Article(id=1322925152694055507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766851200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-28, revisedDate=1785686400000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339535163, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339535163, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339535163, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339535163, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322924976893993108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='16', pageStart='2769', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793339493249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343103544, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2804, endPage=2814, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322925152866021972, articleId=1322925152694055507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Construction and application of exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To develop the exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis based on "zero-time exercise",and to verify its application effect.

Methods

The plan was constructed through the summary of best evidence, Delphi expert consultation, and pre-test.Using the convenience sampling method,a total of 90 maintenance hemodialysis patients from a tertiary grade A general hospital in Bengbu city from June 1st to September 10th,2025 were selected as the research subjects.According to the dialysis treatment schedule,the patients were divided into the observation group and the control group,with 45 cases in each.The control group received routine exercise guidance and nursing, while the observation group implemented the inter-dialysis exercise plan based on "zero-time exercise" on the basis of the routine.After 12 weeks of intervention,the objective indicators of physical function,exercise self-efficacy,dialysis symptom burden,blood biochemical indicators,and quality of life between two groups of patients were compared.

Results

The exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis based on the "zero-time exercise" included 5 primary indicators,20 secondary indicators,and 54 tertiary indicators.A total of 88 patients completed the intervention,with 44 in the observation group and 44 in the control group.After 12 weeks of intervention,the 30-second sit-to-stand test,2.44 meters circuit walking test,exercise self-efficacy,dialysis symptom burden,and quality of life in the observation group were all better than those in the control group(all P<0.05).

Conclusions

The implementation of the exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis based on "zero-time exercise" could improve the objective indicators of physical function of maintenance hemodialysis patients,enhance their exercise self-efficacy,improve the symptom burden of dialysis patients and their quality of life.

, authors=Jiling ZHAO1, Junxiu LUO1, Xiaoli YIN1, Li LIU1, Mingxuan PENG2, Li WANG1, authorsList=Jiling ZHAO, Junxiu LUO, Xiaoli YIN, Li LIU, Mingxuan PENG, Li WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Li WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322925153381921365, articleId=1322925152694055507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案的构建及应用, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

构建基于零时间运动的维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案,并验证其应用效果。

方法

通过最佳证据总结、德尔菲专家函询、预试验构建方案。采用便利抽样法,选取2025年6月1日—9月10日蚌埠市某三级甲等综合医院90例维持性血液透析病人作为研究对象。依据透析治疗时间安排,将病人分为观察组和对照组,每组各45例。对照组给予常规运动指导及护理,观察组在常规基础上实施基于零时间运动的透析间期运动方案。干预12周后比较两组病人身体功能客观指标、运动自我效能、透析症状负担、血生化指标及生活质量。

结果

构建的基于零时间运动的维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案包括5个一级指标、20个二级指标、54个三级指标。共88例病人完成干预,观察组和对照组各44例。干预12周后观察组30 s起坐试验、2.44 m折返走测试、运动自我效能、透析症状负担和生活质量得分均优于对照组(均P<0.05)。

结论

基于零时间运动的维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案的实施可以提高维持性血液透析病人身体功能客观指标,增强病人运动自我效能,改善透析病人症状负担,提高其生活质量。

, authors=赵纪玲1, 骆俊秀1, 尹晓丽1, 刘丽1, 彭明轩2, 王丽1, *, *, authorsList=赵纪玲, 骆俊秀, 尹晓丽, 刘丽, 彭明轩, 王丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王丽, authorNote=

