Article(id=1322168658583994726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168583854080893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1774368000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159172911, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159172911, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159172911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159172911, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168583854080893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='1241', pageEnd='1424', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159155095, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159155095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1371, endPage=1381, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168658789515623, articleId=1322168658583994726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Oral health guidelines for pregnant women:a scoping review, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective To summarize the related contents of oral health guidelines for pregnant women at home and abroad,so as to provide reference for further optimization of oral health guidelines for pregnant women in China.
Methods This study systematically retrieved guidelines on oral health for pregnant women from databases such as PubMed,EMbase,CINAHL,Cochrane Library,CNKI and Wanfang,as well as relevant guideline websites and Google Scholar.The search period was from the establishment of the databases to February 28,2025.
Results A total of 21 guidelines were included,from the United States,Australia,Canada,China and Europe.The main contents of the guidelines included oral assessment,disease prevention and control,health education,and multidisciplinary collaboration.There has been certain consensus on the optimal timing and safety of oral treatment for pregnant women.Although some guidelines mentioned oral health care before and after pregnancy,the covered content was limited.
Conclusions The core recommendations of the oral health guidelines for pregnant women are largely consistent.However,there is still room for improvement in aspects such as service coverage during the service stage,multidisciplinary collaboration,and clinical operability.It is suggested that the service stage of the guidelines should include pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy periods,strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration,enhance the clinical operability of the guidelines,and promote the standardization of oral health management for pregnant women.
