Article(id=1322168872191505168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168583854080893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750867200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-26, revisedDate=1775145600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159223839, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159223839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159223839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159223839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168583854080893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='1241', pageEnd='1424', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159155095, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159155095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1328, endPage=1332, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168872426386193, articleId=1322168872191505168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Nursing care of patients with recurrent and refractory malignant tumors undergoing T cell receptor-engineered T cell therapy, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To summarize the nursing care of patients with recurrent and refractory malignant tumors undergoing T cell receptor-engineered T cell(TCR-T) therapy.

Methods

The treatment and nursing measures for 4 patients with recurrent and refractory malignant tumors undergoing TCR-T therapy were reviewed,including fever care,bone marrow suppression care,renal function impairment care,monitoring of neurotoxic reactions,and psychological care.

Results

Through meticulous treatment and care,all 4 patients successfully completed TCR-T therapy and were discharged.

Conclusions

Through the thorough understanding and effective management of the adverse reactions caused by TCR-T cell therapy,it was possible to enhance the safety and efficacy of the treatment for patients.

, authors=Hongyan HUANG, Wenli CHEN, Shaou LU, Cuicui ZHANG, Haihong CHEN, Mengjie LU, Limei HE, authorsList=Hongyan HUANG, Wenli CHEN, Shaou LU, Cuicui ZHANG, Haihong CHEN, Mengjie LU, Limei HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongyan HUANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HUANG Hongyan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168873550459667, articleId=1322168872191505168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人行T细胞受体工程T细胞疗法的护理, columnId=1220689488938980091, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=综合研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

总结复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人行T细胞受体工程T细胞(TCR-T)疗法的护理。

方法

梳理4例复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人行TCR-T的治疗与护理措施,包括发热护理、骨髓抑制护理、肾功能损害护理、神经毒性反应监测及心理护理。

结果

经过精心治疗与护理,4例病人均顺利完成TCR-T治疗出院。

结论

通过对TCR-T细胞治疗不良反应的深入了解和有效管理,有助于提高治疗的安全性和有效性。

, authors=黄红燕, 陈文丽, 陆沙鸥, 张翠翠, 陈海红, 陆梦洁, 何利美, authorsList=黄红燕, 陈文丽, 陆沙鸥, 张翠翠, 陈海红, 陆梦洁, 何利美, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=黄红燕, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
HUANG Hongyan, E-mail:
黄红燕,副主任护师,本科,E-mail:
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复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人行T细胞受体工程T细胞疗法的护理
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黄红燕 , 陈文丽 , 陆沙鸥 , 张翠翠 , 陈海红 , 陆梦洁 , 何利美
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(8): 1328-1332
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (8) : 1328 -1332
复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人行T细胞受体工程T细胞疗法的护理
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黄红燕 , 陈文丽, 陆沙鸥, 张翠翠, 陈海红, 陆梦洁, 何利美
作者信息
  • 1广西医科大学第一附属医院,广西 530021
通讯作者:
HUANG Hongyan, E-mail:
黄红燕,副主任护师,本科,E-mail:
Nursing care of patients with recurrent and refractory malignant tumors undergoing T cell receptor-engineered T cell therapy
Hongyan HUANG , Wenli CHEN, Shaou LU, Cuicui ZHANG, Haihong CHEN, Mengjie LU, Limei HE
Affiliations
  • 1The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi 530021 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    HUANG Hongyan, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.012
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目的

总结复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人行T细胞受体工程T细胞(TCR-T)疗法的护理。

方法

梳理4例复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人行TCR-T的治疗与护理措施,包括发热护理、骨髓抑制护理、肾功能损害护理、神经毒性反应监测及心理护理。

结果

经过精心治疗与护理,4例病人均顺利完成TCR-T治疗出院。

结论

通过对TCR-T细胞治疗不良反应的深入了解和有效管理,有助于提高治疗的安全性和有效性。

T细胞受体工程T细胞疗法  /  免疫治疗  /  不良反应  /  护理
Objective

To summarize the nursing care of patients with recurrent and refractory malignant tumors undergoing T cell receptor-engineered T cell(TCR-T) therapy.

