Article(id=1322168745624195968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168329855418548, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=1772553600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159193663, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159193663, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159193663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159193663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168329855418548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='7', pageStart='1057', pageEnd='1240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159094536, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159094536, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1198, endPage=1207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168746081375105, articleId=1322168745624195968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Application of music therapy in the respiratory training of patients with spinal cord injury:a scoping review, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To conduct a scope review of the research on the application of music therapy in respiratory training of spinal cord injury,in order to analyze the screening of intervention subjects in the application of music therapy in respiratory training for spinal cord injury,identify the form and specific content,evaluation indicators and application effects of music therapy in respiratory training for spinal cord injury,so as to provide reference for medical staff to carry out relevant interventions and research.

Methods

Based on the Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI) scope review guide as the methodological framework,relevant studies in CNKI,WanFang database,VIP database,Chinese Biomedical Literature database,PubMed,Web of Science,EMbase,CINAHL were searched.The search was conducted by combining subject words,free words and Boolean logical conjunctive words.The retrieval period spanned from the establishment of the database to March 30,2025.The included literature was summarized and analyzed.

Results

A total of 6 papers were included,including 5 randomized controlled trials and 1 quasi-experimental study.The inclusion criteria for patients with spinal cord injury before music therapy were formulated from five aspects:age,injury level,injury degree,activity ability and disease duration,and the exclusion criteria were formulated from three aspects:cognitive level,music learning situation and disease history.The elements of music therapy include oral motor respiratory exercise(OMREX),therapeutic singing(TS),vocal intonation therapy(VIT),and vocal respiratory training(VRT).The intervention frequency was at least 3-5 times per week,the intervention intensity was 30-60 minutes per time,and the intervention duration was mostly 12 weeks.The application of music therapy in respiratory training for spinal cord injury has shown good effects,which can improve the respiratory function,respiratory neural plasticity,auxiliary respiratory muscle activity,sound quality,and health-related quality of life and psychological state of patients.

Conclusions

Music therapy has a positive effect on the rehabilitation of respiratory function in patients with spinal cord injury.Future research should enhance interdisciplinary collaboration,integrate artificial intelligence and virtual simulation technologies,and explore personalized music therapy strategies under the background of "Internet+nursing services",providing a more comprehensive solution for the overall rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries.

, authors=Lei WANG1, Xiaoli JIANG1, Yashi ZOU1, Jinyi LI2, Chunmei LUO1, authorsList=Lei WANG, Xiaoli JIANG, Yashi ZOU, Jinyi LI, Chunmei LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunmei LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LUO Chunmei, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168748178527108, articleId=1322168745624195968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中应用的范围综述, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

旨在对音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中应用的研究进行范围审查,分析音乐疗法应用于脊髓损伤呼吸训练时干预对象的筛选,识别音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练应用中的形式和具体内容、评价指标和应用效果,以期为医护人员开展相关干预及研究提供参考。

方法

以澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(JBI)范围综述指南为方法学框架,检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、CINAHL中相关研究。采用主题词、自由词及布尔逻辑连接词结合的方法进行检索,检索时限从建库至2025年3月30日。对纳入文献进行汇总和分析。

结果

共纳入6篇文献,包括5篇随机对照试验,1篇类试验研究。从年龄、损伤平面、损伤程度、活动能力、病程5个方面制定音乐疗法前脊髓损伤病人的纳入标准,从认知水平、音乐学习情况、疾病史3个方面制定排除标准。音乐疗法的形式涵盖口腔运动呼吸练习(OMREX)、治疗性歌唱(TS)、声音音调治疗(VIT)和声乐呼吸训练(VRT),且多采取联合干预。干预频次多为每周至少3~5次,干预强度为每次30~60 min,干预时间多为持续12周。音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中的应用显示出较好的效果,可改善病人的呼吸功能、呼吸中枢神经可塑性、辅助呼吸肌活动、声音质量,以及与健康相关的生活质量和心理状态。

结论

音乐疗法对脊髓损伤病人呼吸功能的康复有积极的应用效果。未来研究应加强跨学科协作,结合人工智能、虚拟仿真技术,探究在“互联网+护理服务”背景下实施个性化的音乐疗法策略,为脊髓损伤病人的整体康复提供更全面的解决方案。

