Article(id=1322168977619538420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168481081049284, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.026, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750694400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-24, revisedDate=1768665600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159248975, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159248975, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159248975, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159248975, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168481081049284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='1425', pageEnd='1616', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159130592, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159130592, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1609, endPage=1616, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168979255316983, articleId=1322168977619538420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on influencing factors of incision healing in totally implantable venous access devices, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

It provided a comprehensive review of the overview and application advantages of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVAD),the causes of TIVAD-related poor incision healing complications,factors influencing incision healing,and nursing intervention strategies to promote incision healing.It aims to offer insights for preventing and reducing the incidence of poor incision healing after device implantation and improving patients' quality of life.

, authors=Yan HOU1, 2, Bo YANG3, authorsList=Yan HOU, Bo YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Bo YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168979636998648, articleId=1322168977619538420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=完全植入式静脉给药装置切口愈合影响因素的研究进展, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

对完全植入式静脉给药装置(TIVAD)的概述及应用优势、并发切口愈合不良的原因、影响切口愈合的相关因素及促进切口愈合的护理干预策略进行综述,旨在为病人预防和降低完全植入式静脉给药装置切口愈合不良的发生率、提高病人生存质量提供参考。

, authors=侯妍1, 2, 杨波3, *, *, authorsList=侯妍, 杨波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨波, authorNote=

侯妍,护师

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨波,E-mail:
YANG Bo, E-mail:
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侯妍,护师

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完全植入式静脉给药装置切口愈合影响因素的研究进展
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侯妍 1, 2 , 杨波 3, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(9): 1609-1616
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (9) : 1609 -1616
完全植入式静脉给药装置切口愈合影响因素的研究进展
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侯妍1, 2, 杨波3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1湖南中医药大学护理学院,湖南 410208
  • 2空军军医大学第三附属医院
  • 3中南大学湘雅二医院临床护理学 教研室/湖南省静脉治疗临床医学研究中心
通讯作者:
杨波,E-mail:
YANG Bo, E-mail:
作者简介:

侯妍,护师

Research progress on influencing factors of incision healing in totally implantable venous access devices
Yan HOU1, 2, Bo YANG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Hunan 410208 China
  • 2Third Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University
  • 3Department of Clinical Nursing, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University/Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Intravenous Therapy
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.026
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对完全植入式静脉给药装置(TIVAD)的概述及应用优势、并发切口愈合不良的原因、影响切口愈合的相关因素及促进切口愈合的护理干预策略进行综述,旨在为病人预防和降低完全植入式静脉给药装置切口愈合不良的发生率、提高病人生存质量提供参考。

完全植入式静脉输液港  /  静脉给药  /  切口愈合  /  影响因素  /  综述

It provided a comprehensive review of the overview and application advantages of totally implantable venous access devices (TIVAD),the causes of TIVAD-related poor incision healing complications,factors influencing incision healing,and nursing intervention strategies to promote incision healing.It aims to offer insights for preventing and reducing the incidence of poor incision healing after device implantation and improving patients' quality of life.