赵纪玲,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
王丽,E-mail:
WANG Li, E-mail:
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Nephrology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Manfredini F,Mallamaci F,D'Arrigo G,et al.Exercise in patients on dialysis:a multicenter,randomized clinical trial[J].Journal of the American Society of Nephrology,2017,28(4):1259-1268., articleTitle=Exercise in patients on dialysis:a multicenter,randomized clinical trial, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322925165037892277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=24, issue=5, pageStart=425, pageEnd=430, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=刘彩飞, 陈思婕, 龙卓, journalName=中国血液净化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘彩飞,陈思婕,龙卓,等.基于国际功能、残疾与健康分类框架的信息化步行运动干预在维持性血液透析患者中的应用研究[J].中国血液净化,2025,24(5):425-430., articleTitle=基于国际功能、残疾与健康分类框架的信息化步行运动干预在维持性血液透析患者中的应用研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322925153608413782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322925153616802391, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, companyId=1322925153608413782, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui 233400 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322925153625191000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, companyId=1322925153608413782, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院,安徽 233400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322925153688105561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322925153692299866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, companyId=1322925153688105561, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Nursing, Bengbu Medical University), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322925153704882779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, companyId=1322925153688105561, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2蚌埠医科大学护理学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322925157827883659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Exercise plan for MHD patients during the intermittent period of dialysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标二级指标三级指标
A运动前准备A1团队建设A1.1 团队成员包括肾内科及血液净化中心的医护人员、康复治疗师、心理治疗师、营养师、健康管理专家,明确职责分工
A1.2 全员培训,确保医护人员掌握运动处方制定、方案实施、信息工具的使用及意外事件的应急处理
A2运动前评估A2.1 评估病人的病情、透析通路、心理状态(透析病人症状负担调查表)、运动功能(30 s 起坐试验、2.44 m折返走测试)等,签订知情同意书
A2.2 评估日常活动的能力、心肺功能[杜克大学活动状况指数问卷(DASI)],并结合病人的心脏彩超
A2.3 评估病人日常体力活动水平,包括7 d内步行、中等强度和高强度活动;各项活动每天的频率和累计时间记录
A2.4 评估病人营养情况[改良版主观综合性营养评估量表(MQSGA)、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白等指标]
A2.5 评估病人跌倒风险(跌倒风险识别表)
A2.6 评估运动适应证:鼓励没有禁忌证的血液透析人群进行体育活动和锻炼
A2.7 评估运动禁忌证:血液透析开始3个月以内;病情不稳定;有深静脉血栓的症状等
A2.8 评估病人的家庭支持情况、认知情况
A2.9 评估运动环境是否安全;服饰、鞋袜大小是否合适
B运动处方B1运动原则B1.1 个性化,循序渐进,动态评估
B2热身运动B2.1 运动类型主要为活动颈、肩、肘、腕、膝关节等,运动量较轻
B2.2 时长:3~5 min
B3有氧运动B3.1 类型:步行、慢跑、骑自行车、跳健身舞、韵律操、家务、园艺等,根据病人习惯及兴趣选择
B3.2 时长:10~15 min
B4抗阻运动B4.1 类型:拉伸拉力器或者弹力绷带、抬举哑铃、仰卧起坐等
B4.2 分3组进行,重复 8~10 次,每次动作锻炼间隔 1~2 min
B4.3 时长:10~15 min
B5柔韧性运动B5.1 类型:太极拳、广场舞、八段锦、瑜伽等
B5.2 时长:10 min
B6放松运动B6.1 运动后放松运动类型包括肩背伸展、胸部拉伸、小腿拉伸、大腿拉伸等
B6.2 时长:5 min
B7运动强度B7.1根据自觉疲劳程度量表(RPE)评估,RPE评分9~11分逐渐过渡到RPE评分12~14 分
B8频率和时长B8.1 有氧运动:每周3~5次;抗阻运动:每周2次或3次;柔韧性运动:每周2次或3次
B8.2 每周运动3 d,每次运动30~60 min(每周进行运动总时间达到150 min,可连续1次或多次进行)
B8.3 无法进行连续运动的血液透析病人,在耐受范围内,循序渐进,达到每次20~60 min的活动
C运动注意事项C1运动监测C1.1所有MHD的病人在运动前、中、后应监测RPE
C1.2运动前后监测血压、心率和血糖,确保在安全范围内
C2停止指征C2.1胸、臂、颈或下颌等部位烧灼痛、酸痛、缩窄感
C2.2严重的胸闷、气短,交谈困难
C2.3头痛、头晕、黑矇、周身无力
C2.4运动相关的肌肉痉挛、关节疼痛等
C3安全管理C3.1出汗时适当饮水,避免脱水
C3.2运动强度应循序渐进,避免过度疲劳
C3.3运动前后进行热身和放松运动
C3.4对病人及家属培训防跌倒等应急事件处理,并学会紧急呼救
C3.5避免空腹运动,建议饭后1 h运动;随身携带糖果、饼干等,避免低血糖,或出现时得到及时处理
C4健康教育C4.1多种方式健康教育:责任护士个性化多种方式健康教育,面对面宣教、视频宣教、互联网咨询、微信群聊、教育手册等,责任护士示范运动的动作要领,并利用微信、视频、互联网、宣传册等多种形式传播运动的方法
C4.2动静脉通路手臂可以进行锻炼,但应做好防护,避免受压
C4.3 携带透析导管方面运动注意事项:留置颈内静脉透析导管的病人可进行低强度运动,如散步、慢跑、握力球等,避免颈部及上肢过度活动;运动前要固定导管、运动时避免牵拉导管、运动后检查导管敷料是否松动、导管是否脱出及折痕等
