Article(id=1322925116132302921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1785081600000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339526445, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339526445, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339526445, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339526445, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322924976893993108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='16', pageStart='2769', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793339493249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343103544, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2838, endPage=2845, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322925116602064972, articleId=1322925116132302921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Latent profile analysis of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the latent class characteristics of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery,and to analyze its influencing factors.

Methods

Using a convenience sampling method, a total of 305 hospitalized patients after open-heart surgery were selected from the cardiac surgery departments of seven tertiary grade-A hospitals from March to May 2025. The patients were surveyed using the General Information Questionnaire, the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Heart Patients (TSK-SV Heart), the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire(BIPQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS), the Cardiac Exercise Self-Efficacy Instrument (CESEI), and the Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS).Latent profile analysis(LPA) was employed to identify the class characteristics of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery.

Results

Three latent profiles of fear of movement were identified among patients after open-heart surgery: subclinical fear of movement-unstable group, mild fear of movement-stable group, and moderate fear of movement group. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients' anxiety,depression,illness perception, cardiac rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy, average monthly family income, and exercise habits were influencing factors for their latent profiles of fear of movement(all P<0.05).

Conclusion

Fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery shows population heterogeneity. Healthcare providers should develop precise intervention strategies based on the influencing factors of different profile groups to reduce patients' level of fear of movement.

, authors=Huizhu LIU, Xiaomeng ZHAO, Hongmei LI, Xiaoying SHEN, Chongyi MA, authorsList=Huizhu LIU, Xiaomeng ZHAO, Hongmei LI, Xiaoying SHEN, Chongyi MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chongyi MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322925120221749327, articleId=1322925116132302921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的潜在剖面分析, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的类别特征,并分析影响因素。

方法

采用便利抽样法,于2025年3月—5月,选取7所三级甲等医院心脏外科的305例心脏开胸术后住院病人作为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、心脏病病人运动恐惧量表(TSK-SV Heart)、简易疾病感知问卷(BIPQ)、医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)、心脏康复锻炼自我效能感量表(CESEI)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)对病人进行调查。采用潜在剖面分析(LPA)识别心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的类别特征。

结果

心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧存在亚临床运动恐惧-不稳定组、轻度运动恐惧-稳定组、中度运动恐惧组3种潜在剖面。Logistic回归分析显示,病人焦虑、抑郁、疾病感知、心脏康复锻炼自我效能感、家庭平均月收入及运动习惯是其运动恐惧潜在剖面的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧具有群体异质性,医护人员应根据不同剖面病人的影响因素制定精确化干预策略,以降低病人运动恐惧水平。

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刘慧珠,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
马翀奕,E-mail:
MA Chongyi, E-mail:
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unstructuredReference=Du S Z,Hu L L,Bai Y M,et al.The influence of self-efficacy,fear-avoidance belief,and coping styles on quality of life for Chinese patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain:a multisite cross-sectional study[J].Pain Practice,2018,18(6):736-747., articleTitle=The influence of self-efficacy,fear-avoidance belief,and coping styles on quality of life for Chinese patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain:a multisite cross-sectional study, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322925121513594960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322925121538760785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, companyId=1322925121513594960, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150086 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322925121555538002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, companyId=1322925121513594960, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院,黑龙江 150086)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322925126035054716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Potential profile characteristics of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery, figureFileSmall=Mq/Z6DIGPeP9cJIrVtrxIQ==, figureFileBig=4V43ZGMfKexrJWVrl2sbjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322925126110552189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=CN, label=图1, caption=心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的潜在剖面特征, figureFileSmall=Mq/Z6DIGPeP9cJIrVtrxIQ==, figureFileBig=4V43ZGMfKexrJWVrl2sbjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322925126345433214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Normality test of observed variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目得分(x±s,分)偏度峰度
危险感知10.03±1.24-0.030.73
运动恐惧9.84±2.59-0.50-0.01
运动回避12.32±1.76-0.080.20
功能紊乱9.51±2.45-0.470.34
TSK-SV Heart总分42.79±5.47-0.370.32
), ArticleFig(id=1322925126429319295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

外显变量正态性检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目得分(x±s,分)偏度峰度
危险感知10.03±1.24-0.030.73
运动恐惧9.84±2.59-0.50-0.01
运动回避12.32±1.76-0.080.20
功能紊乱9.51±2.45-0.470.34
TSK-SV Heart总分42.79±5.47-0.370.32
), ArticleFig(id=1322925126509011072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The potential profile of exercise fear in patients after open-heart surgery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面AICBICaBICLMRT(P)BLRT(P)Entropy剖面概率(%)各剖面平均后验概率
17 053.0827 090.2857 058.570
26 465.1736 524.6986 473.953<0.001<0.0010.92025.25/74.750.963/0.983
36 160.9746 242.8216 173.047<0.001<0.0010.89618.36/41.31/40.330.985/0.940/0.953
45 957.0846 061.2525 972.450<0.001<0.0010.93118.03/30.16/47.54/4.260.992/0.901/0.978/0.999
), ArticleFig(id=1322925126588702849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧潜在剖面

