Article(id=1322630858910052693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758038400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-17, revisedDate=1782144000000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793269370057, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1790265600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793269370057, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793269370057, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793269370057, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322630794611380728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='18', pageStart='3153', pageEnd='3344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790265600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793269354727, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343080645, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940023645011984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940023645011985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3176, endPage=3184, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322630860529054038, articleId=1322630858910052693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Latent classes and construction of a risk prediction model of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To identify the latent classes of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure and to construct a risk prediction model using machine learning algorithms.

Methods

A convenience sampling method was used to select 460 elderly patients with heart failure who were hospitalized in the department of cardiology of a tertiary grade A hospital in Hengyang city from September 2023 to April 2024 as the study subjects.Latent class analysis was employed to explore the latent classes of symptom distress in these elderly patients with heart failure. Six risk prediction models of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure were constructed using machine learning algorithms.The optimal model was selected and subjected to interpretability analysis.

Results

Symptom distress in elderly heart failure patients was classified into three latent classes.The low-distress symptom-adaptation group accounted for 44.8%(206 cases).The moderate-distress psychological-dysregulation group accounted for 26.5%(122 cases).The high-distress heart-failure-predominant group accounted for 28.7%(132 cases).LASSO regression analysis showed that age,educational level,average monthly household income,multimorbidity,smoking,and perceived social support were significant influencing factors of symptom distress in elderly heart failure patients.Machine learning algorithms were used to construct six models,namely logistic regression,decision tree,random forest,K-nearest neighbors,extreme gradient boosting and support vector machine.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of extreme gradient boosting in the training set and test set was 0.909 and 0.828,respectively.Which was higher than that of the other models.The calibration curve showed that the predictions of extreme gradient boosting were in good agreement with the actual results.Within a certain threshold probability range,the decision curve of extreme gradient boosting demonstrated that the model possessed favorable clinical application performance.The learning curve showed no overfitting of the extreme gradient boosting.The interpretability analysis based on extreme gradient boosting revealed that perceived social support,multimorbidity,and age were of high importance.

Conclusions

Symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure exhibits population heterogeneity.The extreme gradient boosting model demonstrates good performance in predicting the risk of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure.

, authors=Ailin LI, Xiaomeng LU, Qingqiuyue ZHOU, Tianyuan LI, Nanping DUAN, Xinghan WU, Jianzhi LI, authorsList=Ailin LI, Xiaomeng LU, Qingqiuyue ZHOU, Tianyuan LI, Nanping DUAN, Xinghan WU, Jianzhi LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianzhi LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322630862173221223, articleId=1322630858910052693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰潜在类别及风险预测模型的构建, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

识别老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰潜在类别,并使用机器学习算法构建风险预测模型。

方法

采用便利抽样法,选取2023年9月—2024年4月在衡阳市某三级甲等医院心内科住院的460例老年心力衰竭病人作为研究对象,采用潜在类别分析探讨老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的潜在类别,采用机器学习算法构建6种老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险预测模型,筛选最优模型并对模型进行可解释性分析。

结果

老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰可分为3个潜在类别,其中低困扰-症状适应组病人占44.8%(206例),中困扰-心理失调组病人占26.5%(122例),高困扰-心衰高发组病人占28.7%(132例)。LASSO回归分析结果显示,年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、多病共存、吸烟、领悟社会支持为老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的重要影响因素,采用机器学习算法构建逻辑回归、决策树、随机森林、K-近邻、极端梯度提升、支持向量机模型,极端梯度提升在训练集和测试集中的受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.909和0.828,高于其余模型。校准曲线显示,极端梯度提升的预测结果与真实结果较吻合。在一定阈值概率下,极端梯度提升的决策曲线表明模型临床应用性能较优。学习曲线显示极端梯度提升不存在过拟合现象。基于极端梯度提升的可解释性分析结果显示,领悟社会支持、多病共存、年龄的重要性较高。

结论

老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰存在群体异质性,极端梯度提升模型预测老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险的性能较好。

