Article(id=1322168873089094267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168387082502716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741622400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-11, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159224053, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1774368000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159224053, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159224053, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159224053, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168387082502716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='6', pageStart='881', pageEnd='1056', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1774368000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159108180, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159108180, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=935, endPage=942, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168873303003772, articleId=1322168873089094267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Latent profile and influencing factors of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the latent categories and influencing factors of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A total of 364 young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes who visited two tertiary grade A hospitals in Henan Province were selected as the study subjects by convenience sampling method from February to August 2024.Surveys were conducted using a general information questionnaire,the Chinese version of Risk Perception Survey-Diabetes Mellitus(RPS-DM),Health Literacy Scale(HLS),Family APGAR Index(APGAR),and Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS).Latent profile analysis was performed to assess complication risk perception.Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of the latent categories.

Results

The complication risk perception of the young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes could be classified into three latent categories,namely low risk perception-high optimistic bias(40%),moderate risk perception-low personal control(44%),and high risk perception-comprehensive type(16%).Logistic regression analysis showed that place of residence,per-capita monthly family income,family history of diabetes,duration of diabetes,BMI,diabetes health literacy,family caring,and perceived social support were influencing factors of the latent categories(P<0.05).

Conclusions

There is heterogeneity in the characteristics of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes.Healthcare providers could implement targeted interventions based on the features of different patient categories to improve their level of complication risk perception.

, authors=Gang CHEN1, Yuhan WANG2, Teng LI1, Youyou ZHAI1, Xin ZHENG1, Yuying WANG1, authorsList=Gang CHEN, Yuhan WANG, Teng LI, Youyou ZHAI, Xin ZHENG, Yuying WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuying WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Yuying, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168873936343679, articleId=1322168873089094267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知的潜在剖面及其影响因素, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知的潜在类别及其影响因素。

方法

采用便利抽样法,选取2024年2月—8月在河南省2所三级甲等医院就诊的364例中青年2型糖尿病病人为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、中文版糖尿病并发症风险感知量表(RPS-DM)、糖尿病健康素养量表(HLS)、家庭关怀指数问卷(APGAR)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)进行调查,对中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知进行潜在剖面分析,采用Logistic回归分析探讨病人并发症风险感知潜在类别的影响因素。

结果

中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知可分为低风险感知-高乐观偏差型(40%)、中风险感知-低个人控制型(44%)、高风险感知-综合型(16%)3个类别。Logistic回归分析结果显示,居住地、家庭人均月收入、糖尿病家族史、糖尿病病程、体质指数、糖尿病健康素养、家庭关怀度、领悟社会支持是中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知潜在类别的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知特征存在群体异质性,医护人员可根据不同类别病人的特征采取针对性的干预措施,以提高病人并发症风险感知水平。

