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Article(id=1322630795383132664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766073600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-19, revisedDate=1786291200000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793269354910, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1790265600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793269354910, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793269354910, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793269354910, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322630794611380728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='18', pageStart='3153', pageEnd='3344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790265600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793269354727, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343080645, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940023645011984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940023645011985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3253, endPage=3257, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322630797106991609, articleId=1322630795383132664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=A survey on the status quo of oncology nursing management and standardized construction in 81 hospitals of Hunan province, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the status quo of oncology nursing management and standardized construction in hospitals of Hunan province,and to analyze the existing problems.

Methods

Using purposive sampling.A total of 81 members of the Oncology Nursing Professional Committee of Hunan Nursing Association working in hospitals were selected as survey subjects in December 2024.A self-designed questionnaire on the status quo of oncology nursing management and standardized construction was used to investigate the conditions of hospitals affiliated with the members of the Oncology Nursing Professional Committee of Hunan Nursing Association.

Results

The 81 members of the Oncology Nursing Professional Committee came from 81 hospitals.Among these,71 hospitals(87.7%) had established oncology nursing pathway management systems,with tertiary hospitals showing better performance than secondary hospitals(P<0.05).A total of 67 hospitals(82.7%) had implemented comfort-oriented oncology nursing construction.Specialized construction in vascular access nursing and wound/ostomy nursing was relatively more common(both 58.0%).Among oncology specialized nursing staff,the majority held provincial-level oncology specialty certificates(65.6%),with supervisor nurses(45.5%) and nurses with bachelor's degrees(78.5%) being the predominant groups.A total of 76 hospitals(93.8%) were equipped with anti-tumor drug spillage protective equipment.A total of 69 hospitals(85.2%) were equipped with anti-tumor drug preparation protective equipment.A total of 35 hospitals(43.2%) had established pharmacy intravenous admixture services.The contents of oncology specialty nursing training were mostly focused on oncology nursing management and specialized knowledge(96.3%),professional competence of oncology nurses(95.1%),and oncology specialized practical skills(85.2%).Only 42 hospitals(51.9%) had conducted tiered professional training for all hospital nurses.

Conclusions

The oncology nursing management systems in hospitals at various levels in Hunan province still require improvement.Further strengthening of standards and process construction,optimization of resource allocation,and enhancement of personnel management and training systems are needed to promote the homogenization and high-quality development of oncology nursing.

, authors=Siyi PENG1, Tao WEI1, Xuying LI1, Yonghong HU1, Siqing PENG2, authorsList=Siyi PENG, Tao WEI, Xuying LI, Yonghong HU, Siqing PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yonghong HU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322630798482723322, articleId=1322630795383132664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=湖南省81所医院肿瘤护理管理与规范化建设现况调查, columnId=1220689488938980091, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

调查湖南省医院肿瘤护理管理与规范化建设现状，并分析其存在的问题。

方法

采用目的抽样法，于2024年12月选取在医院工作的湖南省护理学会81名肿瘤护理专业委员会委员为调查对象，采用自行设计的肿瘤护理管理及规范化建设现状调查问卷调查其所在医院状况。

结果

81名肿瘤护理专业委员会委员来自81所医院，其中，71所（87.7%）制定了肿瘤护理路径管理制度且三级医院情况优于二级医院（P<0.05），67所（82.7%）医院开展了肿瘤舒适化护理建设，血管通道专科和伤口造口专科建设较多（均为58.0%）。肿瘤专科护理人员以取得省级肿瘤专科证书者（65.6%）较多，主管护师（45.5%）及本科（78.5%）护士为主；76所（93.8%）医院配备抗肿瘤药物外溢防护装备，69所（85.2%）医院配齐抗肿瘤药物配制防护设备，35所（43.2%）医院设置静脉用药调配中心；肿瘤专科护理相关培训的内容多为肿瘤护理管理与专科知识（96.3%）、肿瘤护士职业素养（95.1%）、肿瘤专科实践技能（85.2%），开展全院护士分层次业务培训的医院为42所（51.9%）。

