Article(id=1322168896472331262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168583854080893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750089600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-17, revisedDate=1775145600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159229628, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159229628, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159229628, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159229628, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168583854080893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='1241', pageEnd='1424', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159155095, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159155095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1396, endPage=1402, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168896723989503, articleId=1322168896472331262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress of 24-hour activity behavior in the risk management of cardiovascular diseases in adults, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper reviewed the concept,measurement tools of 24-hour activity behavior and its relationship with risk indicators related to cardiovascular diseases,so as to provide new ideas for cardiovascular disease risk management and research in Chinese adults.

, authors=Xianglu YANG1, Yingying JIA1, Min LIANG2, Jingni HU1, Shuting ZHU3, Ting WU4, Yingying JIA4, Jianping SONG3, authorsList=Xianglu YANG, Yingying JIA, Min LIANG, Jingni HU, Shuting ZHU, Ting WU, Yingying JIA, Jianping SONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianping SONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SONG Jianping, E-mail:
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综述24 h活动行为的概念、测量工具及其与心血管疾病相关风险指标的关系,以期为我国成年人心血管疾病风险管理及研究提供新思路。

, authors=杨翔鹭1, 贾盈盈1, 梁敏2, 胡婧妮1, 朱淑婷3, 吴婷4, 贾盈盈4, 宋剑平3, *, *, authorsList=杨翔鹭, 贾盈盈, 梁敏, 胡婧妮, 朱淑婷, 吴婷, 贾盈盈, 宋剑平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=宋剑平, authorNote=

杨翔鹭,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
宋剑平,E-mail:
SONG Jianping, E-mail:
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杨翔鹭,硕士研究生在读

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24 h活动行为在成年人心血管疾病风险管理中的研究进展
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杨翔鹭 1 , 贾盈盈 1 , 梁敏 2 , 胡婧妮 1 , 朱淑婷 3 , 吴婷 4 , 贾盈盈 4 , 宋剑平 3, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(8): 1396-1402
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (8) : 1396 -1402
24 h活动行为在成年人心血管疾病风险管理中的研究进展
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杨翔鹭1, 贾盈盈1, 梁敏2, 胡婧妮1, 朱淑婷3, 吴婷4, 贾盈盈4, 宋剑平3, *, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江中医药大学护理学院,浙江 310053
  • 2复旦大学护理学院
  • 3浙江大学医学院附属第二医院
  • 4浙江大学医学院护理系
通讯作者:
宋剑平,E-mail:
SONG Jianping, E-mail:
作者简介:

杨翔鹭,硕士研究生在读

Research progress of 24-hour activity behavior in the risk management of cardiovascular diseases in adults
Xianglu YANG1, Yingying JIA1, Min LIANG2, Jingni HU1, Shuting ZHU3, Ting WU4, Yingying JIA4, Jianping SONG3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang 310053 China
  • 2School of Nursing, Fudan University
  • 3The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
  • 4Department of Nursing, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
  • Corresponding Author:
    SONG Jianping, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.021
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综述24 h活动行为的概念、测量工具及其与心血管疾病相关风险指标的关系,以期为我国成年人心血管疾病风险管理及研究提供新思路。

24 h活动行为  /  心血管疾病  /  风险管理  /  成年人  /  综述

This paper reviewed the concept,measurement tools of 24-hour activity behavior and its relationship with risk indicators related to cardiovascular diseases,so as to provide new ideas for cardiovascular disease risk management and research in Chinese adults.