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陈刚,护士,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
王宇鹰,E-mail:
WANG Yuying, E-mail:
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Reference(id=1322530648938627741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=邹晓慧, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邹晓慧.糖尿病前期人群的风险感知在健康行为自我效能调节下对社会支持和自护行为间的中介作用研究[D].沈阳:中国医科大学,2023., articleTitle=糖尿病前期人群的风险感知在健康行为自我效能调节下对社会支持和自护行为间的中介作用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530649043485342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=34, issue=1, pageStart=42, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=梁君林, journalName=苏州大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=梁君林.基于社会支持理论的社会保障再认识[J].苏州大学学报,2013,34(1):42-48., articleTitle=基于社会支持理论的社会保障再认识, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322530634816406084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530634833183301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, companyId=1322530634816406084, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530634887709254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, companyId=1322530634816406084, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 450052)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322530634996761159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530635009344072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, companyId=1322530634996761159, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2West China Hospital of Sichuan University), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530635021926985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, companyId=1322530634996761159, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2四川大学华西医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322530641082696308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Characteristic distribution of the three latent categories of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes, figureFileSmall=cjmMm/cpZNJLOoHLOP9Cyg==, figureFileBig=E0NHsbHUTxGtim7wNeBRdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530641300800117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知3个潜在类别的特征分布, figureFileSmall=cjmMm/cpZNJLOoHLOP9Cyg==, figureFileBig=E0NHsbHUTxGtim7wNeBRdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530641397269110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Fit indices for latent categories of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率
LMRTBLRT
13 840.7653 879.7373 848.0111.00
22 936.7302 999.0852 948.3230.917<0.001<0.0010.47/0.53
32 421.9352 507.6722 437.8750.9630.027<0.0010.40/0.44/0.16
42 216.7442 325.8642 237.0320.9730.082<0.0010.41/0.39/0.05/0.16
52 100.0442 232.5472 124.6790.9580.168<0.0010.15/0.27/0.38/0.05/0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322530641493738103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知潜在类别拟合指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AICBICaBICEntropyP类别概率
LMRTBLRT
13 840.7653 879.7373 848.0111.00
22 936.7302 999.0852 948.3230.917<0.001<0.0010.47/0.53
32 421.9352 507.6722 437.8750.9630.027<0.0010.40/0.44/0.16
42 216.7442 325.8642 237.0320.9730.082<0.0010.41/0.39/0.05/0.16
52 100.0442 232.5472 124.6790.9580.168<0.0010.15/0.27/0.38/0.05/0.14
), ArticleFig(id=1322530641716036216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate analysis of influencing factors for the latent categories of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类低风险感知-高乐观偏差型(n=144)中风险感知-低个人控制型(n=161)高风险感知-综合型(n=59)统计值P
性别[例(%)]男90(62.5)78(48.4)28(47.5)χ2=7.1970.027
女54(37.5)83(51.6)31(52.5)
年龄[例(%)]18~<45岁61(42.4)41(25.5)10(16.9)χ2=16.499<0.001
45~<60岁83(57.6)120(74.5)49(83.1)
文化程度[例(%)]初中及以下89(61.8)65(40.4)27(45.8)χ2=30.951<0.001
高中或中专42(29.2)69(42.9)12(20.3)
专科及以上13(9.0)27(16.8)20(33.9)
居住地[例(%)]农村96(66.7)67(41.6)25(42.4)χ2=21.529<0.001
城市48(33.3)94(58.4)34(57.6)
婚姻状况[例(%)]未婚10(6.9)2(1.2)3(5.1)χ2=11.1890.083