C4.4运动干预可以降低血液透析人群心血管相关和全因死亡率的风险;对血压有有利影响、情绪障碍的积极变化;可以改善运动耐量、行走能力和健康相关生活质量
C4.5运动干预可以改善有氧能力、心率变异性、肌肉功能;改善接受透析的终末期肾病病人身体功能的客观指标;骨骼健康、促进睡眠、提高透析充分性
C4.6鼓励照顾者陪同病人练习相关运动
C4.7开展零时间运动,将运动融入日常生活中,如步行、家务劳动、晾晒衣服、爬楼梯等
C4.8教会病人或家属记录运动日志,根据营养评估制定饮食处方
C4.9动态营养评估与指导
C4.10提供心理辅导,帮助病人克服运动中的心理障碍
D记录与反馈D1运动日志D1.1设计运动日志,记录每次运动的时间、强度,在运动前、运动中、运动后观察心率和血压,并在运动后记录运动时的疲劳程度,有无并发症、不适症状及意外事件
D2反馈途径D2.1利用电话、微信、互联网护理平台反馈;必要时家庭访视
D3定期评估D3.1医护人员每4~6周进行1次身体评估,包括血压、心率、血糖、运动能力指标、心理情况、营养情况等,调整运动处方
D4安全性和结局
指标的评价
D4.1医护人员评价运动的安全性,并进行相关指标的测评
E运动依从性提升E1团体运动E1.1 组织团体运动,开始运动1~4周,每周1次,5~8周时2周1次
E2运动分享E2.2 运动后8~12周以居家运动为主,择优分享运动后的体验
), ArticleFig(id=1322925157907575436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MHD病人透析间期运动方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
一级指标二级指标三级指标
A运动前准备A1团队建设A1.1 团队成员包括肾内科及血液净化中心的医护人员、康复治疗师、心理治疗师、营养师、健康管理专家,明确职责分工
A1.2 全员培训,确保医护人员掌握运动处方制定、方案实施、信息工具的使用及意外事件的应急处理
A2运动前评估A2.1 评估病人的病情、透析通路、心理状态(透析病人症状负担调查表)、运动功能(30 s 起坐试验、2.44 m折返走测试)等,签订知情同意书
A2.2 评估日常活动的能力、心肺功能[杜克大学活动状况指数问卷(DASI)],并结合病人的心脏彩超
A2.3 评估病人日常体力活动水平,包括7 d内步行、中等强度和高强度活动;各项活动每天的频率和累计时间记录
A2.4 评估病人营养情况[改良版主观综合性营养评估量表(MQSGA)、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白等指标]
A2.5 评估病人跌倒风险(跌倒风险识别表)
A2.6 评估运动适应证:鼓励没有禁忌证的血液透析人群进行体育活动和锻炼
A2.7 评估运动禁忌证:血液透析开始3个月以内;病情不稳定;有深静脉血栓的症状等
A2.8 评估病人的家庭支持情况、认知情况
A2.9 评估运动环境是否安全;服饰、鞋袜大小是否合适
B运动处方B1运动原则B1.1 个性化,循序渐进,动态评估
B2热身运动B2.1 运动类型主要为活动颈、肩、肘、腕、膝关节等,运动量较轻
B2.2 时长:3~5 min
B3有氧运动B3.1 类型:步行、慢跑、骑自行车、跳健身舞、韵律操、家务、园艺等,根据病人习惯及兴趣选择
B3.2 时长:10~15 min
B4抗阻运动B4.1 类型:拉伸拉力器或者弹力绷带、抬举哑铃、仰卧起坐等
B4.2 分3组进行,重复 8~10 次,每次动作锻炼间隔 1~2 min
B4.3 时长:10~15 min
B5柔韧性运动B5.1 类型:太极拳、广场舞、八段锦、瑜伽等
B5.2 时长:10 min
B6放松运动B6.1 运动后放松运动类型包括肩背伸展、胸部拉伸、小腿拉伸、大腿拉伸等
B6.2 时长:5 min
B7运动强度B7.1根据自觉疲劳程度量表(RPE)评估,RPE评分9~11分逐渐过渡到RPE评分12~14 分
B8频率和时长B8.1 有氧运动:每周3~5次;抗阻运动:每周2次或3次;柔韧性运动:每周2次或3次
B8.2 每周运动3 d,每次运动30~60 min(每周进行运动总时间达到150 min,可连续1次或多次进行)
B8.3 无法进行连续运动的血液透析病人,在耐受范围内,循序渐进,达到每次20~60 min的活动
C运动注意事项C1运动监测C1.1所有MHD的病人在运动前、中、后应监测RPE
C1.2运动前后监测血压、心率和血糖,确保在安全范围内
C2停止指征C2.1胸、臂、颈或下颌等部位烧灼痛、酸痛、缩窄感
C2.2严重的胸闷、气短,交谈困难
C2.3头痛、头晕、黑矇、周身无力
C2.4运动相关的肌肉痉挛、关节疼痛等
C3安全管理C3.1出汗时适当饮水,避免脱水
C3.2运动强度应循序渐进,避免过度疲劳
C3.3运动前后进行热身和放松运动
C3.4对病人及家属培训防跌倒等应急事件处理,并学会紧急呼救
C3.5避免空腹运动,建议饭后1 h运动;随身携带糖果、饼干等,避免低血糖,或出现时得到及时处理
C4健康教育C4.1多种方式健康教育:责任护士个性化多种方式健康教育,面对面宣教、视频宣教、互联网咨询、微信群聊、教育手册等,责任护士示范运动的动作要领,并利用微信、视频、互联网、宣传册等多种形式传播运动的方法
C4.2动静脉通路手臂可以进行锻炼,但应做好防护,避免受压
C4.3 携带透析导管方面运动注意事项:留置颈内静脉透析导管的病人可进行低强度运动,如散步、慢跑、握力球等,避免颈部及上肢过度活动;运动前要固定导管、运动时避免牵拉导管、运动后检查导管敷料是否松动、导管是否脱出及折痕等
C4.4运动干预可以降低血液透析人群心血管相关和全因死亡率的风险;对血压有有利影响、情绪障碍的积极变化;可以改善运动耐量、行走能力和健康相关生活质量
C4.5运动干预可以改善有氧能力、心率变异性、肌肉功能;改善接受透析的终末期肾病病人身体功能的客观指标;骨骼健康、促进睡眠、提高透析充分性
C4.6鼓励照顾者陪同病人练习相关运动
C4.7开展零时间运动,将运动融入日常生活中,如步行、家务劳动、晾晒衣服、爬楼梯等
C4.8教会病人或家属记录运动日志,根据营养评估制定饮食处方
C4.9动态营养评估与指导
C4.10提供心理辅导,帮助病人克服运动中的心理障碍
D记录与反馈D1运动日志D1.1设计运动日志,记录每次运动的时间、强度,在运动前、运动中、运动后观察心率和血压,并在运动后记录运动时的疲劳程度,有无并发症、不适症状及意外事件
D2反馈途径D2.1利用电话、微信、互联网护理平台反馈;必要时家庭访视
D3定期评估D3.1医护人员每4~6周进行1次身体评估,包括血压、心率、血糖、运动能力指标、心理情况、营养情况等,调整运动处方
D4安全性和结局
指标的评价
D4.1医护人员评价运动的安全性,并进行相关指标的测评
E运动依从性提升E1团体运动E1.1 组织团体运动,开始运动1~4周,每周1次,5~8周时2周1次
E2运动分享E2.2 运动后8~12周以居家运动为主,择优分享运动后的体验
), ArticleFig(id=1322925157991461517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of general information between two groups of patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类观察组(n=44)对照组(n=44)统计值P
性别(例)男1925χ2=1.6360.201
女2519
年龄(岁)57.86±10.0454.43±13.84t=1.3300.187
BMI(kg/m2)22.90(20.75,25.21)22.29(18.83,26.23)Z=-0.8890.347
工作状况(例)在职230.653①
离退休912
无业3329
婚姻状况(例)已婚41400.999①
未婚23
离异/丧偶11
个人月收入(例)<3 000元28280.753①
3 000~5 000元45
5 001~10 000元107
>10 000元24
透析龄(月)22.90(20.75,25.21)21.92(18.63,25.75)Z=-1.4560.145
合并症数量(例)无110.814①
1个1413
2个1519
≥3个1411
原发病(例)慢性肾小球肾炎100.859①
糖尿病1411
高血压2428
多囊肾11
其他44
医保类型(例)居民医保3233χ2=0.0590.808
职工医保1211
① 采用Fisher精确概率法。
), ArticleFig(id=1322925158054376078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

