Article(id=1322924520889262936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924415817757501, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1765468800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-12, revisedDate=1784131200000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339384529, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1788969600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339384529, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339384529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339384529, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322924415817757501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='17', pageStart='2961', pageEnd='3152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788969600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793339359478, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343089343, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940060072542250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924415817757501, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940060072542251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924415817757501, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3016, endPage=3022, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322924522818642777, articleId=1322924520889262936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Time-dependent pathological study on catheter-related thrombosis in rabbit marginal ear veins, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the dynamic histopathological evolution of catheter-related thrombosis(CRT) in rabbit marginal ear veins within 12-96 hours,and identify the critical time point for the initiation of thrombus organization.

Methods

Fifty New Zealand rabbits were divided into five indwelling groups with catheter retention durations of 12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h and 96 h(8 rabbits per group,with an additional 2 puncture-only control rabbits for each group).Semi-quantitative scoring was performed to evaluate thrombus characteristics,inflammatory response and vascular injury after hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining.

Results

The incidence of CRT rose from 25.0% at 12 h to 100.0% at 96 h(P<0.001).Scores for thrombus area,composition and adhesion stability increased significantly over time(all P<0.05).The dominant inflammatory cell shifted from neutrophils to macrophages,and vascular injury progressed from endothelial denudation to elastic lamina rupture.The total thrombus score was positively correlated with the total inflammatory score(r=0.89,P<0.001).

Conclusion

The pathological progression of CRT in rabbit marginal ear veins is time-dependent.The 48-hour time point may serve as a critical turning point for early thrombus organization and aggravated vascular injury,providing experimental histopathological evidence for determining the safe indwelling duration of peripheral intravenous catheters in clinical practice.

, authors=Wenshuai TANG1, Limei DENG2, Qian YU1, Zixuan YE3, authorsList=Wenshuai TANG, Limei DENG, Qian YU, Zixuan YE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zixuan YE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322924523661697884, articleId=1322924520889262936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=兔耳缘静脉留置导管相关性血栓形成的病理时间动态研究, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨兔耳缘静脉留置导管相关性血栓(CRT)在12~96 h内的组织病理学动态演变,明确血栓机化启动的关键时间点。

方法

将50只新西兰大白兔分为12、24、48、72、96 h留置组(每组8只,另设2只穿刺对照),苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后对血栓特征、炎症反应及血管损伤等进行半定量评分。

结果

CRT发生率从12 h的25.0%升至96 h的100.0%(P<0.001)。血栓面积、成分及附着稳定性评分均随时间增加(均P<0.05),炎症细胞由以中性粒细胞为主转为以巨噬细胞为主,血管损伤从内皮脱落进展至弹力板断裂。血栓总评分与炎症总评分呈正相关(r=0.89,P<0.001)。

结论

兔耳缘静脉CRT病理演变呈时间依赖性,48 h可能是血栓早期机化和血管损伤加剧的关键转折点,为临床外周导管安全留置时限提供了实验病理学依据。

, authors=唐文帅1, 邓丽梅2, 于茜1, 叶梓轩3, *, *, authorsList=唐文帅, 邓丽梅, 于茜, 叶梓轩, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=叶梓轩, authorNote=

唐文帅,讲师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
叶梓轩,E-mail:
YE Zixuan, E-mail:
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Nursing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fan X W,Xu L,Wei W S,et al.Relationship between indwelling site and peripheral venous catheter-related complications in adult hospitalized patients:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].Journal of Clinical Nursing,2023,32(7/8):1014-1024., articleTitle=Relationship between indwelling site and peripheral venous catheter-related complications in adult hospitalized patients:a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322924540522800059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=25, issue=21, pageStart=11447, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=Schulman S, Makatsariya A, Khizroeva J, journalName=International Journal of Molecular Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schulman S,Makatsariya A,Khizroeva J,et al.The basic principles of pathophysiology of venous 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Comparison of CRT incidence in rabbit ear marginal veins among different groups