已婚110(76.4)141(87.6)49(83.1)
离异18(12.5)10(6.2)4(6.8)
丧偶6(4.2)8(5.0)3(5.1)
家庭人均月收入[例(%)]<3 000元65(45.1)20(12.4)6(10.2)χ2=81.306<0.001
3 000~5 000元55(38.2)101(62.7)18(30.5)
>5 000元24(16.7)40(24.8)35(59.3)
医疗付费方式[例(%)]城乡居民医保67(46.5)66(41.0)30(50.8)χ2=3.4710.482
城镇职工医保58(40.3)76(47.2)25(42.4)
其他19(13.2)19(11.8)4(6.8)
糖尿病家族史[例(%)]有18(12.5)85(52.8)39(66.1)χ2=73.594<0.001
无126(87.5)76(47.2)20(33.9)
糖尿病病程[例(%)]<5年53(36.8)39(24.2)6(10.2)χ2=23.783<0.001
5~10年58(40.3)79(49.1)24(40.7)
>10年33(22.9)43(26.7)29(49.2)
糖尿病住院史[例(%)]有85(59.0)113(70.2)40(67.8)χ2=4.3630.113
无59(41.0)48(29.8)19(32.2)
BMI[例(%)]<18.5 kg/m218(12.5)5(3.1)4(6.8)χ2=15.3590.018
18.5~<24.0 kg/m252(36.1)69(42.9)15(25.4)
24.0~<28.0 kg/m258(40.3)64(39.8)31(52.5)
≥28.0 kg/m216(11.1)23(14.3)9(15.3)
空腹血糖[例(%)]<6.1 mmol/L42(29.2)29(18.0)7(11.9)χ2=12.4750.014
6.1~<7.0 mmol/L39(27.1)64(39.8)20(33.9)
≥7.0 mmol/L63(43.8)68(42.2)32(54.2)
治疗方式[例(%)]口服降糖药26(18.1)21(13.0)5(8.5)χ2=4.2810.369
胰岛素56(38.9)61(37.9)22(37.3)
口服降糖药+胰岛素62(43.1)79(49.1)32(54.2)
合并慢性病数量[例(%)]<3种92(63.9)75(46.6)26(44.1)χ2=17.6140.001
3~5种38(26.4)62(38.5)17(28.8)
>5种14(9.7)24(14.9)16(27.1)
HLS评分(x±s,分)33.27±3.6938.32±4.7043.29±5.93F=110.685<0.001
APGAR评分(x¯±s,分)4.36±1.346.03±1.337.88±1.86F=135.625<0.001
PSSS评分(x¯±s,分)44.97±6.9354.13±7.5959.71±7.13F=106.627<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322530641791533689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知潜在类别影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类低风险感知-高乐观偏差型(n=144)中风险感知-低个人控制型(n=161)高风险感知-综合型(n=59)统计值P
性别[例(%)]男90(62.5)78(48.4)28(47.5)χ2=7.1970.027
女54(37.5)83(51.6)31(52.5)
年龄[例(%)]18~<45岁61(42.4)41(25.5)10(16.9)χ2=16.499<0.001
45~<60岁83(57.6)120(74.5)49(83.1)
文化程度[例(%)]初中及以下89(61.8)65(40.4)27(45.8)χ2=30.951<0.001
高中或中专42(29.2)69(42.9)12(20.3)
专科及以上13(9.0)27(16.8)20(33.9)
居住地[例(%)]农村96(66.7)67(41.6)25(42.4)χ2=21.529<0.001
城市48(33.3)94(58.4)34(57.6)
婚姻状况[例(%)]未婚10(6.9)2(1.2)3(5.1)χ2=11.1890.083
已婚110(76.4)141(87.6)49(83.1)
离异18(12.5)10(6.2)4(6.8)
丧偶6(4.2)8(5.0)3(5.1)
家庭人均月收入[例(%)]<3 000元65(45.1)20(12.4)6(10.2)χ2=81.306<0.001
3 000~5 000元55(38.2)101(62.7)18(30.5)
>5 000元24(16.7)40(24.8)35(59.3)
医疗付费方式[例(%)]城乡居民医保67(46.5)66(41.0)30(50.8)χ2=3.4710.482
城镇职工医保58(40.3)76(47.2)25(42.4)
其他19(13.2)19(11.8)4(6.8)
糖尿病家族史[例(%)]有18(12.5)85(52.8)39(66.1)χ2=73.594<0.001
无126(87.5)76(47.2)20(33.9)
糖尿病病程[例(%)]<5年53(36.8)39(24.2)6(10.2)χ2=23.783<0.001
5~10年58(40.3)79(49.1)24(40.7)
>10年33(22.9)43(26.7)29(49.2)
糖尿病住院史[例(%)]有85(59.0)113(70.2)40(67.8)χ2=4.3630.113
无59(41.0)48(29.8)19(32.2)
BMI[例(%)]<18.5 kg/m218(12.5)5(3.1)4(6.8)χ2=15.3590.018
18.5~<24.0 kg/m252(36.1)69(42.9)15(25.4)
24.0~<28.0 kg/m258(40.3)64(39.8)31(52.5)
≥28.0 kg/m216(11.1)23(14.3)9(15.3)
空腹血糖[例(%)]<6.1 mmol/L42(29.2)29(18.0)7(11.9)χ2=12.4750.014
6.1~<7.0 mmol/L39(27.1)64(39.8)20(33.9)
≥7.0 mmol/L63(43.8)68(42.2)32(54.2)
治疗方式[例(%)]口服降糖药26(18.1)21(13.0)5(8.5)χ2=4.2810.369
胰岛素56(38.9)61(37.9)22(37.3)
口服降糖药+胰岛素62(43.1)79(49.1)32(54.2)
合并慢性病数量[例(%)]<3种92(63.9)75(46.6)26(44.1)χ2=17.6140.001
3~5种38(26.4)62(38.5)17(28.8)
>5种14(9.7)24(14.9)16(27.1)
HLS评分(x±s,分)33.27±3.6938.32±4.7043.29±5.93F=110.685<0.001
APGAR评分(x¯±s,分)4.36±1.346.03±1.337.88±1.86F=135.625<0.001
PSSS评分(x¯±s,分)44.97±6.9354.13±7.5959.71±7.13F=106.627<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322530641871225466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Assignment of independent variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方式
性别男=0;女=1
年龄18~<45岁=0;45~<60岁=1
文化程度专科及以上=(0,0);初中及以下=(1,0);高中或中专=(0,1)
居住地城市=0;农村=1
家庭人均月收入>5 000元=(0,0);<3 000元=(1,0);3 000~5 000元=(0,1)
糖尿病家族史无=0;有=1
糖尿病病程>10年=(0,0);<5年=(1,0);5~10年=(0,1)
BMI≥28.0 kg/m2=(0,0,0);<18.5 kg/m2=(1,0,0);18.5~<24.0 kg/m2=(0,1,0);24.0~<28.0 kg/m2=(0,0,1)
空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L=(0,0);<6.1 mmol/L=(1,0);6.1~<7.0 mmol/L=(0,1)
合并慢性病数量>5种=(0,0);<3种=(1,0);3~5种=(0,1)
HLS评分原值代入
APGAR评分原值代入
PSSS评分原值代入
), ArticleFig(id=1322530641959305851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