结论

湖南省各级医院肿瘤护理管理制度仍有待完善，需进一步加强规范及流程建设，优化资源配置，完善人员管理和培训体系，以推进肿瘤护理同质化与高质量发展。

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彭思意，主管护师，硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
胡永红，E-mail:
HU Yonghong, E-mail:
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Comparison of the formulation of oncology specialty nursing management systems among hospitals of different levels（n=81）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目三级医院（n=71）二级医院（n=10）χ2值P
肿瘤护理路径管理制度65（91.5）6（60.0）5.4110.020
抗肿瘤药物静脉治疗工具管理规范63（88.7）4（40.0）11.351<0.001
工作制度及岗位职责制度57（80.3）3（30.0）9.0700.003
肿瘤专科护士任职资格制度53（74.6）3（30.0）6.2300.013
肿瘤专科护士绩效考核方案51（71.8）2（20.0）8.2450.004
), ArticleFig(id=1322630802479895075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同级别医院肿瘤专科护理管理制度制定情况比较（n=81）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目三级医院（n=71）二级医院（n=10）χ2值P
肿瘤护理路径管理制度65（91.5）6（60.0）5.4110.020
抗肿瘤药物静脉治疗工具管理规范63（88.7）4（40.0）11.351<0.001
工作制度及岗位职责制度57（80.3）3（30.0）9.0700.003
肿瘤专科护士任职资格制度53（74.6）3（30.0）6.2300.013
肿瘤专科护士绩效考核方案51（71.8）2（20.0）8.2450.004
), ArticleFig(id=1322630802555392548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Construction status of comfort-oriented oncology nursing specialties(n=81)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目医院（所）百分比（%）
血管通道专科4758.0
伤口造口专科4758.0
无痛专科4555.6
安宁疗护专科4049.4
营养专科3442.0
无呕专科3138.3
心理心灵专科2328.4
淋巴水肿专科1518.5
无粒缺专科11.2
未开展1417.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322630802630890021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

肿瘤舒适化护理专科建设情况（n=81）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目医院（所）百分比（%）
血管通道专科4758.0
伤口造口专科4758.0
无痛专科4555.6
安宁疗护专科4049.4
营养专科3442.0
无呕专科3138.3
心理心灵专科2328.4
淋巴水肿专科1518.5
无粒缺专科11.2
未开展1417.3
), ArticleFig(id=1322630802693804582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Composition of oncology specialized nursing staff（n=2 185）

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项目分类人数构成比（%）
年龄<30岁72133.0
30~<40岁96344.0
40~<50岁38417.6
≥50岁1175.4
性别男612.8
女2 12497.2
从事肿瘤专科护理工作年限≤2年24311.1
>2~5年37016.9
>5~<10年61828.3
≥10年95443.7
文化程度专科38717.7
本科1 71578.5
硕士研究生及以上833.8
职称护士32715.0
护师68031.1
主管护师99545.5
副主任护师及以上1838.4
肿瘤专科证书类型院级59127.0
省级1 43365.6
国家级1617.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322630802769302055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

肿瘤专科护理人员构成（n=2 185）

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项目分类人数构成比（%）
年龄<30岁72133.0
30~<40岁96344.0
40~<50岁38417.6
≥50岁1175.4
性别男612.8
女2 12497.2
从事肿瘤专科护理工作年限≤2年24311.1
>2~5年37016.9
>5~<10年61828.3
≥10年95443.7
文化程度专科38717.7
本科1 71578.5
硕士研究生及以上833.8
职称护士32715.0
护师68031.1
主管护师99545.5
副主任护师及以上1838.4
肿瘤专科证书类型院级59127.0
省级1 43365.6
国家级1617.4
), ArticleFig(id=1322630802857382440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Current status of anti-tumor drug occupational protective measures and equipment configuration(n=81)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目医院（所）百分比（%）
配备抗肿瘤药物外溢防护装备，如化疗药物外溢防护箱、一次性防护服等7693.8
配齐抗肿瘤药物配制防护设备，如生物安全柜等6985.2
定期学习抗肿瘤治疗职业防护课程6782.7
定期安排肿瘤职业人员健康体检5365.4
设置静脉用药调配中心3543.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322630802924491305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

