Article(id=1322168704205435761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168481081049284, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1751126400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-29, revisedDate=1774195200000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159183788, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1778342400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159183788, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159183788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159183788, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168481081049284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='9', pageStart='1425', pageEnd='1616', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1778342400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159130592, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159130592, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1431, endPage=1438, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168704465482610, articleId=1322168704205435761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Study on change trends in the health literacy level of Chinese residents from 2016 to 2024, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To examine the change trends in health literacy levels among Chinese residents from 2016 to 2024, providing evidence for the formulation of health policies and health education interventions.

Methods

Utilizing health literacy monitoring data of Chinese residents from 2016 to 2024,this study employed the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for trend and linear trend regression models.It analyzed the changing characteristics of health literacy across urban and rural areas,the eastern,central,and western regions,as well as three aspects(basic knowledge and concepts,healthy lifestyles and behaviors,and basic skills) and six categories of health literacy issues (safety and first aid,scientific health concepts,health information,chronic disease prevention and control,basic medical care,and infectious disease prevention and control).

Results

From 2016 to 2024, the health literacy levels of Chinese residents were 11.58%,14.18%,17.06%,19.17%,23.15%,25.40%,27.78%,29.70%,and 31.87%,respectively.The cumulative increase over the nine years was 20.29%,with an average annual growth rate of 13.65%.A rising trend in national health literacy levels was observed from 2019 to 2020.Disparities existed among different regions,with the eastern region having the highest level and the western region the lowest.Notably,the rate of improvement in health literacy among residents in the central region after 2019 was faster than in other regions.The residents in rural areas experienced rapid and substantial growth in health literacy,with the urban-rural gap gradually narrowing from 2022 onwards.A "know-do" gap was identified among the three aspects of health literacy.All six categories of health literacy issues showed upward trends,with significant increases in basic medical care and infectious disease prevention and control literacy between 2019 and 2020.Chronic disease prevention literacy and health information literacy grew at a relatively faster pace.

Conclusions

The health literacy level of Chinese residents demonstrated a sustained and steady upward trend from 2016 to 2024.Future health promotion efforts should adhere to region-specific and tiered implementation principles,with targeted enhancements in key dimensions such as basic skills,basic medical care,and infectious disease prevention and control.While maintaining the current growth rate,greater emphasis should be placed on the qualitative improvement of health literacy.

, authors=Yiying WANG, Ben CAO, Haolin WANG, Yuan ZHOU, Jiangang CHEN, Xiaolong LI, Jing ZHANG, authorsList=Yiying WANG, Ben CAO, Haolin WANG, Yuan ZHOU, Jiangang CHEN, Xiaolong LI, Jing ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168709356041093, articleId=1322168704205435761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平变化趋势研究, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

了解2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平及变化趋势,为制定卫生政策和健康教育干预措施提供参考。

方法

以2016—2024年中国居民健康素养监测报告为数据来源,采用Mantel-Haenszel χ2趋势检验及线性趋势回归模型对城乡、东中西部地区以及基本知识和理念、健康生活方式与行为、基本技能三方面健康素养,安全与急救、科学健康观、健康信息、慢性病防治、基本医疗、传染病防治六类问题健康素养的水平变化特征进行研究。

结果

2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平依次为11.58%、14.18%、17.06%、19.17%、23.15%、25.40%、27.78%、29.70%和31.87%,9年累计增长量20.29%,平均增长率13.65%;2019—2020年全国居民健康素养水平呈上升态势。不同地区人群健康素养水平存在差异,东部地区最高,西部地区最低,其中,中部地区在2019年后居民健康素养提升速率高于其他地区;农村居民健康素养增速快、增幅大,从2022年开始城乡差距在逐渐缩小;三方面健康素养水平出现“知信行”脱节问题;六类问题健康素养水平均呈上升趋势,其中,2019—2020年基本医疗与传染病防治素养水平明显上升,慢性病防治素养和健康信息素养增速较快。

结论

2016—2024年我国居民健康素养水平呈持续稳步上升趋势。未来健康促进工作需坚持分区域、分层次的实施原则,针对性强化基本技能、基本医疗、传染病防治等重点维度的健康素养提升,在保持提升“增速”的同时,更要注重健康素养的“提质”发展。