自变量赋值方式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方式
性别男=0;女=1
年龄18~<45岁=0;45~<60岁=1
文化程度专科及以上=(0,0);初中及以下=(1,0);高中或中专=(0,1)
居住地城市=0;农村=1
家庭人均月收入>5 000元=(0,0);<3 000元=(1,0);3 000~5 000元=(0,1)
糖尿病家族史无=0;有=1
糖尿病病程>10年=(0,0);<5年=(1,0);5~10年=(0,1)
BMI≥28.0 kg/m2=(0,0,0);<18.5 kg/m2=(1,0,0);18.5~<24.0 kg/m2=(0,1,0);24.0~<28.0 kg/m2=(0,0,1)
空腹血糖≥7.0 mmol/L=(0,0);<6.1 mmol/L=(1,0);6.1~<7.0 mmol/L=(0,1)
合并慢性病数量>5种=(0,0);<3种=(1,0);3~5种=(0,1)
HLS评分原值代入
APGAR评分原值代入
PSSS评分原值代入
), ArticleFig(id=1322530643783828092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors for the latent categories of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
中风险感知-低个人控制型①居住地 农村-1.0960.4984.8400.0280.334[0.126,0.887]
家庭人均月收入 <3 000元-1.4710.7034.3850.0360.230[0.058,0.910]
3 000~5 000元0.3370.5930.3240.5691.401[0.439,4.476]
糖尿病家族史 有1.1940.4935.8670.0153.301[1.256,8.676]
糖尿病病程 <5年0.1990.6220.1020.7501.220[0.360,4.131]
5~10年0.9710.5583.0240.0822.639[0.884,7.881]
BMI <18.5 kg/m2-0.8061.3200.3730.5410.447[0.034,5.936]
18.5~<24.0 kg/m2-0.7560.6891.2060.2720.469[0.122,1.810]
24.0~<28.0 kg/m20.0530.6470.0070.9351.054[0.297,3.744]
HLS评分0.3190.06226.161<0.0011.376[1.217,1.555]
APGAR评分0.8170.18619.329<0.0012.263[1.572,3.257]
PSSS评分0.1880.03430.419<0.0011.207[1.129,1.290]
高风险感知-综合型①居住地 农村-1.2830.7383.0210.0820.277[0.065,1.178]
家庭人均月收入 <3 000元-2.6310.9897.0680.0080.072[0.010,0.501]
3 000~5 000元-1.8780.8964.3930.0360.153[0.026,0.886]
糖尿病家族史 有2.1570.7218.9600.0038.846[2.106,35.502]
糖尿病病程 <5年-2.0421.0363.8550.0490.130[0.017,0.989]
5~10年1.8400.7985.3110.0216.297[1.317,30.118]
BMI <18.5 kg/m2-1.2181.8400.4380.5080.296[0.008,10.899]
18.5~<24.0 kg/m2-2.3471.0345.1530.0230.096[0.013,0.726]
24.0~<28.0 kg/m20.0150.9430.0010.9881.015[0.160,6.439]
HLS评分0.4440.07733.046<0.0011.558[1.340,1.813]
APGAR评分1.7700.26644.420<0.0015.874[3.490,9.886]
PSSS评分0.3330.05044.613<0.0011.395[1.265,1.538]
), ArticleFig(id=1322530643867714173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168873089094267, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知潜在类别影响因素的Logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别自变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
中风险感知-低个人控制型①居住地 农村-1.0960.4984.8400.0280.334[0.126,0.887]
家庭人均月收入 <3 000元-1.4710.7034.3850.0360.230[0.058,0.910]
3 000~5 000元0.3370.5930.3240.5691.401[0.439,4.476]
糖尿病家族史 有1.1940.4935.8670.0153.301[1.256,8.676]
糖尿病病程 <5年0.1990.6220.1020.7501.220[0.360,4.131]
5~10年0.9710.5583.0240.0822.639[0.884,7.881]
BMI <18.5 kg/m2-0.8061.3200.3730.5410.447[0.034,5.936]
18.5~<24.0 kg/m2-0.7560.6891.2060.2720.469[0.122,1.810]
24.0~<28.0 kg/m20.0530.6470.0070.9351.054[0.297,3.744]
HLS评分0.3190.06226.161<0.0011.376[1.217,1.555]
APGAR评分0.8170.18619.329<0.0012.263[1.572,3.257]
PSSS评分0.1880.03430.419<0.0011.207[1.129,1.290]
高风险感知-综合型①居住地 农村-1.2830.7383.0210.0820.277[0.065,1.178]
家庭人均月收入 <3 000元-2.6310.9897.0680.0080.072[0.010,0.501]
3 000~5 000元-1.8780.8964.3930.0360.153[0.026,0.886]
糖尿病家族史 有2.1570.7218.9600.0038.846[2.106,35.502]
糖尿病病程 <5年-2.0421.0363.8550.0490.130[0.017,0.989]
5~10年1.8400.7985.3110.0216.297[1.317,30.118]
BMI <18.5 kg/m2-1.2181.8400.4380.5080.296[0.008,10.899]
18.5~<24.0 kg/m2-2.3471.0345.1530.0230.096[0.013,0.726]
24.0~<28.0 kg/m20.0150.9430.0010.9881.015[0.160,6.439]
HLS评分0.4440.07733.046<0.0011.558[1.340,1.813]
APGAR评分1.7700.26644.420<0.0015.874[3.490,9.886]
PSSS评分0.3330.05044.613<0.0011.395[1.265,1.538]
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中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知的潜在剖面及其影响因素
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陈刚 1 , 王禹涵 2 , 李腾 1 , 翟优优 1 , 郑鑫 1 , 王宇鹰 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(6): 935-942
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (6) : 935 -942
中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知的潜在剖面及其影响因素
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陈刚1, 王禹涵2, 李腾1, 翟优优1, 郑鑫1, 王宇鹰1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 450052
  • 2四川大学华西医院
通讯作者:
王宇鹰,E-mail:
WANG Yuying, E-mail:
作者简介:

陈刚,护士,硕士研究生

Latent profile and influencing factors of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes
Gang CHEN1, Yuhan WANG2, Teng LI1, Youyou ZHAI1, Xin ZHENG1, Yuying WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan 450052 China
  • 2West China Hospital of Sichuan University
  • Corresponding Author:
    WANG Yuying, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.007
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目的

探究中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知的潜在类别及其影响因素。

方法

采用便利抽样法,选取2024年2月—8月在河南省2所三级甲等医院就诊的364例中青年2型糖尿病病人为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、中文版糖尿病并发症风险感知量表(RPS-DM)、糖尿病健康素养量表(HLS)、家庭关怀指数问卷(APGAR)、领悟社会支持量表(PSSS)进行调查,对中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知进行潜在剖面分析,采用Logistic回归分析探讨病人并发症风险感知潜在类别的影响因素。

结果

中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知可分为低风险感知-高乐观偏差型(40%)、中风险感知-低个人控制型(44%)、高风险感知-综合型(16%)3个类别。Logistic回归分析结果显示,居住地、家庭人均月收入、糖尿病家族史、糖尿病病程、体质指数、糖尿病健康素养、家庭关怀度、领悟社会支持是中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知潜在类别的影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知特征存在群体异质性,医护人员可根据不同类别病人的特征采取针对性的干预措施,以提高病人并发症风险感知水平。

中青年  /  2型糖尿病  /  并发症  /  风险感知  /  潜在剖面分析  /  影响因素
Objective

To explore the latent categories and influencing factors of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

A total of 364 young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes who visited two tertiary grade A hospitals in Henan Province were selected as the study subjects by convenience sampling method from February to August 2024.Surveys were conducted using a general information questionnaire,the Chinese version of Risk Perception Survey-Diabetes Mellitus(RPS-DM),Health Literacy Scale(HLS),Family APGAR Index(APGAR),and Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS).Latent profile analysis was performed to assess complication risk perception.Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of the latent categories.

Results

The complication risk perception of the young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes could be classified into three latent categories,namely low risk perception-high optimistic bias(40%),moderate risk perception-low personal control(44%),and high risk perception-comprehensive type(16%).Logistic regression analysis showed that place of residence,per-capita monthly family income,family history of diabetes,duration of diabetes,BMI,diabetes health literacy,family caring,and perceived social support were influencing factors of the latent categories(P<0.05).

Conclusions

There is heterogeneity in the characteristics of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes.Healthcare providers could implement targeted interventions based on the features of different patient categories to improve their level of complication risk perception.