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组别样本量血栓形成(只)发生率(%)
12 h 组8225.0
24 h 组8450.0
48 h 组8675.0
72 h 组8787.5
96 h 组88100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322924532926915467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同组兔耳缘静脉CRT发生率比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别样本量血栓形成(只)发生率(%)
12 h 组8225.0
24 h 组8450.0
48 h 组8675.0
72 h 组8787.5
96 h 组88100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322924533014995853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Semi-quantitative scores of CRT characteristics in rabbit ear marginal veins among different groups(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别样本量面积占比成分附着稳定性总评分
12 h组80.50±0.530.25±0.460.25±0.461.00±0.82
24 h组81.25±0.460.75±0.460.75±0.462.75±0.96
48 h组82.00±0.001.25±0.461.50±0.534.75±0.96
72 h组82.75±0.461.75±0.461.75±0.466.25±0.96
96 h组83.00±0.002.00±0.002.00±0.007.00±0.00
F值42.3430.1235.8988.67
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322924533098881934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同组兔耳缘静脉CRT特征半定量评分(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别样本量面积占比成分附着稳定性总评分
12 h组80.50±0.530.25±0.460.25±0.461.00±0.82
24 h组81.25±0.460.75±0.460.75±0.462.75±0.96
48 h组82.00±0.001.25±0.461.50±0.534.75±0.96
72 h组82.75±0.461.75±0.461.75±0.466.25±0.96
96 h组83.00±0.002.00±0.002.00±0.007.00±0.00
F值42.3430.1235.8988.67
P<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322924533174379407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Semi-quantitative scores of inflammatory response in rabbit ear marginal veins among different groups(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别样本量中性粒细胞浸润巨噬细胞浸润总评分
12 h组80.25±0.460.00±0.000.25±0.46
24 h组80.75±0.460.25±0.461.00±0.82
48 h组81.50±0.530.75±0.462.25±0.96
72 h组82.25±0.461.25±0.463.50±0.96
96 h组83.00±0.002.00±0.005.00±0.00
F值40.5628.3467.89
P<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322924533426037648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同组兔耳缘静脉炎症反应半定量评分(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别样本量中性粒细胞浸润巨噬细胞浸润总评分
12 h组80.25±0.460.00±0.000.25±0.46
24 h组80.75±0.460.25±0.461.00±0.82
48 h组81.50±0.530.75±0.462.25±0.96
72 h组82.25±0.461.25±0.463.50±0.96
96 h组83.00±0.002.00±0.005.00±0.00
F值40.5628.3467.89
P<0.001<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322924533497340817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Semi-quantitative scores of vascular injury in rabbit ear marginal veins among different groups(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别样本量内皮完整性弹力板断裂
12 h 组82.00±0.000.00±0.00
24 h 组81.50±0.530.25±0.46
48 h 组81.00±0.000.75±0.46
72 h 组80.25±0.461.50±0.53
96 h 组80.00±0.002.00±0.00
F 值38.7645.23
P<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322924533577032594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同组兔耳缘静脉损伤半定量评分(x±s)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别样本量内皮完整性弹力板断裂
12 h 组82.00±0.000.00±0.00
24 h 组81.50±0.530.25±0.46
48 h 组81.00±0.000.75±0.46
72 h 组80.25±0.461.50±0.53
96 h 组80.00±0.002.00±0.00
F 值38.7645.23
P<0.001<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322924533681890195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Pathological scoring results of the control group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别血栓发生率(%)炎症反应(分)内皮完整性(分)弹力板断裂(分)血管损伤(分)
12 h组00.02.00.02.0
24 h组00.02.00.02.0
48 h组00.02.00.02.0
72 h组00.02.00.02.0
96 h组00.02.00.02.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322924533744804756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924520889262936, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