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李蔼淋,护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
李健芝,E-mail:
LI Jianzhi, E-mail:
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the cardiovascular health study), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322630875225895382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=79, issue=23, pageStart=2298, pageEnd=2305, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=Ding N, Shah A M, Blaha M J, journalName=J Am Coll Cardiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ding N,Shah A M,Blaha M J,et al.Cigarette smoking,cessation,and risk of heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction[J].J Am Coll Cardiol,2022,79(23):2298-2305., articleTitle=Cigarette smoking,cessation,and risk of heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322630862378742120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322630862387130729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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articleId=1322630858910052693, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=SHAP summary plot of extreme gradient boosting, figureFileSmall=5ep9B4ejuO0oCwaZbkm1hg==, figureFileBig=1XyxkDI76DmH1novcwaFhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322630869949460907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, language=CN, label=图8, caption=极端梯度提升的SHAP摘要图, figureFileSmall=5ep9B4ejuO0oCwaZbkm1hg==, figureFileBig=1XyxkDI76DmH1novcwaFhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322630870029152684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Model fit indices for potential classes of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率(%)
BLRTLMRT
110 141.77610 207.87510 157.096
29 132.9529 389.2829 194.5500.909<0.001<0.00150.7/49.3
38 816.2029 022.7638 864.0780.910<0.001<0.00144.8/26.5/28.7
48 774.4669 051.2598 838.6200.8160.1530.15728.8/15.4/31.5/24.3
58 712.6569 059.6798 793.0870.8600.2670.27129.1/23.3/12.8/8.3/26.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322630870100455853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰潜在类别模型拟合指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率(%)
BLRTLMRT
110 141.77610 207.87510 157.096
29 132.9529 389.2829 194.5500.909<0.001<0.00150.7/49.3
38 816.2029 022.7638 864.0780.910<0.001<0.00144.8/26.5/28.7
48 774.4669 051.2598 838.6200.8160.1530.15728.8/15.4/31.5/24.3
58 712.6569 059.6798 793.0870.8600.2670.27129.1/23.3/12.8/8.3/26.5
), ArticleFig(id=1322630870180147630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Classification probability matrix for potential classes of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在类别类别1类别2类别3
类别198.51.00.5
类别20.592.86.7
类别31.96.791.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322630870247256495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰潜在类别归属概率矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
潜在类别类别1类别2类别3
类别198.51.00.5
类别20.592.86.7
类别31.96.791.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322630870310171056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Univariate analysis of factors influencing the risk of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类低风险组(n=206)较高风险组(n=254)统计值P
年龄(岁)70(67,75)74(69,79)H=4.615<0.001
性别[例(%)]男123(59.7)153(60.2)χ2=0.0130.909
女83(40.3)101(39.8)
文化程度[例(%)]小学及以下61(29.6)106(41.7)
初中78(37.9)87(34.3)Z=-2.7800.005
高中及以上67(32.5)61(24.0)
婚姻状态[例(%)]已婚144(69.9)169(66.5)χ2=0.5930.441
未婚62(30.1)85(33.5)
居住状态[例(%)]独居65(31.6)86(33.9)χ2=0.2740.601
非独居141(68.4)168(66.1)
职业类型[例(%)]体力活动126(61.2)177(69.7)χ2=3.6730.055
脑力活动80(38.8)77(30.3)
家庭人均月收入[例(%)]≤1 000 元37(18.0)99(39.1)
>1 000~3 000 元55(26.7)83(32.8)Z=-4.768<0.001
>3 000~5 000 元66(32.0)38(15.0)
>5 000 元48(23.3)33(13.1)
吸烟[例(%)]是133(64.6)125(49.2)χ2=10.883<0.001
否73(35.4)129(50.8)
饮酒[例(%)]是119(57.8)141(55.5)χ2=0.1920.662
否87(42.2)113(44.5)
多重用药[例(%)]是93(45.1)173(68.1)χ2=24.598<0.001
否113(54.9)81(31.9)
多病共存[例(%)]是84(40.8)192(75.6)χ2=57.443<0.001
否122(59.2)62(24.4)
NYHA心功能分级[例(%)]Ⅱ级157(76.2)44(17.3)
Ⅲ级41(19.9)114(44.9)Z=-12.818<0.001
Ⅳ级8(3.9)96(37.8)
领悟社会支持(分)58.98±7.6850.10±8.00t=9.104<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322630870389862833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类低风险组(n=206)较高风险组(n=254)统计值P
年龄(岁)70(67,75)74(69,79)H=4.615<0.001
性别[例(%)]男123(59.7)153(60.2)χ2=0.0130.909
女83(40.3)101(39.8)
文化程度[例(%)]小学及以下61(29.6)106(41.7)
初中78(37.9)87(34.3)Z=-2.7800.005
高中及以上67(32.5)61(24.0)
婚姻状态[例(%)]已婚144(69.9)169(66.5)χ2=0.5930.441
未婚62(30.1)85(33.5)
居住状态[例(%)]独居65(31.6)86(33.9)χ2=0.2740.601
非独居141(68.4)168(66.1)
职业类型[例(%)]体力活动126(61.2)177(69.7)χ2=3.6730.055
脑力活动80(38.8)77(30.3)
家庭人均月收入[例(%)]≤1 000 元37(18.0)99(39.1)
>1 000~3 000 元55(26.7)83(32.8)Z=-4.768<0.001
>3 000~5 000 元66(32.0)38(15.0)
>5 000 元48(23.3)33(13.1)
吸烟[例(%)]是133(64.6)125(49.2)χ2=10.883<0.001
否73(35.4)129(50.8)
饮酒[例(%)]是119(57.8)141(55.5)χ2=0.1920.662
否87(42.2)113(44.5)
多重用药[例(%)]是93(45.1)173(68.1)χ2=24.598<0.001
否113(54.9)81(31.9)
多病共存[例(%)]是84(40.8)192(75.6)χ2=57.443<0.001
否122(59.2)62(24.4)
NYHA心功能分级[例(%)]Ⅱ级157(76.2)44(17.3)
Ⅲ级41(19.9)114(44.9)Z=-12.818<0.001
Ⅳ级8(3.9)96(37.8)
领悟社会支持(分)58.98±7.6850.10±8.00t=9.104<0.001
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Performance evaluation of six models