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
剖面AICBICaBICLMRT(P)BLRT(P)Entropy剖面概率(%)各剖面平均后验概率
17 053.0827 090.2857 058.570
26 465.1736 524.6986 473.953<0.001<0.0010.92025.25/74.750.963/0.983
36 160.9746 242.8216 173.047<0.001<0.0010.89618.36/41.31/40.330.985/0.940/0.953
45 957.0846 061.2525 972.450<0.001<0.0010.93118.03/30.16/47.54/4.260.992/0.901/0.978/0.999
), ArticleFig(id=1322925126664200322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Univariate analysis of potential influencing factors of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类亚临床运动恐惧-
不稳定组(n=56)
轻度运动恐惧-
稳定组(n=126)
中度运动恐惧组(n=123)统计值P
性别 [例(%)]男25(44.6)55(43.7)60(48.8)χ²=0.7030.704
女31(55.4)71(56.3)63(51.2)
年龄 [例(%)]18~45岁31(55.4)40(31.7)36(29.3)H=13.2120.001
46~64岁17(30.4)61(48.4)47(38.2)
≥65岁8(14.2)25(19.9)40(32.5)
婚姻状况 [例(%)]有配偶43(76.8)107(84.9)107(87.0)χ²=3.0930.213
无配偶13(23.2)19(15.1)16(13.0)
文化程度 [例(%)]小学及以下9(16.1)28(22.2)26(21.1)H=6.2360.044
初中9(16.1)39(31.0)42(34.1)
高中11(19.6)16(12.7)17(13.8)
专科及以上27(48.2)43(34.1)38(30.9)
职业 [例(%)]农民8(14.3)39(31.0)43(35.0)χ²=14.3420.073
工人12(21.4)15(11.9)15(42.2)
行政及专业人员11(19.6)25(19.8)19(15.4)
已退休8(14.3)21(16.7)26(21.1)
其他17(30.4)26(20.6)20(16.3)
居住地 [例(%)]农村8(14.3)43(34.1)45(36.6)χ²=13.5350.009
乡镇18(32.1)21(16.7)18(14.6)
城市30(53.6)62(49.2)60(48.8)
家庭平均月收入[例(%)]<3 000元13(23.2)33(26.2)68(55.3)χ²=28.387<0.001
≥3 000元43(76.8)93(73.8)55(44.7)
医疗保险类型[例(%)]农村合作医疗8(14.3)42(33.3)50(40.7)0.005①
职工医保32(57.1)63(50.0)58(47.2)
居民医保14(25.0)21(16.7)14(11.4)
自费2(3.6)0(0.0)1(0.8)
体质指数 [例(%)]偏瘦9(16.1)16(12.7)23(18.7)H=3.5170.172
正常40(71.4)77(61.1)70(56.9)
超重6(10.7)23(18.3)25(20.3)
肥胖1(1.8)10(7.9)5(4.1)
纽约心脏协会分级[例(%)]Ⅱ级17(30.4)25(19.8)22(17.9)H=4.0770.130
Ⅲ级35(62.5)94(74.6)87(70.7)
Ⅳ级4(7.1)7(5.6)14(11.4)
吸烟史 [例(%)]无43(76.8)82(65.0)81(65.9)χ²=4.7480.314
现仍吸烟4(7.1)7(5.6)5(4.1)
既往吸烟现已戒烟9(16.1)37(29.4)37(30.1)
饮酒史 [例(%)]无41(73.2)96(76.2)89(72.4)χ²=4.4500.349
现仍饮酒1(1.8)10(7.9)10(8.1)
既往饮酒现已戒酒14(25.0)20(15.9)24(19.5)
手术类型 [例(%)]冠状动脉旁路移植术32(57.1)52(41.3)62(50.4)0.240①
瓣膜置换术14(25.0)44(34.9)38(30.9)
房间隔/室间隔缺损修补术7(12.5)11(8.7)11(8.9)
动脉夹层手术0(0.0)12(9.5)8(6.5)
黏液瘤切除术3(5.4)7(5.6)4(3.3)
病程 [例(%)]<1年33(58.9)58(46.0)64(52.0)H=4.3790.112
1~3年16(28.6)34(27.0)35(28.5)
>3年7(12.5)34(27.0)24(19.5)
对疾病的认知[例(%)]不了解4(7.1)47(37.3)58(47.2)H=36.642<0.001
了解33(58.9)67(53.2)55(44.7)
熟悉15(26.8)5(4.0)6(4.9)
掌握4(7.1)7(5.6)4(3.3)
生活乐趣 [例(%)]无乐趣6(10.7)32(25.4)31(25.2)H=7.9190.019
有些乐趣22(39.3)49(38.9)49(39.8)
基本有趣18(32.1)36(28.6)33(26.8)
非常有趣10(17.9)9(7.1)10(8.1)
每周运动习惯[例(%)]<60 min11(19.6)35(27.8)85(69.1)H=30.955<0.001
60~180 min29(51.8)73(57.9)11(8.9)
>180 min16(28.6)18(14.3)27(22.0)
合并疾病数量[例(%)]无35(62.5)54(42.9)47(38.2)H=6.8350.033
1个13(23.2)45(35.7)55(44.7)
2个6(10.7)19(15.1)17(13.8)
≥3个2(3.6)8(6.3)4(3.3)
VAS评分(分)3.00(1.25,4.75)3.50(2.00,5.00)3.00(2.00,5.00)H=2.1310.345
焦虑总分(分)6.00(4.00,7.00)9.00(8.00,10.00)9.00(8.00,10.00)H=71.676<0.001
抑郁总分(分)3.00(2.00,5.75)6.00(3.00,9.00)9.00(8.00,10.00)H=109.889<0.001
PSSS总分(分)78.50(67.00,82.75)63.00(51.75,76.50)60.00(48.00,74.25)H=13.734<0.001
BIPQ总分(分)32.00(26.00,38.00)45.00(41.00,49.00)44.00(40.00,50.00)H=95.267<0.001
CESEI总分(分)76.00(67.25,79.00)52.00(47.00,60.00)48.00(37.00,54.25)H=91.964<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322925126756475011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧潜在剖面影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类亚临床运动恐惧-
不稳定组(n=56)
轻度运动恐惧-
稳定组(n=126)
中度运动恐惧组(n=123)统计值P
性别 [例(%)]男25(44.6)55(43.7)60(48.8)χ²=0.7030.704
女31(55.4)71(56.3)63(51.2)
年龄 [例(%)]18~45岁31(55.4)40(31.7)36(29.3)H=13.2120.001
46~64岁17(30.4)61(48.4)47(38.2)
≥65岁8(14.2)25(19.9)40(32.5)
婚姻状况 [例(%)]有配偶43(76.8)107(84.9)107(87.0)χ²=3.0930.213
无配偶13(23.2)19(15.1)16(13.0)
文化程度 [例(%)]小学及以下9(16.1)28(22.2)26(21.1)H=6.2360.044
初中9(16.1)39(31.0)42(34.1)
高中11(19.6)16(12.7)17(13.8)
专科及以上27(48.2)43(34.1)38(30.9)
职业 [例(%)]农民8(14.3)39(31.0)43(35.0)χ²=14.3420.073
工人12(21.4)15(11.9)15(42.2)