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王蕾,主管护师,硕士研究生

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罗春梅,E-mail:
LUO Chunmei, E-mail:
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song, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530404435873810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=32, issue=4, pageStart=354, pageEnd=357, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=郭艳苏, 曹河圻, journalName=中国科学基金, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭艳苏,曹河圻.国家自然科学基金委员会医学科学部,等.脊髓损伤再生修复研究现状及展望[J].中国科学基金,2018,32(4):354-357., articleTitle=国家自然科学基金委员会医学科学部,, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530404498788371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=19, issue=11, pageStart=665, pageEnd=668, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=郝世杰, 邹建鹏, journalName=神经损伤与功能重建, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郝世杰,邹建鹏.山东中医药大学康复医学院,等.神经调控技术治疗脊髓损伤后呼吸功能障碍的机制及研究进展[J].神经损伤与功能重建,2024,19(11):665-668., articleTitle=山东中医药大学康复医学院,, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530404561702932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=2, pageStart=154, pageEnd=157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=张维涛, 李威, journalName=国际医学放射学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张维涛,李威.音乐训练相关的神经可塑性成像研究进展[J].国际医学放射学杂志,2019(2):154-157., articleTitle=音乐训练相关的神经可塑性成像研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530404637200405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=152, pageEnd=224, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=BOMBARDIER C H, AZUERO C B, FANN J R, journalName=Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BOMBARDIER C H,AZUERO C B,FANN J R,et al.Management of mental health disorders,substance use disorders,and suicide in adults with spinal cord injury:clinical practice guideline for healthcare providers[J].Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation,2021,27(2):152-224., articleTitle=Management of mental health disorders,substance use disorders,and suicide in adults with spinal cord injury:clinical practice guideline for healthcare providers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530404700114966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=38, issue=2, pageStart=190, pageEnd=192, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=秦颖, 王玫, 童瑞, journalName=解放军医学院学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=秦颖,王玫,童瑞,等.音乐疗法的临床研究现状及展望[J].解放军医学院学报,2017,38(2):190-192., articleTitle=音乐疗法的临床研究现状及展望, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322530391077016514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530391097988035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, companyId=1322530391077016514, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530391114765252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, companyId=1322530391077016514, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陆军军医大学第二附属医院(骨科),重庆 400037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322530391244788677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530391257371590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, companyId=1322530391244788677, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Department of Medical Humanities, Army Medical University), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530391269954503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, companyId=1322530391244788677, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2陆军军医大学医学人文教研室)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322530396596720621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flow chart of literature screening, figureFileSmall=a++RL71A6wb5w9+vYUF94g==, figureFileBig=WFAFRroqJ8W8QUqWnTYuhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530396680606702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, language=CN, label=图1, caption=文献筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=a++RL71A6wb5w9+vYUF94g==, figureFileBig=WFAFRroqJ8W8QUqWnTYuhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530397968258031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of the included studies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献发表时间国家研究类型干预对象样本量(例)干预措施实施干预人员干预形式干预频率/周期评价指标(时间)
试验组对照组试验组对照组
Tamplin等[16]2013年澳大利亚随机对照研究慢性四肢瘫痪病人1311口腔运动呼吸练习+治疗性歌唱音乐欣赏和放松团体(3人或4人)至少3次/周,每次1 h,持续12周呼吸功能(T0/T2/T3)、辅助呼吸肌活动(T0/T2)、声音质量(T0/T2/T3)、与健康相关的生活质量、(T0/T2/T3)、与健康相关的心理状态(T0/T2)
Tamplin等[15]2014年澳大利亚随机对照研究慢性四肢瘫痪病人1212口腔运动呼吸练习+治疗性歌唱音乐欣赏和放松团体(3人或4人)至少3次/周,每次1 h,持续12周声音质量(T0/T2/T3)
Zhang等[14]2021年中国随机对照研究脊髓损伤病人99口腔运动呼吸练习+声音音调治疗呼吸控制练习+缩唇呼吸音乐治疗师、
呼吸治疗师
一对一5次/周,每次30 min,持续12周呼吸功能(T0/T1/T2)、声音质量(T0/T1/T2)、与健康相关的生活质量(T0/T2)
Zhang等[13]2022年中国随机对照研究脊髓损伤病人1313声乐呼吸训练呼吸控制练习+缩唇呼吸+呼吸物理治疗音乐治疗师、
呼吸治疗师
一对一5次/周,每次30 min,持续12周呼吸功能(T0/T1/T2)、呼吸中枢神经可塑性(T0/T2)
Zhang等[12]2022年中国随机对照研究脊髓损伤病人99声音音调治疗呼吸发声疗法音乐治疗师、
呼吸治疗师
一对一5次/周,每次30 min,持续12周声音质量(T0/T1/T2)
Ramli等[11]2024年马来西亚类试验研究脊髓损伤病人13声音音调治疗:不同音乐参数的唱歌训练常规护理1次,45~75 min辅助呼吸肌活动(唱歌前后)
), ArticleFig(id=1322530399889249265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入文献研究的基本特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献发表时间国家研究类型干预对象样本量(例)干预措施实施干预人员干预形式干预频率/周期评价指标(时间)
试验组对照组试验组对照组
Tamplin等[16]2013年澳大利亚随机对照研究慢性四肢瘫痪病人1311口腔运动呼吸练习+治疗性歌唱音乐欣赏和放松团体(3人或4人)至少3次/周,每次1 h,持续12周呼吸功能(T0/T2/T3)、辅助呼吸肌活动(T0/T2)、声音质量(T0/T2/T3)、与健康相关的生活质量、(T0/T2/T3)、与健康相关的心理状态(T0/T2)
Tamplin等[15]2014年澳大利亚随机对照研究慢性四肢瘫痪病人1212口腔运动呼吸练习+治疗性歌唱音乐欣赏和放松团体(3人或4人)至少3次/周,每次1 h,持续12周声音质量(T0/T2/T3)
Zhang等[14]2021年中国随机对照研究脊髓损伤病人99口腔运动呼吸练习+声音音调治疗呼吸控制练习+缩唇呼吸音乐治疗师、
呼吸治疗师
一对一5次/周,每次30 min,持续12周呼吸功能(T0/T1/T2)、声音质量(T0/T1/T2)、与健康相关的生活质量(T0/T2)
Zhang等[13]2022年中国随机对照研究脊髓损伤病人1313声乐呼吸训练呼吸控制练习+缩唇呼吸+呼吸物理治疗音乐治疗师、
呼吸治疗师
一对一5次/周,每次30 min,持续12周呼吸功能(T0/T1/T2)、呼吸中枢神经可塑性(T0/T2)
Zhang等[12]2022年中国随机对照研究脊髓损伤病人99声音音调治疗呼吸发声疗法音乐治疗师、
呼吸治疗师
一对一5次/周,每次30 min,持续12周声音质量(T0/T1/T2)
Ramli等[11]2024年马来西亚类试验研究脊髓损伤病人13声音音调治疗:不同音乐参数的唱歌训练常规护理1次,45~75 min辅助呼吸肌活动(唱歌前后)
), ArticleFig(id=1322530399973135346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The forms and specific contents of music therapy in the included studies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献发表时间音乐疗法的形式音乐疗法的具体内容
Tamplin等[16]2013年口腔运动呼吸练习+治疗性歌唱①首先指导病人进行发声练习,包括持续的元音(a、e、i、o、u)训练、阅读标准口语段落(标准段落:Rainbow Passage)
②然后阅读1首熟悉的歌曲歌词并进行演唱(歌曲:Happy Birthday)
Tamplin等[15]2014年口腔运动呼吸练习+治疗性歌唱①首先指导病人进行发声练习,包括持续的元音(a、e、i、o、u)训练、阅读标准口语段落(标准段落:Rainbow Passage)
②然后阅读1首熟悉的歌曲歌词并进行演唱(歌曲:Happy Birthday)
Zhang等[14]2021年口腔运动呼吸练习+声音音调治疗①前10 min:音乐治疗师指导病人进行吸气和呼气训练,通过读1个长单音符(元音“o”,8个小节)和以短的旋律间隔断断续续地歌唱(“u”,4个小节)作为唱歌训练的准备
②中间15 min:病人采用交替调性练习的旋律音程方式进行元音演唱(4个小节),然后采用交替调性练习的短旋律线方式进行辅音演唱(17~21小节)
③最后5 min:病人演唱特定的中文歌曲,如《兰花草》《山楂树》《乡村的小路》
Zhang等[13]2022年声乐呼吸训练①前10 min:音乐治疗师带领病人唱一段短曲(24个小节),引导病人以断奏的方式唱出短旋律,增强腹肌力量
②中间10 min:音乐治疗师引导病人用不同的音调旋律线方式进行元音演唱(40个小节)
③最后10 min:病人演唱特定的歌曲(选自中国音乐家协会《全国成年人声乐考级曲集3级或4级》)
Zhang等[12]2022年声音音调治疗①暖嗓(vocal warming):音乐治疗师指导病人从行板速度(约每分钟72拍)开始练习单声道发声,采用胸腹联合吸气的方式将呼吸拉向腰部和腹部隔膜,并反复练习
②声调练习(vocal intonation):音乐治疗师指导病人在快速吸气后练习单声发声(4/4节拍),即以元音、辅音和不同音调的旋律重复20次
③有节奏的音调练习(rhythmic induced intonation):通过唱歌加强音调训练,唱歌从强度适中的节奏开始(每分钟96拍),逐渐加快节奏,提高隔膜的活动度,最后以自然语音的音量大声朗读歌词,使口语交流的发声功能正常化
Ramli等[11]2024年声音音调治疗:不同音乐参数的唱歌训练①研究团队根据歌曲的节奏(快-慢)和节奏的复杂性(难-易)以及音高(低-高)将歌曲设定为4个不同类别,包括慢-易-低音(slow tempo easy low pitch,SEL)、慢-易-高音(slow tempo easy high pitch,SEH)、快-难-低音(fast tempo hard low pitch,FHL)、快-难-高音(fast tempo hard high pitch,FHH),由8名专业的音乐家从48首歌曲中选取具有一致节奏、音高和复杂性的片段,包括主歌和副歌,每首歌曲片段40~80 s
②病人从不同类别歌曲中各选择1首歌曲进行演唱,根据预先录制的音乐片段提示进行演唱,每首歌曲唱3遍,每唱2首可休息5 min,每例病人需要在45~75 min完成训练
), ArticleFig(id=1322530400073798643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168745624195968, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