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项目模型AUC精确度灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值F1分数
训练集逻辑回归0.8200.7560.7660.7460.7120.7950.738
决策树0.7690.7450.8020.6760.7510.7370.776
随机森林0.8490.7760.6890.8820.8780.7040.772
K-近邻0.8600.7690.7630.7850.7450.8040.755
极端梯度提升0.9090.8450.8580.8570.8470.8420.861
支持向量机0.8410.7670.7850.7450.7580.7400.788
测试集逻辑回归0.7760.7250.6750.7870.8120.6580.732
决策树0.7500.7250.7270.7210.7670.6770.747
随机森林0.8180.7460.6790.8360.8390.6710.758
K-近邻0.8100.7320.8200.6620.6580.8230.730
极端梯度提升0.8280.7680.7530.8690.8260.7380.768
支持向量机0.8210.7610.7790.7540.8000.7300.790
), ArticleFig(id=1322630870566023603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630858910052693, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

6种模型性能评价

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目模型AUC精确度灵敏度特异度阳性预测值阴性预测值F1分数
训练集逻辑回归0.8200.7560.7660.7460.7120.7950.738
决策树0.7690.7450.8020.6760.7510.7370.776
随机森林0.8490.7760.6890.8820.8780.7040.772
K-近邻0.8600.7690.7630.7850.7450.8040.755
极端梯度提升0.9090.8450.8580.8570.8470.8420.861
支持向量机0.8410.7670.7850.7450.7580.7400.788
测试集逻辑回归0.7760.7250.6750.7870.8120.6580.732
决策树0.7500.7250.7270.7210.7670.6770.747
随机森林0.8180.7460.6790.8360.8390.6710.758
K-近邻0.8100.7320.8200.6620.6580.8230.730
极端梯度提升0.8280.7680.7530.8690.8260.7380.768
支持向量机0.8210.7610.7790.7540.8000.7300.790
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老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰潜在类别及风险预测模型的构建
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李蔼淋 , 鲁晓梦 , 周庆秋月 , 李天沅 , 段南平 , 吴星翰 , 李健芝 *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(18): 3176-3184
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (18) : 3176 -3184
老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰潜在类别及风险预测模型的构建
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李蔼淋, 鲁晓梦, 周庆秋月, 李天沅, 段南平, 吴星翰, 李健芝*, *
作者信息
  • 1南华大学护理学院,湖南 421001
通讯作者:
李健芝,E-mail:
LI Jianzhi, E-mail:
作者简介:

李蔼淋,护师,硕士研究生

Latent classes and construction of a risk prediction model of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure
Ailin LI, Xiaomeng LU, Qingqiuyue ZHOU, Tianyuan LI, Nanping DUAN, Xinghan WU, Jianzhi LI
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, University of South China, Hunan 421001 China
出版时间: 2026-09-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.004
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目的

识别老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰潜在类别,并使用机器学习算法构建风险预测模型。

方法

采用便利抽样法,选取2023年9月—2024年4月在衡阳市某三级甲等医院心内科住院的460例老年心力衰竭病人作为研究对象,采用潜在类别分析探讨老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的潜在类别,采用机器学习算法构建6种老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险预测模型,筛选最优模型并对模型进行可解释性分析。

结果

老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰可分为3个潜在类别,其中低困扰-症状适应组病人占44.8%(206例),中困扰-心理失调组病人占26.5%(122例),高困扰-心衰高发组病人占28.7%(132例)。LASSO回归分析结果显示,年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、多病共存、吸烟、领悟社会支持为老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的重要影响因素,采用机器学习算法构建逻辑回归、决策树、随机森林、K-近邻、极端梯度提升、支持向量机模型,极端梯度提升在训练集和测试集中的受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.909和0.828,高于其余模型。校准曲线显示,极端梯度提升的预测结果与真实结果较吻合。在一定阈值概率下,极端梯度提升的决策曲线表明模型临床应用性能较优。学习曲线显示极端梯度提升不存在过拟合现象。基于极端梯度提升的可解释性分析结果显示,领悟社会支持、多病共存、年龄的重要性较高。

结论

老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰存在群体异质性,极端梯度提升模型预测老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险的性能较好。

老年人  /  心力衰竭  /  症状困扰  /  潜在类别分析  /  影响因素  /  机器学习  /  预测模型
Objective

To identify the latent classes of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure and to construct a risk prediction model using machine learning algorithms.

Methods

A convenience sampling method was used to select 460 elderly patients with heart failure who were hospitalized in the department of cardiology of a tertiary grade A hospital in Hengyang city from September 2023 to April 2024 as the study subjects.Latent class analysis was employed to explore the latent classes of symptom distress in these elderly patients with heart failure. Six risk prediction models of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure were constructed using machine learning algorithms.The optimal model was selected and subjected to interpretability analysis.

Results

Symptom distress in elderly heart failure patients was classified into three latent classes.The low-distress symptom-adaptation group accounted for 44.8%(206 cases).The moderate-distress psychological-dysregulation group accounted for 26.5%(122 cases).The high-distress heart-failure-predominant group accounted for 28.7%(132 cases).LASSO regression analysis showed that age,educational level,average monthly household income,multimorbidity,smoking,and perceived social support were significant influencing factors of symptom distress in elderly heart failure patients.Machine learning algorithms were used to construct six models,namely logistic regression,decision tree,random forest,K-nearest neighbors,extreme gradient boosting and support vector machine.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of extreme gradient boosting in the training set and test set was 0.909 and 0.828,respectively.Which was higher than that of the other models.The calibration curve showed that the predictions of extreme gradient boosting were in good agreement with the actual results.Within a certain threshold probability range,the decision curve of extreme gradient boosting demonstrated that the model possessed favorable clinical application performance.The learning curve showed no overfitting of the extreme gradient boosting.The interpretability analysis based on extreme gradient boosting revealed that perceived social support,multimorbidity,and age were of high importance.

Conclusions

Symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure exhibits population heterogeneity.The extreme gradient boosting model demonstrates good performance in predicting the risk of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure.