, authors=Wenjing ZHANG, Jun QIAN, Xu YANG, Yan XUAN, Nan XU, Xu LUO, authorsList=Wenjing ZHANG, Jun QIAN, Xu YANG, Yan XUAN, Nan XU, Xu LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xu LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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目的 综述国内外孕妇口腔保健指南的相关内容,为我国孕产期口腔保健指南的优化提供参考。
方法 系统检索PubMed、EMbase、CINAHL、Cochrane Library、中国知网和万方等数据库及相关指南网站、Google Scholar中关于孕妇口腔保健的指南。检索时限为建库至2025年2月28日。
结果 共纳入21篇指南,来自美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国和欧洲地区。指南主要推荐内容包括口腔评估、疾病防治、健康教育、多学科协作,在孕妇口腔治疗最佳时机和安全方面形成一定共识,部分指南虽提及了孕前及产后口腔保健,但涉及内容有限。
结论 孕妇口腔保健指南的核心推荐基本一致,但在服务阶段覆盖、多学科协作与临床操作性等方面仍需完善。建议今后指南制定的服务阶段包含孕前和产后,加强多学科协作,增强指南的临床操作性,推进孕妇口腔管理工作的规范化。
, authors=张文静, 钱军, 杨旭, 宣岩, 徐楠, 罗旭
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1Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100020 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530543946813997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, companyId=1322530543930036779, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1北京大学口腔医院,北京 100020)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322530546207543892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Flowchart of literature screening, figureFileSmall=KbOD5TX2GMf9CQGNwgUdUQ==, figureFileBig=HKN3BKMR90ixEXqlUV7ZTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530546278847061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
文献筛选流程图, figureFileSmall=KbOD5TX2GMf9CQGNwgUdUQ==, figureFileBig=HKN3BKMR90ixEXqlUV7ZTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530546383704662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Basic characteristics of the inclusion guidelines
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 发布机构 | 发表 年份 | | 指南推荐内容 | | 主要使用者 |
|---|
| 孕前 | 孕期 | 产后 |
|---|
Massachusetts Department of Public Health[12] | 2024年 | 无 | 首次产检产科与口腔科均评估孕妇口腔健康状况,孕妇产前保健课程增设口腔健康教育内容;关注饮用水中氟化物含量;孕期口腔检查和治疗(X线片、局部麻醉、补牙和拔牙)是安全的;孕期口腔治疗用药参考孕期用药指南;避免使用银汞合金填充物,改用复合树脂或玻璃离子水门汀材料;产科与口腔科之间合作及转诊,尤其针对高风险孕妇;帮助低收入家庭获取牙科服务 | 鼓励家庭母乳喂养,喂奶后用干净柔软纱布擦拭牙龈;限制看护者与婴儿间食物和器具共享,减少导致龋齿的细菌传播;勿将奶嘴浸入含糖食物中,避免用嘴清洁掉落的奶嘴或玩具;1岁之前确定家庭牙医 | 医疗保健提供者(产科、儿科及口腔科);社区工作者与教育者 |