抗肿瘤药物职业防护措施及设备配置情况（n=81）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目医院（所）百分比（%）
配备抗肿瘤药物外溢防护装备，如化疗药物外溢防护箱、一次性防护服等7693.8
配齐抗肿瘤药物配制防护设备，如生物安全柜等6985.2
定期学习抗肿瘤治疗职业防护课程6782.7
定期安排肿瘤职业人员健康体检5365.4
设置静脉用药调配中心3543.2
), ArticleFig(id=1322630802987405866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Contents and formats of oncology specialized nursing training（n=81）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类医院（所）百分比（%）
内容肿瘤护理管理与专科知识7896.3
肿瘤护士职业素养7795.1
肿瘤专科实践技能6985.2
肿瘤护理科研6074.1
肿瘤专科新技术新进展5871.6
形式新入职护士岗前培训6276.5
肿瘤专科小组培训6074.1
继续教育平台培训5061.7
全院护士分层次业务培训4251.9
), ArticleFig(id=1322630803054514731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630795383132664, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

肿瘤专科护理培训内容及形式（n=81）

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类医院（所）百分比（%）
内容肿瘤护理管理与专科知识7896.3
肿瘤护士职业素养7795.1
肿瘤专科实践技能6985.2
肿瘤护理科研6074.1
肿瘤专科新技术新进展5871.6
形式新入职护士岗前培训6276.5
肿瘤专科小组培训6074.1
继续教育平台培训5061.7
全院护士分层次业务培训4251.9
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湖南省81所医院肿瘤护理管理与规范化建设现况调查
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彭思意 1 , 魏涛 1 , 李旭英 1 , 胡永红 1, *, * , 彭思晴 2
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(18): 3253-3257
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (18) : 3253 -3257
湖南省81所医院肿瘤护理管理与规范化建设现况调查
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彭思意，主管护师，硕士研究生

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彭思意1, 魏涛1, 李旭英1, 胡永红1, *, * , 彭思晴2
作者信息
  • 1湖南省肿瘤医院，湖南 410013
  • 2湘南学院
通讯作者:
胡永红，E-mail:
HU Yonghong, E-mail:
作者简介:

彭思意，主管护师，硕士研究生

A survey on the status quo of oncology nursing management and standardized construction in 81 hospitals of Hunan province
Siyi PENG1, Tao WEI1, Xuying LI1, Yonghong HU1 , Siqing PENG2
Affiliations
  • 1Hunan Cancer Hospital, Hunan 410013 China
  • 2Xiangnan University
出版时间: 2026-09-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.015
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摘要
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目的

调查湖南省医院肿瘤护理管理与规范化建设现状，并分析其存在的问题。

方法

采用目的抽样法，于2024年12月选取在医院工作的湖南省护理学会81名肿瘤护理专业委员会委员为调查对象，采用自行设计的肿瘤护理管理及规范化建设现状调查问卷调查其所在医院状况。

结果

81名肿瘤护理专业委员会委员来自81所医院，其中，71所（87.7%）制定了肿瘤护理路径管理制度且三级医院情况优于二级医院（P<0.05），67所（82.7%）医院开展了肿瘤舒适化护理建设，血管通道专科和伤口造口专科建设较多（均为58.0%）。肿瘤专科护理人员以取得省级肿瘤专科证书者（65.6%）较多，主管护师（45.5%）及本科（78.5%）护士为主；76所（93.8%）医院配备抗肿瘤药物外溢防护装备，69所（85.2%）医院配齐抗肿瘤药物配制防护设备，35所（43.2%）医院设置静脉用药调配中心；肿瘤专科护理相关培训的内容多为肿瘤护理管理与专科知识（96.3%）、肿瘤护士职业素养（95.1%）、肿瘤专科实践技能（85.2%），开展全院护士分层次业务培训的医院为42所（51.9%）。

结论

湖南省各级医院肿瘤护理管理制度仍有待完善，需进一步加强规范及流程建设，优化资源配置，完善人员管理和培训体系，以推进肿瘤护理同质化与高质量发展。

肿瘤  /  专科护士  /  护理管理  /  规范化建设
Objective

To investigate the status quo of oncology nursing management and standardized construction in hospitals of Hunan province,and to analyze the existing problems.