纳入文献音乐疗法的形式和具体内容

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入文献发表时间音乐疗法的形式音乐疗法的具体内容
Tamplin等[16]2013年口腔运动呼吸练习+治疗性歌唱①首先指导病人进行发声练习,包括持续的元音(a、e、i、o、u)训练、阅读标准口语段落(标准段落:Rainbow Passage)
②然后阅读1首熟悉的歌曲歌词并进行演唱(歌曲:Happy Birthday)
Tamplin等[15]2014年口腔运动呼吸练习+治疗性歌唱①首先指导病人进行发声练习,包括持续的元音(a、e、i、o、u)训练、阅读标准口语段落(标准段落:Rainbow Passage)
②然后阅读1首熟悉的歌曲歌词并进行演唱(歌曲:Happy Birthday)
Zhang等[14]2021年口腔运动呼吸练习+声音音调治疗①前10 min:音乐治疗师指导病人进行吸气和呼气训练,通过读1个长单音符(元音“o”,8个小节)和以短的旋律间隔断断续续地歌唱(“u”,4个小节)作为唱歌训练的准备
②中间15 min:病人采用交替调性练习的旋律音程方式进行元音演唱(4个小节),然后采用交替调性练习的短旋律线方式进行辅音演唱(17~21小节)
③最后5 min:病人演唱特定的中文歌曲,如《兰花草》《山楂树》《乡村的小路》
Zhang等[13]2022年声乐呼吸训练①前10 min:音乐治疗师带领病人唱一段短曲(24个小节),引导病人以断奏的方式唱出短旋律,增强腹肌力量
②中间10 min:音乐治疗师引导病人用不同的音调旋律线方式进行元音演唱(40个小节)
③最后10 min:病人演唱特定的歌曲(选自中国音乐家协会《全国成年人声乐考级曲集3级或4级》)
Zhang等[12]2022年声音音调治疗①暖嗓(vocal warming):音乐治疗师指导病人从行板速度(约每分钟72拍)开始练习单声道发声,采用胸腹联合吸气的方式将呼吸拉向腰部和腹部隔膜,并反复练习
②声调练习(vocal intonation):音乐治疗师指导病人在快速吸气后练习单声发声(4/4节拍),即以元音、辅音和不同音调的旋律重复20次
③有节奏的音调练习(rhythmic induced intonation):通过唱歌加强音调训练,唱歌从强度适中的节奏开始(每分钟96拍),逐渐加快节奏,提高隔膜的活动度,最后以自然语音的音量大声朗读歌词,使口语交流的发声功能正常化
Ramli等[11]2024年声音音调治疗:不同音乐参数的唱歌训练①研究团队根据歌曲的节奏(快-慢)和节奏的复杂性(难-易)以及音高(低-高)将歌曲设定为4个不同类别,包括慢-易-低音(slow tempo easy low pitch,SEL)、慢-易-高音(slow tempo easy high pitch,SEH)、快-难-低音(fast tempo hard low pitch,FHL)、快-难-高音(fast tempo hard high pitch,FHH),由8名专业的音乐家从48首歌曲中选取具有一致节奏、音高和复杂性的片段,包括主歌和副歌,每首歌曲片段40~80 s
②病人从不同类别歌曲中各选择1首歌曲进行演唱,根据预先录制的音乐片段提示进行演唱,每首歌曲唱3遍,每唱2首可休息5 min,每例病人需要在45~75 min完成训练
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音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中应用的范围综述
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王蕾 1 , 蒋小丽 1 , 邹雅诗 1 , 李瑾怡 2 , 罗春梅 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(7): 1198-1207
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (7) : 1198 -1207
音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中应用的范围综述
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王蕾1, 蒋小丽1, 邹雅诗1, 李瑾怡2, 罗春梅1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1陆军军医大学第二附属医院(骨科),重庆 400037
  • 2陆军军医大学医学人文教研室
通讯作者:
罗春梅,E-mail:
LUO Chunmei, E-mail:
作者简介:

王蕾,主管护师,硕士研究生

Application of music therapy in the respiratory training of patients with spinal cord injury:a scoping review
Lei WANG1, Xiaoli JIANG1, Yashi ZOU1, Jinyi LI2, Chunmei LUO1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Orthopedics, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400037 China
  • 2Department of Medical Humanities, Army Medical University
  • Corresponding Author:
    LUO Chunmei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.019
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目的