Illinois Department of Public Health[13] | 2021年 | 无 | 孕期口腔治疗需进行风险评估,从基础病史、孕期状况及口腔检查等方面评估;常规口腔治疗,可以在孕期任何时候进行,延迟治疗可能导致更复杂问题;优先处理紧急问题,根据需要修复、根管治疗或拔牙,治疗期间采用舒适体位(如半躺位、左侧卧位);口腔科与产科协作,尤其是高风险孕妇(如妊娠糖尿病、先兆子痫病人);安排个体化随访 | 无 | 口腔健康护理提供者;产科医生;社区健康工作者 |
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry[14] | 2021年 | 无 | 孕期看牙医是安全、有效的,孕妇口腔健康对胎儿有影响,鼓励孕妇进行口腔检查,制定有效的口腔保健方案;孕妇和婴儿避免使用苯佐卡因等局部麻醉药(因高铁血红蛋白血症风险) | 婴儿应在12个月前建立“牙科之家”,包括风险评估、预防指导和定期检查;避免长时间使用奶瓶,非营养性吮吸习惯(如安抚奶嘴)有潜在影响(如开合、后牙反合) | 口腔健康专业人员;其他医疗保健提供者(产科、儿科);社区组织与公共卫生机构 |
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry[15] | 2021年 | 无 | 鼓励孕妇食用无致龋、营养丰富的食物,以促进母亲和胎儿的整体健康和口腔健康;口腔治疗前测量血压,用药与产科医生沟通,避免用对胎儿有害的药物及可能穿过胎盘、对胎儿发育造成风险的物质;指导孕吐或胃食管反流孕妇使用碳酸氢钠漱口水,避免频繁摄入含糖物质;定期预防性护理(如洁牙、涂氟),急诊治疗及时进行,必要时可进行放射性检查,须严格遵守辐射防护规范,非紧急影像检查建议推迟至产后;提供母婴口腔健康关联的宣教(如牙周病与早产的潜在关联) | 指导婴儿口腔健康(如减少致龋菌母婴传播、早期建立牙科家庭) | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科) |
Texas Department of State Health Services[16] | 2020年 | 无 | 孕期全程接受口腔治疗(包括牙齿清洁、X线片检查、局部麻醉和药物治疗)是安全的;牙科X线片检查尽可能低剂量,并使用铅围裙和甲状腺护具;首次产检时评估孕妇的口腔健康状况,必要时协助转诊口腔科;产科与口腔科合作,确保孕妇口腔健康;提供孕妇口腔治疗支持性服务 | 每天用干净湿毛巾清洁婴儿牙龈;避免含奶瓶入睡;避免唾液共享活动(共享餐具、清洁嘴里的奶嘴),以防致病龋传播 | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区服务人员 |
| Virginia Department of Health[17] | 2019年 | 无 | 孕期口腔健康与未来孩子的龋齿风险密切相关;口腔治疗不会伤害胎儿,孕期所有阶段均可接受口腔治疗,包括X线片检查(需铅衣防护)、局部麻醉和常规治疗;产科与口腔科合作,产前医生评估孕妇口腔健康状况,必要时转诊至口腔科;孕期口腔治疗用药遵循药物使用指南;为孕妇提供支持性服务 | 使用干净湿毛巾每天清洁婴儿牙龈;避免含奶瓶入睡;避免唾液共享活动(共享餐具、清洁嘴里的奶嘴),以防致病龋传播 | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区服务人员 |
| Division of Oral Health,SC Department of Health and Environmental Control[18] | 2017年 | 无 | 孕期口腔健康是整体健康重要组成部分,与不良妊娠结局(如早产、低出生体重)相关;孕妇应接受口腔健康教育和定期口腔检查,延迟治疗可能对孕妇和胎儿带来风险;孕吐者少量多次饮食,用碳酸氢钠溶液漱口;产前检查询问孕妇口腔健康状况(如牙龈出血、牙痛等),为有问题孕妇提供口腔转诊服务;孕期口腔治疗是安全的,包括使用局部麻醉药物(含肾上腺素)和必要时X线片检查(需采取防护措施);孕期口腔治疗避免使用某些药物(如四环素、阿司匹林);关注孕期特殊病人(糖尿病、高血压)的口腔健康;产科与口腔科专业人员加强协作,共享病人信息 | 无 | 口腔专业人员;产前专业人员 |
| Michigan Department of Health and Human Services[19] | 2015年 | 无 | 孕期不良口腔健康增加早产、低出生体重等不良妊娠结局的风险;首次产检时进行口腔健康评估,为有口腔问题的孕妇提供转诊服务;孕期口腔治疗是安全的,包括X线片(使用腹部和颈部防护)、局部麻醉药物及止痛药等;孕期口腔治疗安全用药,避免禁忌药物,口腔科与产科建立转诊与协作关系 | 养成良好的饮食习惯,避免共享餐具或用嘴清洁奶嘴,减少致病龋传播 | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科) |