行政及专业人员11(19.6)25(19.8)19(15.4)
已退休8(14.3)21(16.7)26(21.1)
其他17(30.4)26(20.6)20(16.3)
居住地 [例(%)]农村8(14.3)43(34.1)45(36.6)χ²=13.5350.009
乡镇18(32.1)21(16.7)18(14.6)
城市30(53.6)62(49.2)60(48.8)
家庭平均月收入[例(%)]<3 000元13(23.2)33(26.2)68(55.3)χ²=28.387<0.001
≥3 000元43(76.8)93(73.8)55(44.7)
医疗保险类型[例(%)]农村合作医疗8(14.3)42(33.3)50(40.7)0.005①
职工医保32(57.1)63(50.0)58(47.2)
居民医保14(25.0)21(16.7)14(11.4)
自费2(3.6)0(0.0)1(0.8)
体质指数 [例(%)]偏瘦9(16.1)16(12.7)23(18.7)H=3.5170.172
正常40(71.4)77(61.1)70(56.9)
超重6(10.7)23(18.3)25(20.3)
肥胖1(1.8)10(7.9)5(4.1)
纽约心脏协会分级[例(%)]Ⅱ级17(30.4)25(19.8)22(17.9)H=4.0770.130
Ⅲ级35(62.5)94(74.6)87(70.7)
Ⅳ级4(7.1)7(5.6)14(11.4)
吸烟史 [例(%)]无43(76.8)82(65.0)81(65.9)χ²=4.7480.314
现仍吸烟4(7.1)7(5.6)5(4.1)
既往吸烟现已戒烟9(16.1)37(29.4)37(30.1)
饮酒史 [例(%)]无41(73.2)96(76.2)89(72.4)χ²=4.4500.349
现仍饮酒1(1.8)10(7.9)10(8.1)
既往饮酒现已戒酒14(25.0)20(15.9)24(19.5)
手术类型 [例(%)]冠状动脉旁路移植术32(57.1)52(41.3)62(50.4)0.240①
瓣膜置换术14(25.0)44(34.9)38(30.9)
房间隔/室间隔缺损修补术7(12.5)11(8.7)11(8.9)
动脉夹层手术0(0.0)12(9.5)8(6.5)
黏液瘤切除术3(5.4)7(5.6)4(3.3)
病程 [例(%)]<1年33(58.9)58(46.0)64(52.0)H=4.3790.112
1~3年16(28.6)34(27.0)35(28.5)
>3年7(12.5)34(27.0)24(19.5)
对疾病的认知[例(%)]不了解4(7.1)47(37.3)58(47.2)H=36.642<0.001
了解33(58.9)67(53.2)55(44.7)
熟悉15(26.8)5(4.0)6(4.9)
掌握4(7.1)7(5.6)4(3.3)
生活乐趣 [例(%)]无乐趣6(10.7)32(25.4)31(25.2)H=7.9190.019
有些乐趣22(39.3)49(38.9)49(39.8)
基本有趣18(32.1)36(28.6)33(26.8)
非常有趣10(17.9)9(7.1)10(8.1)
每周运动习惯[例(%)]<60 min11(19.6)35(27.8)85(69.1)H=30.955<0.001
60~180 min29(51.8)73(57.9)11(8.9)
>180 min16(28.6)18(14.3)27(22.0)
合并疾病数量[例(%)]无35(62.5)54(42.9)47(38.2)H=6.8350.033
1个13(23.2)45(35.7)55(44.7)
2个6(10.7)19(15.1)17(13.8)
≥3个2(3.6)8(6.3)4(3.3)
VAS评分(分)3.00(1.25,4.75)3.50(2.00,5.00)3.00(2.00,5.00)H=2.1310.345
焦虑总分(分)6.00(4.00,7.00)9.00(8.00,10.00)9.00(8.00,10.00)H=71.676<0.001
抑郁总分(分)3.00(2.00,5.75)6.00(3.00,9.00)9.00(8.00,10.00)H=109.889<0.001
PSSS总分(分)78.50(67.00,82.75)63.00(51.75,76.50)60.00(48.00,74.25)H=13.734<0.001
BIPQ总分(分)32.00(26.00,38.00)45.00(41.00,49.00)44.00(40.00,50.00)H=95.267<0.001
CESEI总分(分)76.00(67.25,79.00)52.00(47.00,60.00)48.00(37.00,54.25)H=91.964<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322925126852944004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of potential influencing factors of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别变量偏回归系数标准误Wald χ²值POR值[95%CI]
亚临床运动恐惧-不稳定组焦虑总分-0.4640.14410.4690.0010.629 [0.475,0.833]
BIPQ总分-0.4090.08821.460<0.0010.665 [0.559,0.790]
CESEI总分0.0540.0254.6810.0311.055 [1.005,1.108]
中度运动恐惧组家庭平均月收入(≥3 000元)-0.7560.3444.8340.0280.470 [0.239,0.921]
每周运动习惯(60~180 min)-2.9030.45440.848<0.0010.055 [0.023,0.134]
焦虑总分0.2160.0935.4550.0201.242 [1.035,1.489]
抑郁总分0.3330.06724.813<0.0011.396 [1.224,1.591]
), ArticleFig(id=1322925126936830085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322925116132302921, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧潜在剖面影响因素的Logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别变量偏回归系数标准误Wald χ²值POR值[95%CI]
亚临床运动恐惧-不稳定组焦虑总分-0.4640.14410.4690.0010.629 [0.475,0.833]
BIPQ总分-0.4090.08821.460<0.0010.665 [0.559,0.790]
CESEI总分0.0540.0254.6810.0311.055 [1.005,1.108]
中度运动恐惧组家庭平均月收入(≥3 000元)-0.7560.3444.8340.0280.470 [0.239,0.921]
每周运动习惯(60~180 min)-2.9030.45440.848<0.0010.055 [0.023,0.134]
焦虑总分0.2160.0935.4550.0201.242 [1.035,1.489]
抑郁总分0.3330.06724.813<0.0011.396 [1.224,1.591]
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心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的潜在剖面分析
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刘慧珠 , 赵筱萌 , 李红梅 , 沈晓颖 , 马翀奕 *, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(16): 2838-2845
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (16) : 2838 -2845
心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的潜在剖面分析
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刘慧珠, 赵筱萌, 李红梅, 沈晓颖, 马翀奕*, *, *
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院,黑龙江 150086
通讯作者:
马翀奕,E-mail:
MA Chongyi, E-mail:
作者简介:

刘慧珠,硕士研究生

Latent profile analysis of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery
Huizhu LIU, Xiaomeng ZHAO, Hongmei LI, Xiaoying SHEN, Chongyi MA
Affiliations
  • 1The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang 150086 China
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.010
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目的

探讨心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的类别特征,并分析影响因素。

方法

采用便利抽样法,于2025年3月—5月,选取7所三级甲等医院心脏外科的305例心脏开胸术后住院病人作为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、心脏病病人运动恐惧量表(TSK-SV Heart)、简易疾病感知问卷(BIPQ)、医院焦虑抑郁量表(HADS)、心脏康复锻炼自我效能感量表(CESEI)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)对病人进行调查。采用潜在剖面分析(LPA)识别心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的类别特征。

结果

心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧存在亚临床运动恐惧-不稳定组、轻度运动恐惧-稳定组、中度运动恐惧组3种潜在剖面。Logistic回归分析显示,病人焦虑、抑郁、疾病感知、心脏康复锻炼自我效能感、家庭平均月收入及运动习惯是其运动恐惧潜在剖面的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧具有群体异质性,医护人员应根据不同剖面病人的影响因素制定精确化干预策略,以降低病人运动恐惧水平。

心脏开胸术  /  运动恐惧  /  疾病感知  /  自我效能  /  潜在剖面分析  /  影响因素
Objective

To explore the latent class characteristics of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery,and to analyze its influencing factors.

