Article(id=1322168658583994726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168583854080893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748966400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-04, revisedDate=1774368000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159172911, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159172911, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159172911, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159172911, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168583854080893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='1241', pageEnd='1424', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159155095, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159155095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1371, endPage=1381, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168658789515623, articleId=1322168658583994726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Oral health guidelines for pregnant women:a scoping review, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To summarize the related contents of oral health guidelines for pregnant women at home and abroad,so as to provide reference for further optimization of oral health guidelines for pregnant women in China.

Methods

This study systematically retrieved guidelines on oral health for pregnant women from databases such as PubMed,EMbase,CINAHL,Cochrane Library,CNKI and Wanfang,as well as relevant guideline websites and Google Scholar.The search period was from the establishment of the databases to February 28,2025.

Results

A total of 21 guidelines were included,from the United States,Australia,Canada,China and Europe.The main contents of the guidelines included oral assessment,disease prevention and control,health education,and multidisciplinary collaboration.There has been certain consensus on the optimal timing and safety of oral treatment for pregnant women.Although some guidelines mentioned oral health care before and after pregnancy,the covered content was limited.

Conclusions

The core recommendations of the oral health guidelines for pregnant women are largely consistent.However,there is still room for improvement in aspects such as service coverage during the service stage,multidisciplinary collaboration,and clinical operability.It is suggested that the service stage of the guidelines should include pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy periods,strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration,enhance the clinical operability of the guidelines,and promote the standardization of oral health management for pregnant women.

, authors=Wenjing ZHANG, Jun QIAN, Xu YANG, Yan XUAN, Nan XU, Xu LUO, authorsList=Wenjing ZHANG, Jun QIAN, Xu YANG, Yan XUAN, Nan XU, Xu LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xu LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LUO Xu, E-mail:
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目的

综述国内外孕妇口腔保健指南的相关内容,为我国孕产期口腔保健指南的优化提供参考。

方法

系统检索PubMed、EMbase、CINAHL、Cochrane Library、中国知网和万方等数据库及相关指南网站、Google Scholar中关于孕妇口腔保健的指南。检索时限为建库至2025年2月28日。

结果

共纳入21篇指南,来自美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国和欧洲地区。指南主要推荐内容包括口腔评估、疾病防治、健康教育、多学科协作,在孕妇口腔治疗最佳时机和安全方面形成一定共识,部分指南虽提及了孕前及产后口腔保健,但涉及内容有限。

结论

孕妇口腔保健指南的核心推荐基本一致,但在服务阶段覆盖、多学科协作与临床操作性等方面仍需完善。建议今后指南制定的服务阶段包含孕前和产后,加强多学科协作,增强指南的临床操作性,推进孕妇口腔管理工作的规范化。

, authors=张文静, 钱军, 杨旭, 宣岩, 徐楠, 罗旭*, *, authorsList=张文静, 钱军, 杨旭, 宣岩, 徐楠, 罗旭, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=罗旭, authorNote=