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry[20] | 2015年 | 无 | 孕妇接受全面的口腔检查、清洁和治疗(包括牙科X线片和局部麻醉,孕16~20周最适宜);多学科合作,为孕妇和婴儿提供口腔健康教育和转诊服务;高风险群体(如低收入家庭)需加强干预和随访 | 避免夜间奶瓶喂养和随意母乳喂养;婴儿12个月前建立“牙科家庭”;非营养性口腔习惯(如吮指)早期干预以避免咬合问题 | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区卫生服务人员 |
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry[21] | 2016年 | 无 | 孕期牙周疾病与早产、低出生体重存在潜在关联;孕16~20周是常规牙科治疗的理想时期,可减少孕28周后并发症风险;紧急口腔治疗(如疼痛或感染)不应推迟至分娩后;选择安全的药物(如局部麻醉药),避免使用阿司匹林、四环素等对胎儿有害的药物;口腔科X线片检查应遵循辐射防护原则,仅在必要时进行 | 无 | 产科人员;口腔保健者;社区卫生工作者 |
National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center[22] | 2012年 | 无 | 口腔保健,包括使用X线片、止痛药和局部麻醉剂,常规修复治疗(如补牙)在整个妊娠期间是安全的;孕期治疗保证安全用药,注意禁忌药物;治疗时孕妇头部应高于脚部,可半躺并垫高右髋以减少低血压或恶心风险;产前护理人员需与口腔健康专业人员共享信息,建立转诊机制,协调治疗(如合并症管理、镇静剂使用),确保孕妇及时接受口腔科服务 | 无 | 产前护理人员;口腔健康专业人员 |
| California Dental Association Foundation,American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists[23] | 2010年 | 无 | 孕期进行口腔治疗(包括诊断性X线片、局部麻醉和必要的手术)是安全的,不会增加胎儿或孕妇的风险;产前护理提供者应鼓励孕妇进行口腔检查,并提供转诊服务;口腔专业人员应为孕妇提供全面的口腔护理,包括紧急治疗和预防性服务 | 建立“牙科之家”;避免将婴儿放在床上时使用含糖饮料的奶瓶;指导新生儿父母护理技巧,改善口腔健康 | 产前保健人员;口腔健康专业人员;儿童健康护理专业人员;社区工作者 |
School of Dentistry, University of Washington[24] | 2009年 | 无 | 孕期常规口腔护理(如检查、清洁)是安全且必要的,不应推迟,延迟治疗可能对孕妇和胎儿造成危害;诊断性X线片是安全的,需甲状腺颈圈和腹部防护;推荐利多卡因作为局部麻醉剂,可安全使用对乙酰氨基酚,避免使用布洛芬(孕晚期禁用)和阿司匹林;孕早期可推迟非紧急治疗,孕中期为最佳治疗窗口期,孕晚期避免仰卧位,采用半坐位以防误吸;合并有高血压、糖尿病、血栓性疾病孕妇进行特殊管理 | 无 | 口腔健康专业人员;产科医疗团队 |
Medical University of South Carolina,College of Dental Medicine[25] | 2009年 | 无 | 孕期应进行全面的口腔检查(包括牙周评估),必要时使用X线片(需腹部和甲状腺防护);孕中期是牙科治疗的最佳窗口期,但紧急治疗可在任何阶段进行,推迟必要治疗可能对孕妇及胎儿造成风险;使用孕妇推荐药物,避免禁用药物;优化孕妇转诊机制,整合社区资源提升服务可及性;改善孕妇获取口腔服务的策略 | 无 | 医疗专业人员;牙科专业人员;公共卫生和社区工作者 |
| National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center,Georgetown University[26] | 2008年 | 无 | 孕期口腔护理是安全且必要的,可减少母亲和胎儿的风险,延迟治疗可能对母婴健康造成负面影响;孕14周~20周是口腔治疗最佳时期,紧急治疗可在孕期任何阶段进行;口腔健康纳入产前护理课程,产前人员首次产检时评估孕妇口腔健康状况(如牙龈出血、牙痛等),根据需要提供转诊服务;治疗时调整孕妇体位(头部高于脚部、右侧垫枕),必要时可在防护下安全进行X线片检查、局部麻醉等 | 婴儿避免含奶瓶入睡 | 产前保健人员;口腔健康专业人员 |
| New York State Department of Health[27] | 2006年 | 无 | 孕期牙科治疗(包括X线片、局部麻醉)是安全的,理想治疗时间为妊娠14~20周;避免延迟必要治疗,否则可能增加母婴风险;首次产检时询问口腔症状,6个月内未检查者需转诊口腔科,并提供书面转诊单 | 避免唾液共享行为(如共用餐具、清洁奶嘴) | 产前保健提供者;口腔健康专业人员;儿童保健医生 |
| National Health and Medical Research Council,Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care[28] | 2019年 | 无 | 口腔健康纳入孕期常规保健;孕妇应在产前尽早接受口腔检查和必要治疗,确保口腔干预的安全性;孕期呕吐引发的口腔问题,使用碳酸氢钠漱口液漱口、避免立即刷牙等以保护牙釉质;鼓励孕妇坚持良好的口腔卫生习惯和健康饮食,预防牙龈疾病和龋齿 | 无 | 产前保健人员;口腔保健服务者 |