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王艺颖,硕士研究生

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张婧,E-mail:
ZHANG Jing, E-mail:
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articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322531254185083380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=35, issue=6, pageStart=657, pageEnd=664, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=刘子言, 肖月, 赵琨, journalName=中国公共卫生, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘子言,肖月,赵琨,等.国家基本公共卫生服务项目实施进展与成效[J].中国公共卫生,2019,35(6):657-664., articleTitle=国家基本公共卫生服务项目实施进展与成效, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322531254268969461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=27, issue=10, pageStart=736, pageEnd=739, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=王静雷, 马吉祥, 杨一兵, journalName=中国慢性病预防与控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王静雷,马吉祥,杨一兵,等.全民健康生活方式行动健康生活方式指导员工作现状分析[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,2019,27(10):736-739., articleTitle=全民健康生活方式行动健康生活方式指导员工作现状分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322531254348661238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=国家卫生健康委员会, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国家卫生健康委员会.健康中国行动(2019-2030)[EB/OL].(2019-07-15)[2025-06-14].htp://www.nhc.gov.cn/guihuaxxs/s3585u/201907/e92751b95d5b4295be8308415d4cd1b2.shtml., articleTitle=健康中国行动(2019-2030), refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322531240331297171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322531240339685780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, companyId=1322531240331297171, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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label=Figure 5, caption=Linear trend chart of health literacy levels among ruralresidents, figureFileSmall=yPOGf89QnOTigaYLu2tyLA==, figureFileBig=s+0E7TW0fY75M8ox/h4KIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322531245460931020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=CN, label=图5, caption=农村居民健康素养线性趋势图, figureFileSmall=yPOGf89QnOTigaYLu2tyLA==, figureFileBig=s+0E7TW0fY75M8ox/h4KIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322531245540622797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Linear trend chart of health literacy levels among urban residents, figureFileSmall=yt/JdtDKm7+kUucXRCSQVA==, figureFileBig=cG1avoM7xPVoUZqHTL9JjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322531245599343054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=CN, label=图6, caption=城市居民健康素养线性趋势, 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ArticleFig(id=1322531246073299413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Changes in various types of health literacy levels among Chinese residents from 2016 to 2024

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年2024年累计增长量平均增长率χ2趋势值P
全国11.5814.1817.0619.1723.1525.4027.7829.7031.8720.2913.6518 272.183<0.01
三方面基本知识和理念24.0025.8230.5234.3137.1537.6641.2642.0044.4620.468.1313 886.550<0.01
健康生活方式与行为9.7914.3017.0419.4826.4428.0530.6332.2134.4524.6617.8325 810.337<0.01
基本技能15.5716.3818.6821.4323.1224.2826.0026.7628.6713.108.007 691.618<0.01
六类问题安全与急救46.0045.0950.1854.1155.2356.4158.5159.3361.2915.293.727 947.872<0.01
科学健康观36.1841.1244.4848.0750.4850.0153.5554.7156.2720.095.7610 545.097<0.01
健康信息19.1322.9227.1831.6635.9335.9339.8141.0544.0324.9011.1920 048.955<0.01
慢性病防治11.4815.7118.9622.7326.7727.6028.8530.4332.7721.2914.5017 300.587<0.01
基本医疗12.7615.3417.3819.4326.7326.6728.1628.8430.1617.4011.9014 392.450<0.01
传染病防治16.3816.0617.0519.2123.4426.0527.6828.0229.2612.887.749 774.478<0.01
城乡城市16.5219.2222.4424.8128.0830.7031.9433.2534.7418.229.855 563.801<0.01
农村8.4710.6413.7215.6720.0222.0223.7826.2329.1120.6416.9811 819.453<0.01
地区东部24.0018.7122.0724.6029.0630.4031.8833.3034.9810.985.56
中部9.7911.5513.5116.3121.0123.8326.7028.8531.4821.6915.89
西部15.579.8813.2314.3016.7219.4222.5624.4427.2711.709.33
), ArticleFig(id=1322531246148796886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2016—2024年中国居民各类健康素养水平变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年2024年累计增长量平均增长率χ2趋势值P
全国11.5814.1817.0619.1723.1525.4027.7829.7031.8720.2913.6518 272.183<0.01
三方面基本知识和理念24.0025.8230.5234.3137.1537.6641.2642.0044.4620.468.1313 886.550<0.01
健康生活方式与行为9.7914.3017.0419.4826.4428.0530.6332.2134.4524.6617.8325 810.337<0.01
基本技能15.5716.3818.6821.4323.1224.2826.0026.7628.6713.108.007 691.618<0.01
六类问题安全与急救46.0045.0950.1854.1155.2356.4158.5159.3361.2915.293.727 947.872<0.01
科学健康观36.1841.1244.4848.0750.4850.0153.5554.7156.2720.095.7610 545.097<0.01
健康信息19.1322.9227.1831.6635.9335.9339.8141.0544.0324.9011.1920 048.955<0.01
慢性病防治11.4815.7118.9622.7326.7727.6028.8530.4332.7721.2914.5017 300.587<0.01
基本医疗12.7615.3417.3819.4326.7326.6728.1628.8430.1617.4011.9014 392.450<0.01
传染病防治16.3816.0617.0519.2123.4426.0527.6828.0229.2612.887.749 774.478<0.01
城乡城市16.5219.2222.4424.8128.0830.7031.9433.2534.7418.229.855 563.801<0.01
农村8.4710.6413.7215.6720.0222.0223.7826.2329.1120.6416.9811 819.453<0.01
地区东部24.0018.7122.0724.6029.0630.4031.8833.3034.9810.985.56
中部9.7911.5513.5116.3121.0123.8326.7028.8531.4821.6915.89
西部15.579.8813.2314.3016.7219.4222.5624.4427.2711.709.33
), ArticleFig(id=1322531246220100055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of regression analysis with time as the independent variable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目变量回归系数标准误t值P
全国常数9.2610.41722.200<0.001
时间2.5900.07434.936<0.001
城市常数15.2010.77619.600<0.001
时间2.3310.13816.914<0.001
农村常数5.8680.43213.592<0.001
时间2.5970.07733.848<0.001
东部常数18.2411.59011.470<0.001
时间1.8850.2836.670<0.001
中部常数5.9570.6009.931<0.001
时间2.8760.10726.981<0.001
西部常数8.6331.7874.8320.002
时间1.9040.3175.998<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322531246283014616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

