Article(id=1322924977443446933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758556800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-23, revisedDate=1784995200000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339493380, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339493380, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339493380, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339493380, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322924976893993108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='16', pageStart='2769', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793339493249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343103544, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2883, endPage=2889, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322924977653162134, articleId=1322924977443446933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Impact of long-term care insurance policy on frailty among older adults in China, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the impact of long-term care insurance(LTCI) policy on the progression of frailty among older adults in China.

Methods

Based on the data from five rounds of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS) from 2011 to 2020,a frailty index covering physical,psychological,cognitive,social,and subjective health dimensions was constructed.The elderly in the pilot cities for long-term care insurance policies were taken as the treatment group, while the non-pilot cities were the control group.The difference-in-differences(DID) model was employed to assess the impact of the policy on the progression of frailty.

Results

After the implementation of the LTCI policy,the progression rates of physical frailty,psychological frailty and cognitive frailty among older adults were significantly slowed.Parallel trend tests and winsorization results supported the robustness of these findings.Heterogeneity analyses revealed that the LTCI policy had more pronounced delaying effects on frailty progression among older adults who were of advanced age,male,residing in rural areas or with lower educational attainment(P<0.05).

Conclusions

The LTCI policy is beneficial in slowing frailty progression in older adults. We recommend further expanding the policy coverage,promoting the development of care service systems,and enhancing policy targeting and equity to better facilitate healthy aging.

, authors=Jieting CHEN, Na LIU, Juan XING, Xinyu PAN, Yuxin SHI, Pengxiang ZUO, Xiangwei WU, authorsList=Jieting CHEN, Na LIU, Juan XING, Xinyu PAN, Yuxin SHI, Pengxiang ZUO, Xiangwei WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiangwei WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322924978445885593, articleId=1322924977443446933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=长期护理保险政策对我国老年人衰弱的影响, columnId=1220689488938980091, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨长期护理保险政策对我国老年人衰弱进展的影响。

方法

基于2011—2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)的5期调查数据,构建涵盖身体、心理、认知、社会和主观维度的衰弱指数。以长期护理保险政策试点城市的老年人作为处理组,非试点城市作为对照组,采用双重差分模型(DID)评估政策对衰弱进展的影响。

结果

长期护理保险政策实施后,老年人身体衰弱、心理衰弱及认知衰弱水平进展速度均得到明显延缓。平行趋势检验与缩尾结果支持上述结论的稳健性。异质性分析显示,长期护理保险政策对高龄、男性、农村及低文化程度老年群体衰弱进展的延缓效果更为明显(P<0.05)。

结论

长期护理保险政策有助于延缓老年人衰弱进展,建议进一步扩大政策覆盖范围,推动护理服务体系建设,增强政策针对性与公平性,以更好地促进健康老龄化。

, authors=陈洁婷, 刘娜, 邢娟, 潘昕宇, 史玉欣, 左彭湘, 吴向未*, *, authorsList=陈洁婷, 刘娜, 邢娟, 潘昕宇, 史玉欣, 左彭湘, 吴向未, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴向未, authorNote=

陈洁婷,副教授,博士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
吴向未,E-mail:
WU Xiangwei, E-mail:
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articleId=1322924977443446933, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=2213, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=Mathentamo Q, Lawana N, Hlafa B, journalName=BMC Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mathentamo Q,Lawana N,Hlafa B.Interrelationship between subjective wellbeing and health[J].BMC Public Health,2024,24(1):2213., articleTitle=Interrelationship between subjective wellbeing and health, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322924978936619162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322924978945007771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, companyId=1322924978936619162, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang 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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The composition and assignment criteria of the variables in each dimension of the frailty index