totally implantable venous access port  /  intravenous drug delivery  /  incision healing  /  influencing factors  /  review
侯妍, 杨波. 完全植入式静脉给药装置切口愈合影响因素的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (9) : 1609 -1616 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.026
Yan HOU, Bo YANG. Research progress on influencing factors of incision healing in totally implantable venous access devices[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (9) : 1609 -1616 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.026
癌症作为全球共同的公共卫生事件,严重威胁公众健康,影响居民的正常寿命,加重全球疾病负担[1]。据世界卫生组织(WHO)癌症研究机构报道,受人口老龄化和人口结构改变的影响,癌症的总体发病率和死亡率在全球范围内迅速上升,预计至2040年,新发病例将比2020年同比增加410万例[2]。肿瘤病人的治疗过程复杂,化疗作为延长病人寿命和提高生存质量的主要治疗手段之一[3],给病人带来了新的生机,且随着靶向药物的发展以及治疗方案的不断改进,病人的生存率及远期预后率显著提高。然而,肿瘤病人通常存在免疫缺陷[4],凝血系统功能异常,是并发感染的高危人群。此外,癌症病程长且大剂量的化疗药物刺激以及频繁穿刺会对病人血管造成极大的损害。因此,血管通路的正确选择对肿瘤病人至关重要。随着输液装置的多样化发展,完全植入式静脉给药装置(totally implantable venous access devices,TIVAD)自1980年被首次报道后,已在临床实践中得到广泛应用[5-6],尤其是对于需要长期间歇性治疗、输注高浓度营养物质及血液制品的病人来说,这一新兴的中心静脉通路装置不仅有助于减轻病人频繁穿刺的痛苦、提高药物输注效率、降低感染风险,还能提升病人的生活质量和满意度。由于此血管通路装置的植入与移除均属于开放性有创手术操作[7],操作者需借助外科手术切开皮肤组织,将港体埋植于皮下并通过导管连接中心静脉,完成静脉给药这一操作流程。而切口愈合是一个错综复杂的生理过程[8],受多方面因素的影响,包括病人自身条件、手术操作技术及术后护理等,任一环节受阻都将会影响切口的正常愈合。据报道,预计至2027年,有效、高质量的切口愈合成本将达到187亿美元[9],这给全球医疗卫生保健系统造成巨大威胁。一定程度上来说,切口是否能够正常愈合与病人能否正常治疗息息相关。一旦发生切口愈合不良,将导致一系列切口并发症(如感染、切口裂开、血肿等)发生,不仅增加病人痛苦,延长住院时间,增加病人的医疗成本,严重者还可导致病人局部皮肤坏死,不得已提前移除输液港,影响后续治疗[10]。鉴于此,现通过总结TIVAD的应用优势,分析植入TIVAD病人并发切口不良愈合的原因,探究影响切口愈合的相关危险因素,并提出切口愈合的护理干预策略,旨在为帮助临床决策者提高植入TIVAD病人切口愈合的护理质量,保证病人身心健康,促进病人安全康复,改善治疗结局提供参考。
TIVAD作为新兴的高度便捷的医疗设备[11],为病人进行药物输注、血液采集和其他医疗操作等方面提供了可靠而长期的中心静脉通路。多应用于长期间歇性输注刺激性药物、严重感染、免疫缺陷者以及需长期输注血液制品的病人[12]。此装置通常由一个植入在病人体内的硅橡胶小型容器(称为“端口”)和一根中心静脉导管组成[13],通过外部针头或穿刺器实现与中心静脉的连接。这一装置经历了40余年的发展[14],从开放手术植入术转变为穿刺植入术,导管定位技术也将常规的胸部X光片定位法与腔内术中心电图定位法有效融合[15],植入部位也可根据病人实际情况进行选择,包括胸壁输液港和手臂输液港,不仅为病人提供了更高的治疗舒适度,还减少了医疗穿刺的频繁操作,有助于改善病人的就医满意度。