Methods

Using purposive sampling.A total of 81 members of the Oncology Nursing Professional Committee of Hunan Nursing Association working in hospitals were selected as survey subjects in December 2024.A self-designed questionnaire on the status quo of oncology nursing management and standardized construction was used to investigate the conditions of hospitals affiliated with the members of the Oncology Nursing Professional Committee of Hunan Nursing Association.

Results

The 81 members of the Oncology Nursing Professional Committee came from 81 hospitals.Among these,71 hospitals(87.7%) had established oncology nursing pathway management systems,with tertiary hospitals showing better performance than secondary hospitals(P<0.05).A total of 67 hospitals(82.7%) had implemented comfort-oriented oncology nursing construction.Specialized construction in vascular access nursing and wound/ostomy nursing was relatively more common(both 58.0%).Among oncology specialized nursing staff,the majority held provincial-level oncology specialty certificates(65.6%),with supervisor nurses(45.5%) and nurses with bachelor's degrees(78.5%) being the predominant groups.A total of 76 hospitals(93.8%) were equipped with anti-tumor drug spillage protective equipment.A total of 69 hospitals(85.2%) were equipped with anti-tumor drug preparation protective equipment.A total of 35 hospitals(43.2%) had established pharmacy intravenous admixture services.The contents of oncology specialty nursing training were mostly focused on oncology nursing management and specialized knowledge(96.3%),professional competence of oncology nurses(95.1%),and oncology specialized practical skills(85.2%).Only 42 hospitals(51.9%) had conducted tiered professional training for all hospital nurses.

Conclusions

The oncology nursing management systems in hospitals at various levels in Hunan province still require improvement.Further strengthening of standards and process construction,optimization of resource allocation,and enhancement of personnel management and training systems are needed to promote the homogenization and high-quality development of oncology nursing.