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度序号变量名称变量说明与赋值标准
身体衰弱1~14慢性病涵盖高血压、糖尿病、癌症等14种疾病,每有1种计1
15髋部骨折史是=1,否=0
16过去1年住院史是=1,否=0
17~31身体疼痛涵盖膝、腰、背等15个部位,每有1个部位疼痛计1
32~37基础性日常活动能力(BADL)包括洗澡、穿衣、如厕等6项,任何一项有困难=1,无困难=0
38~42工具性日常活动能力(IADL)包括做饭、购物、服药等5项,任何一项有困难=1,无困难=0
心理衰弱43CES-DCES-D总分≥10分=1,<10分=0
认知衰弱44TICS-mTICS-m量表总错误题数/总题数(21题),结果为连续变量(0~1)
社会衰弱45提供无偿帮助过去1年是否为亲友提供无偿帮助:是=1,否=0
主观健康46自评健康自评健康为“差”“一般”=1,“好”“很好”“极好”=0
47生活满意度对生活“不满意”=1,“非常满意”“满意”=0
), ArticleFig(id=1322924987371364557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

衰弱指数各维度变量构成及赋值标准

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度序号变量名称变量说明与赋值标准
身体衰弱1~14慢性病涵盖高血压、糖尿病、癌症等14种疾病,每有1种计1
15髋部骨折史是=1,否=0
16过去1年住院史是=1,否=0
17~31身体疼痛涵盖膝、腰、背等15个部位,每有1个部位疼痛计1
32~37基础性日常活动能力(BADL)包括洗澡、穿衣、如厕等6项,任何一项有困难=1,无困难=0
38~42工具性日常活动能力(IADL)包括做饭、购物、服药等5项,任何一项有困难=1,无困难=0
心理衰弱43CES-DCES-D总分≥10分=1,<10分=0
认知衰弱44TICS-mTICS-m量表总错误题数/总题数(21题),结果为连续变量(0~1)
社会衰弱45提供无偿帮助过去1年是否为亲友提供无偿帮助:是=1,否=0
主观健康46自评健康自评健康为“差”“一般”=1,“好”“很好”“极好”=0
47生活满意度对生活“不满意”=1,“非常满意”“满意”=0
), ArticleFig(id=1322924987459444942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Variable names and definitions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量定义
因变量衰弱连续变量,取值为0~1,值越大表示衰弱程度越严重
自变量长期护理保险制度长期护理保险=1,未实施长期护理保险=0
控制变量性别男=1,女=0
年龄连续变量,原值输入
婚姻状况已婚=1,其他=0
居住地农村=1,城市=0
饮酒饮酒=1,不饮酒=0
吸烟吸烟=1,不吸烟=0
家庭规模连续变量,原值输入
健在子女数连续变量,原值输入
退休退休=1,未退休=0
睡眠时间连续变量,原值输入
文化程度小学以下=0,小学=1,初中=2,高中及以上=3
), ArticleFig(id=1322924987539136719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

变量名称及定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量定义
因变量衰弱连续变量,取值为0~1,值越大表示衰弱程度越严重
自变量长期护理保险制度长期护理保险=1,未实施长期护理保险=0
控制变量性别男=1,女=0
年龄连续变量,原值输入
婚姻状况已婚=1,其他=0
居住地农村=1,城市=0
饮酒饮酒=1,不饮酒=0
吸烟吸烟=1,不吸烟=0
家庭规模连续变量,原值输入
健在子女数连续变量,原值输入
退休退休=1,未退休=0
睡眠时间连续变量,原值输入
文化程度小学以下=0,小学=1,初中=2,高中及以上=3
), ArticleFig(id=1322924987610439888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Changes in frailty,self-assessment of health condition and life satisfaction before and after the implementation of the two groups of long-term care insurance policies(x)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量处理组对照组
政策干预前(n=1 699)政策干预后(n=1 077)政策干预前(n=13 385)政策干预后(n=8 569)
衰弱0.1090.2060.1180.269
身体衰弱0.0780.1260.0840.145
社会衰弱0.1430.1250.1230.135
心理衰弱0.2500.2720.2980.351
认知衰弱0.1830.2140.2010.248
自评健康0.7370.7630.7630.780
生活满意度0.7180.6430.7020.648
), ArticleFig(id=1322924987723686097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