对照组病理评分结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别血栓发生率(%)炎症反应(分)内皮完整性(分)弹力板断裂(分)血管损伤(分)
12 h组00.02.00.02.0
24 h组00.02.00.02.0
48 h组00.02.00.02.0
72 h组00.02.00.02.0
96 h组00.02.00.02.0
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兔耳缘静脉留置导管相关性血栓形成的病理时间动态研究
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唐文帅 1 , 邓丽梅 2 , 于茜 1 , 叶梓轩 3, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(17): 3016-3022
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (17) : 3016 -3022
兔耳缘静脉留置导管相关性血栓形成的病理时间动态研究
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唐文帅1, 邓丽梅2, 于茜1, 叶梓轩3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1桂林医科大学护理学院,广西 541004
  • 2桂林医科大学第一附属医院健康体检中心
  • 3随州市中心医院
通讯作者:
叶梓轩,E-mail:
YE Zixuan, E-mail:
作者简介:

唐文帅,讲师,硕士研究生

Time-dependent pathological study on catheter-related thrombosis in rabbit marginal ear veins
Wenshuai TANG1, Limei DENG2, Qian YU1, Zixuan YE3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Guilin Medical University, Guangxi 541004 China
  • 2Health Management Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University
  • 3Suizhou Central Hospital
出版时间: 2026-09-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.008
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目的

探讨兔耳缘静脉留置导管相关性血栓(CRT)在12~96 h内的组织病理学动态演变,明确血栓机化启动的关键时间点。

方法

将50只新西兰大白兔分为12、24、48、72、96 h留置组(每组8只,另设2只穿刺对照),苏木精-伊红(HE)染色后对血栓特征、炎症反应及血管损伤等进行半定量评分。

结果

CRT发生率从12 h的25.0%升至96 h的100.0%(P<0.001)。血栓面积、成分及附着稳定性评分均随时间增加(均P<0.05),炎症细胞由以中性粒细胞为主转为以巨噬细胞为主,血管损伤从内皮脱落进展至弹力板断裂。血栓总评分与炎症总评分呈正相关(r=0.89,P<0.001)。

结论

兔耳缘静脉CRT病理演变呈时间依赖性,48 h可能是血栓早期机化和血管损伤加剧的关键转折点,为临床外周导管安全留置时限提供了实验病理学依据。

静脉留置导管  /  导管相关性血栓  /  兔耳缘静脉  /  时间依赖  /  最佳留置时间  /  组织病理学​
Objective

To investigate the dynamic histopathological evolution of catheter-related thrombosis(CRT) in rabbit marginal ear veins within 12-96 hours,and identify the critical time point for the initiation of thrombus organization.

Methods

Fifty New Zealand rabbits were divided into five indwelling groups with catheter retention durations of 12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h and 96 h(8 rabbits per group,with an additional 2 puncture-only control rabbits for each group).Semi-quantitative scoring was performed to evaluate thrombus characteristics,inflammatory response and vascular injury after hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining.

Results

The incidence of CRT rose from 25.0% at 12 h to 100.0% at 96 h(P<0.001).Scores for thrombus area,composition and adhesion stability increased significantly over time(all P<0.05).The dominant inflammatory cell shifted from neutrophils to macrophages,and vascular injury progressed from endothelial denudation to elastic lamina rupture.The total thrombus score was positively correlated with the total inflammatory score(r=0.89,P<0.001).

Conclusion

The pathological progression of CRT in rabbit marginal ear veins is time-dependent.The 48-hour time point may serve as a critical turning point for early thrombus organization and aggravated vascular injury,providing experimental histopathological evidence for determining the safe indwelling duration of peripheral intravenous catheters in clinical practice.