Methods

The treatment and nursing measures for 4 patients with recurrent and refractory malignant tumors undergoing TCR-T therapy were reviewed,including fever care,bone marrow suppression care,renal function impairment care,monitoring of neurotoxic reactions,and psychological care.

Results

Through meticulous treatment and care,all 4 patients successfully completed TCR-T therapy and were discharged.

Conclusions

Through the thorough understanding and effective management of the adverse reactions caused by TCR-T cell therapy,it was possible to enhance the safety and efficacy of the treatment for patients.

T cell receptor-engineered T cell therapy  /  immunotherapy  /  adverse reactions  /  nursing
黄红燕, 陈文丽, 陆沙鸥, 张翠翠, 陈海红, 陆梦洁, 何利美. 复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人行T细胞受体工程T细胞疗法的护理. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1328 -1332 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.012
Hongyan HUANG, Wenli CHEN, Shaou LU, Cuicui ZHANG, Haihong CHEN, Mengjie LU, Limei HE. Nursing care of patients with recurrent and refractory malignant tumors undergoing T cell receptor-engineered T cell therapy[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1328 -1332 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.012
GLOBOCAN 2022数据显示,全球新发癌症病例达到1 996万例,癌症死亡人数为974万例,预计到2050年,新的癌症病例数将攀升至3 500万例[1],癌症已成为世界范围内的一大重要公共卫生问题。传统的手术、放疗和化疗在许多实体瘤的治疗中效果有限,T细胞受体工程T细胞(T cell receptor-engineered T cell,TCR-T)疗法因其在精准识别和杀伤肿瘤细胞方面的独特优势,是近年来新兴且发展前景广阔的免疫治疗[2]。有研究表明,在晚期或复发性实体瘤病人的临床试验中,TCR-T疗法显示出显著的治疗前景,但治疗效果获益的同时常伴随着不良事件的发生[3],细胞因子释放综合征、靶向毒性及脱靶毒性等,包括听力受损、心肌损伤甚至致命的神经毒性,这些都为该疗法的临床应用带来了挑战[4]。此外,由于高昂的生产成本和扩大生产的复杂性,这种疗法在临床中尚未广泛应用,国内外对其治疗和护理的经验仍然非常有限,亟须更多研究和临床经验评估治疗的安全性和有效性[5]。本研究通过对2023年6月—2024年6月入组TCR-T细胞治疗晚期恶性实体瘤的临床研究的4例病人应用情况进行梳理,对常见的不良反应和护理干预措施进行总结以提供实践经验。4例病人均为经多种治疗方法后的复发难治性恶性肿瘤病人,经过接受定制化TCR-T细胞输注治疗后,顺利完成了治疗,早期评估疗效好,现将护理经验报告如下。