Methods

Using a convenience sampling method, a total of 305 hospitalized patients after open-heart surgery were selected from the cardiac surgery departments of seven tertiary grade-A hospitals from March to May 2025. The patients were surveyed using the General Information Questionnaire, the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Heart Patients (TSK-SV Heart), the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire(BIPQ), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale(HADS), the Cardiac Exercise Self-Efficacy Instrument (CESEI), and the Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS).Latent profile analysis(LPA) was employed to identify the class characteristics of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery.

Results

Three latent profiles of fear of movement were identified among patients after open-heart surgery: subclinical fear of movement-unstable group, mild fear of movement-stable group, and moderate fear of movement group. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients' anxiety,depression,illness perception, cardiac rehabilitation exercise self-efficacy, average monthly family income, and exercise habits were influencing factors for their latent profiles of fear of movement(all P<0.05).

Conclusion

Fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery shows population heterogeneity. Healthcare providers should develop precise intervention strategies based on the influencing factors of different profile groups to reduce patients' level of fear of movement.

open-heart surgery  /  fear of movement  /  illness perception  /  self-efficacy  /  latent profile analysis  /  influencing factors
刘慧珠, 赵筱萌, 李红梅, 沈晓颖, 马翀奕. 心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的潜在剖面分析. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2838 -2845 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.010
Huizhu LIU, Xiaomeng ZHAO, Hongmei LI, Xiaoying SHEN, Chongyi MA. Latent profile analysis of fear of movement in patients after open-heart surgery[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2838 -2845 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.010
心脏开胸术是指经胸骨正中切口建立体外循环,或在非体外循环下实施心脏停搏的心内直视手术,是心脏外科最常用的手术路径[1]。随着心肺康复理念的推广,以运动为基础的心脏康复已逐渐应用于临床,能够通过提高病人的运动耐量、减轻心脏不适、改善心脏功能及延缓疾病进展,最终改善病人预后。运动恐惧又称恐动症,Kori于1990年在恐惧-回避模型的基础上提出将其定义为病人因疼痛或损伤所致疼痛敏感性增强,而对身体活动或运动产生的一种过度的、非理性的恐惧[2]。研究表明,心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧发生率高达61.63%,高于其他慢性疼痛病人[3]。当前研究多以运动恐惧量表总分界定恐惧程度,难以揭示其群体内部的异质性特征。潜在类别模型是一种基于外显变量对个体进行分类、识别群体异质性的一种分类方法,包括适用于分类外显变量的潜在类别分析(LCA)和适用于连续外显变量的潜在剖面分析(LPA)[4]。因此,本研究拟采用潜在剖面分析,旨在识别心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的潜在类别,比较不同类别间的特征差异并分析其影响因素,以帮助临床工作者针对不同病人制定精准化干预策略,提升其心脏康复运动参与率。