两组长期护理保险政策实施前后衰弱、自评健康及生活满意度的变化情况(x)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量处理组对照组
政策干预前(n=1 699)政策干预后(n=1 077)政策干预前(n=13 385)政策干预后(n=8 569)
衰弱0.1090.2060.1180.269
身体衰弱0.0780.1260.0840.145
社会衰弱0.1430.1250.1230.135
心理衰弱0.2500.2720.2980.351
认知衰弱0.1830.2140.2010.248
自评健康0.7370.7630.7630.780
生活满意度0.7180.6430.7020.648
), ArticleFig(id=1322924987815960786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Impact of long-term care insurance on the frailty in older adults(β)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目衰弱身体衰弱社会衰弱心理衰弱认知衰弱自评健康生活满意度
长期护理保险-0.104①-0.052①-0.024-0.151①-0.114①-0.0280.002
常数项0.175①0.108①0.129①0.314①0.218①0.768①0.682①
R2值0.0390.0710.0060.0060.0050.0010.025
① P<0.05。
), ArticleFig(id=1322924987929206995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

长期护理保险对老年人衰弱的影响(β)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目衰弱身体衰弱社会衰弱心理衰弱认知衰弱自评健康生活满意度
长期护理保险-0.104①-0.052①-0.024-0.151①-0.114①-0.0280.002
常数项0.175①0.108①0.129①0.314①0.218①0.768①0.682①
R2值0.0390.0710.0060.0060.0050.0010.025
① P<0.05。
), ArticleFig(id=1322924988017287380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Regression analysis of long-term care insurance on frailty in older adults with different characteristics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数回归系数PR2值
性别女10 136-0.0410.3270.118
男12 858-0.0600.0160.063
年龄低龄19 062-0.0230.4120.103
高龄3 932-0.163<0.0010.120
居住地城市10 082-0.0350.1780.091
农村12 912-0.1270.0060.103
文化程度小学以下7 486-0.1270.0210.100
小学6 189-0.0930.0480.089
初中5 5740.0410.3730.078
高中及以上3 745-0.0640.0670.083
), ArticleFig(id=1322924988117950677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924977443446933, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同特征老年人长期护理保险对衰弱影响的回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类人数回归系数PR2值
性别女10 136-0.0410.3270.118
男12 858-0.0600.0160.063
年龄低龄19 062-0.0230.4120.103
高龄3 932-0.163<0.0010.120
居住地城市10 082-0.0350.1780.091
农村12 912-0.1270.0060.103
文化程度小学以下7 486-0.1270.0210.100
小学6 189-0.0930.0480.089
初中5 5740.0410.3730.078
高中及以上3 745-0.0640.0670.083
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长期护理保险政策对我国老年人衰弱的影响
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陈洁婷 , 刘娜 , 邢娟 , 潘昕宇 , 史玉欣 , 左彭湘 , 吴向未 *, *
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(16): 2883-2889
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (16) : 2883 -2889
长期护理保险政策对我国老年人衰弱的影响
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陈洁婷, 刘娜, 邢娟, 潘昕宇, 史玉欣, 左彭湘, 吴向未*, *
作者信息
  • 1石河子大学医学院,新疆 832002
通讯作者:
吴向未,E-mail:
WU Xiangwei, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈洁婷,副教授,博士研究生

Impact of long-term care insurance policy on frailty among older adults in China
Jieting CHEN, Na LIU, Juan XING, Xinyu PAN, Yuxin SHI, Pengxiang ZUO, Xiangwei WU
Affiliations
  • 1Shihezi University School of Medicine, Xinjiang 832002 China
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.017
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目的

探讨长期护理保险政策对我国老年人衰弱进展的影响。

方法

基于2011—2020年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)的5期调查数据,构建涵盖身体、心理、认知、社会和主观维度的衰弱指数。以长期护理保险政策试点城市的老年人作为处理组,非试点城市作为对照组,采用双重差分模型(DID)评估政策对衰弱进展的影响。

结果

长期护理保险政策实施后,老年人身体衰弱、心理衰弱及认知衰弱水平进展速度均得到明显延缓。平行趋势检验与缩尾结果支持上述结论的稳健性。异质性分析显示,长期护理保险政策对高龄、男性、农村及低文化程度老年群体衰弱进展的延缓效果更为明显(P<0.05)。

结论

长期护理保险政策有助于延缓老年人衰弱进展,建议进一步扩大政策覆盖范围,推动护理服务体系建设,增强政策针对性与公平性,以更好地促进健康老龄化。

老年人  /  长期护理保险  /  衰弱  /  双重差分  /  队列研究
Objective

To explore the impact of long-term care insurance(LTCI) policy on the progression of frailty among older adults in China.