peripheral intravenous catheter  /  catheter-related thrombosis  /  rabbit marginal ear vein  /  time-dependent  /  optimal retention time  /  histopathology
唐文帅, 邓丽梅, 于茜, 叶梓轩. 兔耳缘静脉留置导管相关性血栓形成的病理时间动态研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (17) : 3016 -3022 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.008
Wenshuai TANG, Limei DENG, Qian YU, Zixuan YE. Time-dependent pathological study on catheter-related thrombosis in rabbit marginal ear veins[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (17) : 3016 -3022 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.008
静脉留置导管是现代医疗中不可或缺的器材[1-3]。然而,静脉留置导管相关性血栓(catheter-related thrombosis,CRT)已成为严重并发症[4-7]。流行病学研究显示,外周静脉CRT发生率高达15%~25%,部分可致肺栓塞[8-12]。值得注意的是,留置时间延长是CRT发生的独立危险因素[13]。但相关临床指南仅建议“最短时间留置”,缺乏组织病理学证据支持具体安全窗,尤其小血管(直径1~3 mm)的损伤阈值尚不明确[14]。静脉CRT的本质是血管内皮、血流动力学与凝血系统在异物刺激下的级联反应,其核心机制遵循Virchow三要素理论(内皮损伤、血流淤滞、高凝状态)[15-16]。血栓形成并非一蹴而就,而是一个动态发展的过程,在不同的时间节点,血栓的病理特征、成分构成以及对血管壁和周围组织的影响等均可能发生变化[17-19]。
当前CRT组织病理学研究存在两方面局限:一是时间维度不连续,多聚焦中长期或单一时间点,缺乏对早期(<24 h)至亚急性期(3~4 d)连续病理演变的系统观察[20-21];二是多采用大血管动物模型,与临床外周小静脉(直径1~3 mm)匹配度有限[22-24]。兔耳缘静脉管径与临床外周静脉相近,是研究浅静脉留置导管问题的理想模型。尽管分子生物学技术(如免疫组化、Western Blot)能深入揭示特定蛋白的表达,但苏木精-伊红染色(hematoxylin and eosin staining,HE)作为组织形态学的“金标准”,能够同步、直观地呈现血栓成分(血小板/纤维蛋白/红细胞)、炎症细胞浸润(中性粒细胞/巨噬细胞)和血管壁结构(内皮/弹力板)三者在同一时间点、同一视野下的动态关联与演变过程,这是其他技术难以替代的,非常适合本研究在构建连续病理图谱的目标[25-26]。
本研究通过建立兔耳缘静脉留置CRT实验动物模型,系统对比5个关键时间点(12、24、48、72、96 h)的HE染色特征,构建小静脉留置CRT早期组织病理学演变图谱,解析静脉留置导管12~96 h内血栓形成、炎症反应及血管损伤的连续动态病理变化进程,界定外周浅静脉留置CRT机化启动的关键时间节点,提出基于组织病理学证据的外周导管安全留置期建议。
为确保实验开展符合动物伦理规范,本研究严格履行伦理审批程序,经桂林医科大学实验动物伦理委员会批准(批准号:GLMC202511024),实验过程严格遵循实验动物福利与伦理原则,全程遵循《实验动物护理与使用指南》[27]要求,同时积极践行3R原则。
本研究的样本量通过功效分析(power analysis)进行估算。基于预实验结果(每组3只实验动物)和既往文献[17],观察到在留置96 h后,血栓总评分的组间差异有统计学意义(均数差=4.5分,标准差=2.5分),由此计算出效应量(effect size,Cohen's f)约为1.8。使用G*Power 3.1软件,设置检验水准α=0.05,统计效能1-β=0.80,效应量f=1.8,单因素方差分析(ANOVA)的组数为5,计算得出所需的总样本量至少为35只(即每组至少7只实验动物)。为应对潜在的实验损耗(如操作失败、动物意外死亡等)并增强统计稳健性,本研究将每组实验动物数量确定为8只。