以时间为自变量的回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目变量回归系数标准误t值P
全国常数9.2610.41722.200<0.001
时间2.5900.07434.936<0.001
城市常数15.2010.77619.600<0.001
时间2.3310.13816.914<0.001
农村常数5.8680.43213.592<0.001
时间2.5970.07733.848<0.001
东部常数18.2411.59011.470<0.001
时间1.8850.2836.670<0.001
中部常数5.9570.6009.931<0.001
时间2.8760.10726.981<0.001
西部常数8.6331.7874.8320.002
时间1.9040.3175.998<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322531246358512089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Actual values and predicted values of health literacy levels among residents in China

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项目分类2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年2024年
全国实际值11.58014.18017.06019.17023.15025.40027.78029.70031.870
预测值11.85114.44117.03019.62022.21024.80027.39029.97932.569
残差-0.271-0.2610.030-0.4500.9400.6000.390-0.279-0.699
城市实际值16.52019.22022.44024.81028.08030.70031.94033.25034.740
预测值17.53219.86322.19424.52526.85629.18731.51833.84936.180
残差-1.012-0.6430.2460.2851.2241.5130.422-0.599-1.440
农村实际值8.47010.64013.72015.67020.02022.02023.78026.23029.110
预测值8.46411.06113.65816.25418.85121.44824.04426.64129.238
残差0.006-0.4210.062-0.5841.1690.572-0.264-0.411-0.128
东部实际值24.00018.71022.07024.60029.06030.40031.88033.30034.980
线性预测20.12622.01123.89625.78227.66729.55231.43733.32235.207
残差3.874-3.301-1.826-1.1811.3930.8480.443-0.022-0.227
中部实际值9.79011.55013.51016.31021.01023.83026.70028.85031.480
线性预测8.83311.70914.58517.46120.33723.21326.08928.96531.841
残差0.957-0.159-1.075-1.1510.6730.6170.611-0.115-0.361
西部实际值15.5709.88013.23014.30016.72019.42022.56024.44027.270
线性预测10.53712.44114.34616.25018.15420.05921.96323.86725.772
残差5.033-2.561-1.116-1.950-1.434-0.6390.5970.5731.498
), ArticleFig(id=1322531246434009562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168704205435761, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

全国居民健康素养的实际值及预测值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类2016年2017年2018年2019年2020年2021年2022年2023年2024年
全国实际值11.58014.18017.06019.17023.15025.40027.78029.70031.870
预测值11.85114.44117.03019.62022.21024.80027.39029.97932.569
残差-0.271-0.2610.030-0.4500.9400.6000.390-0.279-0.699
城市实际值16.52019.22022.44024.81028.08030.70031.94033.25034.740
预测值17.53219.86322.19424.52526.85629.18731.51833.84936.180
残差-1.012-0.6430.2460.2851.2241.5130.422-0.599-1.440
农村实际值8.47010.64013.72015.67020.02022.02023.78026.23029.110
预测值8.46411.06113.65816.25418.85121.44824.04426.64129.238
残差0.006-0.4210.062-0.5841.1690.572-0.264-0.411-0.128
东部实际值24.00018.71022.07024.60029.06030.40031.88033.30034.980
线性预测20.12622.01123.89625.78227.66729.55231.43733.32235.207
残差3.874-3.301-1.826-1.1811.3930.8480.443-0.022-0.227
中部实际值9.79011.55013.51016.31021.01023.83026.70028.85031.480
线性预测8.83311.70914.58517.46120.33723.21326.08928.96531.841
残差0.957-0.159-1.075-1.1510.6730.6170.611-0.115-0.361
西部实际值15.5709.88013.23014.30016.72019.42022.56024.44027.270
线性预测10.53712.44114.34616.25018.15420.05921.96323.86725.772
残差5.033-2.561-1.116-1.950-1.434-0.6390.5970.5731.498
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2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平变化趋势研究
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王艺颖 , 曹犇 , 王浩霖 , 周园 , 陈建刚 , 李小龙 , 张婧 *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(9): 1431-1438
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (9) : 1431 -1438
2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平变化趋势研究
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王艺颖, 曹犇, 王浩霖, 周园, 陈建刚, 李小龙, 张婧*, *
作者信息
  • 1陕西师范大学体育学院,陕西 710119
通讯作者:
张婧,E-mail:
ZHANG Jing, E-mail:
作者简介:

王艺颖,硕士研究生

Study on change trends in the health literacy level of Chinese residents from 2016 to 2024
Yiying WANG, Ben CAO, Haolin WANG, Yuan ZHOU, Jiangang CHEN, Xiaolong LI, Jing ZHANG
Affiliations
  • 1School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Shaanxi 710119 China
出版时间: 2026-05-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.002
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目的

了解2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平及变化趋势,为制定卫生政策和健康教育干预措施提供参考。

方法

以2016—2024年中国居民健康素养监测报告为数据来源,采用Mantel-Haenszel χ2趋势检验及线性趋势回归模型对城乡、东中西部地区以及基本知识和理念、健康生活方式与行为、基本技能三方面健康素养,安全与急救、科学健康观、健康信息、慢性病防治、基本医疗、传染病防治六类问题健康素养的水平变化特征进行研究。

结果

2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平依次为11.58%、14.18%、17.06%、19.17%、23.15%、25.40%、27.78%、29.70%和31.87%,9年累计增长量20.29%,平均增长率13.65%;2019—2020年全国居民健康素养水平呈上升态势。不同地区人群健康素养水平存在差异,东部地区最高,西部地区最低,其中,中部地区在2019年后居民健康素养提升速率高于其他地区;农村居民健康素养增速快、增幅大,从2022年开始城乡差距在逐渐缩小;三方面健康素养水平出现“知信行”脱节问题;六类问题健康素养水平均呈上升趋势,其中,2019—2020年基本医疗与传染病防治素养水平明显上升,慢性病防治素养和健康信息素养增速较快。

结论

2016—2024年我国居民健康素养水平呈持续稳步上升趋势。未来健康促进工作需坚持分区域、分层次的实施原则,针对性强化基本技能、基本医疗、传染病防治等重点维度的健康素养提升,在保持提升“增速”的同时,更要注重健康素养的“提质”发展。

慢性病  /  传染病  /  健康素养  /  知信行  /  变化趋势
Objective

To examine the change trends in health literacy levels among Chinese residents from 2016 to 2024, providing evidence for the formulation of health policies and health education interventions.

Methods

Utilizing health literacy monitoring data of Chinese residents from 2016 to 2024,this study employed the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test for trend and linear trend regression models.It analyzed the changing characteristics of health literacy across urban and rural areas,the eastern,central,and western regions,as well as three aspects(basic knowledge and concepts,healthy lifestyles and behaviors,and basic skills) and six categories of health literacy issues (safety and first aid,scientific health concepts,health information,chronic disease prevention and control,basic medical care,and infectious disease prevention and control).

Results

From 2016 to 2024, the health literacy levels of Chinese residents were 11.58%,14.18%,17.06%,19.17%,23.15%,25.40%,27.78%,29.70%,and 31.87%,respectively.The cumulative increase over the nine years was 20.29%,with an average annual growth rate of 13.65%.A rising trend in national health literacy levels was observed from 2019 to 2020.Disparities existed among different regions,with the eastern region having the highest level and the western region the lowest.Notably,the rate of improvement in health literacy among residents in the central region after 2019 was faster than in other regions.The residents in rural areas experienced rapid and substantial growth in health literacy,with the urban-rural gap gradually narrowing from 2022 onwards.A "know-do" gap was identified among the three aspects of health literacy.All six categories of health literacy issues showed upward trends,with significant increases in basic medical care and infectious disease prevention and control literacy between 2019 and 2020.Chronic disease prevention literacy and health information literacy grew at a relatively faster pace.

Conclusions

The health literacy level of Chinese residents demonstrated a sustained and steady upward trend from 2016 to 2024.Future health promotion efforts should adhere to region-specific and tiered implementation principles,with targeted enhancements in key dimensions such as basic skills,basic medical care,and infectious disease prevention and control.While maintaining the current growth rate,greater emphasis should be placed on the qualitative improvement of health literacy.