the elderly  /  heart failure  /  symptom distress  /  latent class analysis  /  influencing factors  /  machine learning  /  prediction model
李蔼淋, 鲁晓梦, 周庆秋月, 李天沅, 段南平, 吴星翰, 李健芝. 老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰潜在类别及风险预测模型的构建. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (18) : 3176 -3184 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.004
Ailin LI, Xiaomeng LU, Qingqiuyue ZHOU, Tianyuan LI, Nanping DUAN, Xinghan WU, Jianzhi LI. Latent classes and construction of a risk prediction model of symptom distress in elderly patients with heart failure[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (18) : 3176 -3184 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.004
心力衰竭(heart failure,HF)是由多种病因引起的心脏结构和(或)功能异常改变的复杂的临床综合征。已有数据显示,我国60~79岁老年人心力衰竭年发病率为0.72%,80岁以上老年人心力衰竭年发病率为1.66%[1]。症状困扰被定义为一个人所经历特定症状的痛苦程度[2],相较于症状发生率与严重程度,病人症状困扰特征更能体现病人所经历症状的具体感受,对临床症状管理具有重要价值[3-4]。相关研究结果显示,心力衰竭症状表现复杂且病情迁延,老年病人随着疾病进展,再入院、功能残疾及死亡风险显著增加,严重影响其生活质量及远期结局[5-7]。早期识别并实施针对性症状管理是提高老年心力衰竭病人生活质量、改善预后的关键措施,而精准、高效的症状管理需基于病人不同的症状困扰特征开展[8]。已有研究多通过量表总分判断老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰程度,由于缺少明确的截断值,此类方法不仅难以区分不同风险亚组及类别特征,其相应的预测能力也相对不足,使早期精准化临床管理存在局限。潜在类别分析可通过个体对各条目的应答特征分辨不同群体的内部异质性,从而完成不同风险亚组的细致区分,并精准揭示不同类别特征[9]。而基于机器学习算法的风险预测模型具有较好的预测性能[10],能够进一步弥补潜在类别分析在预测能力方面的不足。因此,本研究基于潜在类别分析结果和机器学习算法构建风险预测模型,旨在对老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰亚组进行识别与早期预测,为临床精准干预提供参考。
采用便利抽样法,选取2023年9月—2024年4月在衡阳市某三级甲等医院心内科住院的460例老年心力衰竭病人作为研究对象。纳入标准:经《中国心力衰竭诊断和治疗指南2024》[11]确诊为心力衰竭;年龄≥60岁;纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级为Ⅱ~Ⅳ级;意识清楚、能够正常交流。排除标准:合并恶性肿瘤;有心脏移植或左心室辅助装置植入史;有精神疾病史。采用自变量事件数法(events per variable,EPV)[12]计算样本量,本研究纳入13个变量,统计学推荐EPV取值应≥10,故建模所需有效样本量至少为130例。本研究已通过南华大学医学伦理委员会审批[编号:医伦审2024第(2024HLSC021)号]。
由研究团队自行编制,包括一般人口学特征(年龄、性别等)和疾病相关特征(NYHA心功能分级、是否多重用药等)。
该量表由Zambroski等[13]根据Memorial肿瘤症状评估量表修订而成,后经郭金玉等[14]汉化,用于评估心力衰竭病人过去7 d的症状。该量表共32个条目,包含生理症状、心理症状和心力衰竭症状3个分量表。每个条目均从症状有无、症状发作频率(从“很少”到“一直持续”依次计1~4分)、症状严重程度(从“轻微”到“非常严重”依次计1~4分)、症状困扰程度(从“完全没有”到“非常多”依次计0~4分)进行评估。中文版MSAS-HF总体及其各分量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.807~0.946[14]。本研究主要测量症状发作频率及症状困扰程度。