TIVAD是全部植于体内并可供长期使用的闭合静脉输液系统装置[16]。据报道,埋植于皮下的港体可供穿刺2 000~3 000余次[17],相较于传统的静脉穿刺,TIVAD提供了更加稳定和安全的药物输送途径,给需要长期静脉输液的肿瘤病人带来极大的便利。同时,减少穿刺次数可降低病人皮肤和血管的损伤。周英凤等[18]从安全性、有效性和病人体验不同维度对经外周静脉穿刺置入中心静脉导管(PICC )和植入式静脉输液港(PORT)两种静脉输液技术的综合输液效果进行评价,结果显示,留置PICC综合效果低于PORT,且在相同的留置时间段内,PORT的次要并发症发生率低于PICC(P<0.05);这与Pu等[19]在一项Meta分析中的研究结果一致,从置管后病人出现闭塞、感染、错位等并发症角度分析,置入PICC的肿瘤病人发生并发症的概率高于植入PORT的肿瘤病人;且从长期化疗的角度考虑,TIVAD安全性较高。此装置在血液肿瘤病人中也得到广泛使用[20],因其穿刺成功率高,在化疗过程中可直接经皮穿刺至港体,有利于病人长期采血和输液,在输注高浓度化疗药物、血液制品及胃肠外营养中更有优势。
对于需长期化疗的肿瘤病人来说,此装置对病人和医务人员的便利性都很强。对病人来说,此装置维护间隔周期长,减少了病人频繁往返医院的次数。如Wang等[21]经研究证实,将维护冲管时间延长至3个月或更长时间,不会增加TIVAD相关并发症的发生风险,极大地缩短了病人就诊时间,降低住院总费用,此结论与Zhang等[22]的研究一致。近年来,随着互联网+延续性护理的快速发展[23],植入TIVAD病人可在家中或其他非医院环境中接受输液治疗及维护,这极大地增加了治疗的灵活性和方便性,且此模式的应用,病人的依存性和满意度得到明显提高。对医务工作者来说,此装置维护和护理相对简便,有助于提高护理工作效率,减轻医疗工作负担,缓解医疗资源压力。
从设计上来看,因TIVAD埋植于病人皮下[13],在治疗期间使用无损伤针进行外部输液,而非治疗期间无外部导管,大大降低了病人发生导管相关性感染的风险。Van Den Bosch等[24]的研究表明,相较于TIVAD,留置单腔PICC与中心静脉导管(CVC)发生感染的概率更高。此外,一项对老年肿瘤病人术后采用不同输液方式输注发疱剂的疗效进行对比研究的结果显示,TIVAD组并发症的发生率低于外周静脉组、CVC组及PICC组,由此可见,TIVAD的植入可使暴露性感染的风险降低[25]。
经临床实践证明,从经济学角度考虑,植入TIVAD的初期投入虽较高[26],但从远期经济成本来看,TIVAD减少了重复治疗和感染处理的费用,降低了病人因反复医院治疗产生的交通和住宿费用,经全面计算各项成本和健康产出后,再给药第3个月、第9个月时与PICC的净收益持平;随着化疗周期的延长,PORT的净收益高于PICC;从社会经济角度来看,减少了因疾病导致工作损失的开支;从医疗体系的角度来看,减少了医疗资源的消耗。王翠等[27]通过对白血病患儿植入PORT后采用肝素封管或生理盐水封管的效果进行比较,结果显示,在连续输液期间导管堵塞的发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),因此,采用生理盐水进行输液前后的冲封管,不会增加管道堵塞的发生率,可进一步减少病人的住院总费用,减轻医疗负担。
CVC、PICC、TIVAD这3种中心静脉在肿瘤化疗病人中的应用情况各有利弊,通过对其整体比较发现,CVC多适用于短期化疗的病人[28],但留置期间病人的舒适性低且带管出院生活质量降低;PICC置入后由于导管外露增加了感染的发生率,且需定期维护,这对偏远地区交通不方便的化疗病人来说尤为不利。在一项对留置PICC和TIVAD的甲状腺肿瘤病人进行随访发现,TIVAD组病人的体能、心理功能、社会功能和自我评价均高于PICC组,因病人的正常生活不受影响,且位置隐蔽减少了疾病耻辱感,进一步改善了病人的生活质量[6]。李颖等[29]基于优质护理视角下对120例恶性肿瘤留置输液港病人的生命质量及满意度随访发现,舒适护理可以降低恶性肿瘤留置输液港病人的焦虑、抑郁程度,提高病人的希望水平。
TIVAD的广泛应用为病人全程化治疗带来极大的便捷,与此同时,植入TIVAD后所引发的相关并发症也不容忽视。切口愈合不良作为其并发症之一[30-31],可延误病人的正常诊疗,加重病人身心痛苦,延长住院周期,导致其再入院率升高,并增加医疗工作者的医疗成本和病人的经济负担。切口愈合是一个复杂有序的动态生理过程[32],通常由止血期、炎症期、增殖期及重塑期4个可相互重叠的阶段完成,不同阶段均需要多种细胞因子及生物因子的共同参与,若任一环节受损,都将会导致切口愈合障碍。而对于需植入TIVAD的病人来说,因化疗会导致病人自身免疫力下降、骨髓抑制、疾病负担加重,且因自身基础疾病影响、食欲缺乏所造成的营养状况不佳等病理生理因素的多重侵袭,使得其切口愈合周期延长,又因此装置的埋植属于有创操作,在定期输注刺激性液体后不当的护理程序或频繁出入医院更易受到感染,可进一步影响皮肤切口组织的正常恢复[33-34]。除内部因素外,医疗环境、手术相关因素及操作者专业技能水平也是影响切口愈合的主要原因[35]。