chronic disease  /  infectious disease  /  health literacy  /  knowledge-attitude-practice(KAP)  /  change trend
王艺颖, 曹犇, 王浩霖, 周园, 陈建刚, 李小龙, 张婧. 2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平变化趋势研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (9) : 1431 -1438 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.002
Yiying WANG, Ben CAO, Haolin WANG, Yuan ZHOU, Jiangang CHEN, Xiaolong LI, Jing ZHANG. Study on change trends in the health literacy level of Chinese residents from 2016 to 2024[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (9) : 1431 -1438 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.002
健康素养指个人获取和理解基本健康信息和服务,并运用这些信息和服务作出正确决策,以维护和促进自身健康的能力[1]。《“健康中国2030”规划纲要》《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》等多个国家重要文件均关注到居民健康素养水平。健康素养水平指具备基本健康素养的人在总人群中所占比例,判定标准为问卷得分达到80%及以上。国家卫生健康委连续多年向社会发布居民健康素养监测数据,本研究基于2016—2024年数据,分析东、中、西部地区居民及城乡居民在基本知识和理念、健康生活方式与行为、基本技能三方面的差异,以及安全与急救、科学健康观、健康信息、慢性病防治、基本医疗、传染病防治六类问题存在的问题;重点关注数据中的变化趋势,预测2025年和2030年居民的健康素养变化情况,为动态监测和顺利推进“健康中国”建设提供参考。
数据来源于2016—2024年中国居民健康素养监测报告,该报告由国家卫生健康委员会每年发布,数据在我国31个省、自治区、直辖市的336个监测点开展,其中城市监测点177个,农村监测点159个,覆盖全国336个县(区)1 008个乡镇(街道)[2]。2016—2024年每年有效调查人数分别为84 987、85 000、70 615、74 683、65 370、66 676、71 842、73 340、71 828人。调查对象为全国非集体居住的15~69岁常住人口(常住人口是指过去12个月内在当地居住时间累计超过6个月的居民,不考虑是否具有当地户籍)。
采用SPSS 27.0软件对中国居民健康素养水平进行分析。采用Mantel-Haenszel χ2趋势检验分析城乡、不同地区、三方面、六类问题健康素养水平是否随着年份的增加呈现显著变化趋势;建立线性趋势回归模型,采用Graphpad Prism 10.1.2软件绘制折线图。
2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平分别为11.58%、14.18%、17.06%、19.17%、23.15%、25.40%、27.78%、29.70%、31.87%,9轮监测样本人口结构基本一致。以2024年监测为例,城市居民健康素养水平为34.74%,农村居民为29.11%,城市居民高于农村居民;东部地区居民健康素养水平为34.98%,中部地区为31.48%,西部地区为27.27%,东部地区高于中西部地区;基本知识和理念素养水平为44.46%,健康生活方式与行为素养水平为34.45%,基本技能素养水平为28.67%;基本知识和理念素养高于健康生活方式与行为素养和基本技能素养。六类健康问题素养水平由高到低依次为安全与急救素养(61.29%)、科学健康观素养(56.27%)、健康信息素养(44.03%)、慢性病防治素养(32.77%)、基本医疗素养(30.16%)和传染病防治素养(29.26%)。
结果显示,2016—2024年不同地区居民健康素养水平均呈上升趋势,并且在2019—2020年均有明显上升。城市和东部地区居民健康素养水平高于全国健康素养水平,农村和中部地区居民健康素养低于全国健康素养水平,西部地区居民健康素养水平最低。同时,可以看出从2022年开始城乡差距、地区差距在逐年缩小,中部地区居民健康素养水平上升很快,2024年已经基本达到全国平均水平;而西部地区从2020年开始快速上升。2016年,西部和东部地区居民健康素养水平均偏高,之后西部地区回落到全国最低水平,东部地区虽然回落但仍然处在全国较高水平,与城市居民水平相当。见图1。结果显示,2016—2024年三方面健康素养水平均呈上升趋势。基本知识和理念素养高于健康生活方式与行为素养、基本技能素养。2016—2019年基本技能素养高于健康生活方式与行为素养,2019年之后则相反,且差距在逐步增大。见图2。
2016—2024年六类问题健康素养水平均呈上升趋势。其中安全与急救素养水平最高,其次是科学健康观、健康信息、慢性病防控、基本医疗和传染病防治;基本医疗和传染病防治在2019—2020年均有明显上升,科学健康观与健康信息的整体趋势相近,而科学健康观、健康信息、基本医疗在2020—2021年出现不同程度的下降。见图3。