旨在对音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中应用的研究进行范围审查,分析音乐疗法应用于脊髓损伤呼吸训练时干预对象的筛选,识别音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练应用中的形式和具体内容、评价指标和应用效果,以期为医护人员开展相关干预及研究提供参考。

方法

以澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(JBI)范围综述指南为方法学框架,检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、CINAHL中相关研究。采用主题词、自由词及布尔逻辑连接词结合的方法进行检索,检索时限从建库至2025年3月30日。对纳入文献进行汇总和分析。

结果

共纳入6篇文献,包括5篇随机对照试验,1篇类试验研究。从年龄、损伤平面、损伤程度、活动能力、病程5个方面制定音乐疗法前脊髓损伤病人的纳入标准,从认知水平、音乐学习情况、疾病史3个方面制定排除标准。音乐疗法的形式涵盖口腔运动呼吸练习(OMREX)、治疗性歌唱(TS)、声音音调治疗(VIT)和声乐呼吸训练(VRT),且多采取联合干预。干预频次多为每周至少3~5次,干预强度为每次30~60 min,干预时间多为持续12周。音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中的应用显示出较好的效果,可改善病人的呼吸功能、呼吸中枢神经可塑性、辅助呼吸肌活动、声音质量,以及与健康相关的生活质量和心理状态。

结论

音乐疗法对脊髓损伤病人呼吸功能的康复有积极的应用效果。未来研究应加强跨学科协作,结合人工智能、虚拟仿真技术,探究在“互联网+护理服务”背景下实施个性化的音乐疗法策略,为脊髓损伤病人的整体康复提供更全面的解决方案。

音乐疗法  /  脊髓损伤  /  呼吸训练  /  范围综述  /  循证护理
Objective

To conduct a scope review of the research on the application of music therapy in respiratory training of spinal cord injury,in order to analyze the screening of intervention subjects in the application of music therapy in respiratory training for spinal cord injury,identify the form and specific content,evaluation indicators and application effects of music therapy in respiratory training for spinal cord injury,so as to provide reference for medical staff to carry out relevant interventions and research.

Methods

Based on the Joanna Briggs Institute(JBI) scope review guide as the methodological framework,relevant studies in CNKI,WanFang database,VIP database,Chinese Biomedical Literature database,PubMed,Web of Science,EMbase,CINAHL were searched.The search was conducted by combining subject words,free words and Boolean logical conjunctive words.The retrieval period spanned from the establishment of the database to March 30,2025.The included literature was summarized and analyzed.

Results

A total of 6 papers were included,including 5 randomized controlled trials and 1 quasi-experimental study.The inclusion criteria for patients with spinal cord injury before music therapy were formulated from five aspects:age,injury level,injury degree,activity ability and disease duration,and the exclusion criteria were formulated from three aspects:cognitive level,music learning situation and disease history.The elements of music therapy include oral motor respiratory exercise(OMREX),therapeutic singing(TS),vocal intonation therapy(VIT),and vocal respiratory training(VRT).The intervention frequency was at least 3-5 times per week,the intervention intensity was 30-60 minutes per time,and the intervention duration was mostly 12 weeks.The application of music therapy in respiratory training for spinal cord injury has shown good effects,which can improve the respiratory function,respiratory neural plasticity,auxiliary respiratory muscle activity,sound quality,and health-related quality of life and psychological state of patients.

Conclusions

Music therapy has a positive effect on the rehabilitation of respiratory function in patients with spinal cord injury.Future research should enhance interdisciplinary collaboration,integrate artificial intelligence and virtual simulation technologies,and explore personalized music therapy strategies under the background of "Internet+nursing services",providing a more comprehensive solution for the overall rehabilitation of patients with spinal cord injuries.