4例病人经组织学确诊为晚期实体瘤,均为男性,年龄54(47,61)岁。病例1为左肾透明细胞癌并双肺转移;病例2为结肠恶性肿瘤并两肺、纵隔及右侧髂血管周围淋巴结多发转移瘤;病例3为输尿管恶性肿瘤并腹主动脉及两侧髂血管旁、腹股沟区、纵隔淋巴结转移;病例4为食管恶性肿瘤并颈部、食管上段右前方及纵隔淋巴结转移,均为经过多种治疗方法后进展的难治性晚期恶性肿瘤,临床分期均为Ⅳ期。本研究经我院伦理委员会审批(编号:2025-E0114)。
4例病人回输治疗期间,均出现了不同程度的毒性反应,其中最常见的不良反应是发热、骨髓抑制,1例退热后出现低血压,1例合并脓毒血症,1例出现急性肾功能损害,所有治疗相关不良事件均可逆转,未出现与不良事件相关的死亡病例,均顺利完成TCR-T治疗出院。按照研究计划完成了不同阶段的临床随访,短期返院评估,2例病人部分缓解(partial response,PR),1例疾病稳定(stable disease,SD),1例疾病进展(progressive disease,PD)。后续随访:2例病人死亡,生存时间<4个月,1例病情稳定,按期随访至研究出组,生存时间>21个月,1例病情进展后退出研究,生存时间>4个月。
4例病人经过全面评估,均符合TCR-T治疗标准,在治疗前医护人员共同与病人及家属进行沟通治疗相关内容,详细说明治疗流程及重点环节,如淋巴细胞清除预处理及细胞回输的要求及注意事项等,病人在了解可能益处和风险后,理解并自愿参加该临床研究,签署知情同意书。
排除禁忌后由血液内科医护专业团队协助进行外周血单个核细胞采集术,相关机构完成TCR-T细胞制备。在采集过程中,1例病人按计划上机后,因精神紧张、血压升高,致血液流速慢,经减慢采血速度、保暖等对症处理仍无法缓解及配合继续采集,故未完成采集。该例病人经积极宣教和心理干预后顺利完成第2次采集。
由肿瘤内科医护团队进行淋巴细胞清除预处理及回输条件充分评估,4例病人均采用氟达拉滨注射液联合环磷酰胺注射液方案进行预处理,同时给予护肝、止吐、护肾、水化等对症支持治疗[6]。
4例病人均按计划进行TCR-T细胞输注。1)回输前医护人员共同对病人临床状态进行评估,完善实验室检查,动态观察体温、心率、血压、氧合情况、有无活动性感染和严重器官功能不全等情况,排除禁忌;2)输注前予解热镇痛药物和抗组胺类药物以减少回输过程的输液反应,予心电监护仪及指脉氧监测,观察病情变化;3)输注中根据病人实际生产获得TCR-T进行分次分剂量回输;4)输注中、输注后密切观察不良反应;5)回输后2 h监测实验室指标,动态进行实验室检查及评估,对不良反应及时发现、处理和疗效评价具有重要意义。
细胞因子释放综合征(cytokine release syndrome,CRS)为免疫治疗常见的并发症,早期通常表现为发热,严重CRS是一种非常严重且危及生命的并发症,临床特征是持续高热、过度炎症和严重的器官功能障碍,CRS通常发生在细胞输注后1~10 d[7]。研究指出,接受细胞免疫治疗病人可同时发生CRS和感染,以细胞输注后早期常见,首次感染可发生在细胞输注后6 d,但重症感染早期识别存在盲区[8]。发热作为两者重要特征,CRS与感染常常难以鉴别,因此,围治疗期应对病人病情变化动态评估,做好预见性护理对促进早期合理治疗至关重要[9]。
4例病人在接受TCR-T细胞注射液回输后出现不同程度发热,发热起始时间均在细胞回输24 h内出现,发热高峰均超过39.3 ℃,峰值波动在39.3~40.5 ℃,发热后温度达高峰时间多出现在回输后48~72 h。在不良反应方面,细胞输注后短暂和轻微的发热通常是可控的,这可能反映了TCR-T细胞靶向肿瘤抗原时的初始免疫激活[10]。本组2例病人经物理降温、按需使用非甾体抗炎药等对症处理后症状缓解;2例病人出现咳嗽、咳痰伴反复发热,查感染性指标增高出现肺部感染,治疗过程肺部感染加重,且合并细菌及真菌感染,其发热特点为高热出现早且发热持续时间长,表现为反复高热不退伴畏寒、寒战。围治疗期感染防治护理重点围绕以下3个方面。