2016—2024年,东部地区居民健康素养水平从2016年的24.00%上升到2024年的34.98%,中部地区从2016年的9.79%上升到2024年的31.48%,西部地区从2016年的15.57%上升到2024年的27.27%,分别上升10.98%、21.69%和9.30%,中部地区增长幅度最大。2017年之前,西部地区高于中部地区,但是2017年之后,西部地区落后于中部地区,健康素养水平最低。见表1。
结果显示,2016—2024年中国居民健康素养水平分别为11.58%、14.18%、17.06%、19.17%、23.15%、25.40%、27.78%、29.70%和31.87%。Mantel-Haenszel χ2检验结果显示,年份与居民健康素养存在线性关系且呈上升趋势(χ2趋势=18 272.183,P<0.01);9年累计增长量为20.29%,平均增长率为13.65%。见表1。
三方面素养水平均呈上升趋势(P<0.01),居民基本知识和理念、健康生活方式与行为以及基本技能三方面累计增长量分别为8.13%、17.83%和8.00%;其中,健康生活方式与行为的累计增长量和平均增长速度均最高。见表1。
六类问题健康素养均呈上升趋势(P<0.01),其中,健康信息素养具备率9年累计增长量最高,为24.90%,其次是慢性病防治、科学健康观、基本医疗、安全与急救和传染病防治;慢性病防治素养具备率平均增长速度最快,为14.50%,其次是基本医疗和健康信息;安全与急救增长速度最慢,为3.72%,其次是科学健康观和传染病防治。从城乡比较来看,2016—2024年中国城市、农村居民健康素养水平均呈上升趋势(P<0.01),但是农村居民健康素养具备率9年累计增长量(20.64%)及平均增长速度(16.98%)均高于城市居民(分别为18.22%、9.85%)。从不同地区看,中部地区居民健康素养具备率在逐年增高,9年累计增长量(21.69%)及平均增长速度(15.89%)均高于东部(分别为10.98%、5.56%)和西部地区(分别为11.70%、9.33%);东部和西部地区均是在2017年有所下降后再逐年提高,但提高的平均速度不高,分别为5.56%、9.33%。
采用线性趋势模型对时间序列数据进行拟合,模型形式为:Yt=β0+β1t,其中,Yt表示时间t时的预测值,β0为截距项,β1为时间趋势系数。
全国(Yt=9.261+2.590t)模型拟合结果显示,健康素养年均增长2.590个百分点[β1=2.590,P<0.001,95%CI(2.415,2.765)],截距项β0=9.261(P<0.001),2025年和2030年全国居民预测健康素养水平分别为35.161%和48.111%。城市(Yt=15.201+2.331t)模型拟合结果显示,健康素养年均增长2.331个百分点[β1=2.331,P<0.001,95%CI(2.005,2.657)],截距项β0=15.201(P<0.001),2025年和2030年城市居民健康素养水平分别为38.511%和50.166%。农村(Yt=5.868+2.597t)模型拟合结果显示,健康素养年均增长2.597个百分点[β1=2.597,P<0.001,95%CI(2.415,2.778)],截距项β0=5.868(P<0.001),2025年和2030年农村居民预测健康素养水平分别为31.838%和44.823%。以上模型解释力均较强(R2分别为0.993,0.973,0.993),表明时间趋势分别解释了观测序列99.3%、97.3%、99.3%的变异,残差标准差分别为0.537%、0.999%、0.556%,提示模型对数据的拟合较为紧密。见表2、表3和图4~图6。
东部(Yt=18.241+1.885t)模型拟合结果显示,健康素养年均增长1.885个百分点[β1=1.885,P<0.001,95%CI(1.217,2.553)],截距项β0=18.241(P<0.001),2025年和2030年东部居民预测健康素养水平分别为37.091%和46.516%。中部(Yt=5.957+2.876t)模型拟合结果显示,健康素养年均增长2.876个百分点[β1=2.876,P<0.001,95%CI(2.624,3.128)],截距项β0=5.957(P<0.001),2025年和2030年中部居民预测健康素养水平分别为34.717%和49.097%。西部(Yt=8.633+1.904t)模型拟合结果显示,健康素养年均增长1.904个百分点[β1=1.904,P<0.001,95%CI(1.154,2.655)],截距项β0=8.633(P=0.002),2025年和2030年西部居民预测健康素养水平分别为27.673%和37.193%。以上模型解释力均较强(R2值分别为0.845,0.989,0.814),表明时间趋势分别解释了观测序列84.5%、98.9%、81.4%的变异,残差标准差分别为2.048%、0.772%、2.300%,提示模型对数据的拟合较为紧密。见表2、表3和图7~图9。
2020年,新型冠状病毒感染疫情肆虐全国,对居民身心健康和生命安全构成巨大威胁。研究发现,全国不同地区、城乡居民健康素养在2020年均有显著提升。蔡婷等[3]的研究也发现,疫情防控期间居民健康素养水平高于疫情前。这种提升有一定合理性,为了应对重大公共卫生事件,国家迅速加大了相关知识宣传普及力度,提供了卫生医疗物资保障和咨询救治绿色通道。多地封城、多起危重病例让居民切身意识到生命的脆弱和健康的意义,投入更多时间和精力锻炼身体,提高抵抗病毒的能力。