young and middle-aged  /  type 2 diabetes mellitus  /  complications  /  risk perception  /  latent profile analysis  /  influencing factors
陈刚, 王禹涵, 李腾, 翟优优, 郑鑫, 王宇鹰. 中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知的潜在剖面及其影响因素. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (6) : 935 -942 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.007
Gang CHEN, Yuhan WANG, Teng LI, Youyou ZHAI, Xin ZHENG, Yuying WANG. Latent profile and influencing factors of complication risk perception in young and middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (6) : 935 -942 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.007
2021年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)统计数据显示,我国糖尿病病人超过1.4亿例,其中2型糖尿病占90%以上,居全球首位[1-2]。近年来,糖尿病逐渐呈年轻化趋势,中青年已成为糖尿病患病率增长最快的群体,积极应对糖尿病及其并发症对中青年糖尿病病人至关重要[3]。糖尿病并发症早期多无明显的症状表现,病人往往因低估其潜在风险导致并发症发生。风险感知是个体对风险事物特征和严重性的主观判断和评价,是影响个体健康行为和自我管理能力的重要预测因素[4]。已有研究表明,准确的健康风险感知能够改善糖尿病病人健康预防行为[5],进而促进病人采取积极的应对方式,提高其自我管理能力[6]。由于个体感知水平差异,糖尿病病人的并发症风险感知严重性可能存在群体异质性。目前国内外研究多以量表得分评估糖尿病病人的并发症风险感知程度,缺少对个体间差异的特异性分析,可能导致现有研究结果在指导临床个体化实践方面缺乏针对性[7-9]。潜在剖面分析是一种典型的以个体为中心的研究路径分析方法,可基于变量不同特征进行亚群分类[10]。三元影响理论融合了包括健康信念模式和社会学习理论在内的多个理论,认为风险感知和健康行为会受到个体、人际及环境因素的影响[11],而健康素养[12]、家庭关怀度[13]和领悟社会支持[14]分别是病人在个体、人际和环境层面领悟疾病风险本质的关键依据和重要源头。因此,本研究以三元影响理论为理论基础,应用潜在剖面分析探讨中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知的潜在类别特征,并分析不同类别的影响因素,以期为提升中青年2型糖尿病病人风险感知水平制定科学、有效的个体化干预措施提供参考。
采用便利抽样法,选取2024年2月—8月在河南省2所三级甲等医院就诊的中青年2型糖尿病病人为研究对象。纳入标准:1)符合《中国2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)》[15]的诊断与分类标准;2)年龄18~<60岁;3)意识清楚,具备正常的阅读与理解能力;4)对本研究知情同意。排除标准:1)患有严重的器官功能衰竭;2)有严重的认知、视听障碍;3)参与其他研究。根据潜在剖面分析的样本量计算要求确定样本量[16],样本量要求为300~500例,本研究最终纳入364例中青年2型糖尿病病人。
由研究团队自行设计,包括性别、年龄、文化程度、居住地、婚姻状况、家庭人均月收入、医疗付费方式、糖尿病家族史、糖尿病病程、糖尿病住院史、体质指数(BMI)、空腹血糖、治疗方式、合并慢性病数量。
RPS-DM由Walker等[17]研制,主要用于评估2型糖尿病病人对发生糖尿病并发症的感知水平。中文版RPS-DM由马慧玲等[18]汉化修订,包含担忧、乐观偏差、个人控制、个人疾病风险、相对环境风险5个维度,共23个条目,采用Likert 4级评分法,“完全同意/几乎无风险”计1分,“完全不同意/高风险”计4分,总分23~92分,得分越高表示风险感知水平越高。本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.945。
由Ishikawa等[19]研制,赵晓燕等[20]汉化并修订,包含功能性、沟通性和批判性健康素养3个维度,共14个条目,采用Likert 4级评分法,“从不”计1分,“多数”计4分,其中功能性健康素养维度采用反向计分,总分14~56分,得分越高表示病人的健康素养水平越高。本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.787。
由Smilkstein编制,吕繁等[21]汉化并修订,主要用于评估个体对家庭功能的满意程度,包含适应度、成长度、合作度、情感度和亲密度5个条目,采用Likert 3级评分法,“几乎很少”计0分,“经常这样”计2分,总分0~10分,得分越高表示家庭功能越好。本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.742。
由Zimet等[22]编制,姜乾金[23]汉化,主要用于评估个体感受到的多层面社会支持程度,包含家庭支持、朋友支持及其他支持3个维度,共12个条目,采用Likert 7级评分法,“极不同意”计1分,“极同意”计7分,总分12~84分,得分越高表示病人领悟社会支持水平越高。本研究中该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.912。
由经过统一培训的人员与医院相关部门沟通,取得同意后当场发放、回收、检查问卷,若存在错填或漏填及时纠正。本研究共发放问卷400份,回收有效问卷364份,问卷有效回收率为91%。