24-hour activity behavior  /  cardiovascular disease  /  risk management  /  adults  /  review
杨翔鹭, 贾盈盈, 梁敏, 胡婧妮, 朱淑婷, 吴婷, 贾盈盈, 宋剑平. 24 h活动行为在成年人心血管疾病风险管理中的研究进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1396 -1402 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.021
Xianglu YANG, Yingying JIA, Min LIANG, Jingni HU, Shuting ZHU, Ting WU, Yingying JIA, Jianping SONG. Research progress of 24-hour activity behavior in the risk management of cardiovascular diseases in adults[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1396 -1402 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.021
心血管疾病(cardiovascular diseases,CVD)是全球死亡和健康损失的主要驱动因素。全球心血管疾病患病率、死亡率及心脏代谢风险负担不断攀升,加剧了公共卫生系统压力,亟须强化风险管理策略[1]。研究证实,长期久坐、作息紊乱等不良生活方式对心血管健康具有累计性危害[2]。而成年人群体是心血管疾病的主要患病人群,全球近三分之一成年人存在身体活动不足[3]。中国成年人符合世界卫生组织(WHO)运动标准时长的比例为23.4%,人均久坐时间每日6~8 h[4]。这种“高久坐-低活动”模式凸显了成年人日常活动行为时间分配的普遍失衡,进一步加剧了心血管疾病风险。既往研究多着眼于通过增减久坐、睡眠或身体活动等单一行为时间降低心血管疾病风险,却忽略了全天时间总量的固定性,任何行为时间的增减都必然联动影响其他行为的分配[5-7]。这要求研究必须考虑全天所有行为的交互影响。Chaput等[8]提出的24 h活动行为概念框架,将睡眠、久坐行为和身体活动视为共享24 h固定总时间的整体,强调行为间在时间上的动态交互性,主张将其作为相互关联的整体进行研究,以引导形成健康生活方式。近年来,国外已有多项研究基于此理念以15 min或30 min为单位对成年人全天活动行为进行等时置换,合理分配24 h活动行为可有效管理心血管疾病相关风险指标。国内相关研究较少,多聚焦青少年体质与心理健康[9-10],缺乏针对心血管疾病风险管理的相关探索。因此,本研究聚焦成年人群体,综述24 h活动行为的概念、测量工具,系统整合其与心血管疾病相关风险指标的关联,旨在为护理人员开展心血管疾病风险管理研究提供参考。
24 h活动行为指个人全天活动的总和,由身体活动、久坐行为和睡眠组成[11]。这一研究新范式强调,日常生活中个体在各项活动上的时间分配相互影响,即某类行为的时间调整必然伴随其他行为的补偿性改变,三大核心行为作为一个整体共同作用于健康状况,而非独立[8]。Pedišić[12]构建“活动-平衡”模型,使用等时替代分析方法揭示行为组合的补偿效应,进一步提出时间使用流行病学理论,通过成分数据分析量化行为间的等时置换效应,从而将整合性概念转化为可量化分析的研究范式[11]。身体活动依据强度水平分为轻体力活动(light physical activity,LPA)和中高强度体力活动(moderate vigorous physical activity,MVPA)[13]。轻体力活动的能量消耗>1.5代谢当量(METs),如站立、散步、家务劳动等[14];中高强度体力活动的能量消耗≥3.0 METs,如快走、跑步等。久坐是清醒状态下,以坐姿、斜躺或躺卧姿势进行的、能量消耗≤1.5 METs的行为[11]。睡眠则是一种自然的周期性生理状态,每日一定时间内各种有意识的主动行为消失,对外界环境刺激的反应减弱,相对能量消耗仅0.95 METs[15]。