该量表由Zimet等[15]研发,姜乾金[16]汉化,中文版量表共12个条目,包括家庭支持、朋友支持、其他人支持3个维度,从“极不同意”到“极同意”依次计1~7分,总分为12~84分,得分越高表示社会支持感受度越高。中文版量表总体及其各维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.882~0.921[16]。
在病人入院当天获得其知情同意后,向其解释调查内容及纸质版问卷填写方式,由经严格培训的研究人员单独进行调查。调查结束后立即检查问卷完整性,若有缺漏当场补填。通过医院病历系统收集疾病相关资料。本研究共发放问卷470份,回收有效问卷460份,问卷有效回收率为98%。
采用SPSS 27.0进行统计分析。正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验进行组间比较;非正态分布的定量资料以中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]表示,采用Kruskal-Wallis H检验进行组间比较;定性资料以频数、百分比(%)表示,采用χ2检验、秩和检验或Fisher精确概率法进行组间比较。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。采用Mplus 8.3进行潜在类别分析,由于发生率较低的症状对潜在类别意义较小,故选取发生率≥40%的症状拟合模型[17]。模型拟合指标包括赤池信息准则(Akaike information criterion,AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(Bayesian information criterion,BIC)、样本校正的贝叶斯信息准则(sample size-adjusted BIC,aBIC)、信息熵(Entropy)、罗-梦戴尔-鲁本校正似然比检验(Lo-Mendell-Rubin adjusted likelihood ratio test,LMRT)、基于Bootstrap的似然比检验(Bootstrapped likelihood ratio test,BLRT),其中AIC、BIC、aBIC值越小说明拟合越好,Entropy值>0.8代表至少90%的样本分类结果精确,LMRT、BLRT的P<0.05代表k个类别优于k-1个类别。本研究在确定类别数后,参考既往研究结果[18]将代表最低风险水平的亚组作为“低风险组”,其余亚组作为“较高风险组”,以便后续筛选变量及构建模型。采用R 4.5.0构建逻辑回归、决策树、随机森林、K-近邻、支持向量机、极端梯度提升6种机器学习模型。将单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量纳入LASSO回归分析,将LASSO回归筛选后的变量作为模型最终纳入变量。将数据集按7∶3的比例随机分为训练集和测试集,训练集样本用于前期模型构建与参数调优,而测试集样本作为独立、模型未见过的数据,专门用于模型性能的评估。使用网格搜索和十折交叉验证对模型进行超参数调优,以优化模型性能。采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)、F1分数、精确度、灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值评价模型性能。采用校准曲线评价模型预测概率与实际概率的一致性,采用决策曲线评价模型临床效益。通过学习曲线验证模型是否存在过拟合现象。采用SHAP可解释性分析评价模型特征重要性。
本研究共有16个症状的发生率≥40%,将其症状困扰测量结果用于潜在类别分析,共拟合5个模型,随着潜在类别数目增加,AIC、aBIC值均不断减小,其中模型3的BIC值最小,LMRT和BLRT均有统计学意义(P<0.001),Entropy>0.8,表示分类准确性>90%,见表1。模型3的归属概率矩阵结果显示,各类别的老年心力衰竭病人归属于该类别的平均概率为91.4%~98.5%,见表2。因此选择模型3为最终模型。
根据模型3各类别16个症状的条件概率分布情况命名。类别1病人占44.8%(206例),该类别各症状的条件概率均低于其余2个类别,说明该类病人出现症状困扰的概率较低,已经能够适应各症状,故命名为“低困扰-症状适应组”;类别2病人占26.5%(122例),该类别症状的条件概率多居于其余2个类别之间,其中3个心理症状“紧张”“睡眠困难”“忧虑”的类别概率较高,说明该类病人心理症状困扰突出,故命名为“中困扰-心理失调组”;类别3病人占28.7%(132例),该类别症状的条件概率多高于其余2个类别,其中症状“胸闷”“心悸”“夜间睡眠憋醒”“平躺时呼吸困难”的类别概率较高,且均属心力衰竭症状,故命名为“高困扰-心衰高发组”。见图1。
将“低困扰-症状适应组”作为“低风险组”(共206例),将“高困扰-心衰高发组”“中困扰-心理失调组”作为“较高风险组”(共254例),进行老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险影响因素的单因素分析,结果见表3。