本研究选用无特定病原体(SPF)级新西兰大白兔(oryctolagus cuniculus)作为实验对象,将50只兔(雌雄各半)分为5组,每组8只实验兔和2只对照兔(穿刺不置管,用于排除穿刺操作本身的影响),5个分组对应5个不同留置时间(12、24、48、72、96 h)。实验兔体重为(2.5±0.3)kg,饲养于SPF级屏障系统内,所有实验动物在实验终点均按计划通过麻醉过量(戊巴比妥钠150 mg/kg 静脉注射)实施安乐死。实验过程中未发生非计划死亡或严重不良反应。各组实验兔体重在实验前后无明显变化(P>0.05),饲养环境稳定,保障了实验的顺利进行。
本研究采用24G聚氨酯留置导管进行兔耳缘静脉置管操作,采用0.5 mL的10 U/mL肝素钠封管液封管。
置管前以3%戊巴比妥钠(30 mg/kg)腹腔注射进行全身麻醉,随后进行静脉穿刺置管,用3M医用敷贴固定导管,采用脉冲式正压封管(10 U/mL肝素钠0.5 mL),并于每日09:00使用生理盐水0.5 mL冲管维护1次,到达实验终点时,先进行标本采集,最后以戊巴比妥钠150 mg/kg静脉注射,麻醉过量处死实验兔。
本研究严格执行灌注固定与取材流程。对所有实验组动物兔,实验终点全身肝素化后,经主动脉生理盐水冲洗、4%多聚甲醛灌注固定,以导管尖端为中心截取10 mm血管段,对照组动物同法取材。上述操作旨在为后续基于HE染色的病理分析提供高质量的组织样本,确保研究数据的准确性与可靠性。
在完成灌注固定与取材后,依规范流程开展石蜡包埋与切片操作,以制备优质组织切片用于后续HE染色分析。首先,将目标血管段置于4%多聚甲醛(PFA)中,于4 ℃条件下固定24 h;随后,依次经梯度乙醇(70%、80%、95%、100% )各脱水1 h;接着,以二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ各透明1 h;之后,在58 ℃环境下浸蜡3次,每次1 h,包埋时将组织纵切面朝下,垂直血管轴方向摆放,保障切片方向合理;最后,采用Leica RM 2235切片机切取厚度为4 μm的连续切片。
本研究严格执行HE染色标准化流程。切片经二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ各10 min脱蜡后,以梯度乙醇(100%→70%)各5 min逐步水化,随后用苏木精染色8 min(室温),使细胞核着色,经1%盐酸乙醇分化5 s、0.6%氨水返蓝30 s,调整染色效果,再以0.5%伊红Y(pH4.8)复染3 min,让细胞质和细胞外基质显色,最后通过梯度乙醇→二甲苯→中性树胶各依次处理2 min完成脱水封片,经此标准化处理,采用OLYMPUS CX23显微镜可精准呈现组织病理结构。
由2名资深病理医师双盲评估(Kappa值>0.85),有分歧时协商一致。
为量化评估兔耳缘静脉CRT的病理特征,本研究参考文献《动物病理学》中血栓特征评估的基本原则[28],并结合本研究观察目标,确定血栓特征评分体系(0~7分),从面积占比、成分、附着稳定性3个维度进行评分。面积占比依据血栓在血管腔的占比(分值0~3分),<10%计0分,10%~<30%计1分,30%~<50%计2分,≥50%计3分;成分方面(分值0~2分),血小板/纤维蛋白血栓计0分,混合血栓计1分,溶解红细胞为主的血栓计2分;附着稳定性方面(分值0~2分),松散血栓计0分,部分融合计1分,完全融合计2分。通过该体系,可对不同留置时间血栓的形态、结构及与血管壁关系进行标准化、定量化分析。
为系统评估兔耳缘静脉留置导管引发的炎症反应程度,本研究参考文献《动物病理学》中炎症反应评估的基本原则[28],并结合本研究观察目标,确定了炎症反应评分体系(0~5分),从中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞浸润两个维度进行量化。针对中性粒细胞(分值0~3分),依据其浸润范围,无浸润计0分,呈灶性浸润计1分,全层浸润计2分,弥漫性浸润计3分;对于巨噬细胞(分值0~2分),无巨噬细胞浸润计0分,血管壁/血栓周围导管接触区域计1分,血栓内弥漫性浸润计2分。