neoplasms  /  specialized nurses  /  nursing management  /  standardized construction
彭思意, 魏涛, 李旭英, 胡永红, 彭思晴. 湖南省81所医院肿瘤护理管理与规范化建设现况调查. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (18) : 3253 -3257 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.015
Siyi PENG, Tao WEI, Xuying LI, Yonghong HU, Siqing PENG. A survey on the status quo of oncology nursing management and standardized construction in 81 hospitals of Hunan province[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (18) : 3253 -3257 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.015
正文
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肿瘤是严重威胁我国居民健康的重大疾病，其发病率与死亡率持续攀升。统计数据显示，我国恶性肿瘤新发病例占全球23.7%，死亡病例占30.2%，防控形势严峻[1]。湖南省作为中部人口大省，肿瘤疾病负担沉重[2]。肿瘤病人病程长、治疗复杂、症状多样且心理社会需求高，对护理服务的专业性、系统性与人文性提出了更高要求[3]。随着肿瘤治疗手段的不断进步，护理实践已从传统的症状管理扩展到靶向治疗、免疫治疗、心理灵性支持及安宁疗护等多维度照护[4]。与此同时，护理服务的专业性与复杂性也对其管理体系提出了更高挑战。当前，我国已出台多项肿瘤护理相关规范与指南，但在实际落实中，不同医疗机构在制度执行、人员配置、职业防护、培训体系及服务内涵等方面仍存在差异[5-6]，影响护理质量的同质化与病人结局改善。已有针对区域性医院肿瘤护理管理体系的研究多为围绕某项具体技术或服务开展的现状调查[7-8]，未能从管理体系整体出发。本研究开展湖南省各级医院肿瘤护理管理与规范化建设现状的多中心调查，旨在系统分析其在制度、人员、设备、培训、防护及舒适化服务方面的实施情况与存在的问题，以期为构建规范化、系统化、人性化的肿瘤护理管理模式提供实证依据，推动区域肿瘤护理高质量发展。
1　对象与方法
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1.1　调查对象
采用目的抽样法，于2024年12月选取在医院工作的湖南省护理学会81名肿瘤护理专业委员会委员为调查对象。纳入标准：1）所在医院开展抗肿瘤治疗；2）肿瘤专科领域工作5年以上且熟悉所在医院肿瘤专科护理开展情况。排除标准：调查期间因事或因病不在岗。本研究已经湖南省肿瘤医院医学伦理审查委员会批准（编号：SBQLL-2024-121）。
1.2　调查工具
采用自行设计的肿瘤护理管理及规范化建设现状调查问卷进行调查。1）依据《全国护理事业发展规划(2021—2025年）》[9]及《关于开展改善就医感受提升患者体验主题活动的通知》[10]，结合国内外肿瘤护理管理相关文献，自行设计肿瘤护理管理及规范化建设现状调查问卷初稿。2）邀请10名专家进行2轮专家咨询，形成肿瘤护理管理及规范化建设现状调查问卷终稿。专家纳入标准：副高级及以上职称；本科及以上学历；从事肿瘤专科护理工作时间≥10年。肿瘤护理管理及规范化建设现状调查问卷包括2个部分，即医院一般资料（包括医院所在地、医院等级、医院类型等）、肿瘤护理管理及规范化建设现状（包括肿瘤专科护理管理制度制定情况、肿瘤舒适化护理专科建设情况、肿瘤专科护理人员构成、抗肿瘤药物职业防护措施及设备配置情况、肿瘤专科护理培训内容及形式）。
1.3　资料收集方法
采用线上调查方式，通过湖南省护理学会肿瘤护理专业委员会委员微信群发送问卷二维码，由委员会秘书联系相关委员完成。问卷设置统一指导语，在填写过程中如遇问题可联系研究者，以保证问卷填写质量，每所医院仅填写1份问卷，采用不记名方式进行填写。本研究共回收问卷85份，剔除无效问卷（问卷完成时间<2 min、问卷内容存在明显的前后矛盾）4份，最终回收有效问卷81份，问卷有效率为95.29%。
1.4　统计学方法
采用SPSS 24.0统计软件对数据进行统计分析。定性资料以频数、百分比（%）表示，组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确概率法。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2　结果