Methods

Based on the data from five rounds of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS) from 2011 to 2020,a frailty index covering physical,psychological,cognitive,social,and subjective health dimensions was constructed.The elderly in the pilot cities for long-term care insurance policies were taken as the treatment group, while the non-pilot cities were the control group.The difference-in-differences(DID) model was employed to assess the impact of the policy on the progression of frailty.

Results

After the implementation of the LTCI policy,the progression rates of physical frailty,psychological frailty and cognitive frailty among older adults were significantly slowed.Parallel trend tests and winsorization results supported the robustness of these findings.Heterogeneity analyses revealed that the LTCI policy had more pronounced delaying effects on frailty progression among older adults who were of advanced age,male,residing in rural areas or with lower educational attainment(P<0.05).

Conclusions

The LTCI policy is beneficial in slowing frailty progression in older adults. We recommend further expanding the policy coverage,promoting the development of care service systems,and enhancing policy targeting and equity to better facilitate healthy aging.

older adults  /  long-term care insurance  /  frailty  /  difference-in-differences  /  cohort study
陈洁婷, 刘娜, 邢娟, 潘昕宇, 史玉欣, 左彭湘, 吴向未. 长期护理保险政策对我国老年人衰弱的影响. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2883 -2889 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.017
Jieting CHEN, Na LIU, Juan XING, Xinyu PAN, Yuxin SHI, Pengxiang ZUO, Xiangwei WU. Impact of long-term care insurance policy on frailty among older adults in China[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2883 -2889 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.017