1)体温监测时间点前移。既往资料表明,若病人在接受淋巴细胞清除前已存在感染,其细胞输注后发生感染进展的风险显著升高,甚至可能发展为重症或致命性感染[8]。围治疗期从开始进行淋巴细胞清除前起即进行体温监测,做好预见性护理有助于识别早期存在活动性感染的病人,若出现明确感染时暂缓输注。2)做好病人风险评估和预防。研究指出,CRS和感染集中在细胞回输早期,最常见的感染部位是呼吸道和与中心静脉导管/血流相关的感染[11]。围治疗期密切关注病人精神、咳嗽、咳痰等一般情况变化,做好中心静脉置管护理,充分了解病人身体状况和感染风险,动态监测、评估有助于在发生病情变化时及时报告,为医生综合评估和感染的鉴别提供辅助证据。3)寒战高热护理。进行药物降温时,对于退热后出汗较多的病人要注意血容量过低情况的发生,退热过程中密切观察血压变化,药物处理前要测量血压,以便前后对比,尤其在使用药物退热时要警惕基础血压偏低的病人[12]。
骨髓抑制是抗肿瘤治疗过程中最常见的血液学毒性,并且可能会导致一系列并发症而危及病人生命[13]。骨髓抑制所带来的免疫低下是脓毒症发生的重要因素之一,当病人处于深度免疫抑制状态会进一步增加感染和败血症的风险[14]。早期识别、及时抗菌治疗、维持重要脏器灌注和氧合状态、动态监测炎症标志物等是治疗核心[14],及早干预有助于降低脓毒症病死率[15]。
根据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)抗癌药物急性及亚急性毒性反应分度作为骨髓抑制判定标准。本组病人接受预处理TCR-T细胞注射液回输前的淋巴细胞清除预处理后发生Ⅱ度骨髓抑制1例,Ⅲ度骨髓抑制2例,Ⅳ度骨髓抑制1例。免疫治疗血液毒性常表现为血细胞减少、中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少等不良事件[16-17]。4例病人在淋巴细胞清除预处理后1周出现血液毒性不良事件,主要表现为白细胞计数、血红蛋白、血小板计数及中性粒细胞计数有不同程度下降,在TCR-T细胞注射液回输后48~76 h降到最低值,经对症处理后好转。其中1例重度骨髓抑制病人,在细胞回输后第2天血常规检验结果明显异常,白细胞计数0.2×109/L,血红蛋白61 g/L,血小板计数36×109/L,中性粒细胞绝对值0.1×109/L,持续高热,继发脓毒血症。医疗和护理团队高度重视,下书面病危通知,治疗上加强抗感染治疗,予丙种球蛋白提高免疫力、升白细胞、升血小板、吸氧等对症处理,密切监测实验室指标,动态调整治疗方案。1)做好隔离保护:转入单间简易层流床房间,要求陪护者均佩戴口罩,固定陪护者,避免探视,做好接触管理,预防交叉感染;2)基础护理落实到位:加强口腔、会阴、泌尿道的卫生清洁,指导病人即使在未进食的情况下,也应按医嘱频次进行漱口,避免隐匿部位感染,基础护理关键环节落实;3)风险防范管理:告知病人及家属出血典型临床表现,反复强调引起出血的危险因素,经指导病人及家属能够有效应对,未发生出血现象;4)保证抗菌药物按时输注:动态观察实验室指标变化趋势,关注病人主诉,及时调整方案。经过以上处理,病人感染得到有效控制,体温正常,白细胞计数及中性粒细胞恢复正常,后稳定出院。
研究显示,恶性肿瘤病人以及泌尿系统恶性肿瘤病人更容易合并肾脏损伤[18],在免疫治疗中急性肾损伤(AKI)与CRS严重程度、化疗预处理密切相关[19]。本组2例病人均为泌尿系统恶性肿瘤,其中1例病人治疗过程肾功能损害加重,短期内体重增加5 kg,全身水肿明显,化疗预处理及细胞回输后短期内血清肌酐(SCr)水平由治疗前122 μmol/L升高至266 μmol/L,根据2012年改善全球肾脏病预后组织(KDIGO)临床实践指南[20],SCr升高至基线水平的2~3倍为AKI 2期。病人出现容量超负荷是逐渐积累的过程,当出入量正平衡累积到一定天数和量才会出现明显症状[21]。护理人员作为出入量记录的主导者,临床实践中需重视24 h出入量的观察,研究表明,累积液体平衡量会增加重症病人发生急性左心衰、急性肾损伤等不良预后风险[22]。精细化的容量管理作为心力衰竭等不良事件发生的预防手段十分重要。