| National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners[29] | 2018年 | 无 | 孕妇均应进行口腔健康评估,每天使用含氟牙膏刷牙两次;避免高糖饮食,减少含糖饮料摄入,同时倡导戒烟限酒等健康生活方式;加强孕期口腔保健意识并建立有效的转诊机制 | 无 | 产前保健人员;口腔保健人员 |
| European Federation of Periodontology[30] | 2020年 | 对育龄女性,应询问是否怀孕或计划怀孕,并根据怀孕状态推荐口腔健康干预措施;告知未怀孕的女性孕期口腔健康的重要性,并建议在怀孕前治疗已有的牙周疾病 | 牙周炎可能与早产、低出生体重和先兆子痫等不良妊娠结局相关;非手术牙周治疗、拔牙和牙科X线片在孕期是安全的,尤其是在妊娠中期;局部麻醉和常见止痛药的使用通常安全,但应避免使用四环素类抗生素和甲硝唑;应尽量避免牙周手术等创伤性干预,如需进行,建议在妊娠中期或晚期;妊娠性牙龈瘤应延迟到产后手术切除,孕期以支持性治疗(如菌斑清除)为主 | 无 | 口腔专业人员;产科专业人员 |
| Perinatal Services British Columbia[31] | 2014年 | 无 | 孕前或首次产前检查进行口腔健康筛查,使用标准化工具(如孕产妇口腔筛查工具)评估风险;加强健康教育,提升孕妇对口腔保健的认知;推动医疗卫生各专业之间的协作,确保孕妇在整个孕期都能获得及时、适当的口腔保健服务 | 无 | 产前保健人员;口腔保健人员 |
| 国家卫生健康委员会[32] | 2009年 | 计划怀孕时应接受口腔健康检查,治疗口腔疾病 | 孕妇口腔健康影响胎儿健康;孕1~3个月口腔治疗一般限于急症,避免X线片,孕4~6个月是孕期口腔治疗最佳时期,X线片在保护措施下使用,孕7~9个月,尽可能避免口腔治疗,急症需治疗时选择不含肾上腺素等收缩血管的药物局部麻醉 | 产后更应坚持刷牙、漱口 | 口腔保健人员;产科保健人员 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322530546480173655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
纳入指南的基本特征
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 发布机构 | 发表 年份 | | 指南推荐内容 | | 主要使用者 |
|---|
| 孕前 | 孕期 | 产后 |
|---|
Massachusetts Department of Public Health[12] | 2024年 | 无 | 首次产检产科与口腔科均评估孕妇口腔健康状况,孕妇产前保健课程增设口腔健康教育内容;关注饮用水中氟化物含量;孕期口腔检查和治疗(X线片、局部麻醉、补牙和拔牙)是安全的;孕期口腔治疗用药参考孕期用药指南;避免使用银汞合金填充物,改用复合树脂或玻璃离子水门汀材料;产科与口腔科之间合作及转诊,尤其针对高风险孕妇;帮助低收入家庭获取牙科服务 | 鼓励家庭母乳喂养,喂奶后用干净柔软纱布擦拭牙龈;限制看护者与婴儿间食物和器具共享,减少导致龋齿的细菌传播;勿将奶嘴浸入含糖食物中,避免用嘴清洁掉落的奶嘴或玩具;1岁之前确定家庭牙医 | 医疗保健提供者(产科、儿科及口腔科);社区工作者与教育者 |
Illinois Department of Public Health[13] | 2021年 | 无 | 孕期口腔治疗需进行风险评估,从基础病史、孕期状况及口腔检查等方面评估;常规口腔治疗,可以在孕期任何时候进行,延迟治疗可能导致更复杂问题;优先处理紧急问题,根据需要修复、根管治疗或拔牙,治疗期间采用舒适体位(如半躺位、左侧卧位);口腔科与产科协作,尤其是高风险孕妇(如妊娠糖尿病、先兆子痫病人);安排个体化随访 | 无 | 口腔健康护理提供者;产科医生;社区健康工作者 |
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry[14] | 2021年 | 无 | 孕期看牙医是安全、有效的,孕妇口腔健康对胎儿有影响,鼓励孕妇进行口腔检查,制定有效的口腔保健方案;孕妇和婴儿避免使用苯佐卡因等局部麻醉药(因高铁血红蛋白血症风险) | 婴儿应在12个月前建立“牙科之家”,包括风险评估、预防指导和定期检查;避免长时间使用奶瓶,非营养性吮吸习惯(如安抚奶嘴)有潜在影响(如开合、后牙反合) | 口腔健康专业人员;其他医疗保健提供者(产科、儿科);社区组织与公共卫生机构 |
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry[15] | 2021年 | 无 | 鼓励孕妇食用无致龋、营养丰富的食物,以促进母亲和胎儿的整体健康和口腔健康;口腔治疗前测量血压,用药与产科医生沟通,避免用对胎儿有害的药物及可能穿过胎盘、对胎儿发育造成风险的物质;指导孕吐或胃食管反流孕妇使用碳酸氢钠漱口水,避免频繁摄入含糖物质;定期预防性护理(如洁牙、涂氟),急诊治疗及时进行,必要时可进行放射性检查,须严格遵守辐射防护规范,非紧急影像检查建议推迟至产后;提供母婴口腔健康关联的宣教(如牙周病与早产的潜在关联) | 指导婴儿口腔健康(如减少致龋菌母婴传播、早期建立牙科家庭) | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科) |