张文静,主管护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
罗旭,E-mail:
LUO Xu, E-mail:
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journalName=中华口腔医学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曾晓娟,周学东,陈文霞,等.建立和完善中国特色口腔公共卫生体系的思考[J].中华口腔医学杂志,2020,55(6):361-366., articleTitle=建立和完善中国特色口腔公共卫生体系的思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530551131656833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=20, pageStart=2788, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=LLANEZA A J, HOLT A, STEPHENS L, journalName=Healthcare, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LLANEZA A J,HOLT A,STEPHENS L,et al.Native American community perspectives on oral health access:understanding the impact of rurality[J].Healthcare,2023,11(20):2788., articleTitle=Native American community perspectives on oral health access:understanding the impact of rurality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530551198765698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=12, issue=3, pageStart=1715, pageEnd=1723, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=LEE H, DESHPANDE R, BENN E K T, journalName=Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE H,DESHPANDE R,BENN E K T.Race,ethnicity,and other barriers to access dental care during pregnancy[J].Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities,2025,12(3):1715-1723., articleTitle=Race,ethnicity,and other barriers to access dental care during pregnancy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530551291040387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=19, issue=13, pageStart=1383, pageEnd=1387, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=43, rfOrder=42, authorNames=BALA R, SARGAIYAN V, RATHI S A, journalName=Bioinformation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BALA R,SARGAIYAN V,RATHI S A,et al.Mobile dental clinic for oral health services to underserved rural Indian communities[J].Bioinformation,2023,19(13):1383-1387., articleTitle=Mobile dental clinic for oral health services to underserved rural Indian communities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530551358149252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=75, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=44, rfOrder=43, authorNames=GUPTA S, HAKIM M, PATEL D, journalName=Dentistry Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUPTA S,HAKIM M,PATEL D,et al.Reaching vulnerable populations through portable and mobile dentistry-current and future opportunities[J].Dentistry Journal,2019,7(3):75., articleTitle=Reaching vulnerable populations through portable and mobile dentistry-current and future opportunities, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322530543930036779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Basic characteristics of the inclusion guidelines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发布机构发表
年份
指南推荐内容主要使用者
孕前孕期产后
Massachusetts Department
of Public Health[12]
2024年无首次产检产科与口腔科均评估孕妇口腔健康状况,孕妇产前保健课程增设口腔健康教育内容;关注饮用水中氟化物含量;孕期口腔检查和治疗(X线片、局部麻醉、补牙和拔牙)是安全的;孕期口腔治疗用药参考孕期用药指南;避免使用银汞合金填充物,改用复合树脂或玻璃离子水门汀材料;产科与口腔科之间合作及转诊,尤其针对高风险孕妇;帮助低收入家庭获取牙科服务鼓励家庭母乳喂养,喂奶后用干净柔软纱布擦拭牙龈;限制看护者与婴儿间食物和器具共享,减少导致龋齿的细菌传播;勿将奶嘴浸入含糖食物中,避免用嘴清洁掉落的奶嘴或玩具;1岁之前确定家庭牙医医疗保健提供者(产科、儿科及口腔科);社区工作者与教育者
Illinois Department of
Public Health[13]
2021年无孕期口腔治疗需进行风险评估,从基础病史、孕期状况及口腔检查等方面评估;常规口腔治疗,可以在孕期任何时候进行,延迟治疗可能导致更复杂问题;优先处理紧急问题,根据需要修复、根管治疗或拔牙,治疗期间采用舒适体位(如半躺位、左侧卧位);口腔科与产科协作,尤其是高风险孕妇(如妊娠糖尿病、先兆子痫病人);安排个体化随访无口腔健康护理提供者;产科医生;社区健康工作者
American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry[14]
2021年无孕期看牙医是安全、有效的,孕妇口腔健康对胎儿有影响,鼓励孕妇进行口腔检查,制定有效的口腔保健方案;孕妇和婴儿避免使用苯佐卡因等局部麻醉药(因高铁血红蛋白血症风险)婴儿应在12个月前建立“牙科之家”,包括风险评估、预防指导和定期检查;避免长时间使用奶瓶,非营养性吮吸习惯(如安抚奶嘴)有潜在影响(如开合、后牙反合)口腔健康专业人员;其他医疗保健提供者(产科、儿科);社区组织与公共卫生机构
American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry[15]
2021年无鼓励孕妇食用无致龋、营养丰富的食物,以促进母亲和胎儿的整体健康和口腔健康;口腔治疗前测量血压,用药与产科医生沟通,避免用对胎儿有害的药物及可能穿过胎盘、对胎儿发育造成风险的物质;指导孕吐或胃食管反流孕妇使用碳酸氢钠漱口水,避免频繁摄入含糖物质;定期预防性护理(如洁牙、涂氟),急诊治疗及时进行,必要时可进行放射性检查,须严格遵守辐射防护规范,非紧急影像检查建议推迟至产后;提供母婴口腔健康关联的宣教(如牙周病与早产的潜在关联)指导婴儿口腔健康(如减少致龋菌母婴传播、早期建立牙科家庭)口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科)
Texas Department of
State Health Services[16]