采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析,符合正态分布的定量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用方差分析;定性资料采用频数、百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用Mplus 8.0软件对中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知进行潜在剖面分析,模型的适配检验指标包括赤池信息准则(AIC)、贝叶斯信息准则(BIC)和样本矫正的BIC(aBIC),数值越小说明模型拟合程度越好;熵(Entropy)用于评估模型分类的精确度,取值为0~1,越接近1表示分类越精确;Bootstrap的似然比检验(BLRT)和罗-梦戴尔-鲁本校正似然比检验(LMRT)用于对比各模型间的拟合差异,P<0.05表示k类别模型优于k-1类别模型。采用Logistic回归分析探讨中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知潜在类别的影响因素,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
以RPS-DM的5个维度得分为外显指标,共拟合得到5个潜在类别模型,见表1。5个模型中,模型3的AIC、BIC、aBIC下降明显,且LMRT与BLRT均P<0.05,其Entropy值为0.963,表明分类准确率超过90%,故选择模型3作为最佳潜在类别模型。
绘制潜在剖面图,根据每个潜在类别RPS-DM各维度的外显特征对3个类别进行命名,类别1共144例(40%)病人,该类别病人RPS-DM的5个维度得分均处于较低水平,其中乐观偏差维度得分最低,表明该类别病人倾向于低估负面事件发生的可能性,故命名为“低风险感知-高乐观偏差型”;类别2共161例(44%)病人,该类别病人RPS-DM的5个维度得分均处于中等水平,其中个人控制与个人疾病风险维度得分较低,表明该类别病人在日常生活中往往缺乏主动健康行为,自我控制能力不强,故命名为“中风险感知-低个人控制型”;类别3共59例(16%)病人,该类别病人RPS-DM的5个维度得分均处于较高水平,对糖尿病并发症的风险感知较全面,故命名为“高风险感知-综合型”。见图1。
以中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知的3个潜在类别为因变量(以“低风险感知-高乐观偏差型”为参照),以单因素分析中有统计学意义的变量(P<0.05)为自变量,进行Logistic回归分析,结果显示,居住地、家庭人均月收入、糖尿病家族史、糖尿病病程、BMI、糖尿病健康素养、家庭关怀度、领悟社会支持是中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知潜在类别的影响因素(P<0.05)。自变量赋值方式见表3,Logistic回归分析结果见表4。
本研究发现,中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知存在明显的群体异质性,可分为低风险感知-高乐观偏差型、中风险感知-低个人控制型、高风险感知-综合型3种潜在类别。1)低风险感知-高乐观偏差型占40%,其RPS-DM的5个维度均处于较低水平,其中乐观偏差维度得分最低,表明该类病人倾向于低估负面事件发生的可能性,对自身疾病风险状况过于乐观。原因可能与该类别病人整体文化与收入程度较低有关。Pelullo等[24]研究表明,糖尿病病人风险感知水平与受教育程度相关,文化程度较低的病人往往缺乏全面的健康知识获取能力以及更主动的健康意识,容易忽视自身存在的疾病风险。提示护理人员应做好健康教育和信息支持,如利用虚拟现实(VR)和增强现实(AR)等技术创建仿真的虚拟场景,让病人身临其境地感受糖尿病并发症对身体造成的危害,从而降低其乐观偏见水平,提高病人对并发症的风险感知。2)中风险感知-低个人控制型占44%,是并发症风险感知的主要类别。该类病人逐渐认识到糖尿病发病年龄正趋于年轻化,但对于并发症风险感知意识不强,往往缺乏积极的主动健康行为。护理人员应加强引导,详细阐述糖尿病并发症的种类以及危害,同时帮助病人设定具体的、可衡量的、可实现的、相关的和有时限的(SMART)健康目标,提高其主动健康意识与自我控制能力。3)高风险感知-综合型占16%,其RPS-DM的5个维度均处于较高水平。该类病人具有糖尿病家族史者较多,可能受家庭健康意识影响,病人常可以直观地体验与见证糖尿病并发症的危害,从而在无形中增强病人并发症风险感知意识。但根据风险补偿理论,高风险感知对病人的影响可能具有两面性,高估风险可能导致个体长期处于慢性应激状态,引起精神抑郁、疾病恐惧等不良情绪,导致病人采取过度检查、过分节食或其他极端措施预防糖尿病并发症,从而对病人的生活质量产生负面影响[25]。对此,医护人员需重点关注该类别病人的心理状况,及早发现其异常心理变化,使病人保持适当的风险感知水平,防止其过度恐惧疾病进展。
本研究结果显示,相较于中风险感知-低个人控制型,居住于农村的中青年糖尿病病人归属于低风险感知-高乐观偏差型的概率较大(P<0.05),与王清玉等[26]研究结果相似。原因可能是相较于城镇地区,农村地区病人缺乏丰富的健康教育资源,健康信息传播渠道相对有限,导致健康知识和最新医疗信息传播不够广泛和及时。此外,农村地区往往缺乏先进的检查仪器,病人不能及时察觉糖尿病视网膜病变等并发症的发生,可能影响病人对糖尿病并发症风险的认知。建议护理人员加大对农村地区糖尿病病人的科普宣传,定期组织专业人员到农村开展糖尿病并发症知识讲座,提高社会知晓率,同时建立糖尿病病人电子化健康档案,进行长期跟踪管理,从而提高其自主健康意识与自我保健能力。