唐丽娜等[4]认为,疫情风险高低和严重程度会直接影响当地居民的应对反应,疫情越严重,居民的个人防护工作越到位。本研究结果显示,中部地区2020年后居民健康素养提升速率高于其他地区。武汉作为疫情早期发生地,病毒对人体伤害作用大,人们对病毒的认知欠缺,政府实行了严格的管控措施。湖北省以及周边的湖南省、安徽省、河南省、江西省相继采取行动防患未然。居民通过大众传媒、人际互动等方式,不断拧紧守护身体健康的思想螺丝,又通过注射疫苗、核酸检测等行为参与到防治的实践中,思想和行为双向强化、共同促进。健康素养直观体现在自我防护行为上,高水平健康素养者自我防护行为优于低水平健康素养者[5],具备较高水平健康素养的居民能准确理解病毒知识和疫情防控信息,从而采取积极、有效的疫情防控措施和防护行为。
本研究结果显示,居民健康素养水平存在明显的地区差异,东部地区最高,中部地区次之,西部地区最低。这种差异与3个地区经济发展水平差异高度吻合[6]。事实上,经济发展到一定程度,居民将得到相匹配的健康教育资源,提升健康素养的意愿更加迫切。受自然和社会条件限制,西部地区经济落后于中部、东部地区,很多西部地区刚刚打赢脱贫攻坚战,卫生健康事业基础薄弱。值得注意的是,教育、文化等因素也会影响居民健康素养,而健康素养的地区差异应该归因于地区综合发展水平差异。Li等[7]的研究发现,东部地区较高的教育水平、良好的经济状况和自评健康状况与较高的健康素养水平相关,东部和中部地区的经济状况与健康素养之间存在相关性。还有研究表明,文化程度是个体健康素养水平的影响因素[8-9]。因此,提升居民健康素养并非朝夕之功,而是一项系统工程。党的十九大报告指出,新时代我国社会主要矛盾是人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡、不充分的发展之间的矛盾,提升西部地区居民健康素养应该放到促进地区均衡发展大局之下,西部地区也应该在“一带一路”、新时代西部大开发、乡村振兴等机遇下,把提升居民健康素养摆在突出位置,加快追赶步伐,逐步达到全国平均水平。
2016—2024年,中国城市和农村居民的健康素养水平均呈上升趋势,农村居民的健康素养水平低于城市居民,这与多数研究结果[8,10-11]一致。本研究发现,可喜的变化是,从2022年开始,城乡差距在缩小。这其中有多方面原因:第一,我国脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利,在此基础上,国家继续出台系列促进城乡一体化发展的政策,乡村发展的基础更加坚实、前景更加光明。第二,乡村居民受到了良好的教育,义务教育不漏掉1名学龄人口、高等教育从大众化迈向普及化阶段,且高等教育通过各类专项计划把招生名额向乡村倾斜,都极大改善了乡村人口受教育水平;有研究表明,城乡居民健康素养与文化程度呈正相关,文化程度较高者健康素养水平也较高,且文化程度对农村地区居民的健康素养影响程度比城市居民更大[11]。要解决城乡健康素养差距问题,不仅要考虑地理划分,还要考虑社会人口文化程度和社会经济的差异[12]。未来,居民健康素养提升的重心依然在乡村(涵盖东、中、西部乡村),继续通过提高教育水平来提高健康素养,是一条现实但有效的手段。
本研究结果显示,虽然农村居民健康素养水平低于城市,但其健康素养具备率9年累计增长量(20.64%)及平均增长速度(16.98%)均高于城市居民(分别为18.22%、9.85%)。这可能与国家实施了“健康中国”战略,持续推进“健康中国”行动,深入开展脱贫地区健康教育及健康脱贫攻坚行动,出台了一系列政策措施有关;同时可能也与国家实施乡村振兴战略[13]、农村政策倾斜以及医疗卫生投入持续增加密切相关。为全面落实乡村振兴战略和“健康中国”的总体要求,《关于服务乡村振兴促进家庭健康行动的实施意见》提出,要在农村地区广泛开展健康教育,引导居民重视个人和家庭健康[14]。农村居民健康素养水平大幅提升,反映了农村地区健康促进与教育工作取得了阶段性的成效。
健康教育的知识-信念-行动理论确定了健康素养基本的健康知识、健康技能、健康的生活方式和行为三方面的组成部分。本研究结果显示,三方面健康素养水平均呈上升趋势,其中,基本的健康知识素养明显高于健康技能、健康行为和生活方式素养,这符合健康信念理论和行为转变阶段理论[15],说明居民具备较好的健康理论知识和理念,但是在日常生活中未建立良好的生活方式与行为,从健康知识到健康行为的转变存在一定的困难,“知信行”脱节现象严重。而学习健康知识到掌握健康技能需要一段过程,只有当人们了解了有关的健康知识,建立起积极、正确的信念与态度,才能主动地形成积极、健康的行为方式,转变危害健康的行为,提示相关部门需持续开展健康促进与健康教育工作。
健康的生活方式可以促进健康,提升生命质量。而不健康的生活行为方式已成为威胁全人类健康的重要因素,成为导致我国人群疾病负担的主要原因[16]。本研究结果显示,健康技能素养一直缓慢平稳增长,而健康生活方式与行为素养从2019年开始迅速增长并首次反超基本技能素养,且差距逐步拉大,同时健康生活方式与行为素养的累计增长量和平均增长速度均最高。一方面,说明健康促进与教育工作取得了阶段性成效,人们意识到不良生活方式带来的危害,开始重视健康生活方式的养成。有研究表明,健康生活方式与行为素养是预防疾病、促进健康的关键因素,可以有效提高人群健康水平,减轻疾病负担,并促进健康生活方式的养成[17]。另一方面,2019—2020年正值疫情发生时期,对健康行为有显著影响。如“戴口罩、勤洗手、保持1 m以上安全距离”的疫情防控措施必不可少[18]。唐丽娜等[4]也认为,疫情的风险和严重程度会直接影响当地居民的反应,疫情越严重,居民的个人防护措施越到位。健康行为素养固然重要,但也不能忽视基本技能素养,否则可能削弱健康促进的可持续性。