将单因素分析中有统计学意义(P<0.05)的特征纳入LASSO回归。为使模型更精简以便临床应用,故选择右侧lambda.1se所对应的特征数。最终筛选出6个特征,分别为年龄、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、多病共存、吸烟、领悟社会支持。LASSO回归系数路径见图2,LASSO回归交叉验证曲线见图3。
构建逻辑回归、决策树、随机森林、K-近邻、极端梯度提升、支持向量机6种机器学习模型,总结其在训练集和测试集中的性能表现,结果显示,极端梯度提升在训练集和测试集中的AUC分别为0.909和0.828,高于其余模型。见表4。绘制6种模型在测试集中的校准曲线,结果显示,极端梯度提升的预测结果与真实结果较吻合,校准度良好,见图4。决策曲线结果说明该模型的临床应用性能较优,见图5。学习曲线展示了极端梯度提升的学习过程,训练集和测试集的误差逐渐收敛,说明模型不存在过拟合现象,见图6。
单纯的模型构建难以可视化模型的决策过程,有必要对模型进行SHAP可解释性分析。基于极端梯度提升对各类特征的SHAP绝对值进行排序,结果显示,领悟社会支持、多病共存、年龄是对老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰较重要的3个特征(见图7)。各类特征的取值对模型输出的正向或负向影响结果显示,多病共存、年龄较大、存在吸烟行为为老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的危险因素;领悟社会支持得分较高、家庭人均月收入较高、文化程度较高为老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的保护因素。见图8。
潜在类别分析结果显示,老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰可分为3个类别,即低困扰-症状适应组、中困扰-心理失调组、高困扰-心衰高发组,其中,高困扰-心衰高发组病人占28.7%(132例),该类病人以胸闷、心悸、夜间睡眠憋醒、平躺时呼吸困难4个典型心力衰竭症状的高困扰度为核心特征,原因可能是病人处于疾病急性加重期时心肌细胞缺氧,出现心悸或胸闷;同时肺部血容量负荷过重可导致呼吸困难,易在病人夜间睡眠时发作致其憋醒[19],提示医务人员在疾病加重期应通过抗心力衰竭治疗改善病人症状,也应指导病人夜间高卧位睡眠,并关注夜间血氧饱和度的动态变化。中困扰-心理失调组病人占26.5%(122例),该类别病人心理症状困扰发生率较高,与Ye等[20]发现的心力衰竭病人躯体及心理症状共病现象一致。原因可能是病人病情随病程延长而恶化,导致病人对疾病失去信心,出现负性情绪。提示医护人员在治疗疾病的同时应开展以增强疾病应对能力为核心的心理健康教育,长期随访病人疾病与心理变化并及时干预。低困扰-症状适应组病人占44.8%(206例),该类病人生理、心理、心力衰竭症状困扰发生率较其他2类病人低,原因可能是该类病人对疾病知识有高度的认知水平,在生活中充分融入症状管理,因此疾病发作时困扰程度较低。提示医护人员需长期对病人进行院外生活化症状管理教育,提高其健康素养及疾病管理依从性,从而保持疾病平稳状态,防止疾病恶化。
本研究结果显示,领悟社会支持水平较高的老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险较低。已有研究结果显示,家庭支持水平较高时不仅可以提供高质量医疗资源与多维度照护保障,还可以通过情绪支持构建症状管理家庭网络,使病人适应生活化症状管理[21]。同时,高水平领悟社会支持的病人能更主动地整合社会资源、参与疾病管理,常拥有良好的机体功能状态,能够调动社会网络提高对自身疾病的客观支持度,从而降低症状困扰感知程度[22]。医护人员应通过电话或微信为家庭照护者提供照护技能培训及心理支持指导,提高家庭照护质量;同时实施家庭赋能联合同伴支持计划,鼓励病人在家人陪护下参与社区交流会等社交活动,借助家庭推动力增强社会参与,拓展支持网络[23]。
本研究结果显示,存在多病共存与较高风险的症状困扰相关,与既往研究结果[24]相似。原因可能为多维疾病的累积效应会使病人再入院率增高、住院时间延长,进而使经济与治疗负担加重[25-26]。而病人在长期治疗中,疾病叠加应激更会引发病人的负性认知,加剧症状困扰的主观体验。因此,如何对该类病人进行多维疾病管理以缓解其多发的躯体及心理症状困扰,是临床研究的重点内容之一。医护人员应协同多专科团队对病人进行精细化整合治疗,避免碎片化治疗;并针对病人疾病组合情况进行出院后的药物使用指导等,以减轻疾病日常负担;也应联合家庭强化对病人的心理支持及疾病应对教育[27-28]。
本研究结果显示,年龄较大的老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险较高。相关研究结果显示,高龄是老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰发生的独立危险因素[29-30]。随着年龄增长,机体功能将出现不可逆的衰退,同时,心力衰竭本身是多病因、多并发症交织的复杂临床综合征,高龄心力衰竭病人更易罹患多种慢性疾病,对于重叠症状的耐受力也会减弱,从而导致症状困扰发生风险进一步升高。医护人员应结合病人的实际机体功能储备、共病情况制定分层诊疗方案,还需同步强化对高龄病人照护者的培训与心理疏导,延缓病人的疾病进展。