两组病人一般资料比较

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项目分类观察组(n=44)对照组(n=44)统计值P
性别(例)男1925χ2=1.6360.201
女2519
年龄(岁)57.86±10.0454.43±13.84t=1.3300.187
BMI(kg/m2)22.90(20.75,25.21)22.29(18.83,26.23)Z=-0.8890.347
工作状况(例)在职230.653①
离退休912
无业3329
婚姻状况(例)已婚41400.999①
未婚23
离异/丧偶11
个人月收入(例)<3 000元28280.753①
3 000~5 000元45
5 001~10 000元107
>10 000元24
透析龄(月)22.90(20.75,25.21)21.92(18.63,25.75)Z=-1.4560.145
合并症数量(例)无110.814①
1个1413
2个1519
≥3个1411
原发病(例)慢性肾小球肾炎100.859①
糖尿病1411
高血压2428
多囊肾11
其他44
医保类型(例)居民医保3233χ2=0.0590.808
职工医保1211
① 采用Fisher精确概率法。
), ArticleFig(id=1322925158134067855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of 30-second sit-to-stand test, 2.44-meter circuit walking test, and exercise self-efficacy between two groups of patients

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组别例数30 s起坐试验(次)2.44 m折返走测试(s)运动自我效能(分)
干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后
观察组4411.82±4.1314.36±3.5718.45±12.8112.89±9.6053.25±21.4364.36±20.90
对照组4412.05±4.5111.45±3.5815.30±6.6517.41±9.5654.16±17.0852.11±14.36
t值-0.2463.8171.452-2.214-0.2203.204
P0.806<0.0010.1510.0290.8260.002
), ArticleFig(id=1322925158205371024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两组病人30 s起坐试验、2.44 m折返走测试、运动自我效能比较

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组别例数30 s起坐试验(次)2.44 m折返走测试(s)运动自我效能(分)
干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后
观察组4411.82±4.1314.36±3.5718.45±12.8112.89±9.6053.25±21.4364.36±20.90
对照组4412.05±4.5111.45±3.5815.30±6.6517.41±9.5654.16±17.0852.11±14.36
t值-0.2463.8171.452-2.214-0.2203.204
P0.806<0.0010.1510.0290.8260.002
), ArticleFig(id=1322925158280868497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of symptom burden scores between two groups of patients

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组别例数总分心理症状身体症状
干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后
观察组4494.14±23.4674.84±18.9734.32±3.9124.39±4.1659.82±21.9650.45±19.65
对照组4493.09±13.5896.82±13.1433.05±4.3133.91±4.9960.05±13.0562.91±12.06
t值0.256-6.3191.451-9.720-0.590-3.584
P0.799<0.0010.150<0.0010.9530.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322925158347977362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