本研究结果显示,2016—2024年六类问题健康素养水平均呈上升趋势,其中,安全与急救素养一直最高,可能是由于突发性公共卫生事件频发,政府不断加大应急处置工作和急救知识与技能传播的力度,群众安全急救意识也不断提高,更加关注对安全急救知识的获取和利用[19]。同时,基本医疗和传染病防治在2019—2020年均明显上升,可能与由于疫情防控时全社会和政府各部门全方位、多渠道进行传染病防治、医疗服务、医保政策、合理用药、分级诊疗等的知识宣传、行为倡导和技能教授有关,才使得基本医疗和传染病素养得到明显提升,但仍处于六类健康问题素养中最低水平。因此,下一步应以传染病防治、慢性病防治和基本医疗素养为重点,借鉴疫情防控期间采取的有效措施,制定后续健康素养提升策略。
世界卫生组织指出,信息是通往健康的必经之路[20]。新媒体的快速发展使信息呈现出暴发性增长,与此同时与突发公共卫生事件相关的网络虚假信息、伪科学、信息诈骗等信息与健康信息交杂共生,对公众选择和判断信息造成误导,因此,人们非常需要具备获取、理解、甄别和应用健康信息的能力[21],而这种能力就是健康信息素养。伴随“健康中国”战略的全面推进,作为促进公众健康素养关键点的健康信息素养问题正日益受到政府和公众的关注[22]。本研究结果也显示,健康信息素养具备率的9年累计增长量在六类健康问题素养中最高,为24.90%。目前,慢性病是我国重大的公共卫生问题之一,其导致的死亡人数占总死亡人数的86.6%,导致的疾病负担占疾病总负担的70%以上,严重影响我国社会经济的发展[23]。而本研究结果显示,2016—2024年慢性病防治素养水平整体较低,但平均增长速度最快,为14.50%,可能与近年来我国对慢性病素养的宣传有关。一方面,随着我国慢性病的高发,慢性病低龄化的趋势也愈加明显[24],18岁以上居民对慢性病的关注度逐步上升;另一方面,我国基本公共卫生服务均等化的推行[25]、“三减三健”[26]、慢性非传染性病综合防治示范区等项目对慢性病知识的广泛宣传也发挥了较为重要的作用。
本研究通过构建线性趋势回归模型,分析了2016—2024年我国城乡居民及东中西部地区健康素养水平的变化趋势,并对未来5年的发展进行了预测。其中,城乡健康素养水平存在明显差距,城市居民健康素养起点较高,但农村的年增长量高且增速较快,若保持当前的增长速度,至2030年农村预测值(44.823%)仍低于城市(50.166%),提示相关部门需进一步强化农村健康干预措施。值得注意的是,2020年农村实际值(20.020%)较预测值(18.851%)高1.169%,可能与脱贫攻坚期间基层卫生服务强化有关,显示政策干预短期提升效果显著。东中西部健康素养增长呈现分化:中部地区增速最快,预测2030年将达到49.097%,超越东部(46.516%),成为领先区域;东部增速最缓,可能需从“量增”转向“质升”(如心理健康素养、电子健康素养、职场健康等);西部地区尽管增速居中,但起点低且区域内差距较大,反映其健康素养提升的不稳定性,需关注区域内部资源分配差异。
线性模型拟合效果整体较好,全国、城市、农村的预测标准误分别为0.574%、1.068%、0.594%,显示短期预测可信度高。残差分析表明,多数年份预测偏差较小(如全国残差绝对值多<0.700%),支持模型的稳健性。而长期预测可能受非线性因素影响(如政策突变、人口结构变化、突发卫生问题等),例如2020年全国实际值较预测值高0.940%,或与疫情防控期间健康宣教加强有关,而模型未能捕捉此类事件效应。
2016—2024年中国居民健康素养总体水平稳步上升,9年总增长量为20.29%,平均增长速度为13.65%,提前完成国家规划的《健康中国行动(2019—2030年)》中居民健康素养到2030年达到30%[27]的要求。通过线性趋势回归模型预测的数据显示,2030年全国居民健康素养水平远高于30%的目标。中国居民健康素养的持续提升与国家持续开展居民健康素养促进行动、围绕各类健康主题开展各类健康科普与健康教育活动密不可分。但“增速”的同时还要兼顾“提质”,注意心理健康素养、职业健康素养等领域。此外,需注意分区域、分层次、有针对性地提升健康素养水平,努力营造全社会关注和促进健康的良好氛围。

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2026年第40卷第9期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.09.002
  • 接收时间:2025-06-29
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-05-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-29
  • 修回日期:2026-03-23
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    1陕西师范大学体育学院,陕西 710119

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张婧,E-mail:
ZHANG Jing, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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