主观测量工具主要包括问卷、日记等形式,具有操作便捷、实施成本低、便于捕捉行为背景信息等优势,但存在主观偏倚和回忆偏倚等固有局限性[16]。早期问卷如静态行为问卷(Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire,SBQ)[17]、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index,PSQI)[18],只测量久坐或睡眠等单一特定行为,且针对轻体力活动的问卷数量较少、在适用人群上也存在局限性[19-21]。尽管国际体力活动问卷等综合类量表同时涵盖久坐行为与身体活动,但由于缺失睡眠这一重要模块,其测量特性不够完善,未能满足24 h活动指南的全面要求[22]。因此,早期研究者多采用多问卷组合策略。随着24 h活动行为理念在健康领域的应用,为提供更全面的评估,研究人员开发了日常活动行为问卷(Daily Activity Behaviors Questionnaire,DABQ)和24 h活动量表(24-hour Movement Questionnaire,QMov24 h)等综合性问卷,这两个工具综合考察了所有24 h活动行为[16,23]。作为首个专用工具,DABQ依据成年人的就业状况和工作时间表类型设计不同的子项目,以适应不同活动模式。QMov24 h则进一步细化分类,睡眠维度细化为夜间睡眠或小憩,久坐行为则根据发生场景区分为工作相关与休闲相关,身体活动不仅维持了强度分级标准,更在此基础上增加了按活动类型(如有氧活动、平衡活动)的分类,并通过辅以图文示例有效降低理解偏差。问卷结果与客观测量工具的数据具有较高的一致性,值得在后续研究中应用验证。
客观测量是获取个体活动行为的首选方法,其利用传感器技术提供更为精确的活动强度、持续时间及频率信息[24],并能有效推断用户睡眠状况[25]。其中可穿戴设备是收集24 h身体行为数据的常用手段[26],包括加速计、计步器、心率监测仪等。依据设备类型,可穿戴设备可分为计步器、单轴加速计、双轴加速计和三轴加速计,可佩戴在手腕、臀部、腰部、大腿和脚踝等不同部位[27]。值得注意的是,不同佩戴位置的设备在评估不同模式的效果上各有优势。例如,腕戴式设备适合评估睡眠-觉醒模式[28-29],而大腿部位设备则是区分身体姿势(即坐、卧、站立等)的首选[30]。
血压是评估心血管功能、预测心血管疾病风险的重要指标,该指标升高预示急性心血管事件或靶器官损伤风险。研究显示,通过等时替代模型调整行为分配可优化血压管理,每日以运动类活动替代5 min久坐或睡眠能有效降低血压,延长至10~27 min可实现临床显著改善[31]。针对职业场景的研究进一步揭示,办公室职员将每日部分久坐时间置换为步行或站立等轻体力活动可有效降低血压[32]。而对于长期暴露于职业性轻体力活动的蓝领工人,将其他行为重新分配给轻体力活动反而升高血压[33]。因此,职业场景显著影响置换效果,虽然小剂量的行为置换便可对血压产生有益影响,但需考虑人群和场景适配性。Chastin等[34]发现,24 h内睡眠时间占比与血压呈负相关,睡眠不足者以睡眠替代久坐可降低高血压风险。然而,当总睡眠时长已达推荐标准(如7~8 h),继续延长睡眠则会升高血压,若以睡眠取代中高强度体力活动,更会进一步加剧这种负面效应[31]。提示应促进睡眠与活动平衡,在保证睡眠的同时需确保每日中高强度体力活动达标。
动脉僵硬度(arterial stiffness,AS)是反映血管弹性的重要指标,数值越高,心血管疾病风险越大[35]。研究表明,成年人每日30 min中高强度体力活动替代等长时间的久坐、睡眠或轻体力活动,能显著改善动脉僵硬度,短睡眠者用睡眠替代久坐也可改善动脉僵硬度[36]。Ekblom-Bak等[37]研究表明,每日30 min中高强度体力活动或轻体力活动替换久坐均可降低冠状动脉粥样硬化风险。然而,对于每日久坐时长超过9 h或中高强度体力活动不足35 min的高风险人群,相比轻体力活动,置换为中高强度体力活动能提供更显著的血管保护作用[37]。值得注意的是,即使是1 min碎片化中高强度体力活动替代久坐仍具有累计效应,适合无法持续运动的个体。
心率变异性是衡量心脏自主神经功能的重要指标,对心血管疾病的发病及死亡风险预测、临床干预具有重要价值[38]。研究显示,将1 d中碎片化的中高强度体力活动进行整合或用长时间中高强度体力活动替代久坐可改善成年女性心率变异性[39]。目前针对24 h活动行为与心率变异性关联的研究较少,未来可通过纵向研究深入解析24 h活动行为重新分配对不同人群心率变异性的长期效应。