两组病人症状负担得分比较

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组别例数总分心理症状身体症状
干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后
观察组4494.14±23.4674.84±18.9734.32±3.9124.39±4.1659.82±21.9650.45±19.65
对照组4493.09±13.5896.82±13.1433.05±4.3133.91±4.9960.05±13.0562.91±12.06
t值0.256-6.3191.451-9.720-0.590-3.584
P0.799<0.0010.150<0.0010.9530.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322925158436057747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of blood biochemical indicators between two groups of patients

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组别例数血红蛋白(g/L)血清白蛋白(g/L)血清钙(mmol/L)血清磷(mmol/L)
干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后
观察组44108.39±22.10109.48±19.0640.70±4.8841.26±4.471.24±0.141.22±0.112.02±0.561.86±0.44
对照组44105.07±20.16106.16±16.8640.50±5.5740.45±5.331.24±0.131.19±0.121.99±0.341.93±0.32
t值0.7360.8650.1790.7720.0550.9160.326-0.820
P0.4640.3890.8580.4420.9560.3620.7450.415
), ArticleFig(id=1322925158503166612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

两组病人血生化指标比较

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组别例数血红蛋白(g/L)血清白蛋白(g/L)血清钙(mmol/L)血清磷(mmol/L)
干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后干预前干预12周后
观察组44108.39±22.10109.48±19.0640.70±4.8841.26±4.471.24±0.141.22±0.112.02±0.561.86±0.44
对照组44105.07±20.16106.16±16.8640.50±5.5740.45±5.331.24±0.131.19±0.121.99±0.341.93±0.32
t值0.7360.8650.1790.7720.0550.9160.326-0.820
P0.4640.3890.8580.4420.9560.3620.7450.415
), ArticleFig(id=1322925158574469781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Comparison of quality of life scores between two groups of patients

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时间组别例数总分躯体症状疲劳抑郁人际关系挫折
干预前观察组4498.02±11.4026.16±3.6927.34±3.9613.14±2.1022.57±3.748.82±1.81
对照组4497.70±8.7525.77±3.8026.55±5.5213.86±1.6723.84±2.749.25±1.93
t值0.1470.4840.777-1.796-1.823-1.083
P0.8840.6290.4400.0760.0720.282
干预12周后观察组44114.07±6.8631.02±3.2030.73±3.2218.64±2.7123.95±3.069.73±1.65
对照组4498.14±8.7524.84±3.4826.05±5.6013.75±2.4623.82±2.979.68±2.24
t值9.5088.6944.8108.8530.2120.108
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.0010.8320.914
), ArticleFig(id=1322925160239608470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925152694055507, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

两组病人生活质量得分比较

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时间组别例数总分躯体症状疲劳抑郁人际关系挫折
干预前观察组4498.02±11.4026.16±3.6927.34±3.9613.14±2.1022.57±3.748.82±1.81
对照组4497.70±8.7525.77±3.8026.55±5.5213.86±1.6723.84±2.749.25±1.93
t值0.1470.4840.777-1.796-1.823-1.083
P0.8840.6290.4400.0760.0720.282
干预12周后观察组44114.07±6.8631.02±3.2030.73±3.2218.64±2.7123.95±3.069.73±1.65
对照组4498.14±8.7524.84±3.4826.05±5.6013.75±2.4623.82±2.979.68±2.24
t值9.5088.6944.8108.8530.2120.108
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.0010.8320.914
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维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案的构建及应用
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赵纪玲 1 , 骆俊秀 1 , 尹晓丽 1 , 刘丽 1 , 彭明轩 2 , 王丽 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(16): 2804-2814
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (16) : 2804 -2814
维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案的构建及应用
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赵纪玲1, 骆俊秀1, 尹晓丽1, 刘丽1, 彭明轩2, 王丽1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院,安徽 233400
  • 2蚌埠医科大学护理学院
通讯作者:
王丽,E-mail:
WANG Li, E-mail:
作者简介:

赵纪玲,硕士研究生在读

Construction and application of exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis
Jiling ZHAO1, Junxiu LUO1, Xiaoli YIN1, Li LIU1, Mingxuan PENG2, Li WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Anhui 233400 China
  • 2School of Nursing, Bengbu Medical University
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.006
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目的

构建基于零时间运动的维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案,并验证其应用效果。

方法

通过最佳证据总结、德尔菲专家函询、预试验构建方案。采用便利抽样法,选取2025年6月1日—9月10日蚌埠市某三级甲等综合医院90例维持性血液透析病人作为研究对象。依据透析治疗时间安排,将病人分为观察组和对照组,每组各45例。对照组给予常规运动指导及护理,观察组在常规基础上实施基于零时间运动的透析间期运动方案。干预12周后比较两组病人身体功能客观指标、运动自我效能、透析症状负担、血生化指标及生活质量。

结果

构建的基于零时间运动的维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案包括5个一级指标、20个二级指标、54个三级指标。共88例病人完成干预,观察组和对照组各44例。干预12周后观察组30 s起坐试验、2.44 m折返走测试、运动自我效能、透析症状负担和生活质量得分均优于对照组(均P<0.05)。

结论

基于零时间运动的维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案的实施可以提高维持性血液透析病人身体功能客观指标,增强病人运动自我效能,改善透析病人症状负担,提高其生活质量。

维持性血液透析  /  透析间期  /  零时间运动  /  自我效能  /  症状负担  /  生活质量  /  护理
Objective

To develop the exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis based on "zero-time exercise",and to verify its application effect.

Methods

The plan was constructed through the summary of best evidence, Delphi expert consultation, and pre-test.Using the convenience sampling method,a total of 90 maintenance hemodialysis patients from a tertiary grade A general hospital in Bengbu city from June 1st to September 10th,2025 were selected as the research subjects.According to the dialysis treatment schedule,the patients were divided into the observation group and the control group,with 45 cases in each.The control group received routine exercise guidance and nursing, while the observation group implemented the inter-dialysis exercise plan based on "zero-time exercise" on the basis of the routine.After 12 weeks of intervention,the objective indicators of physical function,exercise self-efficacy,dialysis symptom burden,blood biochemical indicators,and quality of life between two groups of patients were compared.

Results

The exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis based on the "zero-time exercise" included 5 primary indicators,20 secondary indicators,and 54 tertiary indicators.A total of 88 patients completed the intervention,with 44 in the observation group and 44 in the control group.After 12 weeks of intervention,the 30-second sit-to-stand test,2.44 meters circuit walking test,exercise self-efficacy,dialysis symptom burden,and quality of life in the observation group were all better than those in the control group(all P<0.05).