Texas Department of State Health Services[16] | 2020年 | 无 | 孕期全程接受口腔治疗(包括牙齿清洁、X线片检查、局部麻醉和药物治疗)是安全的;牙科X线片检查尽可能低剂量,并使用铅围裙和甲状腺护具;首次产检时评估孕妇的口腔健康状况,必要时协助转诊口腔科;产科与口腔科合作,确保孕妇口腔健康;提供孕妇口腔治疗支持性服务 | 每天用干净湿毛巾清洁婴儿牙龈;避免含奶瓶入睡;避免唾液共享活动(共享餐具、清洁嘴里的奶嘴),以防致病龋传播 | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区服务人员 |
| Virginia Department of Health[17] | 2019年 | 无 | 孕期口腔健康与未来孩子的龋齿风险密切相关;口腔治疗不会伤害胎儿,孕期所有阶段均可接受口腔治疗,包括X线片检查(需铅衣防护)、局部麻醉和常规治疗;产科与口腔科合作,产前医生评估孕妇口腔健康状况,必要时转诊至口腔科;孕期口腔治疗用药遵循药物使用指南;为孕妇提供支持性服务 | 使用干净湿毛巾每天清洁婴儿牙龈;避免含奶瓶入睡;避免唾液共享活动(共享餐具、清洁嘴里的奶嘴),以防致病龋传播 | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区服务人员 |
| Division of Oral Health,SC Department of Health and Environmental Control[18] | 2017年 | 无 | 孕期口腔健康是整体健康重要组成部分,与不良妊娠结局(如早产、低出生体重)相关;孕妇应接受口腔健康教育和定期口腔检查,延迟治疗可能对孕妇和胎儿带来风险;孕吐者少量多次饮食,用碳酸氢钠溶液漱口;产前检查询问孕妇口腔健康状况(如牙龈出血、牙痛等),为有问题孕妇提供口腔转诊服务;孕期口腔治疗是安全的,包括使用局部麻醉药物(含肾上腺素)和必要时X线片检查(需采取防护措施);孕期口腔治疗避免使用某些药物(如四环素、阿司匹林);关注孕期特殊病人(糖尿病、高血压)的口腔健康;产科与口腔科专业人员加强协作,共享病人信息 | 无 | 口腔专业人员;产前专业人员 |
| Michigan Department of Health and Human Services[19] | 2015年 | 无 | 孕期不良口腔健康增加早产、低出生体重等不良妊娠结局的风险;首次产检时进行口腔健康评估,为有口腔问题的孕妇提供转诊服务;孕期口腔治疗是安全的,包括X线片(使用腹部和颈部防护)、局部麻醉药物及止痛药等;孕期口腔治疗安全用药,避免禁忌药物,口腔科与产科建立转诊与协作关系 | 养成良好的饮食习惯,避免共享餐具或用嘴清洁奶嘴,减少致病龋传播 | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科) |
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry[20] | 2015年 | 无 | 孕妇接受全面的口腔检查、清洁和治疗(包括牙科X线片和局部麻醉,孕16~20周最适宜);多学科合作,为孕妇和婴儿提供口腔健康教育和转诊服务;高风险群体(如低收入家庭)需加强干预和随访 | 避免夜间奶瓶喂养和随意母乳喂养;婴儿12个月前建立“牙科家庭”;非营养性口腔习惯(如吮指)早期干预以避免咬合问题 | 口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区卫生服务人员 |
American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry[21] | 2016年 | 无 | 孕期牙周疾病与早产、低出生体重存在潜在关联;孕16~20周是常规牙科治疗的理想时期,可减少孕28周后并发症风险;紧急口腔治疗(如疼痛或感染)不应推迟至分娩后;选择安全的药物(如局部麻醉药),避免使用阿司匹林、四环素等对胎儿有害的药物;口腔科X线片检查应遵循辐射防护原则,仅在必要时进行 | 无 | 产科人员;口腔保健者;社区卫生工作者 |
National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center[22] | 2012年 | 无 | 口腔保健,包括使用X线片、止痛药和局部麻醉剂,常规修复治疗(如补牙)在整个妊娠期间是安全的;孕期治疗保证安全用药,注意禁忌药物;治疗时孕妇头部应高于脚部,可半躺并垫高右髋以减少低血压或恶心风险;产前护理人员需与口腔健康专业人员共享信息,建立转诊机制,协调治疗(如合并症管理、镇静剂使用),确保孕妇及时接受口腔科服务 | 无 | 产前护理人员;口腔健康专业人员 |
| California Dental Association Foundation,American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists[23] | 2010年 | 无 | 孕期进行口腔治疗(包括诊断性X线片、局部麻醉和必要的手术)是安全的,不会增加胎儿或孕妇的风险;产前护理提供者应鼓励孕妇进行口腔检查,并提供转诊服务;口腔专业人员应为孕妇提供全面的口腔护理,包括紧急治疗和预防性服务 | 建立“牙科之家”;避免将婴儿放在床上时使用含糖饮料的奶瓶;指导新生儿父母护理技巧,改善口腔健康 | 产前保健人员;口腔健康专业人员;儿童健康护理专业人员;社区工作者 |