炎症反应贯穿动脉粥样硬化发生发展及其心血管事件的全过程,该指标升高是心血管疾病重要预警信号[40]。研究表明,每日用身体活动替代久坐可有效降低超敏C反应蛋白水平、白细胞计数、白介素-6等炎性标志物[41-43]。针对高久坐负担的成年人,将15 min其他活动行为时间重新分配给身体活动即可降低超敏C反应蛋白水平[41]。此外,睡眠时长与C反应蛋白呈U型关系,每日睡眠过短或过长均可致C反应蛋白升高[43]。针对睡眠过量者,将睡眠置换为33 min中高强度体力活动或74 min轻体力活动可显著降低C反应蛋白[44]。因此,优化24 h睡眠时长可能对炎症标志物具有潜在的改善作用。此外,研究发现,肥胖及胰岛素抵抗人群通过中高强度体力活动置换久坐仅降低白细胞计数,而补体C3和白介素-6未改善[42]。对于代谢异常人群进行单一中高强度体力活动置换,其抗炎效果可能存在局限性,未来需进一步探究其24 h活动行为优化组合模式。
代谢紊乱是心血管疾病的核心驱动因素[45]。聚类心脏代谢风险评分整合腰围、餐后血糖、三酰甘油、高密度脂蛋白及收缩压5项指标,得分越高提示心脏代谢风险越高[46]。研究证实,每日将30 min久坐时间重新分配给身体活动均可降低评分[46-47]。Blodgett等[48]进一步研究发现,每日仅需置换4~12 min身体活动,即可改善心脏代谢指标。有研究显示,以30 min中高强度体力活动代替久坐,与体脂降低、腰围缩小和高密度脂蛋白升高相关[49]。提示控制1 d内静态行为总时长是维持代谢平衡、降低心血管风险的有效策略。
心血管疾病是全球首要死因,通过风险因素管理,80%的心血管疾病可以预防[50]。吕雪瑞等[51]探讨了中国居民睡眠时长和身体活动对心血管疾病发病风险的联合影响,发现每日睡眠未达6 h且合并低身体活动者的心血管疾病发病风险更高。Peter-Marske等[52]研究发现,中年女性的总体力活动时长与总心血管疾病和缺血性脑卒中风险呈负相关,每日以中高强度体力活动替代久坐10 min可显著降低心血管疾病发生风险。这与相关研究结论[53]一致,后者每周以1 h 中高强度体力活动替代久坐。提示小幅度活动行为替换亦有效益,可行性强。Walmsley等[54]研究发现,单位时间以中高强度体力活动替代久坐的效益优于替代睡眠。另一项研究发现,当研究人群的每日基线睡眠时间均值达8.6 h,以中高强度体力活动替代60 min睡眠可最大幅度降低风险,其效应量显著优于替代久坐行为[55],进一步揭示了行为替代策略的优先级逻辑。
心肺适能是评估心血管系统效能及预防的关键指标[56],活动耐力减退、异常疲劳感等是该指标下降的典型表现。Lu等[57]将24 h活动行为视为整体,研究其与心肺适能的关系,发现心肺适能与身体活动呈正相关,与久坐呈负相关。以15 min中高强度体力活动替代久坐或睡眠均可改善心肺适能,且改善效果随身体活动时间占比增加而增强[57]。有研究进一步证实,当身体活动被久坐替代时,心肺适能衰减幅度大于久坐置换为活动带来的收益[58]。未来可通过纵向研究探讨24 h活动行为模式优化对心肺适能的长期影响。
研究发现,与传统心血管疾病风险因素相比,身体机能对老年群体心血管疾病发病风险的预测性更高,测量内容包括行走速度、单腿站立平衡、握力等[59]。Yasunaga等[60]利用等时替代模型模拟将10 min久坐置换为其他活动行为对身体机能的影响,结果表明中高强度体力活动所产生的影响更大。研究表明,衰弱是身体机能衰退与心脑血管疾病的共同危险因素,其持续存在会显著提升发病风险,而逆转衰弱可有效预防疾病,其评估内容包括体重、慢步态速度、握力等[61]。Mañas等[62]发现,将30 min久坐置换为身体活动可降低衰弱程度,其中中高强度体力活动的置换效果最佳。Nagai等[63]发现,在老年群体中轻体力活动置换比中高强度体力活动更可行且益处显著。因此,选择置换活动类型时需兼顾效果和可行性。