music therapy  /  spinal cord injury  /  respiratory training  /  scoping review  /  evidence-based nursing
王蕾, 蒋小丽, 邹雅诗, 李瑾怡, 罗春梅. 音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中应用的范围综述. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (7) : 1198 -1207 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.019
Lei WANG, Xiaoli JIANG, Yashi ZOU, Jinyi LI, Chunmei LUO. Application of music therapy in the respiratory training of patients with spinal cord injury:a scoping review[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (7) : 1198 -1207 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.019
据全球疾病负担脊髓损伤合作组织(Global Burden of Diseases,Spinal Cord Injuries Collaborators)报告,2019年全球范围内有2 060万例脊髓损伤病人,年新发病例数约90万例,残疾生活年数约620万年[1]。据《中国脊髓损伤者生活质量及疾病负担调研报告2023版》报告,我国现存脊髓损伤病人374万例,每年新增脊髓损伤病人约9万例[2]。脊髓损伤常导致肋间肌等呼吸肌瘫痪,发生在高位的颈部脊髓损伤[颈椎(C)4及以上]还会影响膈肌功能,导致严重的呼吸功能障碍[3]。研究显示,呼吸肌动力下降或衰竭引起的呼吸功能障碍是导致颈部脊髓损伤病人死亡的常见原因之一[4],更是早期死亡的首要原因,约占全部死亡原因的80.2%[5]。而呼吸训练可以显著改善脊髓损伤病人呼吸肌的力量、耐力、肺功能,加大呼吸幅度,提高肺泡通气量和血氧饱和度[6],预防呼吸肌瘫痪所致的呼吸衰竭。研究证实,歌唱训练等音乐疗法和呼吸训练相结合,能够通过强烈而快速的呼吸调节,提高呼吸表现[7],对脊髓损伤病人呼吸功能训练提供新方向[8]。然而,音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中的应用还处于起步阶段,研究较少,其干预形式、内容、结局指标及效果仍在探索中。范围综述可针对某一研究数据较少领域,通过全面、系统的文献检索和分析呈现文献范围及特征、研究进展及局限性,有助于发现已有知识的多元化,明确研究问题,辨明后续研究方向[9]。因此,本研究以澳大利亚乔安娜布里格斯研究所(Joanna Briggs Institute,JBI)范围综述方法学框架为指导[10],对国内外该领域的相关文献进行汇总分析,总结针对脊髓损伤病人呼吸训练音乐疗法的形式、具体内容、评价指标和应用效果,以期为医护人员开展相关干预及研究提供参考。
通过初步检索文献,确定具体的研究问题,包括:1)音乐疗法应用于脊髓损伤呼吸训练时干预对象的筛选;2)音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练应用中的形式和具体内容;3)音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练应用中的效果和评价指标。
计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、CINAHL。采用主题词、自由词及布尔逻辑连接词结合的方法进行检索,检索时间从建库至2025年3月30日。中文检索词包括:“脊髓损伤/颈髓损伤/截瘫/瘫痪/不全瘫/偏瘫”“呼吸道/呼吸道护理/呼吸道管理/呼吸功能/呼吸肌/呼吸治疗/呼吸锻炼/肺功能/肺康复”“音乐疗法/音乐疗法/音乐干预/唱歌/音乐/声乐/发音”,英文检索词包括respiratory/respiratory nursing/respiratory management/respiratory function/respiratory muscle/respiratory therapy/breathing exercises/respiratory muscle training/inspiratory muscle training/expiratory muscle training/lung function/pulmonary rehabilitation。
中文数据库以中国知网为例进行检索,检索式为:(主题=脊髓损伤+颈髓损伤+截瘫+瘫痪+不全瘫+偏瘫) AND (主题=音乐疗法+音乐疗法+音乐干预+唱歌+音乐+声乐+发音) AND (主题=呼吸道+呼吸道护理+呼吸道管理+呼吸功能+呼吸肌+呼吸治疗+呼吸锻炼+肺功能+肺康复)。
英文数据库以PubMed为例进行检索,具体检索策略如下。
#1 spinal cord injury[MeSH Terms]
#2 (music therapy[MeSH Terms]) OR (music intervention[Title/Abstract]) OR (music[MeSH Terms]) OR (vocal[Title/Abstract]) OR (sing*[Title/Abstract]) OR (voice[Title/Abstract]) OR (speech[Title/Abstract]) OR (rhythm*[Title/Abstract]) OR (sonification[Title/Abstract]) OR (song[Title/Abstract])
#3 (respiratory nursing[Title/Abstract]) OR (respiratory management[Title/Abstract]) OR (respiratory function[Title/Abstract]OR (inspiratory muscle training[Title/Abstract]) OR (expiratory muscle training[Title/Abstract]) OR (respiratory muscle training[Title/Abstract]) OR (lung function[Title/Abstract]) OR (pulmonary rehabilitation[Title/Abstract]) OR (respiratory muscle[MeSH Terms]) OR (respiratory therapy[MeSH Terms]) OR (breathing exercises[MeSH Terms])
#4 #1 AND #2 AND #3
纳入标准:1)研究对象为脊髓损伤病人;2)涉及呼吸训练音乐疗法的干预手段;3)主要结局指标涉及病人的呼吸功能或声音质量;4)文献类型为原始研究,包括类试验研究和随机对照试验。排除标准:1)文献内容不全,无法获得全文;2)非中英文文献。