衰弱是一种常见的老年临床综合征,表现为生理功能逐渐下降、多系统失调,具体包括肌力减弱、活动能力下降及易损性增加等特征[1]。该状态与老年人跌倒、住院、失能以及死亡等多种不良健康结局密切相关[2]。值得注意的是,衰弱具有一定可逆性,早期识别其危险因素并实施有效干预,有助于延缓进程、减轻相关健康负担[3]。相关论述及世界卫生组织均强调,应建立以内在能力为核心的健康老龄化政策体系,并通过加强社区层面的预防干预与长期照护服务,提升老年人对抗衰弱的能力[4-5]。社区干预作为临床之外的重要补充,体现出从被动治疗向主动预防模式的转变。在此基础上,有研究进一步指出,对衰弱的干预不应仅局限于临床治疗或社区服务,更需从制度保障与社会支持角度推进前瞻性预防策略[6]。证据显示,政策支持与医疗资源的整合能够有效降低老年人功能丧失的风险[7]。长期护理保险(long-term care insurance,LTCI)是我国推动健康老龄化的重要政策之一,旨在为失能、半失能老年人提供专业照护服务与经济补偿,被认为可能对衰弱产生积极的干预效果[8]。现有研究表明,长期护理保险在降低医疗支出[9]和提升心理健康水平[10]方面具有作用,但其对衰弱这一多维度健康指标的影响尚不明确,且政策效果可能因个体社会经济特征等因素呈现异质性[11]。目前,关于长期护理保险与老年人健康结局关系的研究多为横断面设计,缺乏前瞻性队列证据。因此,本研究基于中国健康与养老追踪调查(China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study,CHARLS)2011—2020年的5轮全国性调查数据,选取60岁及以上老年人为研究对象,探讨长期护理保险与衰弱风险之间的关联,并分析其异质性效应,旨在为完善老年人健康干预与养老保障政策提供实证依据。
数据来源于CHARLS中2011—2020年全国追踪调查数据,该数据库覆盖28个省市,包括150个县级单位的450个村级单位,主要收集45岁及以上的中老年人及其家庭成员的健康状况、家庭结构与养老需求等微观信息。本研究将研究对象限定为60岁及以上的老年人群,在剔除关键变量缺失的样本后,最终共纳入24 730名受访者。根据是否处于长期护理保险试点城市并享受相应保障,将样本划分为处理组与对照组。其中,处理组2 776名老年人,对照组21 954名老年人。研究方案已通过北京大学生物医学伦理委员会伦理审批(批号:IRB00001052-11015),所有调查对象均于研究开展前签署知情同意书。研究所用数据均由研究者正式申请并获准授权使用。
本研究将衰弱指数作为因变量。该变量基于健康缺陷累积模型构建,通过计算个体存在健康缺陷的项目数占总变量数的比值综合反映老年人的衰弱程度[12]。为进一步解析长期护理保险的多维影响,本研究以Gobbens等[13]提出的“整合衰弱模式”为理论框架,将用于构建综合衰弱指数的47个变量系统归并为身体衰弱、心理衰弱、认知衰弱、社会衰弱和主观健康5个子维度。具体来看,身体衰弱子维度整合了14种慢性病、身体疼痛、髋部骨折史、基础性和工具性日常活动能力等指标;心理与认知衰弱维度分别对应流行病学研究中心抑郁量表(CES-D)和改良版认知功能电话评定量表(TICS-m)的全部题项;社会衰弱维度则涵盖了社会行为指标。此外,本研究还将CHARLS问卷中固有的“自评健康”与“生活满意度”2项主观指标单独提取分析,以全面评估政策对主客观健康的影响。这种多层次的指标构成旨在从客观健康缺陷累积与主观健康感知2个层面,更全面、深入地评估长期护理保险的政策效果。所有变量处理中均作二分类处理(无缺陷=0,有缺陷=1)。综合衰弱指数及5个子维度采用统一公式计算:存在缺陷的指标数/总指标数,范围为0~1。衰弱指数评分越高表明衰弱状态越严重[14],变量构成及赋值见表1。
选取是否参加长期护理保险作为自变量。2016年我国正式出台长期护理保险制度后,各省市陆续出台具体实施细则。参照既往研究[15],使用CHARLS 2011年、2013年、2015年、2018年和2020年追踪数据,该调查2年或3年进行1次,满足双重差分法的数据要求。在首批15个试点城市中,长春市、南通市和石河子市未包含在CHARLS样本中,故予以排除。青岛市因自2012年起已开展部分试点,可能干扰政策评估的纯净性,同样被排除。此外,吉林市于2016年11月正式实施长期护理保险,济南市于2016年率先在职工医保参保人群中开展试点,两者均被纳入研究范围。结合CHARLS调查覆盖范围,本研究最终确定承德市、安庆市、成都市、广州市、吉林市、荆门市、宁波市、齐齐哈尔市、上海市、上饶市、苏州市、重庆市和济南市共13个试点城市。处理组的界定标准为:样本所在城市属于上述试点城市,且其参加的医疗保险类型处于该市长期护理保险政策覆盖范围内。符合该条件的样本被划分为处理组(赋值为1),其他样本作为对照组(赋值为0)。