焦虑与抑郁作为常见的心理问题,可通过影响交感神经系统活性、激素水平等途径增加心血管疾病发生风险[64-65]。Sadarangani等[66]研究发现,每天仅用10 min 中高强度体力活动置换久坐即可改善抑郁和焦虑症状。Blodgett等[67]研究同样采用10 min置换单位,进一步表明只有将睡眠、久坐或轻体力活动的时间置换为中高强度体力活动,才能显著降低抑郁发生风险;而在睡眠、久坐和轻体力活动三者之间重新分配时间则基本无效。因此,微量时间置换也可对抑郁和焦虑的预防、缓解产生积极影响。一项针对中国在职成年人的研究表明,以30 min为置换单位,将久坐分别置换为步行、睡眠或身体活动,可降低抑郁发生风险,值得注意的是,当该人群睡眠时长达到8 h后,睡眠所产生的置换效益不再显著[68]。因此,在制定干预措施时需考虑个体差异,如针对睡眠充足者,可将置换方向转向轻体力活动、中高强度体力活动等。
目前,QMov24 h等专业24 h活动行为问卷应用尚未得到充分应用。这类主观评估工具能有效涵盖睡眠、久坐等核心行为,尤其适用于大规模人群研究,但问卷框架仍有优化空间。三元交互决定论指出,行为、环境与个人的内在因素动态交互[69],意味着个体行为模式显著受外部环境(如职业类型、退休阶段活动模式改变)影响。未来研究可将职业特征、家庭照护模式等关键情境变量纳入问卷,使其更真实反映不同生活背景个体的24 h活动模式。此外,可穿戴设备存在活动测量问题,如对慢走、家务等活动的识别不够准确,以及不同品牌设备的数据不能直接对比。未来可加强跨学科合作解决设备难题,为护理人员提供可靠、一致的数据支持。这些数据将支撑护理人员更准确地预测人群活动轨迹与行为模式,从而制定更优的预见性健康管理方案[30]。基于此,实践中应探索构建多维评估体系,推动主客观工具联合应用,采用“问卷+智能穿戴+行为日志”的混合模式,发挥日记记录主观行为和环境背景、可穿戴设备获取精确数据等优势,实现优势互补。
行为替代效应存在异质性,主要体现在人口差异(如性别、年龄)、环境差异(如职业、睡眠时长)和行为差异(如置换行为类型和时长)。建议护理人员以血压、心率变异性、动脉僵硬度等指标为指导,结合剂量、场景、个体3个维度优化心血管风险管理行为。1)场景维度:需考虑文化背景、职业环境、家庭支持度及社区资源差异,选择适配场景的置换行为。如建议办公人员在工作间歇用20 min快走或爬楼梯置换久坐[55]。目前针对我国成年人24 h活动行为与心血管疾病风险管理的研究较少,未来需积极开展研究,为制定本土化指南提供依据。2)剂量维度:置换时长与类型不同,健康效果各异,如用中高强度体力活动置换久坐或睡眠效果不同。当前研究多采用30 min为置换单位,侧重用中高强度体力活动替代久坐。且当睡眠和久坐的总时长过量时,其叠加效应会影响健康结局指标。因此,未来研究可进一步明确24 h内不同行为相互替代的最短有效时长和累计效果。3)个体维度:调整活动行为需考虑个体代谢表型、睡眠基线、工作类型等方面。如短睡眠者应优先考虑用睡眠置换24 h内的其他行为,延长睡眠时间至U型曲线健康区间,促进睡眠与活动平衡。当前部分研究未将睡眠纳入分析且证据多源于横断面或短期追踪,未来需在24 h活动行为理念指导下,全面考虑1 d内所有行为并通过纵向研究验证行为调整对心血管疾病风险管理的持续效果。
从24 h活动行为整体视角进行活动行为置换,可有效改善血压、心率变异性、动脉僵硬度等心血管疾病风险指标,是心血管疾病风险管理的新方向。然而,现有研究多属横断面或短期追踪,且我国相关研究匮乏。鉴于行为置换效应存在显著的异质性,未来亟须基于场景、剂量、个体3个维度,深入研究我国成年人24 h活动行为时间的优化分配策略,以促进心血管疾病风险管理,并为构建我国指南提供实证基础。在此框架下,心血管疾病病人群体24 h活动行为研究较少,护理人员可重点探索以优化二级预防。为此,建议在相关护理研究中综合应用针对24 h活动行为的特异性量表及客观测量手段,加强跨学科合作,精准捕捉个体活动行为数据,为制定心血管疾病病人的个体化管理方案及预测康复进程提供依据。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.021
  • 接收时间:2025-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-17
  • 修回日期:2026-04-03
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    1浙江中医药大学护理学院,浙江 310053
    2复旦大学护理学院
    3浙江大学医学院附属第二医院
    4浙江大学医学院护理系

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