将检索获得的文献题录导入Note Express文献管理软件中去重,由2名接受过循证医学培训的研究者根据纳入与排除标准进行筛选,通过阅读题目和摘要进行初步筛选,注明文献排除原因,再阅读全文进行二次筛选,同时阅读纳入文献的参考文献,对文献进行补充。提取资料包括作者、国家、发表时间、研究类型、样本量、干预对象、试验组干预措施、对照组干预措施、干预周期/频率、评价指标等。在此过程中,若2名研究者意见存在分歧,与第3名研究者讨论达成一致。
初步检索获得533篇相关文献,NoteExpress软件去重后剩余文献399篇。阅读题目和摘要进行初筛后剩余55篇,阅读全文复筛后最终纳入6篇,均为英文文献[11-16]。文献筛选流程图见图1。
共纳入6篇文献[11-16],研究类型包括5篇随机对照试验[12-16]、1篇类试验研究[11];发表时间为2013—2024年,涵盖澳大利亚2篇[15-16]、中国3篇[12-14]、马来西亚1篇[11];评价指标包括呼吸功能、辅助呼吸肌活动、声音质量、与健康相关的生活质量、呼吸中枢神经可塑性、与健康相关的心理状态。干预频次多为每周至少3~5次,干预强度为每次30~60 min,干预时间多为持续12周。纳入文献研究的基本特征详见表1。
6篇文献均为小样本研究,样本量为13~26例。在干预实施前主要从年龄、损伤平面、损伤程度、活动能力、病程5个方面制定音乐疗法前脊髓损伤病人的纳入标准,从认知水平、音乐学习情况、疾病史3个方面制定排除标准。采用严格的纳入与排除标准筛选干预对象。
4篇文献[11-14]报告了病人的年龄,均为18岁及以上,其中1篇文献[11]纳入年龄≥18岁的病人,1篇文献[13]纳入18~60岁病人、1篇文献[14]纳入18~70岁病人、1篇文献[12]纳入18~75岁病人。
神经损伤平面指脊髓损伤后在身体两侧有正常的感觉和运动功能的最低脊髓节段,该平面以上的感觉和运动功能正常[17],通过确定左侧感觉、右侧感觉、左侧运动、右侧运动4个平面确定神经损伤平面[18]。纳入文献中仅3篇[11,15-16]明确了病人神经损伤平面,2项研究[15-16]选取神经损伤平面为C4~C8的病人,1篇文献[11]选取神经损伤平面在C4~胸椎(T)11的病人。
根据美国脊髓损伤协会(American Spinal Injury Association,ASIA)分级[18]将病人的脊髓损伤程度分为A(完全性损伤)、B(不完全感觉损伤)、C(不完全运动损伤)、D(不完全运动损伤)、E(正常)5个等级。纳入文献中仅4篇[11-14]文献明确了病人脊髓损伤程度,其中1项研究[14]纳入了ASIA分级为B级或C级的病人,3项研究[11-13]纳入了A级或B级的病人。
3篇文献[12-14]对病人的活动状况作出要求,其中2篇文献[13-14]要求病人能坐立30 min以上且无直立性低血压,1篇文献[12]要求病人能耐受1次坐位训练15 min以上且无直立性低血压。
5篇文献[12-16]报告病人病程及病情,其中3篇文献[12-14]均纳入脊髓损伤后≥3个月且在住院接受稳定医学治疗的病人,2篇文献[15-16]选取病程>1年、身体健康状况稳定且能进行相关评估的病人,但并未提及是否为住院病人。
3篇文献[12-14]明确要求病人无认知功能障碍,即排除简易精神状态评价量表(Minimum Mental State Examination,MMSE)评分≤17分(文盲)或≤20分(小学)的病人。
3篇文献[12-14]要求病人无音乐学习的经验。
6篇文献[11-16]均排除了受伤前有相关疾病史的病人。1)言语障碍:4篇文献[12,14-16]要求病人无言语障碍病史,其中1篇文献[12]明确指出无严重语言障碍。1篇文献[11]明确指出排除任何因声带疾病或喉咙痛而无法唱歌的病人。2)呼吸系统疾病:5篇文献[12-16]要求病人无呼吸系统疾病病史,其中2篇文献[12-13]明确病人无严重呼吸系统疾病史。1篇文献[11]明确指出排除任何其他可能影响呼吸功能的疾病(例如心力衰竭和肺结核)。3)精神障碍:4篇文献[12,14-16]要求病人无精神障碍病史。4)神经功能障碍:4篇文献[13-16]要求病人无神经功能障碍病史。5)癫痫:3篇文献[12-14]要求病人无癫痫病史。6)心律失常:3篇文献[12-14]要求病人无心律失常,其中2篇文献[12,14]明确要求病人无恶性心律失常。7)其他严重身体疾病:3篇文献[12-14]要求病人无其他严重身体疾病史。
纳入的6项研究共涉及治疗性歌唱[15-16]、口腔运动呼吸练习[14-16]、声音音调治疗[11-12,14]、声乐呼吸训练[13]4种音乐疗法核心干预形式[19]。
其中2篇文献[15-16]涉及治疗性歌唱,概括为在治疗过程中所使用的唱歌活动,将特定言语目标、言语输出、呼吸控制和肺活量目标等方面相结合,其作为共同作用和互相协调的治疗活动,在以发展、促进呼吸系统为目标的治疗过程中,促进了与呼吸肌肉相关的力量和控制,从而增强肺活量[19]。
其中3篇文献[14-16]涉及口腔运动呼吸练习,主要是通过发声练习或管乐器吹奏作为训练的音乐媒介,刺激和协调口腔肌肉的活动,以加强发音的清晰度、呼吸强度和发音器官功能的音乐疗法技术[19]。在治疗中,通过发声练习,采用针对元音和辅音的口腔运动练习可改善口腔运动功能;通过有意识地吸气和呼气锻炼(如吹奏竖笛、口琴或口风琴等)可提高声音本身的强度、锻炼喉部功能、增加呼吸量、提高呼吸强度,从而进一步改善口腔运动功能[19]。
其中3篇文献[11-12,14]涉及声音音调治疗,声音音调治疗又称声乐发声治疗,是利用声乐训练的方法练习、维持、发展和康复声音质量(音质)控制问题,包括呼吸控制训练、音调训练、音高训练和强弱力度训练。良好的呼吸控制训练是输出声音质量的必要条件,随后通过吟唱歌曲来刺激正常语言的韵律、音调和节奏,包括音调、音高、呼吸控制、音色和力度[19]。
其中1篇文献[13]涉及声乐呼吸训练。声乐呼吸训练是在自然呼吸的基础上,利用胸腹式联合呼吸的方法,综合利用胸腔、腹腔、横膈膜共同作用的呼吸方法,通过增大气息容量,加快气息的交换和流动,以增加共鸣腔体音色[20]。
本研究纳入的3项研究[14-16]涉及2种音乐疗法联合实施,另外3项研究[11-13]中干预措施均为单一音乐疗法措施。纳入文献音乐疗法的形式和具体内容见表2。