2020年无孕期全程接受口腔治疗(包括牙齿清洁、X线片检查、局部麻醉和药物治疗)是安全的;牙科X线片检查尽可能低剂量,并使用铅围裙和甲状腺护具;首次产检时评估孕妇的口腔健康状况,必要时协助转诊口腔科;产科与口腔科合作,确保孕妇口腔健康;提供孕妇口腔治疗支持性服务每天用干净湿毛巾清洁婴儿牙龈;避免含奶瓶入睡;避免唾液共享活动(共享餐具、清洁嘴里的奶嘴),以防致病龋传播口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区服务人员
Virginia Department of Health[17]2019年无孕期口腔健康与未来孩子的龋齿风险密切相关;口腔治疗不会伤害胎儿,孕期所有阶段均可接受口腔治疗,包括X线片检查(需铅衣防护)、局部麻醉和常规治疗;产科与口腔科合作,产前医生评估孕妇口腔健康状况,必要时转诊至口腔科;孕期口腔治疗用药遵循药物使用指南;为孕妇提供支持性服务使用干净湿毛巾每天清洁婴儿牙龈;避免含奶瓶入睡;避免唾液共享活动(共享餐具、清洁嘴里的奶嘴),以防致病龋传播口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区服务人员
Division of Oral Health,SC Department of Health and Environmental Control[18]2017年无孕期口腔健康是整体健康重要组成部分,与不良妊娠结局(如早产、低出生体重)相关;孕妇应接受口腔健康教育和定期口腔检查,延迟治疗可能对孕妇和胎儿带来风险;孕吐者少量多次饮食,用碳酸氢钠溶液漱口;产前检查询问孕妇口腔健康状况(如牙龈出血、牙痛等),为有问题孕妇提供口腔转诊服务;孕期口腔治疗是安全的,包括使用局部麻醉药物(含肾上腺素)和必要时X线片检查(需采取防护措施);孕期口腔治疗避免使用某些药物(如四环素、阿司匹林);关注孕期特殊病人(糖尿病、高血压)的口腔健康;产科与口腔科专业人员加强协作,共享病人信息无口腔专业人员;产前专业人员
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services[19]2015年无孕期不良口腔健康增加早产、低出生体重等不良妊娠结局的风险;首次产检时进行口腔健康评估,为有口腔问题的孕妇提供转诊服务;孕期口腔治疗是安全的,包括X线片(使用腹部和颈部防护)、局部麻醉药物及止痛药等;孕期口腔治疗安全用药,避免禁忌药物,口腔科与产科建立转诊与协作关系养成良好的饮食习惯,避免共享餐具或用嘴清洁奶嘴,减少致病龋传播口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科)
American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry[20]
2015年无孕妇接受全面的口腔检查、清洁和治疗(包括牙科X线片和局部麻醉,孕16~20周最适宜);多学科合作,为孕妇和婴儿提供口腔健康教育和转诊服务;高风险群体(如低收入家庭)需加强干预和随访避免夜间奶瓶喂养和随意母乳喂养;婴儿12个月前建立“牙科家庭”;非营养性口腔习惯(如吮指)早期干预以避免咬合问题口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区卫生服务人员
American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry[21]
2016年无孕期牙周疾病与早产、低出生体重存在潜在关联;孕16~20周是常规牙科治疗的理想时期,可减少孕28周后并发症风险;紧急口腔治疗(如疼痛或感染)不应推迟至分娩后;选择安全的药物(如局部麻醉药),避免使用阿司匹林、四环素等对胎儿有害的药物;口腔科X线片检查应遵循辐射防护原则,仅在必要时进行无产科人员;口腔保健者;社区卫生工作者
National Maternal and
Child Oral Health
Resource Center[22]
2012年无口腔保健,包括使用X线片、止痛药和局部麻醉剂,常规修复治疗(如补牙)在整个妊娠期间是安全的;孕期治疗保证安全用药,注意禁忌药物;治疗时孕妇头部应高于脚部,可半躺并垫高右髋以减少低血压或恶心风险;产前护理人员需与口腔健康专业人员共享信息,建立转诊机制,协调治疗(如合并症管理、镇静剂使用),确保孕妇及时接受口腔科服务无产前护理人员;口腔健康专业人员
California Dental Association Foundation,American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists[23]2010年无孕期进行口腔治疗(包括诊断性X线片、局部麻醉和必要的手术)是安全的,不会增加胎儿或孕妇的风险;产前护理提供者应鼓励孕妇进行口腔检查,并提供转诊服务;口腔专业人员应为孕妇提供全面的口腔护理,包括紧急治疗和预防性服务建立“牙科之家”;避免将婴儿放在床上时使用含糖饮料的奶瓶;指导新生儿父母护理技巧,改善口腔健康产前保健人员;口腔健康专业人员;儿童健康护理专业人员;社区工作者
School of Dentistry,
University of Washington[24]
2009年无孕期常规口腔护理(如检查、清洁)是安全且必要的,不应推迟,延迟治疗可能对孕妇和胎儿造成危害;诊断性X线片是安全的,需甲状腺颈圈和腹部防护;推荐利多卡因作为局部麻醉剂,可安全使用对乙酰氨基酚,避免使用布洛芬(孕晚期禁用)和阿司匹林;孕早期可推迟非紧急治疗,孕中期为最佳治疗窗口期,孕晚期避免仰卧位,采用半坐位以防误吸;合并有高血压、糖尿病、血栓性疾病孕妇进行特殊管理无口腔健康专业人员;产科医疗团队
Medical University of
South Carolina,College
of Dental Medicine[25]
2009年无孕期应进行全面的口腔检查(包括牙周评估),必要时使用X线片(需腹部和甲状腺防护);孕中期是牙科治疗的最佳窗口期,但紧急治疗可在任何阶段进行,推迟必要治疗可能对孕妇及胎儿造成风险;使用孕妇推荐药物,避免禁用药物;优化孕妇转诊机制,整合社区资源提升服务可及性;改善孕妇获取口腔服务的策略无医疗专业人员;牙科专业人员;公共卫生和社区工作者
National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center,Georgetown University[26]2008年无孕期口腔护理是安全且必要的,可减少母亲和胎儿的风险,延迟治疗可能对母婴健康造成负面影响;孕14周~20周是口腔治疗最佳时期,紧急治疗可在孕期任何阶段进行;口腔健康纳入产前护理课程,产前人员首次产检时评估孕妇口腔健康状况(如牙龈出血、牙痛等),根据需要提供转诊服务;治疗时调整孕妇体位(头部高于脚部、右侧垫枕),必要时可在防护下安全进行X线片检查、局部麻醉等婴儿避免含奶瓶入睡产前保健人员;口腔健康专业人员
New York State Department of Health[27]2006年无孕期牙科治疗(包括X线片、局部麻醉)是安全的,理想治疗时间为妊娠14~20周;避免延迟必要治疗,否则可能增加母婴风险;首次产检时询问口腔症状,6个月内未检查者需转诊口腔科,并提供书面转诊单避免唾液共享行为(如共用餐具、清洁奶嘴)产前保健提供者;口腔健康专业人员;儿童保健医生
National Health and Medical Research Council,Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care[28]2019年无口腔健康纳入孕期常规保健;孕妇应在产前尽早接受口腔检查和必要治疗,确保口腔干预的安全性;孕期呕吐引发的口腔问题,使用碳酸氢钠漱口液漱口、避免立即刷牙等以保护牙釉质;鼓励孕妇坚持良好的口腔卫生习惯和健康饮食,预防牙龈疾病和龋齿无产前保健人员;口腔保健服务者
National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners[29]2018年无孕妇均应进行口腔健康评估,每天使用含氟牙膏刷牙两次;避免高糖饮食,减少含糖饮料摄入,同时倡导戒烟限酒等健康生活方式;加强孕期口腔保健意识并建立有效的转诊机制无产前保健人员;口腔保健人员
European Federation of Periodontology[30]2020年对育龄女性,应询问是否怀孕或计划怀孕,并根据怀孕状态推荐口腔健康干预措施;告知未怀孕的女性孕期口腔健康的重要性,并建议在怀孕前治疗已有的牙周疾病牙周炎可能与早产、低出生体重和先兆子痫等不良妊娠结局相关;非手术牙周治疗、拔牙和牙科X线片在孕期是安全的,尤其是在妊娠中期;局部麻醉和常见止痛药的使用通常安全,但应避免使用四环素类抗生素和甲硝唑;应尽量避免牙周手术等创伤性干预,如需进行,建议在妊娠中期或晚期;妊娠性牙龈瘤应延迟到产后手术切除,孕期以支持性治疗(如菌斑清除)为主无口腔专业人员;产科专业人员
Perinatal Services British Columbia[31]2014年无孕前或首次产前检查进行口腔健康筛查,使用标准化工具(如孕产妇口腔筛查工具)评估风险;加强健康教育,提升孕妇对口腔保健的认知;推动医疗卫生各专业之间的协作,确保孕妇在整个孕期都能获得及时、适当的口腔保健服务无产前保健人员;口腔保健人员
国家卫生健康委员会[32]2009年计划怀孕时应接受口腔健康检查,治疗口腔疾病孕妇口腔健康影响胎儿健康;孕1~3个月口腔治疗一般限于急症,避免X线片,孕4~6个月是孕期口腔治疗最佳时期,X线片在保护措施下使用,孕7~9个月,尽可能避免口腔治疗,急症需治疗时选择不含肾上腺素等收缩血管的药物局部麻醉产后更应坚持刷牙、漱口口腔保健人员;产科保健人员
), ArticleFig(id=1322530546480173655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168658583994726, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入指南的基本特征