本研究结果显示,较高的家庭人均月收入与较低风险的症状困扰相关。我国心力衰竭病人次均住院费用较高[1]。高昂的治疗费用将影响经济困难病人就医意愿、治疗方案的选择及治疗依从性,从而影响治疗效果,增加病人症状困扰,形成症状困扰与经济的反向社会经济梯度[31]。医护人员可通过访谈了解病人的经济状况,推荐疗效确切、医保充分覆盖的治疗方案;同时提供基于疾病管理的金融知识培训,针对性指导病人合理利用医疗保障政策,减轻经济支出对家庭的冲击,平衡经济负担和诊疗质量。
本研究结果显示,较高的文化程度与较低风险的症状困扰相关,与Park等[32]研究结果相似。现有研究结果表明,文化程度较低的病人对疾病知识的了解较少,对疾病恐惧程度高[7]。Jeong等[33]研究发现,文化程度较低的病人自我保健及遵医行为较差,常难以理解甚至抗拒治疗。医护人员可通过动画短片、带语音的讲解手册等通俗易懂的方式向病人解释疾病发生机制及治疗原则,减轻病人因认知局限产生的恐惧感;同时可引入智能化自我管理系统,依据病人症状表现动态推送个性化建议,并通过用药提醒功能提高病人遵医水平。
本研究结果显示,吸烟的老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰风险较高。原因可能为吸烟的老年心力衰竭病人血液中的炎症标志物水平较高,而炎症水平通常与病人心脏负担呈正相关[34]。且已有研究结果显示,吸烟与心力衰竭发病风险存在剂量-反应关系,长时间、大量的吸烟行为将导致心肌细胞高度损伤及纤维化,严重影响左心室收缩与舒张功能[35]。医护人员可结合病人吸烟史与疾病情况,明确解释吸烟与心脏功能恶化间的关联,使其产生戒烟动机;实时监测心功能的同时通过尼古丁替代疗法减轻烟草依赖。
相较于基于传统方法构建的风险预测模型,机器学习算法凭借其卓越的数据处理和非线性关系识别能力,在预测性能方面展现出了较大优势。然而,机器学习模型普遍存在“黑盒”问题,导致其预测过程缺乏透明性与可解释性,严重限制了模型的临床个体化应用。因此,本研究基于潜在类别分析结果,通过机器学习算法构建并筛选适用于老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的风险预测模型,模型构建基于精准的群体分类,有利于增强其针对性与临床适用性。在机器学习模型中,极端梯度提升能够有效捕捉变量间的复杂交互与非线性关系,通过迭代学习深入挖掘预测因子间的协同效应,且通过十折交叉验证与学习曲线验证防止过拟合,有利于保障模型的稳定性。同时,本研究还进一步引入SHAP可解释性分析方法,清晰量化各特征对预测结果的贡献,可为早期识别老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰提供一种兼具高精度与可解释性的临床预测工具。
本研究的局限性在于样本量较少。研究仅在同一所三级甲等医院进行,样本来源高度集中,病人疾病、治疗方案等特征与社区、基层医院差异较大。同时,本研究为横断面研究,仅能揭示预测因子与老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的关联性,难以判断各因子与症状困扰的时序作用及动态影响过程。此外,未开展多中心外部验证,缺乏在不同地域、不同级别医疗机构病人群体中的验证数据,模型的稳定性和泛化能力未得到充分检验,其临床推广的可靠性有待进一步证实。后续将进一步扩大样本来源范围,进行群体纵向研究,并优化模型,以提高预测性能。
本研究通过潜在类别分析将老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰分为低困扰-症状适应组、中困扰-心理失调组、高困扰-心衰高发组3个类别,领悟社会支持、多病共存、年龄、家庭人均月收入、文化程度、吸烟是老年心力衰竭病人症状困扰的重要影响因素。基于潜在类别分析结果构建6种机器学习模型,其中极端梯度提升表现较好,可为临床早期预测及个体化精准干预提供参考。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.004
  • 接收时间:2025-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-17
  • 修回日期:2026-06-23
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    1南华大学护理学院,湖南 421001

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李健芝,E-mail:
LI Jianzhi, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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