采用便利抽样法,于2025年3月—5月选取哈尔滨市(3所)、吉林市(3所)、沈阳市(1所)7所三级甲等医院接受心脏开胸术后病人作为研究对象。纳入标准:心脏开胸术后,术式涵盖冠状动脉旁路移植术、瓣膜置换术、房间隔/室间隔缺损修补术、动脉夹层手术及黏液瘤切除术;年龄≥18岁;符合心脏开胸手术指征;知情同意并自愿参加本研究。排除标准:存在语言沟通或阅读障碍;正在参加其他研究;伴有运动功能障碍;确诊有精神健康疾病。根据多因素分析样本量估算原则,样本量至少是变量数的5~10倍[5],本研究自变量个数为23个,考虑到20%的遗失或无效问卷,计算得出样本量为138~276例,最终纳入305例病人,3个地区样本占比分别为60.33%、24.26%、15.41%,符合潜在剖面模型标准,最终模型的总样本量超过200例的基准[6]。本研究已获得哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院伦理委员会批准(伦理批号:YJSKY2025-388),所有病人均签署知情同意书。
采用自行设计的一般资料调查问卷,主要包括两部分。1)社会人口学资料包括性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、婚姻状况、家庭平均月收入、居住地及医疗保险类型等;2)疾病相关资料包括体质指数、心功能分级、吸烟史、饮酒史、手术类别、病程、对疾病的了解、生活乐趣、运动习惯及合并症数量等。
TSK-SV Heart由Bäck等[7]于2012年在疼痛病人运动恐惧量表(Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia,TSK)基础上进行修订而成。本研究采用雷梦杰等[8]于2019年翻译形成的中文版TSK-SV Heart,包括危险感知、运动恐惧、运动回避以及功能紊乱4个维度,共17个条目。采用Likert 4级评分法,其中条目4、条目8、条目12、条目16反向计分,总分为17~68分,得分越高,表示运动恐惧水平越高。该评定量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.859,重测信度为0.792,表明其具有较好的内部一致性和时间稳定性。
BIPQ由Broadbent等[9]于2006年在疾病感知问卷(Illness Perception Questionnaire,IPQ)和其修订版(IPQ-R)的基础上开发而成,包括9个条目。本研究采用孙伟铭等[10]汉化的中文版BIPQ,为单维度量表,涵盖对生活的影响、病程感知、个人控制感、治疗控制感、症状体验、疾病关注度、疾病了解程度及情绪反应8个方面。除第9个条目为开放式问题(请受访者列出并排序前3位自己认为最重要的致病因素)外,其余条目均采用0分(毫无影响)~10分(极度影响)评分,其中条目3、条目4、条目7反向计分,量表总分为0~80分,得分越高表明病人疾病感知越消极,越倾向于认为疾病具有较高威胁性,本研究中量表Cronbach's α系数为0.84。
HADS由Zigmond等[11]于1983年编制,包括焦虑和抑郁2个维度,每个维度包括7个条目。采用Likert 4级评分法,分别计算焦虑和抑郁亚组得分,每个维度得分为0~21分,0~7分表示无明显症状,8~10分提示可能存在症状,≥11分表明肯定存在焦虑或抑郁症状。本研究的中文版HADS的Cronbach's α系数为0.879,表明量表具有良好的内部一致性。
CESEI由Hickey等[12]开发,用于评估心脏康复病人运动锻炼自我效能感。本研究采用孙玉肖等[13]于2021年汉化的中文版CESEI,为单维度量表,共16个条目。采用Likert 5级评分法,从“信心很弱”至“信心很强”依次计1~5分。总分为16~80分,得分越高表明病人心脏康复锻炼自我效能感越高。原量表Cronbach's α系数为0.90,本研究中,该量表Cronbach's α系数为0.941,信度良好。
PSSS由Zimet等[14]编制,本研究采用吴志霞等[15]汉化的中文版PSSS。量表共包括12个条目,分为家庭支持、朋友支持和其他支持3个维度,每个维度包括4个条目。采用Likert 7级(1~7分)评分法,总分为12~84分,得分越高表明病人感知到的社会支持越高。本研究中该量表总的Cronbach's α系数为0.93。
VAS是使用一条长10 cm的游动标尺,一面标有10个刻度,两端分别为0分和10分,0分表示无痛,10分代表难以忍受的最剧烈的疼痛。
采用横断面设计,于病人术后意识清醒且病情稳定的前提下进行问卷评估。正式调查前,对参与研究的调查员进行统一培训,明确调查流程和标准,并展开10例预调查以完善调查方案。本研究通过严格的质量控制措施,确保了数据的完整性,最终获得了无任何条目缺失的数据集。问卷收集前取得研究对象的知情同意,详细说明研究目的、意义及保密原则。鼓励病人独立填写问卷,完成后当场核查回收。若病人因客观原因无法自行完成,则由研究者依据其口述代为填写。在电子化问卷平台中,将所有题目设置为必答题,从技术上防止了受访者遗漏。对于纸质问卷,由经过统一培训的调查员在现场进行一对一发放与回收,并在受访者填写完毕后立即核查,发现遗漏当场请求补全。问卷调查完成后,由双人独立录入并进行一致性校验,确保无录入错误和遗漏。基于以上措施,本研究回收的所有问卷均无任何条目缺失,有效回收率与数据完整率均为100%。因此,后续分析无需进行缺失值处理。