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发布机构发表
年份
指南推荐内容主要使用者
孕前孕期产后
Massachusetts Department
of Public Health[12]
2024年无首次产检产科与口腔科均评估孕妇口腔健康状况,孕妇产前保健课程增设口腔健康教育内容;关注饮用水中氟化物含量;孕期口腔检查和治疗(X线片、局部麻醉、补牙和拔牙)是安全的;孕期口腔治疗用药参考孕期用药指南;避免使用银汞合金填充物,改用复合树脂或玻璃离子水门汀材料;产科与口腔科之间合作及转诊,尤其针对高风险孕妇;帮助低收入家庭获取牙科服务鼓励家庭母乳喂养,喂奶后用干净柔软纱布擦拭牙龈;限制看护者与婴儿间食物和器具共享,减少导致龋齿的细菌传播;勿将奶嘴浸入含糖食物中,避免用嘴清洁掉落的奶嘴或玩具;1岁之前确定家庭牙医医疗保健提供者(产科、儿科及口腔科);社区工作者与教育者
Illinois Department of
Public Health[13]
2021年无孕期口腔治疗需进行风险评估,从基础病史、孕期状况及口腔检查等方面评估;常规口腔治疗,可以在孕期任何时候进行,延迟治疗可能导致更复杂问题;优先处理紧急问题,根据需要修复、根管治疗或拔牙,治疗期间采用舒适体位(如半躺位、左侧卧位);口腔科与产科协作,尤其是高风险孕妇(如妊娠糖尿病、先兆子痫病人);安排个体化随访无口腔健康护理提供者;产科医生;社区健康工作者
American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry[14]
2021年无孕期看牙医是安全、有效的,孕妇口腔健康对胎儿有影响,鼓励孕妇进行口腔检查,制定有效的口腔保健方案;孕妇和婴儿避免使用苯佐卡因等局部麻醉药(因高铁血红蛋白血症风险)婴儿应在12个月前建立“牙科之家”,包括风险评估、预防指导和定期检查;避免长时间使用奶瓶,非营养性吮吸习惯(如安抚奶嘴)有潜在影响(如开合、后牙反合)口腔健康专业人员;其他医疗保健提供者(产科、儿科);社区组织与公共卫生机构
American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry[15]
2021年无鼓励孕妇食用无致龋、营养丰富的食物,以促进母亲和胎儿的整体健康和口腔健康;口腔治疗前测量血压,用药与产科医生沟通,避免用对胎儿有害的药物及可能穿过胎盘、对胎儿发育造成风险的物质;指导孕吐或胃食管反流孕妇使用碳酸氢钠漱口水,避免频繁摄入含糖物质;定期预防性护理(如洁牙、涂氟),急诊治疗及时进行,必要时可进行放射性检查,须严格遵守辐射防护规范,非紧急影像检查建议推迟至产后;提供母婴口腔健康关联的宣教(如牙周病与早产的潜在关联)指导婴儿口腔健康(如减少致龋菌母婴传播、早期建立牙科家庭)口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科)
Texas Department of
State Health Services[16]
2020年无孕期全程接受口腔治疗(包括牙齿清洁、X线片检查、局部麻醉和药物治疗)是安全的;牙科X线片检查尽可能低剂量,并使用铅围裙和甲状腺护具;首次产检时评估孕妇的口腔健康状况,必要时协助转诊口腔科;产科与口腔科合作,确保孕妇口腔健康;提供孕妇口腔治疗支持性服务每天用干净湿毛巾清洁婴儿牙龈;避免含奶瓶入睡;避免唾液共享活动(共享餐具、清洁嘴里的奶嘴),以防致病龋传播口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区服务人员
Virginia Department of Health[17]2019年无孕期口腔健康与未来孩子的龋齿风险密切相关;口腔治疗不会伤害胎儿,孕期所有阶段均可接受口腔治疗,包括X线片检查(需铅衣防护)、局部麻醉和常规治疗;产科与口腔科合作,产前医生评估孕妇口腔健康状况,必要时转诊至口腔科;孕期口腔治疗用药遵循药物使用指南;为孕妇提供支持性服务使用干净湿毛巾每天清洁婴儿牙龈;避免含奶瓶入睡;避免唾液共享活动(共享餐具、清洁嘴里的奶嘴),以防致病龋传播口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区服务人员
Division of Oral Health,SC Department of Health and Environmental Control[18]2017年无孕期口腔健康是整体健康重要组成部分,与不良妊娠结局(如早产、低出生体重)相关;孕妇应接受口腔健康教育和定期口腔检查,延迟治疗可能对孕妇和胎儿带来风险;孕吐者少量多次饮食,用碳酸氢钠溶液漱口;产前检查询问孕妇口腔健康状况(如牙龈出血、牙痛等),为有问题孕妇提供口腔转诊服务;孕期口腔治疗是安全的,包括使用局部麻醉药物(含肾上腺素)和必要时X线片检查(需采取防护措施);孕期口腔治疗避免使用某些药物(如四环素、阿司匹林);关注孕期特殊病人(糖尿病、高血压)的口腔健康;产科与口腔科专业人员加强协作,共享病人信息无口腔专业人员;产前专业人员
Michigan Department of Health and Human Services[19]2015年无孕期不良口腔健康增加早产、低出生体重等不良妊娠结局的风险;首次产检时进行口腔健康评估,为有口腔问题的孕妇提供转诊服务;孕期口腔治疗是安全的,包括X线片(使用腹部和颈部防护)、局部麻醉药物及止痛药等;孕期口腔治疗安全用药,避免禁忌药物,口腔科与产科建立转诊与协作关系养成良好的饮食习惯,避免共享餐具或用嘴清洁奶嘴,减少致病龋传播口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科)
American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry[20]
2015年无孕妇接受全面的口腔检查、清洁和治疗(包括牙科X线片和局部麻醉,孕16~20周最适宜);多学科合作,为孕妇和婴儿提供口腔健康教育和转诊服务;高风险群体(如低收入家庭)需加强干预和随访避免夜间奶瓶喂养和随意母乳喂养;婴儿12个月前建立“牙科家庭”;非营养性口腔习惯(如吮指)早期干预以避免咬合问题口腔保健提供者(儿科、产科、牙科);社区卫生服务人员
American Academy of
Pediatric Dentistry[21]
2016年无孕期牙周疾病与早产、低出生体重存在潜在关联;孕16~20周是常规牙科治疗的理想时期,可减少孕28周后并发症风险;紧急口腔治疗(如疼痛或感染)不应推迟至分娩后;选择安全的药物(如局部麻醉药),避免使用阿司匹林、四环素等对胎儿有害的药物;口腔科X线片检查应遵循辐射防护原则,仅在必要时进行无产科人员;口腔保健者;社区卫生工作者
National Maternal and
Child Oral Health
Resource Center[22]