为定量评估兔耳缘静脉留置导管对血管造成的损伤程度,本研究参考文献《动物病理学》中血管损伤评估的基本原则[28],并结合本研究观察目标,确定了血管损伤评分体系(0~4分),从内皮完整性和弹力板断裂两个关键维度进行衡量。对于内皮完整性(分值0~2分),存在大面积缺损计0分,出现局部脱落计1分,血管内皮完整计2分;针对弹力板断裂情况(分值0~2分),无断裂计0分,部分断裂计1分,完全断裂计2分。
1)实验操作:统一由2名研究人员完成,每日进行导管维护,执行肝素冲管。2)染色批次控制:每批染色含阳性对照(已知血栓血管)和阴性对照(正常血管)。3)评分者间一致性检验:随机抽取20%切片,由双人评估,计算Kappa值(0.87)。
本研究所有数据分析采用SPSS 26.0统计软件完成。定量资料符合正态分布,以均数±标准差(x±s)表示;定性资料以例数、百分比(%)表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),若差异有统计学意义,进一步采用LSD-t检验进行两两比较。定性资料组间比较使用χ²检验。为评估病理评分者间一致性,计算Kappa值(>0.75视为一致性良好)。采用Pearson相关与线性回归分析血栓与炎症的关联。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
随着静脉导管留置时间的延长,CRT发生率呈现时间依赖性增长,且不同留置时间组血栓发生率差异有统计学意义(χ²=35.68,P<0.001)。导管留置超过24 h后血栓风险急剧上升,48 h达警戒阈值(75%)。见表1。
不同留置时间组兔耳缘静脉CRT半定量评分比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。随着留置时间延长(12 h→96 h),血栓的面积占比、成分、附着稳定性及总评分均呈阶梯式上升趋势。单因素方差分析显示,所有指标的组间差异有统计学意义(F值为42.34~88.67,P<0.001),表明留置时间越长,血栓形成程度越严重。LSD-t检验两两比较显示,除72 h与96 h组血栓面积占比比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)外,其余各相邻时间点组间的血栓总评分及各分项评分差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。病理切片HE染色结果显示血栓随留置时间延长而动态演变,12 h仅见微小附壁血小板团;24 h形成以血小板纤维蛋白为主的非闭塞性血栓;至48 h,血栓体积显著增大,成分转变为富含红细胞的混合血栓,并出现早期融合迹象;72 h及96 h则进一步发展为完全机化的闭塞性血栓。见表2和图1。
不同留置时间组兔耳缘静脉炎症反应评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。随留置时间延长(12 h→96 h),炎症反应进行性加重。LSD-t检验两两比较结果显示,各相邻时间点组间的炎症反应总评分比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。自48 h组起,炎症反应总评分较24 h组增加(P<0.01),且巨噬细胞浸润评分开始呈上升趋势,提示炎症反应在48 h后进入以巨噬细胞浸润为主导的新阶段。见表3。
不同留置时间组兔耳缘静脉损伤评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),且损伤随留置时间延长呈现明显的动态演变(见表4)。这种演变规律表明,静脉损伤最初表现为单纯的内皮剥脱(12~24 h),随后逐渐向血管壁深层发展,中期(24~72 h)表现为内皮与弹力板的共同损伤,最终在后期(96 h)进展为以弹力板严重断裂为特征的血管壁全层结构破坏。单因素方差分析显示,内皮完整性和弹力板断裂的组间差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为38.76和45.23,P<0.001)。LSD-t检验两两比较进一步揭示了血管损伤的动态转变。内皮完整性评分在24~48 h下降(P<0.01),而弹力板断裂评分则在48~72 h上升(P<0.01)。这种损伤评分“一降一升”的拐点出现在48 h前后,表明血管损伤在此时间点附近从以内皮剥脱为主,转向内皮与弹力板共同损伤且逐渐加剧的新阶段。