Conclusions

The implementation of the exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis based on "zero-time exercise" could improve the objective indicators of physical function of maintenance hemodialysis patients,enhance their exercise self-efficacy,improve the symptom burden of dialysis patients and their quality of life.

maintenance hemodialysis  /  intermittent period of dialysis  /  zero-time exercise  /  self-efficacy  /  symptom burden  /  quality of life  /  nursing
赵纪玲, 骆俊秀, 尹晓丽, 刘丽, 彭明轩, 王丽. 维持性血液透析病人透析间期运动方案的构建及应用. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2804 -2814 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.006
Jiling ZHAO, Junxiu LUO, Xiaoli YIN, Li LIU, Mingxuan PENG, Li WANG. Construction and application of exercise program for maintenance hemodialysis patients during the intermittent period of dialysis[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2804 -2814 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.006
在全球范围内,慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)的发病率和死亡率逐渐呈递增趋势[1],维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)是终末期肾脏病(end-stage renal disease,ESRD)病人最常用的肾脏替代治疗方式之一。中国肾脏数据登记系统(Chinese National Renal Data System,CNRDS)统计数据显示,2024年我国透析病人有118.3万例,其中102.7万例为血液透析病人[2]。随着我国透析技术的不断发展,MHD病人的生存时间逐渐延长,但是MHD病人的运动能力降低、心肺功能下降、肌肉萎缩,透析病人的症状负担重、生理和心理功能障碍的问题也日益凸显,影响了透析病人的生活质量[3],给家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担。MHD病人因尿毒症毒素蓄积、代谢性酸中毒、微炎症状态及血液透析治疗本身等因素,普遍存在蛋白能量消耗(PEW),导致病人骨骼肌质量与力量进行性下降,进而引发功能性运动能力,如行走、起坐、平衡的严重衰退。这种运动功能障碍与病人跌倒风险增加、住院率上升及全因死亡率密切相关,构成了影响MHD病人预后的核心问题。因此,针对MHD病人进行有效、可行且可维持的运动干预,具有明确的临床紧迫性。研究表明,运动可以改善病人的体能,增强心肺功能,提高透析充分性,改善病人的心理状态和睡眠质量,提升病人的生活质量[4-7]。国际肾脏营养与代谢学会全球肾脏病运动小组提出,运动应成为改善MHD病人生活质量的首要选择[8]。然而,传统结构化运动方案如固定时长、固定场地进行锻炼,常常因为病人疲乏感重、时间受限、缺乏动力及安全顾虑等因素导致运动依从性不佳。零时间运动(zero-time exercise,ZTEx)是指将简单的增强力量和耐力的体育活动融入日常生活,不需要额外的时间、金钱和设备,任何人都可以随时随地完成,零时间运动有效地减少了久坐行为,增强了身体活动和健康[9]。简单、简短的零时间运动训练具有较高的可接受性和运动依从性,可改善病人睡眠[10]。零时间运动“无额外时间负担”“融入生活”的核心理念,与MHD病人透析间期居家、碎片化时间多的特点高度契合。通过降低运动的启动门槛和感知难度,有助于克服病人因疾病与治疗导致的运动惰性与恐惧感,为在MHD人群中推广长期、规律的身体活动提供了极具潜力的解决方案。目前,对MHD病人的运动干预研究主要集中在透析期间,但由于硬件设施、资金限制以及透析中心医护人员配置不足等问题,这种运动模式在我国尚未得到广泛推广。大多数MHD病人透析是每周3次,每次4 h。透析间期可以运动的时间更多,运动环境、运动方式选择更灵活,家属的陪伴可以提高病人的运动依从性,确保病人运动期间的安全。因此,本研究基于零时间运动构建MHD病人透析间期运动方案并应用,探讨其对MHD病人的敏捷性与动态平衡、下肢肌力与耐力、运动自我效能、症状负担、血生化指标及生活质量的影响。
研究小组由12名成员组成,其中肾内科主任医师2人,血液净化中心护士长1人,责任护士4人,康复科医师1人,心理咨询师1人,营养师1人,研究生2人。主任医师、康复师、营养师为病人制定个体化的运动治疗方案和医学营养治疗方案,责任护士与研究生参与方案的制定并实施干预、进行动态评估和资料收集,护士长负责方案实施期间的质量控制和协调管理,心理咨询师关注病人心理状况并指导,责任护士与研究生共同指导病人将身体活动无缝隙融入病人的日常生活中,不额外占用大量时间进行运动。
按照循证资源的“6S”模型自上而下进行检索。系统检索全球各指南网站、循证资源综合知识库、UpToDate、肾脏病专业协会网站、澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(Joanna Briggs Institute,JBI)循证卫生保健中心数据库、国内外相关数据资源等,包括中国生物医学文献数据库、中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、国际指南协作网、加拿大安大略注册护士协会网站、英国国家卫生与临床优化研究所网站、美国国立指南库、苏格兰院际指南网、澳大利亚国家健康和医学研究委员会网站、世界卫生组织网站、中华医学会肾脏病学分会网站、中国医脉通网站、英国肾脏病协会网站,日本透析医学会网站、美国肾脏病基金会网站、Cochrane Library、BMJ Best Practice、OVID、EMbase、Web of Science、PubMed、CINAHL及国家糖尿病、消化与肾脏疾病研究所网站。检索时限为建库至2024年10月31日。中文检索词包括慢性肾衰竭、慢性肾脏病、终末期肾病、血液透析、肾透析、运动干预、运动锻炼、运动治疗、体力活动、运动。英文检索词包括:chronic kidney failure,chronic kidney diseases,end-stage renal disease,hemodialysis,renal dialysis,exercise interventions,physical exercise,sports therapy,exercise。中文数据库以中国知网为例,检索策略:(主题=慢性肾脏病+慢性肾衰竭+终末期肾病+血液透析+血液净化+维持性血液透析+肾透析+体外透析)AND(主题=运动+锻炼+体力活动)。英文数据库以PubMed为例,检索策略如下:
#1 ("renal insufficiency,chronic"[MeSH]) OR ("kidney failure,chronic"[MeSH]) OR ("uremia”[MeSH]) OR hemodialysis[Title/Abstract] OR (hemodialys*[Title/Abstract]) OR (end⁃stage renal disease[Title/Abstract]) OR (blood purification[Title/Abstract])
#2 ("exercise"[MeSH]) OR ("exercise therapy"[MeSH]) OR ("physical conditioning, human"[MeSH]) OR ("sports"[MeSH]) OR (sports rehabilitation[Title/Abstract])OR ("Yoga"[MeSH]) OR ("Taiji"[MeSH]) OR (Baduanjin [Title/Abstract]) OR (physical activity [Title/Abstract]) OR (sports rehabilitation[Title/Abstract])
#3 #1 AND #2
1)文献纳入标准:研究对象透析时长≥3个月且年龄≥18岁的MHD病人;研究类型为随机对照研究、系统评价、专家共识及指南等;主题包括MHD病人透析间期的运动干预;中文或英文文献。2)文献排除标准:无法获取全文;文献重复发表;会议摘要。由研究组的2名接受过循证培训的人员独立对纳入的证据进行提取与整合。经过筛选后,最终纳入文献16篇,研究小组根据证据总结的内容结合临床实际构建方案初稿。