结局指标涉及呼吸功能、呼吸中枢神经可塑性、辅助呼吸肌活动、声音质量以及与健康相关的生活质量和与健康相关的心理状态。其中,呼吸功能指标包括最大吸气压(maximal inspiratory pressure,MIP)、最大呼气压(maximal expiratory pressure,MEP)、经鼻吸气压(sniff nasal inspiratory pressure,SNIP)、最大吸气(maximal inspiratory)、呼气流量-容积(expiratory flow-volume loops)、肺活量(vital capacity,VC)、肺总量(total lung capacity,TLC)、深吸气量(inspiratory capacity,IC)、残气量(residual capacity,RC)、第1秒用力呼气容积(forced expiratory volume in one second,FEV1)、用力肺活量(forced vital capacity,FVC)、最大呼气中段流量(maximal mid-expiratory flow curve,MMEF)、第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量;辅助呼吸肌活动指标包括辅助呼吸肌表面肌电信号(surface electromyographic,sEMG)和肌动图(mechanomyography,MMG);声音质量指标包括声压级(sound pressure level,SPL)、唱歌声压级(sing-loud pressure level,Sing-SPL)、说话声压级(speak pressure level,Speech-SPL)、音符持续时间(sustained note length,SNL)、声音频率/基频(fundamental frequency,F0);与健康相关的生活质量相关指标及自评问卷包括嗓音障碍指数(Voice Handicap Index,VHI)、圣乔治呼吸问卷(St.George's Respiratory Questionnaire,SGRQ)得分、生活质量(quality of life,QoL);与健康相关的心理状态相关自评问卷包括情绪状态问卷(Profile of Mood States,POMS)、情感网格(Affect Grid)。
3项研究[13-14,16]涉及呼吸功能的效果评价。1项研究[13]结果显示,在干预12周后,试验组病人的肺活量、肺总量、深吸气量、残气量、第1秒用力呼气容积、用力肺活量、第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量和最大呼气中段流量明显高于对照组,且在干预6周和12周后,试验组病人深吸气量、第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量和最大呼气中段流量组内比较差异有统计学意义。其中1项研究[14]结果显示,在干预12周后,试验组的深吸气量、第1秒用力呼气容积、用力肺活量、最大呼气中段流量升高,第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量降低,与对照组相比差异有统计学意义;在试验组中,第1秒用力呼气容积从干预前到干预6周后显著增加。另1项研究[16]结果显示,随着时间推移(从干预前、干预12周后及干预6个月后),两组病人呼吸功能均有所提高,其中第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量、经鼻吸气压组内比较差异有统计学意义,经鼻吸气压在组间比较差异有统计学意义,肺总量、深吸气量在组间和组内比较差异均有统计学意义。
1项研究[13]涉及呼吸中枢神经可塑性的效果评价。研究结果显示,在干预12周后试验组病人延髓呼吸中枢的神经纤维束呈现多样化趋势,神经纤维束数量增多、路径长度延长、厚度和密度均增加,与对照组存在明显差异。
2项研究[11,16]涉及辅助呼吸肌(胸锁乳突肌、胸大肌、横膈肌、腹直肌)表面肌电信号和肌动图的效果评价。1项研究[11]结果显示,病人在安静呼吸(即不唱歌)期间,胸锁乳突肌的肌动图信号在吸气和呼气之间存在显著差异,而腹直肌的肌动图信号无差异;与不唱歌时相比,唱歌时胸锁乳突肌和腹直肌的肌动图信号更高;在演唱不同类别歌曲时,胸锁乳突肌和腹直肌的肌动图信号在吸气和呼气之间差异均有统计学意义,其中在高音歌曲时胸锁乳突肌更加活跃,在唱音调简单、节奏复杂的歌曲时腹直肌更加活跃。另1项研究[16]结果显示,从柔和到大声,病人胸锁乳突肌、胸大肌、横膈肌表面肌电信号的变化在组间比较差异无统计学意义;从说话到唱歌,胸锁乳突肌表面肌电信号的变化组间差异有统计学意义,胸锁乳突肌激活的98%前后变化在干预组组内比较差异有统计学意义。
4篇文献[12,14-16]涉及声音质量的效果评价。1项研究[12]结果显示,在干预6周后两组病人唱歌声压级、说话声压级、音符持续时间、声音频率/基频开始出现变化,在干预12周后明显改善且与对照组相比差异有统计学意义。1项研究[14]结果显示,干预6周后,试验组病人唱歌声压级组内比较差异有统计学意义,但两组病人组间比较声压级、说话声压级差异均无统计学意义;在干预12周后,与对照组相比,试验组病人唱歌声压级增高、音符持续时间延长。2项研究[16-15]结果显示,病人声压级组间差异有统计学意义。
2篇文献[14,16]涉及与健康相关的生活质量和心理状态自评问卷的填写。1项研究[14]结果显示,试验组的圣乔治呼吸问卷得分和生活质量在干预12周后时显著低于对照组。1项研究[16]结果显示,两组病人总体情绪以及抑郁、疲劳情况均有所改善;两组病人情感网格上的快乐、觉醒均有明显改善,其中试验组病人表现得更为兴奋;而两组病人的嗓音障碍指数和生活质量无明显变化。
本研究纳入脊髓损伤病人音乐疗法的相关文献,对现有文献进行分析后发现,脊髓损伤病人的选择上多为病情相对稳定的病人[12-16];3项研究[12-14]在脊髓损伤3个月后且病人能保持坐立至少15 min且未发生直立性低血压的病人中进行干预,2项研究[15-16]则在病人损伤后1年进行干预;3项研究[11,15-16]对神经损伤平面在C4及以下水平的病人进行干预,4项研究[11-14]对ASIA分级为A~C级的病人进行干预。3项研究[12-14]要求病人无音乐学习的经验,且无认知功能障碍。6项研究[11-16]要求病人受伤前无相关疾病史,包括语言障碍、呼吸系统疾病、精神障碍、神经功能障碍、癫痫、心律失常以及其他严重身体疾病。以上可知,音乐疗法在脊髓损伤病人呼吸训练中具有一定的安全性,但相关研究尚处于初步尝试阶段,尚未达成共识,其临床普及性有待进一步探讨。且现有研究均为小样本探索,对于高位颈髓损伤或合并复杂基础疾病病人的适用性仍需进一步验证。
对脊髓损伤病人呼吸肌进行有计划的训练,可提高呼吸肌的强度和耐力,进而锻炼呼吸肌和改善肺功能[21]。然而由于呼吸肌训练不能达到即刻的治疗反馈,病人认为其乏味、无趣且难以坚持,依从性低[22]。研究指出,脊髓损伤病人呼吸训练的失访率为8%~73%[23]。近年来,越来越多的研究评估了音乐疗法对神经系统疾病的潜在康复效果[24-25],且在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中表现出新优势[26-27]。本研究综述了脊髓损伤病人呼吸训练音乐疗法形式及具体内容,主要涉及4种音乐疗法形式,包括治疗性歌唱[15-16]、口腔运动呼吸练习[14-16]、声音音调治疗[11-12,14]和声乐呼吸训练[13],其中3项研究[14-16]是2种音乐疗法联合实施(口腔运动呼吸练习联合治疗性唱歌或声音音调治疗),另外3项研究[11-13]中干预措施均为单一音乐疗法措施(声乐呼吸训练、声音音调治疗),对病人的干预效果均显著。研究显示,唱歌作为一种积极、愉快的体验,能增强个人信心[16];同时音乐作为一项独立、可访问的活动,尽管有时具有挑战性和对抗性,但比传统的呼吸肌训练能更好地融入病人的日常生活,甚至还能改善脊髓损伤病人的声音质量和呼吸功能。以治疗为目的的唱歌或吹奏乐器可练习控制呼吸,减少肌肉过度紧张,提高气息,并且可以通过训练和增强相关肌群提高声音的清晰性和准确性[28]。在音乐疗法过程中,通常是由有资质的音乐治疗师(小组)实施积极的干预(例如创作音乐、演奏乐器、唱歌或即兴音乐),以帮助病人缓解一定的生理或心理症状,以更快恢复身心健康[24]。然而,本研究中仅3项研究是在音乐治疗师的指导下进行,音乐疗法的规范性有待进一步完善。目前,澳大利亚研究者Tamplin等[29]基于虚拟现实技术开发了在线虚拟现实平台,为脊髓损伤病人提供治疗性团体歌唱干预。然而,该平台需要在一定的地理距离内通过互联网进行干预,其临床推广性有待进一步验证。