2012年无口腔保健,包括使用X线片、止痛药和局部麻醉剂,常规修复治疗(如补牙)在整个妊娠期间是安全的;孕期治疗保证安全用药,注意禁忌药物;治疗时孕妇头部应高于脚部,可半躺并垫高右髋以减少低血压或恶心风险;产前护理人员需与口腔健康专业人员共享信息,建立转诊机制,协调治疗(如合并症管理、镇静剂使用),确保孕妇及时接受口腔科服务无产前护理人员;口腔健康专业人员
California Dental Association Foundation,American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists[23]2010年无孕期进行口腔治疗(包括诊断性X线片、局部麻醉和必要的手术)是安全的,不会增加胎儿或孕妇的风险;产前护理提供者应鼓励孕妇进行口腔检查,并提供转诊服务;口腔专业人员应为孕妇提供全面的口腔护理,包括紧急治疗和预防性服务建立“牙科之家”;避免将婴儿放在床上时使用含糖饮料的奶瓶;指导新生儿父母护理技巧,改善口腔健康产前保健人员;口腔健康专业人员;儿童健康护理专业人员;社区工作者
School of Dentistry,
University of Washington[24]
2009年无孕期常规口腔护理(如检查、清洁)是安全且必要的,不应推迟,延迟治疗可能对孕妇和胎儿造成危害;诊断性X线片是安全的,需甲状腺颈圈和腹部防护;推荐利多卡因作为局部麻醉剂,可安全使用对乙酰氨基酚,避免使用布洛芬(孕晚期禁用)和阿司匹林;孕早期可推迟非紧急治疗,孕中期为最佳治疗窗口期,孕晚期避免仰卧位,采用半坐位以防误吸;合并有高血压、糖尿病、血栓性疾病孕妇进行特殊管理无口腔健康专业人员;产科医疗团队
Medical University of
South Carolina,College
of Dental Medicine[25]
2009年无孕期应进行全面的口腔检查(包括牙周评估),必要时使用X线片(需腹部和甲状腺防护);孕中期是牙科治疗的最佳窗口期,但紧急治疗可在任何阶段进行,推迟必要治疗可能对孕妇及胎儿造成风险;使用孕妇推荐药物,避免禁用药物;优化孕妇转诊机制,整合社区资源提升服务可及性;改善孕妇获取口腔服务的策略无医疗专业人员;牙科专业人员;公共卫生和社区工作者
National Maternal and Child Oral Health Resource Center,Georgetown University[26]2008年无孕期口腔护理是安全且必要的,可减少母亲和胎儿的风险,延迟治疗可能对母婴健康造成负面影响;孕14周~20周是口腔治疗最佳时期,紧急治疗可在孕期任何阶段进行;口腔健康纳入产前护理课程,产前人员首次产检时评估孕妇口腔健康状况(如牙龈出血、牙痛等),根据需要提供转诊服务;治疗时调整孕妇体位(头部高于脚部、右侧垫枕),必要时可在防护下安全进行X线片检查、局部麻醉等婴儿避免含奶瓶入睡产前保健人员;口腔健康专业人员
New York State Department of Health[27]2006年无孕期牙科治疗(包括X线片、局部麻醉)是安全的,理想治疗时间为妊娠14~20周;避免延迟必要治疗,否则可能增加母婴风险;首次产检时询问口腔症状,6个月内未检查者需转诊口腔科,并提供书面转诊单避免唾液共享行为(如共用餐具、清洁奶嘴)产前保健提供者;口腔健康专业人员;儿童保健医生
National Health and Medical Research Council,Australian Government Department of Health and Aged Care[28]2019年无口腔健康纳入孕期常规保健;孕妇应在产前尽早接受口腔检查和必要治疗,确保口腔干预的安全性;孕期呕吐引发的口腔问题,使用碳酸氢钠漱口液漱口、避免立即刷牙等以保护牙釉质;鼓励孕妇坚持良好的口腔卫生习惯和健康饮食,预防牙龈疾病和龋齿无产前保健人员;口腔保健服务者
National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation and the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners[29]2018年无孕妇均应进行口腔健康评估,每天使用含氟牙膏刷牙两次;避免高糖饮食,减少含糖饮料摄入,同时倡导戒烟限酒等健康生活方式;加强孕期口腔保健意识并建立有效的转诊机制无产前保健人员;口腔保健人员
European Federation of Periodontology[30]2020年对育龄女性,应询问是否怀孕或计划怀孕,并根据怀孕状态推荐口腔健康干预措施;告知未怀孕的女性孕期口腔健康的重要性,并建议在怀孕前治疗已有的牙周疾病牙周炎可能与早产、低出生体重和先兆子痫等不良妊娠结局相关;非手术牙周治疗、拔牙和牙科X线片在孕期是安全的,尤其是在妊娠中期;局部麻醉和常见止痛药的使用通常安全,但应避免使用四环素类抗生素和甲硝唑;应尽量避免牙周手术等创伤性干预,如需进行,建议在妊娠中期或晚期;妊娠性牙龈瘤应延迟到产后手术切除,孕期以支持性治疗(如菌斑清除)为主无口腔专业人员;产科专业人员
Perinatal Services British Columbia[31]2014年无孕前或首次产前检查进行口腔健康筛查,使用标准化工具(如孕产妇口腔筛查工具)评估风险;加强健康教育,提升孕妇对口腔保健的认知;推动医疗卫生各专业之间的协作,确保孕妇在整个孕期都能获得及时、适当的口腔保健服务无产前保健人员;口腔保健人员
国家卫生健康委员会[32]2009年计划怀孕时应接受口腔健康检查,治疗口腔疾病孕妇口腔健康影响胎儿健康;孕1~3个月口腔治疗一般限于急症,避免X线片,孕4~6个月是孕期口腔治疗最佳时期,X线片在保护措施下使用,孕7~9个月,尽可能避免口腔治疗,急症需治疗时选择不含肾上腺素等收缩血管的药物局部麻醉产后更应坚持刷牙、漱口口腔保健人员;产科保健人员
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孕妇口腔保健指南的范围综述
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张文静 , 钱军 , 杨旭 , 宣岩 , 徐楠 , 罗旭 *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(8): 1371-1381
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (8) : 1371 -1381
孕妇口腔保健指南的范围综述
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张文静, 钱军, 杨旭, 宣岩, 徐楠, 罗旭*, *
作者信息
  • 1北京大学口腔医院,北京 100020
通讯作者:
罗旭,E-mail:
LUO Xu, E-mail:
作者简介:

张文静,主管护师,硕士研究生

Oral health guidelines for pregnant women:a scoping review
Wenjing ZHANG, Jun QIAN, Xu YANG, Yan XUAN, Nan XU, Xu LUO
Affiliations
  • 1Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100020 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    LUO Xu, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.018
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目的

综述国内外孕妇口腔保健指南的相关内容,为我国孕产期口腔保健指南的优化提供参考。

方法

系统检索PubMed、EMbase、CINAHL、Cochrane Library、中国知网和万方等数据库及相关指南网站、Google Scholar中关于孕妇口腔保健的指南。检索时限为建库至2025年2月28日。

结果

共纳入21篇指南,来自美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国和欧洲地区。指南主要推荐内容包括口腔评估、疾病防治、健康教育、多学科协作,在孕妇口腔治疗最佳时机和安全方面形成一定共识,部分指南虽提及了孕前及产后口腔保健,但涉及内容有限。

结论

孕妇口腔保健指南的核心推荐基本一致,但在服务阶段覆盖、多学科协作与临床操作性等方面仍需完善。建议今后指南制定的服务阶段包含孕前和产后,加强多学科协作,增强指南的临床操作性,推进孕妇口腔管理工作的规范化。

孕妇  /  口腔保健  /  指南  /  范围综述
Objective

To summarize the related contents of oral health guidelines for pregnant women at home and abroad,so as to provide reference for further optimization of oral health guidelines for pregnant women in China.

Methods

This study systematically retrieved guidelines on oral health for pregnant women from databases such as PubMed,EMbase,CINAHL,Cochrane Library,CNKI and Wanfang,as well as relevant guideline websites and Google Scholar.The search period was from the establishment of the databases to February 28,2025.

Results

A total of 21 guidelines were included,from the United States,Australia,Canada,China and Europe.The main contents of the guidelines included oral assessment,disease prevention and control,health education,and multidisciplinary collaboration.There has been certain consensus on the optimal timing and safety of oral treatment for pregnant women.Although some guidelines mentioned oral health care before and after pregnancy,the covered content was limited.

Conclusions

The core recommendations of the oral health guidelines for pregnant women are largely consistent.However,there is still room for improvement in aspects such as service coverage during the service stage,multidisciplinary collaboration,and clinical operability.It is suggested that the service stage of the guidelines should include pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy periods,strengthen multidisciplinary collaboration,enhance the clinical operability of the guidelines,and promote the standardization of oral health management for pregnant women.