为验证导管留置是导致病理改变的主要原因,本研究对所有对照组血管段进行了评估。所有对照组均无血栓形成,炎症及血管损伤评分维持在正常水平。由此反证,实验组观察到的系列病理变化主要由导管留置本身引起。见表5。
为探究血栓形成与炎症反应之间的内在联系,对所有留置导管的实验兔数据(n=40)进行相关性分析与性回归分析。Pearson相关分析显示,血栓总评分与炎症反应总评分之间成正相关关系(r=0.89,P<0.001)。进一步的线性回归分析显示,血栓总评分是炎症反应总评分的预测因子(P<0.01),回归模型有统计学意义(F=110.25,P<0.001),其决定系数R²为0.792,表明血栓严重程度可解释炎症反应79.2%的变异量。标准化回归系数为0.89,且回归系数为0.35[95%CI(0.29,0.41)],提示血栓总评分每增加1分,炎症反应总评分平均增加0.35分。
本研究通过建立兔耳缘静脉留置CRT模型,在小静脉(直径2~3 mm)尺度上,系统揭示了静脉留置CRT在12~96 h超早期时间窗内的动态组织病理学演变图谱。本研究的核心发现是:在小静脉(兔耳缘静脉)模型中,CRT的形成、机化及伴随的血管损伤进程远快于既往基于大血管的模型。其中,留置后48 h可能是血栓开始机化和血管损伤加剧的一个关键病理时间节点。这一发现为预警临床外周静脉导管(通常置于类似管径的小静脉)的血栓风险提供了新的实验病理学视角。
本研究最核心的发现是:静脉留置CRT发生率及严重程度的时间依赖性急剧增长(12 h:25%,96 h:100%)。既往研究多数在大动物(如猪、犬)股静脉或颈静脉(直径>5 mm)中建立留置CRT模型,并且报告显示5~7 d才形成稳定血栓,本研究的CRT模型中血栓形成的演变速度远超以往研究结果[29-30]。分析原因:这种差异的核心原因在于导管-血管管径比(catheter-to-vein ratio)的显著不同。本研究中使用的24G导管在兔耳缘静脉中占据了30%~40%的管腔,远超临床推荐的<33%的上限[13]。高占比直接导致血流剪切力急剧下降和涡流形成,完美契合了Virchow三要素中的“血流淤滞”理论,极大地加速了凝血因子的局部富集和血小板聚集。
更重要的是,本研究通过精细的时间序列观察,捕捉到了小静脉血栓加速机化的现象。HE染色显示,到48 h血栓已从早期的血小板-纤维蛋白为主的血栓演变为混合性血栓,并出现部分融合(附着稳定性评分1.5分),提示成纤维细胞开始侵入;至96 h已形成完全融合的机化血栓(评分2.0分)。这与人类深静脉血栓需要7~10 d才启动机化的传统认知形成鲜明对比[31]。这种“加速”现象可能源于小静脉壁更薄、内皮细胞储备少、局部血流动力学环境更差,使得修复与损伤过程失衡,更早地启动了以纤维化为终点的血栓机化程序[32]。因此,“小血管+长时间留置”构成了静脉留置CRT形成的“完美风暴”,本研究从病理学上明确了其发展速度之快。当然,这一基于动物模型的“48 h关键病理时间节点”假说,亟须在前瞻性临床研究中,利用超声等无创监测手段进行验证,以确认其在病人中的普遍性与临床指导价值。除了血栓本身的加速形成,本研究还揭示了血栓、炎症与血管损伤三者之间存在着紧密的耦合关系,共同构成恶性的病理循环。
本研究的一个优势在于通过HE染色同步评估了血栓、炎症和血管损伤三者的时空演变,并揭示了三者间紧密的耦合关系。
关联性分析显示,血栓总评分与炎症总评分呈极强的正相关(r=0.89)。早期(12~24 h),中性粒细胞迅速浸润,其可能通过释放中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(NETs)等机制促进血栓形成;NETs由解聚的染色质和颗粒蛋白组成,不仅能直接捕获血小板和红细胞,为血栓提供支架,还能通过暴露组织因子和激活因子Ⅻ,放大凝血反应[33]。这为观察到的12~24 h内血小板-纤维蛋白血栓快速形成提供了潜在的分子解释。后期(48~96 h),巨噬细胞成为主导,一方面试图吞噬清除坏死物质,另一方面其分泌的多种炎性因子和基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)[34-35],尤其是MMP-9,能够降解血管基底膜和细胞外基质的关键成分(如Ⅳ型胶原、弹力蛋白),从而直接破坏弹力板的完整性,并加重内皮损伤,这很可能与本研究在72~96 h观察到的进行性弹力板断裂及内皮完全缺损现象密切相关。因此,炎症细胞的表型转换(中性粒细胞→巨噬细胞)及其释放的差异化介质(NETs→MMPs),构成了一个推动血栓从形成向机化演进、血管损伤由表及里的关键分子驱动链条。