正常嗓音的产生需要呼吸系统、发声系统和共鸣系统的参与,同时呼吸是唱歌的基础和动力。唱歌是将发声和呼吸训练相结合,需要用力、快速地吸气、调整呼气,以及辅助呼吸肌的协调。然而,脊髓损伤后,尤其是高位颈髓损伤病人呼吸肌瘫痪,影响病人发音,表现为声音嘶哑或发音困难。本研究结果提示,在进行音乐疗法期间,脊髓损伤病人辅助呼吸肌活动明显增高,可显著改善脊髓损伤病人的呼吸功能和声音质量。2017年,Ang等[30]系统评价了音乐疗法对慢性神经系统损伤病人呼吸功能的影响,结果表明,唱歌及吹奏乐器可能有改善呼吸功能的作用。口腔运动呼吸练习作为一种用于改善歌唱过程中发音和呼吸控制的技术[19],可有效增强呼吸控制和语言器官的功能。声音音调治疗是指导病人通过发声练习训练、维持、发展和恢复由语音器官的结构、神经、生理或功能异常引起的语音控制问题[19]。相关研究指出,与单独唱歌相比,口腔运动呼吸练习和声音音调治疗结合可以更系统地训练呼吸和声音[31]。治疗性歌唱是病人通过歌唱直接刺激和发展语言,增强呼吸功能。声乐呼吸训练综合利用胸腔、腹腔、横膈膜共同作用以增大气息容量,加快气息的交换和流动,以增加共鸣腔体音色。对脊髓损伤后呼吸功能障碍病人的呼吸功能治疗是一种较新的,具备音乐性的治疗方法。Zhang等[14]比较了常规呼吸训练与声乐呼吸训练在脊髓损伤后呼吸功能障碍康复期病人中的临床治疗效果,结果显示,声乐呼吸训练可显著改善病人的呼吸功能,提升肺功能,从而提高病人的生活质量。音乐疗法作为一种简捷、有效的呼吸训练方式,对改善呼吸道症状和减轻疾病影响有重要作用,在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中扮演重要角色,有利于为病人制定长期康复的治疗方法提供参考。
脊髓是大脑和外周神经系统之间信息沟通的主要载体[32],脊髓损伤后呼吸神经网格破坏导致支配呼吸机的神经传导通路中断。因此,加深呼吸神经中枢的再生修复可促进呼吸功能障碍的恢复[33]。本研究结果提示,音乐疗法可促进脊髓损伤病人呼吸中枢神经纤维束的再生和重塑,进一步改善病人的呼吸功能,为脊髓损伤后呼吸功能障碍的恢复提供了一种新的治疗思路。已有研究证实,音乐疗法对大脑神经可塑性的积极影响[34]。本研究纳入的文献中,Zhang等[13]研究显示,由音乐治疗师对脊髓损伤病人进行为期12周的声乐呼吸训练后,干预组病人延髓内呼吸中枢的神经纤维束在上下、左右、前后3个维度呈多样化增加趋势,神经纤维束的数量增加、路径长度延长、厚度和密度明显增加,为音乐疗法对神经纤维束的再生和重塑提供有力证据。2021年,ASIA发布的第2版脊髓损伤病人心理健康指南[35]指出,脊髓损伤病人自杀率至少是无脊髓损伤病人的3倍,焦虑症和创伤后应激障碍的患病率至少是其2倍。Tamplin等[16]对接受团体音乐疗法的脊髓损伤病人进行调查显示,病人总体情绪障碍、抑郁和疲劳得分在干预后都显著下降。Zhang等[14]对脊髓损伤病人进行音乐疗法干预后,病人健康相关生活质量有所提高。可见,音乐疗法能提高脊髓损伤病人参与活动的积极性,由于唱歌比呼吸训练更容易、有趣,病人可产生更积极的情感体验和社交体验,愉悦身心,改善心理状态[26]。
本研究概述了国内外关于音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中的应用研究,结果显示,音乐疗法在脊髓损伤病人呼吸训练方面应用前景广阔,但仍存在不足之处,同时为未来研究提供了一些启示:1)音乐疗法在脊髓损伤病人的呼吸训练中缺乏个性化治疗方案,且相关研究多为单中心、小样本的探索性研究,其中纳入研究的脊髓损伤病人损伤水平差异较大,病人呼吸功能、心理状态有所不同,导致音乐疗法效果可能存在差异。其次,不同疾病病人选择何种音乐的种类、曲目、频率、干预时长等,仍值得深入探讨。因此,未来研究应更加关注脊髓损伤病人的个体化差异,以病人可耐受、可依从、有效果地训练为目标探索制定个性化的音乐疗法方案,同时建议开展多中心随机对照试验,建立统一的纳入与排除标准,扩大样本量,为不同脊髓损伤水平、呼吸功能状态的脊髓损伤病人提供更加精准、有效的音乐疗法方案,明确音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中的效果。2)音乐疗法需要专业的治疗师设计和引导,以确保治疗的有效性和安全性。目前仍缺乏规范学习综合音乐知识、心理学及医学的专业音乐治疗师[36],仅部分研究是在音乐治疗师指导下完成干预,这在一定程度上限制了音乐疗法在脊髓损伤呼吸训练中的应用和推广。未来应加强音乐治疗师的专业培训和认证体系,提高治疗师的专业水平和治疗质量,鼓励跨学科合作,将音乐疗法与人工智能、虚拟仿真技术[29]、其他康复治疗方法相结合,为脊髓损伤病人提供全面、科学的康复护理手段。3)在音乐疗法过程中,对治疗效果的评估和监测是确保治疗质量的关键。然而,目前尚缺乏准确、可靠的评估标准和监测手段。目前已证实音乐疗法在脊髓损伤病人的呼吸训练中具有短期效果,但长期效果及治疗的持续性仍需进一步研究和验证。未来研究应致力于建立规范统一、客观准确的评估标准和监测手段,以便对音乐疗法的效果进行准确、可靠的评估,同时开展长期随访研究,探索音乐疗法在脊髓损伤病人呼吸训练中的长期效果,为音乐疗法的长期应用提供科学依据,进一步推动音乐疗法的标准化和规范化发展。
本研究汇总了国内外脊髓损伤病人呼吸训练的音乐疗法相关研究,共纳入6篇研究,常用的音乐疗法方式涵盖口腔运动呼吸练习、治疗性歌唱、声音音调治疗和声乐呼吸训练,结局类型主要为脊髓损伤病人呼吸功能、呼吸中枢神经可塑性、辅助呼吸肌活动、声音质量以及与健康相关的生活质量和心理状态。音乐疗法在脊髓损伤病人的呼吸训练中展现出了良好的效果和潜力,未来研究应加强跨学科协作,可结合人工智能、虚拟仿真技术,探究在“互联网+护理服务”背景下实现个性化的音乐疗法策略,可以进一步探索音乐疗法与其他康复方法结合应用的效果,为脊髓损伤病人的整体康复提供更全面的干预方案。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.019
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11
  • 修回日期:2026-03-04
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    1陆军军医大学第二附属医院(骨科),重庆 400037
    2陆军军医大学医学人文教研室

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