护理工作主要围绕:1)精确记录包括饮食、饮水、输液量、尿量、大便量、呼吸道及皮肤的额外失水量等出入量情况;2)动态观察病人是否有颜面浮肿、四肢浮肿、胸闷、气促等容量负荷过重表现;3)医护人员共同确定每日容量管理目标,保证病人每日出入量平衡或负平衡,同时密切关注电解质情况。通过严格控制病人出入量平衡、监测体重及中心静脉压、动态监测肾功能指标、护肾、适当利尿等对症处理,病人水肿减轻,体重由最高70 kg回落至60 kg,SCr水平降至111 μmol/L。因此,免疫治疗期间需关注病人肾功能的变化,尤其是原发泌尿系统恶性肿瘤病人。此外,准确记录24 h出入量和体重的变化,动态评估容量状态,早期识别单日正平衡量小但出现多日累计液体正平衡的病人,对于肾功能损害出现容量负荷的早期识别,积极进行有效的容量管理,对于改善预后具有重要意义[23]。
免疫效应细胞相关神经毒性综合征(ICANS)是免疫治疗后的一种严重并发症,症状表现多样,病人可能会出现昏迷或癫痫发作,病情进展时甚至会导致死亡,需要严密监测和及时治疗,护理工作可借助标准化评估工具进行量化评估与监测[24]。美国移植和细胞治疗学会(ASTCT)共识指南[25]建议使用经改进的免疫效应细胞相关脑病(ICE)筛选工具,ICE评分包括方向、命名、遵嘱命令、写作和注意力5个方面,适用于成年人。护理人员在细胞输注后依据 ICE 评分对病人进行每日筛查及评分,4例病人每日评分均为10分,未出现严重的神经毒性反应。
本组病人面对癌症复发、转移,经历手术、化疗、免疫、靶向等多种综合治疗方法但病情仍在进展,最终选择TCR-T免疫治疗,渴望新型治疗模式能带给他们希望。病人一方面表现出对TCR-T细胞治疗带来的积极疗效表示期待,另一方面又担心技术不成熟而影响治疗效果,或担心承受不了不良反应等多方面负面情绪,治疗期望与治疗顾虑矛盾交织造成病人情绪波动较大[26-27]。
终末期病人作为临床试验的受试者,面临的挑战远超常人。长期的疾病折磨不仅对病人个人造成极大的身心痛苦,还给家庭带来了沉重的经济和情感负担。这种状况使得病人在任何试验中遭遇困难时精神与身体上都显得格外脆弱[28]。采用医患共同决策模式,让病人参与决策,医方在进行客观评估的基础上,对病人进行充分、有效告知,医患双方围绕治疗决策进行商议,共同作出决定,让沟通贯穿整个治疗过程,可以帮助患方建立对治疗的合理预期,进而理性做出选择性决定。这种人性化的模式使病人在知情的基础上更多地参与决策过程,病人不再处于完全被动的角色,对于治疗有积极意义,能更有效地应对治疗过程所带来的不良反应[29]。
TCR-T疗法作为实体瘤重要的治疗手段之一,在新药早期临床试验中的应用仍面临诸多挑战。不同类型肿瘤的治疗疗效和不良反应均有所差异。本研究通过对4例接受TCR-T细胞治疗临床研究的晚期实体瘤病人进行全程护理观察,并对护理中的不良反应给予针对性的护理评估,确保临床试验可以顺利进行,通过进一步总结和归纳,以便更好地识别输注治疗不良反应的风险,为制定不良反应管理措施提供参考依据,也为从事临床免疫治疗的医疗工作者提供科学经验。但本研究入组例数较少,未来仍需继续总结TCR-T临床应用过程中的护理经验,不断完善流程,改善病人预后。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.012
  • 接收时间:2025-06-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-26
  • 修回日期:2026-04-03
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    1广西医科大学第一附属医院,广西 530021

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HUANG Hongyan, E-mail:
黄红燕,副主任护师,本科,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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