于2025年1月—3月,采用电子邮件与纸质版问卷相结合的方式进行专家函询,共进行了2轮专家函询,间隔时间为2周,共纳入15名专家。专家纳入标准:肾脏内科学、血液净化临床医学、临床护理、护理管理、运动康复等相关工作领域有10年及以上工作经验;具备本科及以上学历;具备中级及以上专业技术职称;能够配合本研究,及时反馈函询结果,提供有价值的建议。研究小组结合专家函询的结果进行讨论并修改条目,当专家意见趋于一致时,结束函询。2轮专家函询问卷回收率分别为83.33%、100.00%;专家函询的权威系数为0.90,肯德尔协调系数分别为0.199和0.390(P<0.001)。
第1轮专家函询中,专家建议二级条目健康教育中应该增加“透析导管方面的运动注意事项”。专家提出考虑俯卧撑有可能会造成内瘘穿刺点出血,建议抗阻运动中删除俯卧撑。专家建议定期评估中细化评估内容,包括血压、心率、血糖、运动能力指标、透析病人症状负担调查表、运动自我效能量表、透析病人生活质量量表、心理情况、营养情况等,调整运动处方。基于专家函询意见以及统计学分析结果,研究组讨论后,删除二级指标、三级指标各1个,修改三级指标25个。第2轮专家函询中一级指标、二级指标均未修改,修改三级指标5个。专家提出“明确运动时间是每次的时间还是每天的时间”,运动时间包括每次及每天的运动时间,具体在方案实践及运动手册中标注。专家建议“避免空腹运动,建议饭后1 h运动;随身携带糖果、饼干等,避免低血糖,或出现时得到及时处理。”2轮专家函询后,各专家对方案的意见趋于一致,结束函询。运动方案的终稿包括5个一级指标、20个二级指标、54个三级指标。
选取血液透析室10例MHD病人进行预试验。经过预试验后,部分病人反馈:零时间运动将运动与家务相融合,每次干完家务微微出汗的感觉真舒服,但是担心运动的强度不够,没什么效果。告知病人运动强度需要循序渐进,根据研究小组设定的运动处方做就可以,不可操之过急。部分病人认为运动出汗后需要喝水,而MHD病人又需要限制饮水,告知病人运动出汗后可以适当饮水。根据预试验反馈内容,进一步修改和完善运动方案,形成运动方案终稿。见表1。
基于前期研究,本方案的核心操作化定义在于将“零时间运动”理念转化为针对MHD病人的具体行为处方。对病人的指导不仅限于运动类型,更强调在日常生活情境中的应用:1)有氧运动,明确指导MHD病人在日常生活中执行,如“步行购物替代打车”“打电话时踱步”“看电视广告时起身踏步3 min”。2)抗阻运动,利用家庭物品,如“坐位时弹力带进行手臂拉伸”“扶墙进行提踵练习”“手提适量矿泉水进行屈肘练习”。明确告知病人不可使用“俯卧撑”等可能压迫内瘘的高风险动作。3)柔韧性/平衡训练,融入日常活动,如“刷牙时进行单腿站立(交替)”“久坐后起身进行颈肩拉伸”。针对每例病人具体情况,研究团队会基于其运动前评估结果,从上述运动菜单中挑选3~5项易执行、安全的动作,组合成个性化的“每日零时间运动任务卡”,并明确告知每次动作需要的持续时间(如每次提踵坚持10~15 s,重复10~15次)、频率(如每日2遍)及强度(RPE评分)。
采用便利抽样法,选取2025年6月1日—9月10日蚌埠市某三级甲等综合医院血液净化中心的MHD病人作为研究对象。纳入标准:年龄≥18 岁;接受规律血液透析治疗≥3个月,透析治疗频率为3次/周;肌力≥3 级;意识清楚,自愿参加研究。排除标准:未控制的高血压(>180/100 mmHg)、低血压(<90/60 mmHg)或肺动脉高压;心肺疾病,包括未得到控制的充血性心力衰竭、严重或影响血流动力学的心律失常、不稳定性心绞痛、重度瓣膜狭窄、肥厚性心肌病、严重的心包积液等;严重的肾性骨病或关节活动障碍;血栓性静脉炎;急性全身性疾病,如急性炎症、传染病及其他发热性疾病;脑血管疾病急性期;严重的糖尿病视网膜病变;血管通路建立在下肢的病人。剔除标准:研究中发生病情变化难以继续参与者;资料收集过程中失访的病人;试验中途要求退出者。采用两样本均数比较的样本量计算公式估算本研究所需的样本量,即N1=N2=2[(μα+μβ)σ/(μ1-μ2)]2。查阅文献,取σ=11.13,本研究取α=0.05,β=0.10,μ1-μ2=48.49-40.08=8.41,采用双侧检验,根据公式计算得N1=N2≈37人,考虑10%~20%的失访率,最终纳入90例MHD病人,观察组、对照组各45例。按照透析治疗时间,每周一、周三、周五透析的病人为观察组,每周二、周四、周六透析的病人为对照组。本研究仅对病人实施单盲,未告知其具体分组情况,以降低偏倚风险。本研究已通过医院伦理委员会的审批(编号:伦科批字〔2023〕374号)。
实施常规护理,具体内容包括在病人透析前为病人讲解运动相关知识,鼓励病人在透析间期适当运动,给予病人用药指导、饮食指导(如限制水、钾、磷摄入)等。每个月对病人进行1次电话随访,以了解病人居家运动情况、饮食及心理状况。
观察组在常规护理的基础上实施基于“零时间运动”的MHD病人透析间期的运动方案。
干预小组由肾内科及康复科医师、护理研究生、护士长、责任护士、心理咨询师、营养师等组成的多学科团队。向病人及其家属介绍运动的目的、益处及风险。
运动方案实施原则:全程管理、循序渐进、动态评估、适时调整、心理及社会支持。透析前1 h由责任护士为病人实施运动相关知识的健康宣教,并发放个性化的每日零时间运动任务卡。
1)实时反馈:建立微信群,要求病人家属每日协助拍摄并上传1项或2项运动任务的执行短视频(15~30 s),责任护士或者研究生在24 h内查看,对动作规范性及安全性给予文字或者语音反馈。2)结构化随访:每周1次电话或微信语音随访,使用结构化问卷了解过去1周运动完成天数、每次大概时长、有无不适、执行困难及原因。同时,在每次透析治疗前,由责任护士与病人进行5~10 min面对面复盘,检查“运动日志”,解决存在的问题,并给予鼓励。3)定期评估与处方调整:每4周进行1次面对面评估(内容同方案构建中“定期评估”),由康复师、医生和护士共同参与,根据评估结果和随访反馈,对运动处方类型、强度、频率进行调整。4)运动日志管理:向病人发放纸质版“零时间运动”日志手册,要求记录每日完成运动项目、大致时长、运动前后心率/血压、运动时疲劳感以及运动当日有无不适等。对于无法自行记录者,由家属协助。每隔2周透析日由研究人员回收1次日志,进行数据整理与录入,作为过程管理和依从性评估的依据。回收时检查填写完整性,并当场解答疑问。数据由双人独立录入Excel并进行核对。第1周~第4周为方案适应期,肾内科医师、康复治疗师、责任护士一起根据病人的评估结果为病人制定个体化的运动处方。第5周~第8周为方案加强期,根据前期制定的运动方案,康复治疗师讲解热身运动、抗阻运动、柔韧性运动、放松运动的动作要领;运动处方进阶期间的注意事项;告知运动强度的监测、正确监测心率;透析前带领团体运动30 min。第9周~第12周为方案维持期,鼓励病人按照运动处方进行透析间期的运动,医护人员4~6周进行1次身体评估,对于运动依从性较好、运动效果较好的病人,予以赠送太阳伞、毛巾等作为奖励,并鼓励其进行同伴分享,树立同伴榜样作用。运动形式包括透析前1 h团体运动和居家自主运动,并辅以“互联网+”、微信、电话等沟通手段,同时借助同伴分享树立榜样作用。运动地点为血液净化中心透析前宣教室(一对一干预)和血液净化中心等待室(团体运动)。责任护士每周发送运动提醒,每次血液透析前责任护士会带领病人复盘前1 d的运动情况,并予以针对性指导。
由研究小组自行设计,包括社会人口学资料和疾病相关资料,如年龄、性别、文化程度、工作状况、婚姻状况、医保类型、原发病、透析龄、体质指数(BMI)及合并症等。
身体功能的客观指标包括30 s起坐试验、2.44 m折返走测试。两项测试均符合美国肾脏病基金会(NKF)及国际肾脏营养与代谢学会(ISRNM)关于评估透析病人生理功能推荐使用的简单、客观的体能测试原则。
30 s起坐试验是广泛应用于老年及慢性病人群的下肢肌力与耐力评估工具,对于MHD病人,下肢力量是完成行走、起立等基本日常活动的关键,该测试能敏感反映抗阻运动干预效果。测量工具:计时器、皮尺、43 cm背靠椅。测量过程:病人坐在椅子的正中央,双脚与地面平行,双臂交叉放在胸前,指导病人充分站起然后完全坐下为1次,教会病人动作要领后,由测量者发起口令,记录病人30 s完成起坐的总次数。完成次数越多,表明病人的下肢肌力越好。
2.44 m折返走测试是国际公认的用于评估个体敏捷性、动态平衡及功能性移动能力的简易工具,被广泛应用于跌倒风险评估。MHD病人常伴有平衡功能障碍,此测试能有效评估其运动干预后在执行“起身—行走—转身—坐下”这一系列功能性任务方面的改善情况。测量工具:计时器、2.44 m地标、43 cm背靠椅。测量过程:病人坐于椅子上,处于自然放松状态,由测量者发出开始口令后,病人起身向前尽量快速行走(按照地标指引),绕过终点障碍物后再转身坐回椅子,记录完成一组动作所需要的时间。需要的时间越短,表明病人的平衡能力越好。
2005年由Tung等[11]翻译形成中文版运动自我效能量表,张颖君等[12]将其应用于血液透析人群,主要评估病人对于维持规律运动的自信心。量表共18个问题,分别针对18个不同场景中病人维持运动锻炼的自信心。每个条目得分为0~100分,0分代表无法完成,100分代表肯定能完成,50分代表中等程度能完成。量表得分为每个条目得分相加再除以条目总数,总分越高,代表病人能坚持运动的信心越大。该量表的Cronbach's α系数和重测信度分别为0.966,0.977。
透析病人生活质量量表由Laupacis等[13]编制,国内学者黄小妹等[14]进行汉化。该量表包括躯体症状、疲劳、抑郁、人际关系、挫折5个维度,共26个条目,每个条目赋值1~7分,总分越高,表明病人的生活质量越好。为使该量表更适宜血液透析人群,徐甜甜[15]进行了改良,改良后的量表具有良好的信度,Cronbach's α系数为0.902,重测信度为0.890。