采用Mplus 8.3软件进行潜在剖面分析。外显变量基本符合正态分布,见表1,采用最大似然估计法进行模型拟合。所有模型均设置随机初始值为1 000次,最终优化阶段为250次,且最佳对数似然值均被成功复制。从单类别模型开始,Bootstrap验证重抽样1 000次,依次拟合1~4个类别的模型。所有模型均采用经典的潜在剖面分析设定,即允许每个类别在各外显变量上的方差自由估计,同时假设类别内变量局部独立(所有类别内协方差固定为0),并依据3类指标综合判断最佳模型。1)信息准则指标:包括艾凯克信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)和校正贝叶斯信息准则(adjusted Bayesian information criterion,aBIC),其值越小,表示拟合越好。2)分类精确度指标:通过熵值(Entropy)评估分类的精确度,其取值为0~1,越接近1表示分类越准确,Entropy≥0.80通常认为分类可靠性较高(对应潜在类别概率>90%)。3)似然比检验:采用Lo-Mendell-Rubin检验(LMRT)和Bootstrap检验(BLRT)比较潜在剖面模型的拟合差异,若检验结果P<0.05,说明k类模型的拟合度显著优于第k-1类模型。
采用SPSS 27.0软件进行数据分析。定性资料用频数、百分比(%)表示,采用χ2检验或Kruskal-Wallis H检验。符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,不符合正态分布的定量资料以中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]表示,组间比较采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验。采用单因素分析初步筛选变量,单因素分析中P<0.05的变量通过Logistic逐步回归分析评估不同潜在类别的影响因素,进入模型的标准为P<0.05,剔除模型的标准为P>0.1。
对305例心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧特征进行潜在剖面分析,以TSK-SV Heart量表的4个维度得分和总分作为外显变量,依次拟合1~4个潜在剖面模型,各模型拟合指标见表2。最终确定3个剖面模型为最优模型:1)AIC、BIC、aBIC随着剖面个数的增加而降低,在模型4时最小,Entropy值为各模型中最高,但模型4中部分潜在剖面的样本占比低于5%,影响模型分类的可靠性与实用性;2)3个剖面模型的似然比检验(LMRT及BLRT)结果均达到显著水平(P<0.05),表明其分类准确性显著优于其他2个模型。综合考虑模型和分类结果的实际意义、可解释性,最终确定3个剖面作为最终分类方案,符合潜在剖面模型标准,所有潜在剖面的样本量均大于30,其剖面占比也远高于5%的最低要求[6]。
根据病人临床实际情况及不同剖面在TSK-SV Heart总分及4个维度得分,结合临床特征,对潜在剖面分析识别出的3个类型进行命名。由于各维度条目数不同,得分范围不一致,将各维度得分进行标准化后绘制折线图,标准化得分=维度总分/条目数,并据此绘制剖面特征图,见图1。TSK-SV Heart总分运动恐惧界限为37分,标准化后为2.18分。剖面1各维度得分及总分均为最低,其运动恐惧标准化后总分低于2.18 分,且各维度得分波动幅度较大,揭示该类病人运动恐惧程度较低但表现不稳定,故命名为“亚临床运动恐惧-不稳定组”,占18.36%(56/305);剖面2各维度得分波动幅度较小,标准化后总分高于2.18分,整体恐惧程度略高但表现平稳,命名为“轻度运动恐惧-稳定组”,占41.31%(126/305);剖面3各维度得分及总分均高于其他两组,命名为“中度运动恐惧组”,占40.33%(123/305)。
单因素分析结果显示,年龄、文化程度、居住地、家庭平均月收入、医疗保险类型、对疾病的认知程度、生活乐趣、每周运动习惯、合并疾病数量、焦虑抑郁程度、社会支持、疾病感知及心脏康复锻炼自我效能,在心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧的3个潜在剖面之间的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),具体结果见表3。
以病人运动恐惧的3个潜在剖面作为因变量(“轻度运动恐惧-稳定组”作为参照组),将单因素分析中差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)的因素作为自变量,进行多因素Logistic回归分析。对所有纳入的自变量进行了多重共线性诊断,通过计算方差膨胀因子(VIF)与容差(TOL)进行判断。结果显示,所有自变量的方差膨胀因子均小于5(1.186~2.393),容差均大于0.2(0.418~0.843),表明自变量间不存在严重的多重共线性问题,适合进行多元回归分析。自变量赋值:焦虑、抑郁、PSSS总分、BIPQ总分、CESEI总分均以原值代入;年龄以“18~45岁”为参照设置哑变量,文化程度以“小学及以下”为参照,居住地以“农村”为参照,家庭平均月收入以“<3 000元”为参照,医疗保险类型以“农村合作医疗”为参照,对疾病认知以“不了解”为参照,生活乐趣以“无乐趣”为参照,每周运动习惯以“<60 min”为参照,合并疾病数量以“无”为参照。结果显示,心脏开胸术后病人家庭平均月收入、每周运动习惯、焦虑、抑郁、BIPQ总分、CESEI总分是其运动恐惧潜在剖面的影响因素(P<0.05),见表4。
