会增加炎症反应,从而加重肿胀的产生。术中长时间使用止血带会引起肌肉和皮肤长期缺血、缺氧,引起肌肉局部炎症因子大量释放,局部灌注后会引起局部血管充血和水肿,进而导致止血带部位疼痛和肿胀,甚至会出现张力性水疱[23]。提示护理人员应早期识别并减少炎症刺激源,同时关注术中止血带使用的时机、时间及压力等。有学者认为,术后6个月内双膝温差在1 ℃以上,在一定程度上反映炎症程度[24-25]。故在居家期间,可指导病人使用非接触红外感应体温仪监测皮温,初步识别早期感染征象。
本研究发现,功能锻炼依从性低容易进入中水平肿胀-波动组,与Blasco等[26]研究相似,功能锻炼依从性差的病人导致康复训练的中断,引起活动不足或活动不当。活动不当易引发肿胀,而活动不足易引起僵硬,增加肿胀发生率[27]。医护人员作为病人与病人家人/同伴的信息、情感、经济和护理支持对病人依从性的提高有积极影响[28]。故医护人员应予以正确引导,构建以信任为基础、以病人为核心的支持系统,从根本上提升病人的功能锻炼依从性。本研究发现,社会支持不足的病人更易进入中水平肿胀-波动组,社会支持不足的病人术后更容易出现焦虑、抑郁等负性情绪,更容易产生对身体活动的恐惧,从而影响康复效果[29]。因此,医护人员应给予病人充分的理解与支持,鼓励家庭成员为病人提供主客观支持,提高病人锻炼的积极性;医护人员在病人居家期间建议其通过“互联网+”护理服务、利用医联体服务上下联动,资源下沉到基层提供线下社会支持服务,开发小程序、公众号等建立线上支持网络,从而减轻远期肢体肿胀程度。
本研究发现,有合并症病人更容易进入高水平肿胀-高位组和中水平肿胀-波动组。有研究指出,肥胖相关合并症-高血压、葡萄糖受损和脂质代谢异常可引起肿胀[4],可能因为代谢产物蓄积刺激滑膜细胞活化,促使关节液病理性分泌增加,最终导致关节腔积液和肿胀。老年人合并多种慢性病,如高血压、糖尿病、心血管疾病等,可使病人的血液状态更加不稳定,导致术中更容易出现大量失血而加重肿胀[30]。全膝关节置换术中失血量过多可引起术后肿胀[12]。医护人员应重视术前合并症的管理,未来应纳入失血相关指标,如血红蛋白、红细胞比容,控制出血风险,以降低术后肿胀。本研究发现,膝关节功能差者更易进入高水平肿胀-高位组和中水平肿胀-波动组,与Negrini等[31]研究相似,膝关节功能越差,肌肉泵功能越弱,引起淋巴和静脉回流受阻,从而导致组织液积聚,加重肿胀。膝关节功能的改善可减轻肿胀,而肿胀的减轻又进一步促进膝关节功能的恢复,因此,建议医护人员指导病人早期进行康复训练,恢复肌肉泵功能,包括主动和被动关节活动、肌肉锻炼等,促进淋巴回流,减轻肢体肿胀。
本研究通过纵向研究发现,全膝关节置换术后病人肢体肿胀可分为高水平肿胀-高位组、中水平肿胀-波动组、低水平肿胀-回落组3个潜在类别,医护人员可评估病人的炎症水平、疼痛程度、膝关节功能、合并症、功能锻炼依从性、社会支持等情况,根据病人的特征,给予针对性的管理方案。但本研究仅针对江苏省1所医院的病人进行调查,样本抽取的随机性不足,且未能获得超敏C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率、血红蛋白、红细胞比容等客观指标,具有一定的局限性。未来可开展多中心、大样本调查并增加炎症、失血客观指标,以进一步完善本研究。

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2026年第40卷第17期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.013
  • 接收时间:2025-11-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-18
  • 修回日期:2026-07-15
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    1江苏大学附属人民医院,江苏 212002
    2安庆市立医院

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WANG Yang, E-mail:
汪洋,主管护师,硕士研究生在读,E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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