该量表在透析病人症状调查表(Dialysis Symptom Index,DSI)的基础上发展而成,用于评估透析病人过去7 d内症状的有无、症状发生的频繁程度、严重程度以及困扰程度[16-18]。涉及生理症状25个条目、心理症状5个条目,共30个条目。每个症状的发生通过“有”和“无”的形式表述,其中症状发生的严重程度和频繁程度采用Likert 4级(1~4分)评分法,得分越高,表示症状严重/频繁程度越重。困扰程度用Likert 5级(0~4分)评分法,得分越高,困扰程度越重。症状负担总分为0~360分,得分越高,表明透析病人的症状负担越重。此量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.84。
分别在干预前和干预12周后采集病人的外周静脉血送检,包括血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、血清钙、血清磷。
干预开始前,研究小组成员接受标准化培训,使用统一指导语,向病人及家属介绍本研究的目的、内容以及注意事项。由2名经过培训的研究生在干预前、干预12周后进行问卷收集,对于有能力的病人鼓励其自行填写问卷,对于书写困难者,由研究者询问病人后代为填写,问卷填写完毕后当场收回,如果问卷填写有漏项,协助其补充完整。
将收集到的原始问卷数据由双人录入、核对,采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析。符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验;不符合正态分布的定量资料以中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]表示,采用非参数检验。定性资料用频数、百分比(%)表示,采用χ2检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
最初纳入90例MHD病人,研究过程中观察组、对照组各有1例病人退出,最终纳入88例MHD病人。两组病人年龄、性别、BMI、透析龄、原发病、合并症数量等一般资料比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表2。
本研究结果显示,干预12周后两组病人30 s起坐试验、2.44 m折返走测试结果比较差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05),与刘忆冰等[19-20]的研究结果一致。原因可能是:本研究基于最佳证据构建的方案科学、有效,研究团队为病人制定的个体化运动处方中,有氧运动可以通过耗氧量峰值提高运动能力,渐进式抗阻运动可以使病人的肌肉力量得到改善。从现有证据看,无论何种方式的运动,都能改善MHD病人体适能[4,21]。此外,本研究基于循证构建的运动方案中有多学科团队为病人保驾护航,根据病人的实际情况,动态调整运动处方,适时纠正病人的运动要点,有利于提升其身体功能。运动自我效能指个体对完成特定运动目标的能力及信心,可以有效预测个体对于运动行为的维持能力[22]。MHD病人常伴有各种躯体功能症状,导致运动能力下降,运动恐惧感增加,进而降低了病人对于运动锻炼的信心,即使很多病人知晓运动锻炼有诸多益处,仍然难以坚持。因此,临床医护人员对病人的运动自我效能评估至关重要。研究表明,运动自我效能高的病人能够克服各种困难,维持运动,提升身体素质,改善健康结局[23]。本研究结果显示,干预12周后观察组病人运动自我效能得分高于对照组(P<0.05),表明基于零时间运动的MHD病人透析间期的运动方案可以增强病人的运动自我效能。与刘忆冰等[19]的研究结果一致,原因可能是:本研究构建的零时间运动方案将运动融入病人的日常生活中,每次透析前行团体锻炼和一对一指导,渐进式增加病人的运动强度,调整病人的运动处方,鼓励病人与家属共同参与,指导其如何有效地将运动与日常家务劳动相结合,鼓励病友间互相分享运动心得,每个月设置“运动明星”发放奖品,以帮助病人建立运动信心。使病人积极主动参与运动,而非被动完成运动任务,以提升病人的运动自我效能。建议今后开展MHD病人运动方案时将运动自我效能感纳入评估指标,通过各种方式提高病人运动自我效能,有助于其维持运动行为。
与传统的透析中运动或要求固定时间、场所的居家运动计划相比,本研究构建的零时间运动方案优势在于:1)适应性广,不受设备、场地和固定时间的限制,尤其适用于体力较差、日程碎片化或对正式锻炼有畏难情绪的病人;2)依从性更高,将运动转化为日常生活行为,降低了执行的日常负荷和行为门槛,本研究通过高频次、多途径的监督与反馈(视频、随访、反馈)进一步巩固了行为习惯;3)安全性良好,所有动作设计规避了内瘘侧肢体受压及高冲击的风险。其作用机制可能通过“行为嵌入”路径,将微运动无缝对接至日常必做事务中,通过减少久坐、增加全天累积的低中强度体力活动总量,从而渐进性地改善肌肉功能与神经肌肉协调性,同时,每次成功的“微运动”体验都在积累正向的运动自我效能感。
本研究结果显示,干预12周后观察组症状负担得分低于对照组(P<0.05),说明基于零时间运动的MHD病人透析间期的运动方案可以改善透析病人症状负担,与Hargrove等[24]的研究结果相似。Thompson等[21]研究表明,MHD病人常合并各种症状负担,如疲劳、睡眠不佳、肌肉痉挛、不宁腿、瘙痒、注意力不集中等。其中,疲劳是MHD病人中最常见的报告症状,可预测心血管疾病死亡率和较低的健康相关生活质量,抑郁和焦虑症状也很常见[25]。虽然这些症状的管理已被确定为MHD病人的重要优先事项,但在这一人群中,症状未得到充分认识,运动已被确定为改善症状负担的候选干预措施。本研究基于病人自身实际情况制定运动方案,每次透析前由团队成员带领病人进行团体运动或一对一运动指导直至病人掌握运动要领,零时间运动使得居家时可以随时随地进行锻炼,有家属陪护,逐渐增加运动强度,保证病人运动安全,使得病人易于接受运动目标,可以有效改善病人的症状负担。
本研究结果还显示,干预12周后观察组病人的生活质量总分高于对照组(P<0.05),说明基于零时间运动的MHD病人透析间期的运动方案可提升透析病人生活质量,与Abdelbasset等[26]的研究结果相似。郑雨鹃等[27]的研究表明,MHD病人症状负担与其生活质量呈负相关,症状负担重的病人,其生活质量差。通过减轻病人的症状负担可以改善病人的生活质量。病人的症状负担包括躯体症状和心理症状两个方面,本研究构建的多学科团队成员包括肾内科及血液净化中心的医护人员、康复治疗师、心理治疗师、营养师、管理专家等。除了对病人进行身体功能的锻炼之外,还会针对性地给予病人心理疏导,有效减轻病人的身体与心理症状负担,提升了病人的生活质量。研究指出,由医护人员管理的简单、个性化、家庭、低强度锻炼计划可以改善透析病人的身体功能的客观指标和生活质量[28],与本研究结果一致。说明基于零时间运动的MHD病人透析间期的运动方案可改善病人的症状负担和躯体功能的客观指标,从而使得病人的生活质量得到改善。
本研究基于证据总结构建MHD病人透析间期运动方案初稿后,严格选择相关领域的专家进行专家函询,基于专家函询意见、预试验病人反馈问题、课题研究小组讨论后,对运动方案初稿进行修改、完善,形成最终版运动方案。且运动方案的制定基于零时间运动,引导病人将运动化为生活习惯,将运动融入日常通勤与家务中。明确告知病人,拖地、扫地、擦拭家具、晾晒衣物等家务都是有效的体力活动。鼓励他们“能站不坐”,如站着看电视时可以做原地踏步;指导其碎片化时间运动,刷牙时抬脚,教导病人每天刷牙时扶着洗手台,反复做踮脚尖、放下的动作,锻炼小腿肌肉;“广告时间起身动”,在看电视的广告时段,从沙发上站起来,做几次伸展运动或原地慢走;电话踱步,接打电话时起身在室内或安全区域来回走动。为了确保零时间运动能够持续,可以给病人设定微小目标,即不要求病人一次完成30 min运动,而是从“每天完成1次踝泵运动”“今天做1次直腿抬高”开始。这种“简单到不会失败”的目标能快速建立信心,形成习惯,在病人完成后给予即时肯定。实施动机性访谈:医护人员不与病人争论,而是通过提问引导,如“您觉得在哪个时间段最容易插入一些小的活动?”“您认为哪项‘零时间运动’对您最容易做到?”
综上所述,该方案具有科学性、合理性和可实施性。然而,病人血生化指标受饮食、治疗、疾病进展、药物、营养等多种因素影响,本研究构建的方案主要侧重于运动及日常生活方式的调整,对于病人的血生化指标改善不明显。与刘彩飞等[29]研究结果一致,也可能由于本研究的干预时间短,不足以对病人的血生化指标产生影响。
本研究通过最佳证据总结、专家函询、预试验等构建的MHD病人透析间期的运动方案具有科学性和实用性,该方案的实施可以提高病人身体功能的客观指标,增强运动自我效能,减轻透析病人症状负担,提高病人生活质量。但本研究也有一定的局限性,样本量少且为单中心研究,未来可扩大研究样本量,实施多中心研究,以验证方案的远期效果。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.006
  • 接收时间:2025-12-28
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
补充材料
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-28
  • 修回日期:2026-08-03
基金
作者信息
    1蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院,安徽 233400
    2蚌埠医科大学护理学院

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王丽,E-mail:
WANG Li, E-mail:
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hlyj/CN/10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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