pregnant women  /  oral health  /  guideline  /  scoping review
张文静, 钱军, 杨旭, 宣岩, 徐楠, 罗旭. 孕妇口腔保健指南的范围综述. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1371 -1381 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.018
Wenjing ZHANG, Jun QIAN, Xu YANG, Yan XUAN, Nan XU, Xu LUO. Oral health guidelines for pregnant women:a scoping review[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1371 -1381 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.018
孕期由于雌激素、孕激素水平和生理功能的变化,使牙龈炎、牙周炎、妊娠性牙龈瘤等口腔疾病的发病率明显增加;同时,孕妇饮食结构的改变、进食次数增多以及妊娠呕吐等因素使龋病的发生率增高[1]。研究报道,孕期口腔健康问题普遍存在,澳大利亚约有60%的孕妇患有口腔疾病[2],美国孕妇患牙周病比例为66.92%[3],我国孕妇牙周病患病率为41%~84%[4]。孕妇口腔疾病是引起早产、低出生体重和先兆子痫等不良妊娠结局的重要危险因素[5-7]。研究显示,患有牙周病的孕妇与牙周健康的孕妇相比,早产的概率高出2.57倍[8],低出生体重的发生率高出2.04~4.19倍[9],先兆子痫的发生风险增加3.18倍[10]。此外,致龋细菌还可通过母婴垂直传播,引起儿童早期龋齿的发生[11]。可见,孕妇的口腔健康不仅关系着自身健康,也影响胎儿的正常生长发育及牙齿健康。随着口腔健康与全身健康研究的逐渐深入,孕妇口腔保健显得尤为重要,加强孕妇口腔保健不仅是个人健康管理的需求,更是母婴安全的保障。美国、加拿大、澳大利亚等国家均发布了孕妇口腔保健指南,以口腔评估、防治、宣教及转诊等方面内容为主;而我国目前尚未发布孕妇口腔保健指南,仅在2009年《中国居民口腔保健指南》涉及了孕产妇口腔保健内容,此后未更新。目前,对孕妇的口腔诊疗实践不足,各医疗机构在孕妇口腔保健干预过程中遵循的标准不一,开展程度具有地域差异性。此外,孕妇口腔保健具有特殊性,一些常规检查和治疗,如影像学检查、局部麻醉药及抗生素使用等需考虑到胎儿的安全;孕妇的心理状态与依从性也会对诊疗效果产生直接影响。因此,本研究以现阶段孕妇口腔保健指南为切入点,总结其推荐内容,分析指南之间存在的共性、差异与不足之处,为我国制定科学、全面的孕妇口腔保健政策提供参考。
通过文献回顾明确研究问题:孕妇口腔保健指南的主要推荐内容有哪些?孕妇口腔保健指南的主要使用者包括哪些?孕妇口腔保健指南存在哪些共性、差异与不足?
系统检索PubMed、EMbase、CINAHL、Cochrane Library、中国知网(CNKI)和万方数据库等数据库,以及相关指南网站(国际指南协作网、美国牙科协会指南网、英国国家临床优化研究所、苏格兰校际指南网、加拿大医学会临床实践指南文库与医脉通指南网)和Google Scholar,检索时限为建库至2025年2月28日。中文检索词包括孕妇、怀孕、孕期、口腔、指南、专家共识;英文检索词包括pregnant、gravidity、pregnancy、prenatal、oral、dental、guidelines、consensus、recommendations,并在必要时追溯相关文献的参考文献,确保纳入文献的全面性。以PubMed数据库为例,具体检索策略如下。
#1 "pregnancy"[MeSH Terms] OR "gravidity"[MeSH Terms] OR "pregnancy"[Title/Abstract] OR "gravidity"[Title/Abstract] OR "pregnant"[Title/Abstract] OR "prenatal"[Title/Abstract]
#2 "oral"[Title/Abstract] OR "dental"[Title/Abstract]
#3 "guidelines"[Title] OR "consensus"[Title] OR "recommendations"[Title]
#4 #1 AND #2 AND #3
纳入标准:指南的主题为孕妇口腔疾病的预防、诊断、治疗或健康教育;指南由国家或地区的公共卫生部门、口腔专业团体或学术制定;语言为中文或英文。排除标准:旧版本指南、指南翻译版本或指南解读类文献;无法获取全文。
将检索的文献导入EndNote20软件去重。由2名接受过循证培训的研究者通过独立阅读题目和摘要进行文献初筛,然后阅读全文确定最终的纳入文献。筛选过程中如果出现意见分歧,则和第3名研究者讨论后决定是否纳入。2名研究者独立完成文献资料的提取,内容包括指南所属的国家/地区、发布机构、年份、核心推荐内容及主要使用者等。
初步检索共获取相关文献641篇,去重、筛选后最终纳入文献21篇[12-32]。文献筛选流程见图1。
纳入的21篇指南中,英文20篇,中文1篇。美国17篇,澳大利亚1篇,加拿大1篇,欧洲地区1篇,中国1篇。纳入指南的基本特征见表1。
纳入的21篇指南中,涵盖了孕前、孕期及产后的口腔保健。孕前口腔保健指南仅2篇[30,32],指出开展育龄期女性口腔健康教育,通过口腔健康管理前移的方式,在计划怀孕前应进行口腔检查并及时治疗相关疾病。产后口腔保健共11篇,其中10篇[12,14-17,19-20,23,26-27]为婴儿口腔健康指导,主要内容为:使用干净柔软湿纱布每日清洁口腔;应避免长时间使用奶瓶或含奶瓶入睡;应避免非营养性吮吸习惯(如安抚奶嘴、吮指)或对其早期干预;应避免唾液共享行为以减少致病龋传播;早期建立“牙科家庭”等。仅有1篇指南[32]关注了产妇口腔保健,指出产妇产后应坚持刷牙、漱口等良好的日常口腔健康习惯。
指南均关注了孕期的口腔保健,主要归纳为4个方面:1)重视孕期口腔疾病的宣教与防治。指南提倡医疗保健人员应向孕妇开展正确刷牙、使用牙线、定期口腔检查等卫生知识宣传,对妊娠期牙龈炎、牙周炎、龋病等常见口腔疾病给予预防和关注。指出常规口腔检查和治疗,如X线片检查、局部麻醉、牙周牙体治疗等在孕期进行均是安全的,但孕妇在接受X线片检查时需穿戴铅围裙和甲状腺护具,减少胎儿接受的辐射量。2)达成孕期口腔干预最佳时机的共识。指南普遍认为孕中期是进行牙科治疗的最佳时期,此时期可以安全地进行局部麻醉下的洁治、龋齿充填、根管治疗以及拔牙手术等。由于孕早期是胎儿器官形成的敏感期,建议避免不必要的治疗,只在急性感染或剧烈疼痛等严重情况下考虑予以处理;孕晚期要避免长时间仰卧位,减少仰卧位低血压综合征风险,治疗中应注意及时更换体位、缩短操作时间。3)确保孕期用药安全。其中13篇[12,14-19,21-22,24-25,30,32]指南提到孕期口腔治疗的用药安全性的问题,提倡根据孕期用药指南或者咨询产科医生。多数指南推荐利多卡因为首选局部麻醉药,认为其对于孕妇来说相对比较安全,适用于日常牙科操作;同时普遍认可对乙酰氨基酚作为首选解热镇痛药,孕中晚期禁用非甾体抗炎药;青霉素、阿莫西林、头孢菌素类为优先抗菌药物,四环素类则列为禁用抗生素。4)构建多学科协作机制。将口腔健康纳入产前常规检查项目,加强产科与口腔科合作,建立系统的多学科协作机制,提高孕妇口腔健康管理服务的覆盖面。