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2.1　医院基本情况
81名肿瘤护理专业委员会委员来自14个市（包括地级市、自治州）的81所医院，其中，三级医院71所（87.7%），二级医院10所（12.3%）；综合医院76所（93.8%），专科医院5所（6.2%）；湘北地区医院14所（17.3%），湘中地区医院42所（51.9%），湘南地区医院17所（21.0%），湘西地区医院8所（9.9%）。
2.2　不同级别医院肿瘤专科护理管理制度制定情况（见表1）
2.3　肿瘤舒适化护理专科建设情况（见表2）
2.4　肿瘤专科护理人员构成
81所医院中有75所（92.6%）医院配备肿瘤专科护理人才，共2 185名肿瘤专科护理人员，其具体构成见表3。
2.5　抗肿瘤药物职业防护措施及设备配置情况（见表4）
2.6　肿瘤专科护理培训内容及形式（见表5）
3　讨论
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3.1　肿瘤专科护理管理制度较完善
调查结果显示，在湖南省81所医院中，有71所（87.7%）医院制定了肿瘤护理路径管理制度，67所（82.7%）医院制定了抗肿瘤药物静脉治疗工具管理规范，表明湖南省医院肿瘤专科护理管理制度建设已取得一定成效，可能与国家级及省级层面持续推动临床路径管理和静脉治疗规范化有关[11-12]。护理路径的制定可提升护理质量，通过标准化的操作减少护理实践随意性，有效降低不良事件发生率，保障护理安全性和有效性[13]。然而，大部分医院未重视肿瘤专科护士的专业价值、职业发展和不可替代性。调查结果显示，仅53所（65.4%）医院制定了肿瘤专科护士绩效考核方案，其中二级医院2所。科学的绩效考核是调动护士积极性、稳定护理队伍、促进专科发展的核心机制之一[14]。《全国护理事业发展规划(2021—2025年)》[9]指出，医疗机构应健全完善护士队伍激励机制，实施科学的护士评聘考核和绩效考核。为保障肿瘤专科护士的专业价值、促进工作负荷和临床贡献得到公正衡量与有效激励，医疗机构应构建并完善肿瘤专科护士绩效考核方案，实行优绩优酬，充分调动护士积极性，推动专科护理队伍建设和护理质量持续提升。同时，本研究发现，不同级别医院的肿瘤专科护理管理制度制定情况存在差异，三级医院在制度和规范制定方面更加完善。这可能与三级医院在人力资源配置、管理精细化和专科建设投入方面更优有关[15]。因此，部分医疗机构应在完善技术性规范的同时，高度重视人力资源管理制度建设，着力构建基于护理岗位、工作量、技术难度、护理质量及病人满意度的多维绩效考评体系。
3.2　肿瘤舒适化护理专科类别较多，但普及率不高
本研究结果显示，82.7%（67所）的医院开展了肿瘤舒适化护理专科建设，湖南省的肿瘤舒适化护理专科建设呈现多元化发展态势，涉及专科领域广泛，表明“以病人为中心”的舒适化护理理念正逐渐被医疗机构接纳。但仍有14所医院未开展肿瘤舒适化护理专科建设，提示湖南省的肿瘤舒适化护理专科建设发展仍面临发展不均、深度不足的挑战，与肿瘤病人日益增长的高质量生存需求存在差距。从专科建设结构来看，发展最为广泛的是血管通道专科和伤口造口专科（均为58.0%），这类专科技术性较强、操作可视化程度较高、经济效益相对明显，更易获得医院支持并率先开展[16]。与之相比，无呕专科、无痛专科、心理心灵专科、营养专科及安宁疗护专科等的开设率相对较低，其障碍因素可能与临床重视程度不高、人力资源不足、医护人员知识储备不佳及多学科协作机制不健全等有关[17-18]。肿瘤病人的舒适照护是一个整体、连续的过程，临床医护人员在解决技术性问题的同时，需加强对肿瘤舒适化照顾的重视，医疗机构需进一步扩大肿瘤护理舒适化服务范围，打造特色护理服务单元，以改善肿瘤病人的生活质量和就医体验。
3.3　湖南省肿瘤专科护理人员相对不足且结构不合理
充足的专科护理人力资源是保障护理安全、实施精准护理、开展人文关怀的基础，人力相对短缺可能导致护士工作负荷过重，难以全面、深入地践行专科护理职责[19]。本研究结果显示，92.6%（75所）的医院配备肿瘤专科护理人才，肿瘤专科护理人员共2 185人，75所医院的平均肿瘤专科护理人员约为29人。肿瘤病人照护需求较大，肿瘤治疗工作强度较高、病人症状管理复杂，但肿瘤专科护士数量相对不足，不利于保证肿瘤病人的护理质量。同时，人才梯队结构呈现“中间大、两头小”的特点，在资质认证方面，取得国家级肿瘤专科证书的护理人员仅占7.4%，大多数肿瘤专科护士（65.6%）获取的为省级肿瘤专科证书。国家级专科护士是引领循证实践、解决临床疑难问题、推动专科创新的核心力量[20]，其比例偏低可能导致区域内肿瘤专科护理疑难问题解决能力与新技术开展水平较低。在职称与学历方面，肿瘤专科护理人员中以主管护师（45.5%）和本科学历（78.5%）较多，高级职称及硕士研究生及以上学历的高层次人才占比偏低，表明肿瘤专科护士的职业发展路径可能存在瓶颈，不利于吸引和保留高学历、高年资护理人才深耕临床，同时也将影响学科带头人培养和高层次人才梯队建设。未来，各级医疗机构应继续扩大肿瘤专科护士的培训规模，逐步提高医院肿瘤专科护理人员配置比例，不断完善专科护士的职业晋升通道，建立与专业技术能力、临床实践成效相匹配的职称评定方案，并鼓励通过在职教育提升学历层次，构建更为合理的人才梯队，为湖南省肿瘤护理事业的可持续发展奠定坚实的人才基础。