本研究结果显示,相较于中风险感知-低个人控制型、高风险感知-综合型,家庭人均月收入较低的病人归属于低风险感知-高乐观偏差型的概率较大(P<0.05),与Sağlam等[27]的研究结果相似。原因可能是低收入家庭的病人难以获得定期的医疗服务和足够的糖尿病管理资源,且较少进行健康体检和糖尿病并发症筛查,导致其忽视或无法充分关注糖尿病并发症风险。与高风险感知-综合型相比,糖尿病病程<5年的病人归属于低风险感知-高乐观偏差型的概率较大(P<0.05),与李凤等[9]研究结果相似。原因可能是病程较短的糖尿病病人缺乏较为稳定的社会-家庭支持系统,且在糖尿病早期阶段,部分病人未出现明显的不适感,因此对并发症的严重性认识不足。建议临床护理人员重点关注收入较低、病程较短的糖尿病病人,增强健康教育和宣传,开发针对新诊断、病程短的糖尿病病人的教育项目,强调并发症风险和预防措施,同时为低收入家庭病人提供低成本的糖尿病并发症筛查和随访服务,帮助病人有效管理糖尿病,提高其并发症风险感知水平。
本研究结果显示,相较于低风险感知-高乐观偏差型,有糖尿病家族史的病人归属于中风险感知-低个人控制型、高风险感知-综合型的概率较大(P<0.05),与Heidemann等[28]的研究结果有相似之处。原因可能是有糖尿病家族史的病人在照顾家庭成员的过程中能直观体验与见证糖尿病并发症的危害,这种亲身经历或观察使得他们更加关注自身的健康问题,在日常生活中会更加注重预防措施,从而对糖尿病并发症风险的警惕度提高。因此,护理人员应重点识别无糖尿病家族史的高危人群,通过强化风险沟通和调整个性化健康咨询服务频率与深度,增强病人的风险现实感,促进其采取积极的预防措施。
本研究结果显示,相较于高风险感知-综合型,BMI为18.5~<24.0 kg/m2的中青年2型糖尿病病人归属于低风险感知-高乐观偏差型的概率较大(P<0.05),与李丽霞等[29]的研究结果相似。原因可能是BMI正常容易让病人产生一种健康错觉,大多数病人认为只有超重或肥胖才会增加糖尿病相关并发症发生风险,从而导致其低估了可能存在的风险。护理人员应针对正常BMI病人开展个性化的健康教育和风险评估,通过讲座、手册、网络资源等方式普及糖尿病并发症发生风险,强调即使BMI正常也不应忽视糖尿病并发症发生风险问题,从而帮助病人建立正确的健康观念。
本研究结果显示,相较于低风险感知-高乐观偏差型,健康素养水平越高的病人归属于中风险感知-低个人控制型、高风险感知-综合型的概率越大(P<0.05),与唐宝丽等[12]针对首发缺血性脑卒中病人的研究结果有相似之处。原因可能是糖尿病健康素养水平越高的病人较擅长获取和解读健康相关信息,能更有效地管理自身健康状况,并对潜在的糖尿病并发症发生风险保持高度警觉。此外,从“知信行”理论模型[30]分析,个体对于疾病的本质及相关信息的认知是创造积极态度或信念的基础,而糖尿病健康素养作为个体获取、理解和应用糖尿病相关知识的能力,是影响病人疾病风险感知最直接的前因变量,与“知信行”理论模型契合。提示护理人员应加强健康素养水平较低病人的健康教育,可通过建立糖尿病健康管理网站或微信公众号,定期推送糖尿病相关知识和健康资讯,从而提升病人的并发症风险感知水平。
本研究结果显示,相较于低风险感知-高乐观偏差型,家庭关怀度较高的病人归属于中风险感知-低个人控制型、高风险感知-综合型的概率较大(P<0.05),与李磊等[13]的研究结果有相似之处。糖尿病是一种病程长且不可逆性疾病,长期血糖控制不佳可能导致多种并发症发生,家庭的照顾和关怀对促进病人康复和提高生活质量至关重要。家庭关怀度较高的病人获取的信息、情感和物质支持较丰富,其更有信心和动力面对疾病,有利于促进病人采取健康的生活方式。建议护理人员加强对病人家庭成员的健康知识教育,增强病人与家庭成员间的沟通,可通过定期举行家庭会议,讨论家庭成员的健康状况和需求,优化家庭环境,从而提高病人的并发症风险感知水平。
本研究结果显示,相较于低风险感知-高乐观偏差型,领悟社会支持水平较高的病人归属于中风险感知-低个人控制型、高风险感知-综合型的概率较大(P<0.05),与邹晓慧[31]的研究结果有相似之处。社会支持的核心功能是缓解各种压力事件(如疾病)对个体的身心健康以及职业发展产生的负面影响,个体获得的社会支持较多,其在面对风险事件时会有更强烈的积极预期,从而能够有效感知疾病风险[32]。而个体缺乏社会支持可能更容易自我忽视,导致对自身并发症风险的感知水平较低。因此,护理工作者应重视中青年糖尿病病人社会支持体系的构建,引导病人主动寻求外界支持,促进病人与医护人员或病友进行积极沟通,同时邀请病友现身说法,对糖尿病并发症的诱因以及危害进行详细解读,从而提高病人的并发症风险感知水平。
中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知存在群体异质性,可分为低风险感知-高乐观偏差型、中风险感知-低个人控制型以及高风险感知-综合型3个潜在类别。提高中青年糖尿病病人对并发症风险的认识,需要病人、家庭、社会和医疗机构共同努力。建议护理人员在临床实践过程中根据不同类别的中青年2型糖尿病病人并发症风险感知特征制订、采取针对性的干预措施。本研究调查对象来自2所医院,样本量相对较少,今后可开展多中心、大样本研究,增强样本代表性。此外,未来可进行相关纵向研究,为进一步实施精准、有效的阶段性护理干预提供理论指导。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.06.007
  • 接收时间:2025-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-03-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-11
  • 修回日期:2025-12-24
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    1郑州大学第一附属医院,河南 450052
    2四川大学华西医院

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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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