参考已有文献,老年人的衰弱受多种因素的影响,包括人口统计学特征、生活方式和社会经济特征等[16],因此,选取年龄、性别、文化程度、婚姻状况、居住地、家庭规模、健在子女数、吸烟、饮酒、睡眠时间、退休作为控制变量,具体见表2。
双重差分法是一种评估政策效果的方法,通过比较政策实施前后处理组与对照组之间的差异变化估计政策效应,并且能够控制个体特征,在较大程度上避免内生性问题的干扰,提高回归结果的准确性[17],具体模型如下:Yit=β0+β1×treati×t(didit)+β2×χit+ui+λt+εit,其中,i和t分别代表个体和时间,Yit表示个体i在时间t的结果变量,此处为二分类变量的衰弱状态,由衰弱指数界定。treati表示该地区是否实施长期护理保险政策的虚拟变量,t表示关于长期护理保险制度实施的时间虚拟变量,treati×t(didit)是用以识别政策的虚拟变量,其系数β1则为本研究所关心的效应,表示有无实施长期护理保险政策对老年人衰弱的影响程度。χit为控制变量,其系数β2为控制变量对老年人衰弱的影响程度。ui为个体固定效应,用于控制不随时间改变的个体层面不可观测异质性;β0为常数项;εit为随机误差项;并同时控制模型的时间固定效应λt。
处理组和对照组在长期护理保险政策实施前后衰弱、自评健康及生活满意度的变化情况见表3。政策实施前,处理组整体衰弱、身体衰弱、社会衰弱、心理衰弱、认知衰弱、自评健康与生活满意度的均值分别为0.109,0.078,0.143,0.250,0.183,0.737,0.718;实施后相应指标分别为0.206,0.126,0.125,0.272,0.214,0.763,0.643。处理组在政策实施后,整体衰弱、身体衰弱、心理衰弱、认知衰弱和自评健康分别上升了89.0%、61.5%、8.8%、16.9%和3.5%,而社会衰弱和生活满意度下降。相比之下,对照组整体衰弱、身体衰弱、社会衰弱、心理衰弱、认知衰弱和自评健康分别上升了128.0%、72.6%、9.8%、17.8%、23.4%和2.2%,生活满意度下降。总体而言,尽管在观测期内,试点与非试点城市的老年人衰弱水平均随年龄增长而呈现上升趋势,但试点城市衰弱水平的上升幅度较小,表明长期护理保险政策可能减缓了老年人衰弱的进展速度。
长期护理保险对老年人衰弱影响的双重差分回归结果见表4。结果显示,长期护理保险政策明显延缓了老年人的整体衰弱进程(P<0.05),并在身体衰弱、心理衰弱和认知衰弱3个维度上均表现出明显的负向效应(P<0.05),表明该政策有效减缓了老年人在上述维度的衰弱恶化速度。
采用双重差分法估计政策有效性的前提条件是处理组和对照组在受到政策冲击前有相同的增长趋势,因此,需要对老年人衰弱进行平行趋势检验,本研究通过绘制动态效应检验图对长期护理保险实施前后各时间点的动态效应进行呈现,见图1。政策实施前(2011年和2013年)回归系数的95%CI均包含零,表明处理组与对照组老年人的衰弱水平在政策实施前比较差异无统计学意义,满足平行趋势假设;政策实施后的两期观测中,估计值的95%CI均未包含零,且系数为负值,说明长期护理保险政策对降低老年人衰弱水平产生了持续的负面效应。
为检验基准回归结果是否受到极端值的干扰,本研究采用缩尾处理进行稳健性检验[18]。具体而言,对基准回归中家庭规模、健在子女数和睡眠时间等所有连续性控制变量在1%水平上进行了双侧缩尾处理,同时确保所使用的因变量与模型设定的基准回归完全一致。稳健性检验的回归结果显示回归系数为-0.051(P=0.023),R2=0.103,其中核心解释变量长期护理保险的系数方向、大小及统计差异性均与基准回归结果一致。表明在控制极端值对控制变量的潜在影响后,本研究关于长期护理保险可改善老年人衰弱状况的核心结论是稳健的。
为了更好地探讨长期护理保险对老年人衰弱影响的异质性,本研究在缩尾处理后的22 994个有效样本基础上,从性别、年龄、居住地和文化程度4个维度对老年人进行了子样本回归。1)人口学研究表明,由于不同性别的生物学差异,男性和女性的预期寿命有较大不同,衰弱风险也有所不同。长期护理保险对女性老年群体衰弱的影响无统计学意义(P>0.05);长期护理保险对男性老年群体衰弱具有负向影响(β=-0.060,P<0.05),表明长期护理保险减缓了男性老年人衰弱的恶化速度。2)研究表明,不同年龄段老人在健康风险和医疗保健资源需求上有较大差异[19]。根据世界卫生组织对老年人年龄的划分,60~74岁视为低龄老年人,75岁及以上视为高龄老年人。