本研究通过潜在剖面分析识别出心脏开胸术后病人运动恐惧存在3种不同剖面,分别为亚临床运动恐惧-不稳定组、轻度运动恐惧-稳定组和中度运动恐惧组,表明该类病人的运动恐惧表现存在群体异质性。亚临床运动恐惧-不稳定组共56例,占18.36%,该类病人运动恐惧总分普遍低于37分,其对疾病和手术多持较为正面情绪态度,恐惧水平总体处于亚临床范围;轻度运动恐惧-稳定组共126例,占41.31%,该类病人运动恐惧总分普遍高于37分,恐惧程度处于轻度水平,情绪反应较为一致;中度运动恐惧组病人共123例,占40.33%,此类病人在疾病和手术的双重应激下表现出较高的警觉性与心理压力,运动恐惧水平最高。
本研究结果显示,家庭平均月收入<3 000元的病人归属于“中度运动恐惧组”可能性更大。揭示了经济弱势群体面临的运动恐惧高风险特征[16],焦虑对心脏手术病人有显著的负面影响[17],而经济压力是焦虑的主要来源。这种关联源于双重困境:一是手术相关经济压力具象化,心脏开胸手术费用高昂,叠加终身抗凝药物及高频复查支出,形成持续经济负担,使病人在康复期对家庭财务状况缺乏信心,既担忧活动诱发并发症增加医疗支出,又恐惧劳动能力下降导致收入中断。二是身心适应危机叠加,术后胸骨愈合周期(通常需3个月)与家庭责任(如赡养老人、子女教育)形成强烈冲突,导致病人短期内难以重返社会,对“社会功能丧失”的焦虑显著放大运动恐惧。因此,在临床实践中,医护人员需要给予病人更多的心理和情感支持,并配合社会资源介入,减轻其心理和经济负担,进而减少运动恐惧的发生,提高其参与早期康复活动的依从性。
本研究结果显示,日常运动量较大的病人运动恐惧处于较低水平。研究表明,术后早期适当活动与康复监测对减少手术并发症具有重要作用[18]。针对“中度运动恐惧组”的病人,医护人员应重点关注患病前运动习惯较差的个体,以行为习惯养成为干预重点,并加强术后及出院后活动监测,而对于既往有良好运动习惯却生理恐惧的病人,需帮助其制定个体化运动方案,提升自我掌控感。
本研究结果显示,负性情绪越高的病人属于“中度运动恐惧组”的可能性越大,与Keessen等[19]研究结果一致。这可能与杏仁核的激活有关,杏仁核作为恐惧调节的中心,对恐惧消退至关重要[20],负性情绪可导致杏仁核异常激活[21],致使运动恐惧难以消除。有研究显示,心脏手术后病人有超过1/3存在抑郁,近1/3存在焦虑合并抑郁,焦虑的个体会过度关注开胸手术带来的不适症状,将轻微症状看作是可能导致心血管事件再发的信号,导致病人陷入不安状态,对心脏不适的行为高度警惕,产生运动恐惧[22]。此外,研究还表明,心因性焦虑在疼痛与运动恐惧之间发挥中介效应[23],疼痛刺激本身会带给病人心理不适感[24],若病人将疼痛误解为不良预后信号,则会增强心理不适,加重焦虑,进而提高运动恐惧水平,形成恶性循环。因此,医护人员在干预中要鼓励病人表达情绪,提供心理支持,并在必要时结合药物或非药物方法缓解病人焦虑、抑郁情绪[25]。
本研究结果显示,积极的疾病感知与较低的运动恐惧水平有关。病人对疾病的可治愈性和可控制的信念显著影响其健康行为和运动参与意愿[26]。薛秋华等[27]研究显示,运动恐惧是心脏康复意愿与疾病感知之间的中介变量,疾病感知与运动恐惧呈正相关,疾病感知在很大程度上影响病人的健康行为。国外研究也发现,具有更多负面疾病感知的病人会经历更大的痛苦、残疾和运动恐惧[28]。负性疾病感知程度高归因于病人对疾病及心脏开胸手术的了解认知不足,过于关注运动可能带来的负面影响。因此,医护人员应通过健康教育帮助病人建立客观、积极的疾病认知,鼓励其参与康复决策,减轻因误解疾病而产生的恐惧及回避行为。
本研究结果显示,心脏康复锻炼自我效能与运动恐惧呈负相关,与已有相关研究结果[29]一致。自我效能高的病人更倾向于积极自我调节,并相信通过自己的努力可改善健康状况;而自我效能低的病人易产生焦虑、抑郁、恐惧等负向情绪[30]。良好的自我效能有助于促进病人参与运动并实现自我管理,对缓解运动恐惧至关重要[31]。医护人员应通过设定阶梯式运动目标,教授疼痛科学管理技能,利用认知行为疗法修正灾难化思维,以提升病人自我效能,降低运动恐惧。
本研究显示,心脏开胸术后病人的运动恐惧表现具有明显的群体异质性,可通过潜在剖面分析识别出不同特征的亚组,可分为亚临床运动恐惧-不稳定组、轻度运动恐惧-稳定组、中度运动恐惧组。临床工作者应根据不同剖面病人的特点实施针对性干预,从多方面入手,给予病人信息指导和心理支持,增强病人对疾病的控制感,减轻因认知偏差和情绪因素导致的运动回避行为。相较于以往仅依据量表总分进行单一划分的方法,本研究的潜在剖面分析能够更细致地区分具有不同运动恐惧特征的病人群体,尤其有助于识别量表总分未达到临界值但仍存在一定恐惧表现、易被常规忽略的病人,从而为实施更有针对性的精准干预策略提供依据。但本研究仅纳入7所三级甲等医院心脏外科病人,样本量较少,采用横断面调查,不足以确定变量间的因果关系,选取的医院均为三级甲等医院,可能低估非三级甲等医院病人的运动恐惧风险,且模型缺乏外部验证。未来可开展多中心外部验证并进行多中心纵向研究,深入探索运动恐惧的影响机制及动态变化轨迹,为制定个性化干预策略提供更可靠的证据。

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  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
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    1哈尔滨医科大学附属第二医院,黑龙江 150086

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