研究显示,衰老会改变切口愈合的正常生理过程,导致炎症期延长,组织细胞长期处于氧化应激状态,加剧蛋白质分解和脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)损伤,对切口愈合产生负面影响[36]。随着年龄增长,尤其对于老年病人来说,机体各器官功能衰退,组织再生修复能力显著下降,体内成纤维细胞增殖活性降低,合成胶原蛋白的速率减慢、数量减少,致使肉芽组织填充缺损的能力减弱[37]。Zielińska等[38]指出,导致切口愈合不良的全身心疾病的发生率和患病率会随着年龄的增加而增加,且>60岁是愈合受损的重要危险因素。这一观点与肖莹晶等[39]对肿瘤病人手臂输液港并发症影响因素的研究相一致,该研究指出,年龄≥60岁病人置管期间相关并发症的发生率是年龄<60岁病人的1.957倍。其次,老年病人由于机体及免疫功能减退,对病原体的抵抗力下降,一旦合并肿瘤、营养不良等,将致使其植入TIVAD术后1周内切口感染风险增加,进一步阻碍愈合进程,使得切口愈合时间延长,感染、裂开等并发症发生率升高[40]。此外,血管形态以及生理功能也会随着年龄的增长而退化,具体表现为血管弹性下降、管壁增厚、弹性蛋白丢失导致管腔直径增加、血管内皮功能减退、氧化应激反应加重,进而导致局部血液循环减慢等,引起机体切口愈合能力减弱[41]。
据报道,BMI偏高会干扰血脂及血糖的代谢,对病人的凝血系统活性造成一定的干扰,并降低其纤维蛋白溶解的活性,不利于切口愈合[42]。且超重或肥胖病人血清中的促炎因子水平持续升高[43-44],反而导致切口愈合炎症阶段的免疫反应减弱,加之弹性蛋白的减少及血管密度降低,当出现机械性损伤时,肥胖人群会因脂肪组织过多,导致其皮肤切口的张力增加,随之组织压力进一步加大,引起血液灌注及血管分布减少,皮肤组织局部缺血缺氧,继发血肿形成,影响切口的正常愈合,这一观点与国内相关研究结果[45-46]相似。还有研究显示,肥胖病人的切口愈合受损与炎症异常期密切相关,其中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、迁移抑制因子(MIF)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)等促炎趋化因子和细胞因子的异常升高已被证实为影响切口愈合的危险因素[47]。此外,由于肥胖病人术中剥离皮肤组织时所花费的时间可能相对较长,随着手术时间的延长,组织缺血再灌注损伤的可能也将进一步加重,对切口愈合产生不利影响[48]。值得注意的是,Li等[49]的研究指出,若在两组病人BMI比较差异无统计学意义的情况下,肥胖病人发生切口愈合延迟的风险将增加4倍。由此可见,BMI异常升高是病人并发切口愈合不良的相关因素之一。
营养状况在切口愈合中起着基础性支撑作用[50]。研究表明,充足的营养支持对维持免疫功能、促进切口愈合至关重要[51]。其中,蛋白质、维生素及微量元素能够促进胶原蛋白合成和组织修复,减轻术后疼痛,降低病人由疾病引起的焦虑、抑郁情绪。而营养不良会对人体产生一系列不利影响,如免疫细胞功能受损、器官功能障碍、疾病恶化、死亡风险增加等,是皮肤完整性恢复受损的促成因素[52]。临床上多以白蛋白反映机体营养状况[53],此指标是健康人群血浆中含量最丰富的蛋白质。与正常水平相比,当血清清蛋白水平进一步降低至30 g/L时,会导致机体并发低蛋白血症,进一步增加体液流失[54];对于植入TIVAD术后病人来说,此时机体处于应激状态,毛细血管通透性增加导致蛋白质外溢,造成切口渗出液增多。且低蛋白血症会造成体内淋巴细胞数目减少[55],削弱病人免疫防御机制。从切口愈合的角度来看,可减缓切口愈合的进程。若病人存在蛋白质摄入不足或因疾病消耗过多,如长期营养不良肿瘤病人和慢性消耗性疾病病人,会导致体内蛋白质缺乏,使成纤维细胞增殖受限,肉芽组织生长缓慢,延长切口的愈合时间[10]。同时,有学者指出,术前低蛋白血症不仅会延长住院时间,增加再入院率,还会造成切口愈合不良[56]。