指南的目标使用者为临床和公共卫生人员。参与的临床专业人员主要是产科、口腔科和儿科。产科作为孕妇诊疗第一接触人,需要开展口腔健康初步筛查、健康宣教和转诊;而口腔工作人员则需要负责相关口腔疾病的预防治疗,且严格按照相应指南执行,使用安全、适当的药品[33-35]。另有9篇指南[12,14-17,19-20,23,27]提到了新生儿出生时儿科医生参与口腔健康干预的重要性。同时,有9篇指南[12-14,16-17,20-21,23,25]指出公共卫生工作者(如社区健康从业者、卫生管理者)应保证服务和政策的可及性。社区健康从业者可在一线开展口腔保健知识宣传、口腔疾病初筛及衔接后续各项服务工作等,为经济水平或口腔健康素养较低、具有复杂文化背景的孕妇提供便利。卫生管理人员作为标准制定者、财政支持者以及效果评价者,可在更大范围内对孕妇的口腔健康管理发挥作用,保障其更好地获得基础公共卫生服务。
纳入指南核心理念和基本结构基本一致。均强调孕期口腔健康,认为牙周疾病可影响妊娠不良结局;均提出孕中期是常规口腔干预的最佳及相对安全期。指南的基本结构包括了目标人群、诊疗风险识别、防治措施、健康教育等部分。
纳入指南推荐内容和临床指导存在差异性。美国发布的指南内容包括病因分析、个体化风险评估、个人化干预路径、用药建议以及部门间协调等方面,具有较强的可操作性;澳大利亚、加拿大及我国发布的指南内容偏重于宣教层面或大方向性建议,在具体细节操作和个性化的医疗保健服务措施方面描述较简单。
纳入指南实施路径和证据支持略显不足。近一半指南提倡“多学科协作”“医口融合”的工作理念,但关于具体操作流程、部门分工、跨专业沟通等方面的细节仍欠缺,未提供口腔疾病转诊流程、搭建各方信息共享平台以及如何更好地解决边缘孕妇群体等问题的具体内容。另外,大多数指南缺乏高质量的临床研究作为支撑,仅通过系统综述和专家意见制定,受到推荐强度有限、使用范畴狭窄等问题的限制。部分指南还出现了更新滞后的情况,导致其科学性和时效性降低。
本研究结果显示,现有的孕妇口腔保健指南注重孕期,忽视了孕前的口腔评估以及产后口腔保健。部分指南提及育龄期妇女要进行口腔健康教育及检查,但缺乏有效的系统性孕前干预方案,没有规范化的早期口腔疾病筛查途径,容易导致妊娠期口腔疾病急性发作,出现疼痛、感染症状,甚至诱发早产、低出生体重等不良妊娠结局。国内相关指南亦存在上述问题,未对育龄妇女口腔健康干预制订计划。在产后指导方面,多数指南着眼于婴幼儿口腔教育方面,忽略了产妇自身的口腔健康需要,在产后口腔疾病防治、母亲与婴儿交叉感染及哺乳期口腔用药等问题上涉及较少。另外,虽然指南一直提倡将孕中期干预作为相对安全窗口期,但是并未进行分级诊疗及护理,如患有牙周炎、龋齿、牙髓炎等疾病的妊娠高危人群如何权衡处理,现存指南并未提供详细的干预方案,未能满足临床可操作性的需求[36]。指南在药物使用推荐上主要是原则性的描述,缺乏精细化的用药策略,未能充分考虑到孕妇的个体差异或基础疾病史,尤其在药物种类、剂量选择、使用时机及禁忌证等方面缺乏循证支持下的细化指导[36],导致临床使用时存在较大的不确定性。因此,未来我国相关指南需以孕妇口腔健康管理的全生命周期为视角,强化分阶段、分类别、分人群的干预策略。在充分考虑临床实践需求、药物可及性与安全性基础上,制定出针对孕前、孕期、产后各阶段,常见与高危口腔疾病类型及特殊孕妇群体的科学、具体和可操作性强的实践指南,以提升口腔健康干预的系统性和精确性,保障母婴安全,改善妊娠结局。
本研究表明,临床专业人员(产科、口腔科、儿科)与公共卫生从业者是指南的主要目标使用者。这说明目前孕妇口腔健康管理已逐步向多学科、多部门的服务模式转变。这种多个主体参与的模式,有益于专业融合的推动及服务部门间的高效联动,构建全周期的孕妇口腔健康服务体系。然而,目前产科人员对孕妇口腔健康的认知仍较薄弱。George等[37]对澳大利亚的产科医生进行调查,结果显示16.4%~21.5%的医生诊疗期间会向孕妇提及口腔健康的重要性并给予指导。国内一项调查也显示,79.17%的妇产科医生缺乏口腔相关知识,且75.52%的妇产科医生认为孕妇的口腔保健理应由口腔科医生负责[38]。因此,为了提高产科工作人员在孕妇口腔健康筛查和双向转诊中的知识水平,增加临床参与度,亟须建立孕妇口腔保健知识的标准化培训。同时,口腔科医生在提供孕妇口腔服务方面也存有顾虑。研究显示,国内有75.69%的口腔医生因担忧医疗纠纷而拒绝或推迟治疗[38]。即使在发布了多项相关指南的美国,仍有30.3%的口腔专业教师对孕期口腔治疗存在担忧,成为影响其提供服务意愿的重要因素[39]。可见,加强口腔科人员对孕妇口腔诊疗的规范指导是临床所需,能够提高其遵循指南的依从性,增加对孕妇口腔健康服务的信心。此外,部分指南提议儿科医生也应纳入孕妇口腔保健体系,强调其在围生期口腔健康宣教、新生儿口腔早期干预及母婴口腔连续管理中的重要作用。公共卫生中的社区卫生人员可在服务滞后的边远地区、弱势孕妇群体中起到重要的补充作用。卫生行政管理人员是政策制定和资源分配的核心力量,也是指南实施的关键保障者。有学者指出,将口腔科口腔保健纳入到基本的公共卫生服务中,可使服务更加公平和系统[40]。由此可见,现有指南在使用对象上已呈现出多学科融合的发展趋势,但在实践中依然存在职责不清晰、信息互通不畅及转诊不完善等问题,建议我国今后指南制定时需明确不同使用者的角色与职责,形成多方面、多层次参与的孕妇口腔健康管理体系。
本研究显示,国内外孕妇口腔保健指南的核心理念和整体架构大致相同,都强调了孕妇口腔健康对于母婴结局的重要意义以及早干预、多学科合作的理念。但在其具体推荐内容、细化程度、可施行度、可评价度等方面仍有较多的差距和不足之处。这提示今后指南修订时在大体理念一致的基础上要注意证据的积累和落实路径,并考虑公平性和体系化建设。1)加大临床试验研究力度,建立充足循证证据。当前指南大部分以系统综述或者专家共识作为主要依据,缺乏高等级循证医学证据的支持。为了推动指南科学性的发展和实施,应尽快开展以孕妇为主体的大样本量、高水平的研究项目,重点针对口腔干预对于妊娠结局的影响、孕期用药的安全性、适宜的干预时期等内容进行探索,为今后的孕妇口腔保健工作提供一定参考。2)细化操作步骤,提高可施行度。目前各指南均为粗线条型的建议框架,缺少统一的操作方法及量化的判定标准,导致临床难以实际执行,服务间的差异明显。因此,需要确定阶段性(孕早期、孕中期、孕晚期)干预内容、设计规范性的筛查和介入方式记录模板等,使以往倡导性质的工作可以标准化实施,促使口腔卫生服务落地。3)形成部门联动机制,支撑融合服务体系建设。孕妇口腔保健的内容涉及多个部门多机构的工作内容和职责角色,需要明确负责部门,并且建立各部门转诊衔接关系和信息交换平台,建议与妇幼健康信息系统相结合,将基层的口腔保健档案贯通起来,从而实现孕妇口腔保健闭环式服务。4)保证服务公平性,促进特殊孕妇群体的服务可适性和可及性。农村、低收入或教育程度不高的孕妇更需要口腔健康服务[41-42]。在新的指南中应该有公平性的评价标准,为不同人群提供更有针对性干预措施的质控指标,如多语言文字健康教育材料、配置流动性人口包和移动诊疗等,提高其对多种类型人群的健康教育覆盖率和效果评价[43-44]。
综上所述,目前孕妇口腔保健指南的核心理念和基本框架趋于一致,尤其是注重孕中期治疗的安全性及多学科合作发展。但在孕前及产后内容指导深度、孕期标准化的诊疗操作流程与规范、特殊孕妇的个体化诊疗方案等方面存在不足。未来指南制定需要基于高质量的证据支持,强化临床细节指导,完善多学科与多部门之间的合作,并关注服务的可及性、公平性及延续性,促进孕妇口腔健康管理的高质量发展。

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2026年第40卷第8期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.018
  • 接收时间:2025-06-04
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04
  • 修回日期:2026-03-25
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    1北京大学口腔医院,北京 100020

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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