3.4　抗肿瘤药物职业防护措施及相关设备配置率有待进一步提高
抗肿瘤药物作为危险药物不仅会造成工作场所污染，其药物残留还可通过低剂量蓄积对人体产生远期毒性效应，肿瘤科护士作为配制、给药及处置这些药物的主要执行者，面临着极高的职业暴露风险[21-22]。本研究结果显示，93.8%的医疗机构配备了抗肿瘤药物外溢防护装备，85.2%的医疗机构配齐了抗肿瘤药物配制防护设备，同时，82.7%的医疗机构定期开展了抗肿瘤治疗职业防护课程。表明湖南省医疗机构在抗肿瘤药物职业防护硬件设施投入和培训方面规范性较好。但定期安排肿瘤职业人员健康体检的医疗机构仅占65.4%，表明超过1/3的机构未能履行对肿瘤专科护士进行针对性健康监护的法定责任。43.2%的医疗机构设置了静脉用药调配中心，普及率未达半数。静脉用药调配中心缺失不仅会增加肿瘤专科护士在药物配制环节的暴露风险，也可能导致人力资源分散配置、效率低下，造成不必要的人力资源浪费[23]。医院管理者应将肿瘤专科护理人员的职业安全提升至与病人安全同等的高度，加大资源投入与经费保障，严格遵循国家相关法规规定与指南要求，积极推动抗肿瘤药物配制的集中化与专业化管理。通过系统优化与流程再造，最大限度降低护理人员的职业暴露风险，在保障护理人员执业安全的同时促进肿瘤专科护理队伍的高质量与稳定性发展。
3.5　肿瘤专科护理培训内容及形式有待进一步拓展
3.5.1　肿瘤护理科研及肿瘤专科新技术新进展相关培训有待加强
本研究结果显示，针对肿瘤护理管理与专科知识、肿瘤护士职业素养以及肿瘤专科实践技能等内容的培训开展较好，开展率均为85%以上。肿瘤病人的护理专业性较强、复杂程度较高，对护理人员的综合能力要求较高[24]。但当前湖南省医疗机构培训内容较多集中于基础与通识领域，对前沿性信息和创新性方面的关注不足。随着肿瘤治疗手段不断更新，靶向治疗、免疫治疗、细胞治疗等被广泛应用，护理人员亟须掌握相关并发症管理、病人心理社会灵性支持及科研创新等新知识与技能，促进自身应对复杂临床问题和推动学科创新能力的提升。医疗机构需进一步优化培训内容结构，增加与肿瘤护理科研设计、循证实践及新技术应用等相关的培训内容，促进肿瘤护理专业向精深方向发展。
3.5.2　应进一步丰富肿瘤专科护理培训形式，开展肿瘤专科护士培训再认证项目
本研究结果显示，医疗机构普遍采用新入职护士岗前培训、肿瘤专科小组培训等培训形式，仅42所（51.9%）医院开展了全院护士分层次业务培训。针对不同年资、职称、岗位的肿瘤专科护士，设计差异化的培训目标和形式，有利于激发其专业发展潜能[25]。在肿瘤护理领域知识快速更新的背景下，一次性培训认证已无法保障护理人员持续具备肿瘤病人照护能力，2023年中华护理学会率先启动重症专科护士再培训及认证工作，进一步规范了专科护士培训体系，有利于推动我国专科护理向制度化和国际化方向发展。建议在肿瘤护理领域建立定期培训再认证机制，通过设定专科证书有效期、要求参与继续教育、开展临床实绩考核或学术成果评价等方式，推动肿瘤专科护士知识更新与能力维持，从而为肿瘤病人提供全周期、高水平、同质化的护理服务，提升我国肿瘤防治的整体水平。
4　小结
收起
本研究通过对湖南省81所医院肿瘤专科护理管理现况进行调查发现，各级医院需进一步完善肿瘤专科护理管理制度及规范，提升肿瘤舒适化专科的实施率及普及率。肿瘤专科护士在肿瘤病人护理管理中发挥了重要作用，亟须建设高水平、高素质的肿瘤专科护理队伍。同时，医疗机构需重视肿瘤专科护士职业防护，进一步拓展肿瘤专科护理培训内容及形式，从而推动肿瘤护理向规范化与精细化方向发展。本研究存在一定局限性，如所调查医院级别及地区分布不均衡，未来有待扩大样本量行进一步研究。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.015
  • 接收时间：2025-12-19
  • 首发时间：2026-10-29
  • 出版时间：2026-09-25
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  • 收稿日期：2025-12-19
  • 修回日期：2026-08-10
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    1湖南省肿瘤医院，湖南 410013
    2湘南学院

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胡永红，E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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