低龄老年人群体中长期护理保险对其衰弱影响无统计学意义(P>0.05);高龄老年人群体中长期护理保险对衰弱影响具有负向影响(β=-0.163,P<0.001),表明长期护理保险可以减缓高龄老年人衰弱的恶化进程。3)居住地差异是影响老年人衰弱的重要因素,不同居住地所拥有的医疗资源、老年人的健康观念和对医疗保障资源的利用率有着巨大差异[20]。居住地为城市的老年群体中长期护理保险对其衰弱影响无统计学意义(P>0.05);居住地为农村的老年群体中长期护理保险对老年人衰弱有负向影响(β=-0.127,P<0.01),表明长期护理保险可以明显减缓农村老年人衰弱的恶化速度。4)不同文化程度的老年人健康观念和医疗资源利用方式差别巨大[21]。小学、小学以下老年群体中,长期护理保险对衰弱有负向影响(β=-0.127,P<0.05;β=-0.093,P<0.05)。表明长期护理保险降低了低文化程度老年群体的衰弱风险。见表5。
本研究结果显示,长期护理保险政策的实施对老年人衰弱的进展具有减缓作用。表明该制度性保障措施虽未逆转衰弱的自然进程,但能够减缓其发展的速度。该结论与Zhou等[7,22]研究一致。其原因可能为,一方面,长期护理保险通过为失能、半失能老年人提供包括日常生活照料、专业康复护理和营养支持在内的长期照护服务,有效干预其生理功能和慢性病管理,从而阻断衰弱的发生与发展路径;另一方面,长期护理保险提供一定程度的经济补偿,减轻了家庭照护负担及老年人心理压力,有助于其获得持续、稳定的健康支持,改善衰弱水平。因此,建议在政策中进一步扩大长期护理保险覆盖范围,扩充专业人才队伍和专业护理服务供给,重点增加康复护理、慢性病管理、认知症专项照护等专业服务项目在长期护理保险支付范围内的占比;积极探索“护理+预防”一体化服务模式,将衰弱筛查、功能维护训练、营养支持等预防性干预措施纳入长期护理保险支付范围,实现从被动照护向主动减缓衰弱的转型。
异质性分析结果显示,长期护理保险政策对75岁及以上的高龄老年人的衰弱具有抑制作用(P<0.05),表明该政策在高龄群体中带来的衰弱风险下降更为明显,与He等[23]研究结果一致。其可能的原因在于,高龄老年人往往伴随更高的失能风险、多重慢性病共存以及自理能力减退,因而对专业化、连续性护理服务的依赖程度明显高于低龄老年人群。长期护理保险不仅通过提供基本生活照料减轻其日常活动障碍,更通过专业护理服务,如康复训练、压力性损伤预防、认知刺激等有效延缓身体与认知功能的退化,从而更明显地延缓其衰弱进程。相比之下,低龄老年人自我照护能力相对较好,服务需求较低,因此长期护理保险的边际效应可能较小。建议设立以年龄和失能等级为基础的护理需求评估体系[24],对高龄老年人适当降低待遇享受门槛并合理增加服务频次。其次,从护理团队、医养机构等多方面健全长护险供给体系,打造家庭照护和机构照护相结合的长护险体系,发展针对高龄人群的专项康复护理项目,如关节康复训练、吞咽障碍管理、慢性伤口护理等增强照护服务内容的专业性和适配性。此外,应加强对长期护理保险服务质量与效果监管,界定不同失能等级和高龄人群的护理标准、服务流程和效果评价指标,推动护理服务从“有”到“优”的转变,提高专业护理资源在高龄人群中的可及性与利用效率。
本研究结果表明,长期护理保险政策降低了男性老年人的衰弱风险(P<0.05),与Yi等[25]研究结果一致。可能主要源于男性在健康行为模式与社会支持结构上存在更高的风险性与依赖性。在健康行为方面,男性通常较女性更少参与预防保健活动,就医延迟现象更为普遍,且吸烟、饮酒等不健康行为发生率较高[26],导致其衰弱风险因素较多。长期护理保险的介入明显提高了该群体的健康服务利用水平,有效弥补了其在自我健康管理方面的不足,从而改善其健康行为并降低衰弱发生风险。在社会支持方面,男性老年人多依赖配偶或其他家庭成员提供非正式照护,长期护理保险通过提升医疗服务的可及性和可负担性,不仅增加了正式服务使用率,也可能间接增强非正式照护的支持强度[27],从而明显改善男性老年人整体健康状况,延缓衰弱进程。本研究结果与Cao等[28]基于日常生活活动能力障碍的研究结论存在差异,可能源于结局指标的不同,本研究聚焦于多维度衰弱指数。值得注意的是,Jiang等[6]研究发现,长期护理保险明显提高了女性受益者的自评健康水平并缓解其抑郁症状,提示女性尽管在身体功能衰退方面的改善不如男性明显,却在心理健康与生活质量层面获益明显。因此,建议各地政府和相关部门通过媒体、社区活动和网络平台等多种渠道,加强长期护理保险政策宣传与服务内容普及[29],提供清晰易懂的政策解读,以提高其知晓率、使用效率与整体实施效果。