School of Dentistry, University of Washington[24] | 2009年 | 无 | 孕期常规口腔护理(如检查、清洁)是安全且必要的,不应推迟,延迟治疗可能对孕妇和胎儿造成危害;诊断性X线片是安全的,需甲状腺颈圈和腹部防护;推荐利多卡因作为局部麻醉剂,可安全使用对乙酰氨基酚,避免使用布洛芬(孕晚期禁用)和阿司匹林;孕早期可推迟非紧急治疗,孕中期为最佳治疗窗口期,孕晚期避免仰卧位,采用半坐位以防误吸;合并有高血压、糖尿病、血栓性疾病孕妇进行特殊管理 | 无 | 口腔健康专业人员;产科医疗团队 |
Medical University of South Carolina,College of Dental Medicine[25] | 2009年 | 无 | 孕期应进行全面的口腔检查(包括牙周评估),必要时使用X线片(需腹部和甲状腺防护);孕中期是牙科治疗的最佳窗口期,但紧急治疗可在任何阶段进行,推迟必要治疗可能对孕妇及胎儿造成风险;使用孕妇推荐药物,避免禁用药物;优化孕妇转诊机制,整合社区资源提升服务可及性;改善孕妇获取口腔服务的策略 | 无 | 医疗专业人员;牙科专业人员;公共卫生和社区工作者 |
| National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center,Georgetown University[26] | 2008年 | 无 | 孕期口腔护理是安全且必要的,可减少母亲和胎儿的风险,延迟治疗可能对母婴健康造成负面影响;孕14周~20周是口腔治疗最佳时期,紧急治疗可在孕期任何阶段进行;口腔健康纳入产前护理课程,产前人员首次产检时评估孕妇口腔健康状况(如牙龈出血、牙痛等),根据需要提供转诊服务;治疗时调整孕妇体位(头部高于脚部、右侧垫枕),必要时可在防护下安全进行X线片检查、局部麻醉等 | 婴儿避免含奶瓶入睡 | 产前保健人员;口腔健康专业人员 |
| New York State Department of Health[27] | 2006年 | 无 | 孕期牙科治疗(包括X线片、局部麻醉)是安全的,理想治疗时间为妊娠14~20周;避免延迟必要治疗,否则可能增加母婴风险;首次产检时询问口腔症状,6个月内未检查者需转诊口腔科,并提供书面转诊单 | 避免唾液共享行为(如共用餐具、清洁奶嘴) | 产前保健提供者;口腔健康专业人员;儿童保健医生 |
| National Health and Medical Research Council,Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care[28] | 2019年 | 无 | 口腔健康纳入孕期常规保健;孕妇应在产前尽早接受口腔检查和必要治疗,确保口腔干预的安全性;孕期呕吐引发的口腔问题,使用碳酸氢钠漱口液漱口、避免立即刷牙等以保护牙釉质;鼓励孕妇坚持良好的口腔卫生习惯和健康饮食,预防牙龈疾病和龋齿 | 无 | 产前保健人员;口腔保健服务者 |
| National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners[29] | 2018年 | 无 | 孕妇均应进行口腔健康评估,每天使用含氟牙膏刷牙两次;避免高糖饮食,减少含糖饮料摄入,同时倡导戒烟限酒等健康生活方式;加强孕期口腔保健意识并建立有效的转诊机制 | 无 | 产前保健人员;口腔保健人员 |
| European Federation of Periodontology[30] | 2020年 | 对育龄女性,应询问是否怀孕或计划怀孕,并根据怀孕状态推荐口腔健康干预措施;告知未怀孕的女性孕期口腔健康的重要性,并建议在怀孕前治疗已有的牙周疾病 | 牙周炎可能与早产、低出生体重和先兆子痫等不良妊娠结局相关;非手术牙周治疗、拔牙和牙科X线片在孕期是安全的,尤其是在妊娠中期;局部麻醉和常见止痛药的使用通常安全,但应避免使用四环素类抗生素和甲硝唑;应尽量避免牙周手术等创伤性干预,如需进行,建议在妊娠中期或晚期;妊娠性牙龈瘤应延迟到产后手术切除,孕期以支持性治疗(如菌斑清除)为主 | 无 | 口腔专业人员;产科专业人员 |
| Perinatal Services British Columbia[31] | 2014年 | 无 | 孕前或首次产前检查进行口腔健康筛查,使用标准化工具(如孕产妇口腔筛查工具)评估风险;加强健康教育,提升孕妇对口腔保健的认知;推动医疗卫生各专业之间的协作,确保孕妇在整个孕期都能获得及时、适当的口腔保健服务 | 无 | 产前保健人员;口腔保健人员 |
| 国家卫生健康委员会[32] | 2009年 | 计划怀孕时应接受口腔健康检查,治疗口腔疾病 | 孕妇口腔健康影响胎儿健康;孕1~3个月口腔治疗一般限于急症,避免X线片,孕4~6个月是孕期口腔治疗最佳时期,X线片在保护措施下使用,孕7~9个月,尽可能避免口腔治疗,急症需治疗时选择不含肾上腺素等收缩血管的药物局部麻醉 | 产后更应坚持刷牙、漱口 | 口腔保健人员;产科保健人员 |
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