吸烟已明确对一系列癌症(实体瘤或非实体瘤)、慢性病、骨骼愈合障碍等疾病具有促进关系[57],对全球公共卫生造成重大威胁。研究表明,与非吸烟者相比,吸烟病人的住院时间增加,会进一步导致切口感染加重、愈合受损[58]。这是由于烟草中所含有的尼古丁对血管具有收缩作用[59],可减少纤维蛋白的溶解,致使血液黏稠度增加,导致组织区域内血流量减少,微循环障碍。此外,烟雾中所携带的一氧化碳由于高度亲和力,可降低人体中血红蛋白的携氧能力,导致体内氧负荷减少,进而引起局部组织缺氧加重,导致切口愈合的进程变缓[60]。加之香烟燃烧过程中分解的氰化氢物质[61],可抑制参与氧化代谢的主要酶性物质,增加切口愈合的耗氧量,损害成纤维细胞的正常功能,进一步减少新生血管的形成,对切口愈合尤为不利。此外,过度饮酒也对切口正常愈合造成一定的影响,短期急促饮酒可对早期炎症反应造成损害,抑制促炎因子的释放,导致感染率上升,且干扰血管生成和胶原蛋白的产生,导致切口愈合受损[62]。在临床实践中,还需对该指标进一步探查。
肿瘤病人的心理压力与切口愈合之间存在复杂且多维度的关系。因肿瘤病人病程周期长、治疗花费高、治疗对身体带来的不适感及社会支持不足等[63],会使病人长期处于高水平的应激状态,导致其神经内分泌系统、免疫系统等内环境稳态失调。既往研究表明,心理压力会激活下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴(HPA轴),导致皮质醇等应激激素分泌增加,而长期高水平的皮质醇会抑制免疫反应,改变促炎因子和抗炎因子的平衡,延缓炎症反应阶段,并增加感染风险,进而影响切口愈合的关键过程[64]。此外,长期处于压力状态下会导致病人出现睡眠障碍、厌食、活动减少等,对疼痛的反应增加[65]。Woo等[66]指出,疼痛、压力与切口愈合之间存在相互关系,任一指标异常都会对结局指标产生不利影响。
既往合并基础疾病会给TIVAD切口愈合造成诸多挑战。糖尿病作为常见的慢性病之一,对切口愈合影响较为明显。因合并糖尿病的病人血糖长期处于高水平状态[67],使得微血管病变,且长期血糖代谢异常也会导致机体蛋白质及脂质代谢紊乱。有研究表明,若个体长期处于高糖环境,有利于外界病菌在切口处定植滋生,促使局部伤口缺血缺氧,引起微循环障碍及氧化应激代谢异常,并损害免疫细胞功能,促进炎症反应,进而导致切口愈合延缓[68-69]。
心血管疾病(如高血压、冠心病等)也会对切口愈合造成一定的影响[70]。一方面,因其病理基础大多为动脉粥样硬化,常伴随代谢综合征、高血糖或高脂血症等,且其特征表现为动脉壁内脂质沉积、炎症反应和斑块形成后,导致管腔狭窄、血流减少,进而影响全身血液循环,造成外周组织包括切口部位供血不足,阻碍切口的正常愈合;另一方面,动脉粥样硬化也是一种慢性炎症性疾病,它会损害血管内皮屏障功能,增加血管通透性,并可通过氧化应激和炎性反应导致内皮细胞内环境紊乱,加剧促炎细胞因子(如IL-6、TNF-α等)的表达,进一步干扰切口愈合的生理过程[71]。
因肿瘤病人需长期进行间歇性化学治疗[62],而化疗药物具有一定的细胞毒性,会使得中性粒细胞、血小板数目减少。当肿瘤病人自身存在伤口时,化疗药物的使用可损害皮肤稳态、干扰DNA复制、蛋白质合成,抑制细胞代谢及分裂、阻断生长因子的合成、延迟细胞迁移并干扰细胞的增殖,对切口的正常愈合造成不利影响[72-73]。有研究表明,贝伐珠单抗是抗血管生成分子的靶向药物,在抑制肿瘤血管方面具有特异作用,可有效阻断药物血管内皮生长因子的活性,并选择性抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,以达到抗肿瘤的疗效[74]。但与此同时,也可抑制血管内皮细胞的增殖及新生血管的形成,对切口正常愈合产生一定的影响[75]。因此,该药物的使用可延长植入TIVAD病人的切口愈合周期,增加其发生切口相关并发症的可能。其次,长期服用激素药物也可损害血管内皮细胞[76],导致血管破坏,进而抑制成纤维细胞的增生,导致切口愈合受损。如地塞米松已被证实可降低血小板衍生生长因子等的表达[77],进而限制其他炎症细胞的趋化和有丝分裂,对切口愈合造成影响。此外,非甾体抗炎药虽多用于治疗全身性炎症及疼痛[78],但同时会对成纤维细胞的增殖、血管因子的生成造成一定影响,阻碍切口的正常愈合。
研究表明,符合标准的手术室无菌环境能够最大限度地减少手术器械污染,降低切口感染率,且对手术质量、切口愈合及疾病转归至关重要[79];其次,手术操作者技能水平也是影响切口愈合的关键因素之一[80],操作者的熟练程度、切口大小、缝合技术、无菌观念、维护水平等均可对切口愈合产生影响。若术中切口的大小、深度以及组织的损伤程度把控不当、无菌观念不强,会加重局部创伤应激反应,延长炎症期,阻碍愈合进程。此外,手术时长也是一个重要因素[81],长时间的手术操作会使组织长时间暴露于空气中,增加细菌污染率,同时局部组织缺血、缺氧时间延长,影响细胞活性,不利于切口早期愈合。