血管损伤模式从单纯的内皮剥脱(12~24 h)向弹力板断裂(72~96 h)演进。值得注意的是,本研究未观察到有效的血管修复迹象(如内皮再生、新生血管芽),这与大血管损伤后较强的修复能力不同。持续存在的导管作为一个永久性异物,不仅造成机械摩擦,其表面形成的血栓-生物膜复合体更构成了一个持续的炎性刺激源,通过上述NETs-MMPs等通路持续激活,最终导致血管壁全层结构的破坏[36-38]。这种损伤的不可逆性,凸显了早期预防而非后期干预的极端重要性[39]。
本研究的核心创新在于模型与时间维度上的突破。本研究摒弃了传统的大血管模型,选择了在解剖学和血流动力学方面更贴近临床外周静脉导管的兔耳缘静脉小血管模型,并聚焦于被忽视的早期(<4 d)连续变化过程,从而获得了更具临床参考价值的发现。
当然,本研究也存在一些局限性。首先,HE染色的形态学观察虽然精准描绘了组织病理演变全景,但无法提供分子机制的直接证据。本研究观察到中性粒细胞浸润和弹力板断裂,并推测NETs和MMPs可能参与其中,但这一假设需后续通过免疫组化、免疫荧光等技术予以验证。其次,兔耳缘静脉作为浅表静脉,其血流速度与人类前臂静脉存在差异,可能在一定程度上影响血栓形成的绝对速度。此外,本研究仅使用了一种聚氨酯材质导管,且未模拟持续输液的影响,未来研究可进一步探讨不同材料及输注药物对这一进程的影响。
基于上述发现与局限性,未来的研究方向可集中于以下几方面。1)机制深挖:利用本模型,对上述关键时间点(如24 h、48 h)的样本进行分子生物学检测(如检测NETs、MMP-9、TF等的表达),深入阐释小静脉CRT的加速机制;2)干预研究:在此模型基础上,评估早期干预策略(如在24 h或48 h前使用抗凝药、抗炎药或NETs抑制剂)能否阻断这一恶性循环;3)临床转化:开展前瞻性临床研究,利用超声等技术验证本研究提示的“48 h关键节点”在病人中的普遍性,为制定基于证据的导管更换策略提供最终依据。
本研究描绘了小静脉CRT加速演变的病理图谱:血栓形成更快、机化更早、血管损伤更重且修复困难。本模型提示,48 h可能是一个至关重要的病理转折点,此前血栓可能更易通过干预逆转,此后则可能步入机化和慢性炎症的“不归路”。这为临床实践带来了重要启示:对于留置外周静脉导管的病人,尤其是高风险病人,不应机械地等待72~96 h的常规评估窗口。本研究提示,将监测与评估的关口大幅前移(例如至留置后24~48 h)可能是更安全、更有效的策略。本研究并非直接指令“48 h拔管”,而是提供了坚实的病理学证据,呼吁临床工作者和研究者重视早期监测的重要性,并推动开展更多研究,以重新审视和定义“最短必要留置时间”,最终实现导管护理从经验性决策向基于病理生理证据的精准化护理转变。

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2026年第40卷第17期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.17.008
  • 接收时间:2025-12-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-09-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-12
  • 修回日期:2026-07-16
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    1桂林医科大学护理学院,广西 541004
    2桂林医科大学第一附属医院健康体检中心
    3随州市中心医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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