本研究结果显示,长期护理保险政策明显降低了低文化程度老年人的衰弱风险(P<0.05),表明该政策的健康效益更多惠及文化程度较低的群体。这一发现与Kim等[30]的研究结果一致。低文化程度老年人通常健康素养有限、经济资源较为短缺,获取优质医疗与照护服务的能力相对不足。长期护理保险通过制度性保障,为其提供了原本难以获得的专业服务与经济补偿,有效弥补了其在健康管理能力上的结构性劣势,长期护理保险覆盖下的定期生活照料、上门巡访等服务,有助于早期发现并干预低文化程度老年人中常见的营养不良、运动不足等风险因素,进而延缓衰弱进程。建议政策在评估中考虑文化程度等因素,适当放宽低文化程度群体的准入条件,制订个性化照护计划,以增强政策获益,缓解健康不平等。
本研究结果显示,长期护理保险政策对农村老年人的衰弱风险具有明显抑制作用(P<0.05),表明该政策在缩小城乡健康差距方面发挥了积极作用,与Liu等[31]关于农村地区长期照护需求更为迫切的观点相符。在城乡二元结构下,农村医疗与照护资源长期匮乏,老年人照护需求得不到有效满足,衰弱问题尤为突出[20]。长期护理保险试点政策将服务网络延伸至农村地区,明显提升了照护服务的可及性,因而对农村老年人产生了更为明显的边际改善效应。因此,建议推进长期护理保险资源在城乡间的均衡配置,结合农村实际完善筹资机制与服务供给模式,加强基层医疗与养老服务的整合,构建“村-镇-县”三级联动的长期照护服务体系[32]。
本研究结果发现,长期护理保险政策对社会衰弱、自评健康及生活满意度的影响均无统计学意义。究其原因可能为:一方面,社会衰弱涉及社会支持网络与社区参与度,而长期护理保险服务内容以生活照料和医疗护理为主,缺乏针对社会交往的直接干预[33];另一方面,自评健康与生活满意度属于主观感知指标,不仅反映客观健康状况,更深受个体的健康信念、生活经历及文化背景影响[34],政策效应可能需更长时间累积才能显现。鉴于当前长期护理保险服务模式仍以生理功能维持为主要目标,尚未系统整合心理社会支持服务,缺乏专业的护理评估和个性化的心理慰藉方案。建议未来政策设计中应强化护理专业人员在照护团队中的核心地位,通过引入“社会处方”模式,开展结构化的社交活动;同时加强照护者的沟通技巧培训,提升其识别和回应老年人心理社会需求的能力,从而构建更符合护理整体观的多维健康支持体系。
本研究基于CHARLS中2011—2020年数据构建前瞻性动态队列,采用双重差分模型系统评估了长期护理保险政策与老年人衰弱风险之间的关联。实证结果表明,长期护理保险有助于延缓老年人衰弱的进展,且对男性、高龄、低文化程度及农村居住群体的保护效果更为明显,提示长期护理保险在推进健康老龄化进程中具有重要的政策价值。然而,本研究仍存在一定局限。在衰弱测量方面,因2020年身体功能限制数据的缺失,衰弱的全面评估受到限制,可能影响指标的完整性;其次,在政策效应评估方面,长期护理保险自2016年起逐步试点,而现有数据仅更新至2020年,政策实施时间较短,其滞后效应与累积影响尚未充分显现;此外,本研究主要通过分组回归呈现异质性效果,未来研究可引入政策变量与关键人口学特征的交互项,以更精确地检验政策效果的组间差异。后续研究可进一步结合多源数据、扩大样本范围与追踪时长,从而更全面评估长期护理保险的政策效应,为优化我国长期护理保险制度提供更坚实的理论支持和实证依据。

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2026年第40卷第16期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.017
  • 接收时间:2025-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-23
  • 修回日期:2026-07-26
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    1石河子大学医学院,新疆 832002

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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hlyj/CN/10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.017
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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