术前对病人进行全面评估是TIVAD植入成功及切口顺利愈合的重要保证。术前应与病人及其家属详细沟通,了解病人的基础疾病、营养状况、过敏史等。尤其对于高龄及患有糖尿病、心血管疾病(如冠心病、高血压等)病人应严密评估,严格完善各项实验室和体格检查,评判其有无植入TIVAD禁忌证、评估导管入路静脉等,以确保植入TIVAD术顺利进行[14]。此外,心理评估也是术前评估的重要组成部分[82]。肿瘤病人常伴有焦虑、恐惧等负面情绪,可对其开展细致的心理疏导,并为其介绍植入TIVAD流程、分享成功案例,以减轻病人心理负担,提高植入TIVAD过程中的配合程度,为顺利植入TIVAD创造良好的心理条件。通过全面、细致的术前评估,全方位掌握病人动态情况,为手术及术后切口愈合夯实基础。
术中严格的无菌操作是保障切口顺利愈合、降低感染风险的基石。手术室环境作为手术开展的空间载体,其洁净程度关乎手术成败,应按照《医院消毒卫生标准》Ⅱ类环境要求执行[83]。医护人员作为手术操作的执行者[84],应由经专业化培训后熟练掌握此技能并具备相关资质的医护工作者进行,并能够根据病人自身条件对其入路静脉准确定位,借助超声工具为其选择适宜的TIVAD植入部位及植入方式;植入TIVAD时,协助病人取适宜体位,操作者应全程严格遵循无菌原则,包括手卫生、无菌屏障最大化等;植入TIVAD过程中严密监测病人的生命体征,询问病人主观感受,如发现异常,立即对症处理。
术后伤口护理对于TIVAD切口愈合起着关键作用,其中严密观察、保持伤口清洁干燥、严格无菌操作是核心要点。植入TIVAD后医护人员应严密观察植入TIVAD局部皮肤颜色、血运情况[85],一旦发现切口有异常,应立即对症处理。若发现切口周围皮肤出现红肿、压痛、皮肤温度升高甚至出现硬结,则提示可能存在感染,需及时采取干预措施。其次,分泌物的观察至关重要,如切口渗血可采用无菌纱布敷料、藻酸盐、凝胶海绵敷料等压迫止血[86];如有渗液,需分析渗液性质,若为清亮浆液性,可加强换药观察;若呈脓性,则提示可能存在感染,需及时留取标本送检,并采取相应抗感染措施。此外,应注意在输注液体时应正确使用无损伤针,以避免组织受损。
此外,可根据病人的个体情况为其制定个性化的康复指导方案,以促进机体恢复,加速切口愈合。吴燕燕等[87]研究指出,通过通俗易懂的视频健康宣教可增强植入TIVAD病人的自护能力,提升病人的依从性,并帮助其降低并发不良事件的概率。延续性护理的应用也可保障植入TIVAD病人的安全[88],促进病人的维护积极性,进而提升其生活质量,避免愈合不良事件的发生。
综上所述,TIVAD作为一种重要的长期静脉通路装置,在植入后并发切口愈合不良受个体内在因素及外在因素的共同影响,影响病人的治疗进程及生活质量,对病人自身造成严重损害,因此,为促使病人切口正常愈合,早期积极的预防干预尤为重要。针对具有潜在切口愈合不良的高危病人群体,应尽早精准识别并加以及时干预,未来可多学科联动,为病人制定个体化、针对性的干预措施[89],做到早发现、早预防、早干预、全程管理、优质整体护理,最大限度规避不良事件的发生,降低切口愈合不良发生率,从而改善病人的生存质量,保证治疗效果,减轻病人痛苦,减轻病人的经济和心理负担,并使医疗资源得到更合理配置,进一步提升医疗服务效率与质量。

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2026年第40卷第9期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.026
  • 接收时间:2025-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-24
  • 修回日期:2026-01-18
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    1湖南中医药大学护理学院,湖南 410208
    2空军军医大学第三附属医院
    3中南大学湘雅二医院临床护理学 教研室/湖南省静脉治疗临床医学研究中心

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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