Article(id=1322168584550335357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168583854080893, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746979200000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-12, revisedDate=1775145600000, revisedDateStr=2026-04-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159155260, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1777046400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159155260, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159155260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159155260, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168583854080893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='8', pageStart='1241', pageEnd='1424', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1777046400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159155095, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159155095, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1274, endPage=1280, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168584940405630, articleId=1322168584550335357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Application of MDP and DELIKT delirium risk prediction models in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the independent influencing factors of delirium in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department using the Mayo Delirium Prediction Model(MDP) and Delirium Risk Tool(DELIKT),and to analyze the predictive performance of the two models.

Methods

The study subjects were elderly inpatients in the internal medicine department of a tertiary grade A general hospital in Beijing city from January to December 2024.The occurrence of delirium in patients was predicted using MDP and DELIKT.The performance of the model was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC) and diagnostic indicators.Univariate analysis and Logistic regression analysis were conducted on 22 predictive factors to determine the independent influencing factors related to delirium.

Results

The AUC values for external validation of MDP and DELIKT were 0.955 and 0.869 respectively,with sensitivities of 92.50% and 77.50% respectively,and specificities of 93.50% and 86.30% respectively.The results of Logistic analysis showed that history of delirium,CrAS scores,indwelling urinary catheter,age,and fall risk score were independent influencing factors for delirium in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department(P<0.05).

Conclusions

Both MDP and DELIKT could be used for predicting the risk of delirium in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department.In the future,these two models could be integrated to develop a delirium prediction tool for elderly inpatients in internal medicine department in China.

, authors=Sijia YANG1, Liu HAN2, Qiushuang YU1, Xueyan FAN1, Dahua ZHANG2, authorsList=Sijia YANG, Liu HAN, Qiushuang YU, Xueyan FAN, Dahua ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Dahua ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHANG Dahua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168587431822209, articleId=1322168584550335357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=MDP和DELIKT谵妄风险预测模型在内科老年住院病人中的应用, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

将Mayo谵妄风险预测模型(MDP)和谵妄风险评估工具(DELIKT)用于探讨内科老年住院病人谵妄的独立影响因素,并分析2个模型的预测性能。

方法

选取2024年1月—12月北京市某三级甲等综合医院内科老年住院病人为研究对象,运用MDP和DELIKT预测病人谵妄发生情况,采用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)及诊断指标评估模型性能。对22个预测因子进行单因素分析和Logistic回归分析,以确定与谵妄相关的独立影响因素。

结果

MDP和DELIKT外部验证的AUC分别为0.955和0.869,敏感度分别为92.50%和77.50%,特异度分别为93.50%和86.30%。Logistic分析结果显示,谵妄史、抗胆碱能负担量表(CrAS)评分、留置导尿管、年龄、跌倒风险评分是内科老年住院病人发生谵妄的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

MDP和DELIKT均可用于内科老年住院病人的谵妄发生风险预测,未来可对2个模型进行整合,构建我国内科老年住院病人谵妄预测工具。

, authors=杨思佳1, 韩柳2, 于秋爽1, 范雪燕1, 张大华2, *, *, authorsList=杨思佳, 韩柳, 于秋爽, 范雪燕, 张大华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张大华, authorNote=

杨思佳,护士,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
张大华,E-mail:
ZHANG Dahua, E-mail:
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mitigates isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats[J].The Journal of Surgical Research,2015,194(1):255-261., articleTitle=Alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist GTS-21 mitigates isoflurane-induced cognitive impairment in aged rats, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530525684814211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=LÓPEZ-ÁLVAREZ J, SEVILLA-LLEWELLYN-JONES J, AGÜERA-ORTIZ L, journalName=Frontiers in Neuroscience, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LÓPEZ-ÁLVAREZ J,SEVILLA-LLEWELLYN-JONES J,AGÜERA-ORTIZ L.Anticholinergic drugs in geriatric psychopharmacology[J].Frontiers in Neuroscience,2019,13:1309., articleTitle=Anticholinergic drugs in geriatric psychopharmacology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530525747728772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=刘雨婷, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘雨婷.神经重症监护室患者导尿管相关尿路感染风险预测模型的构建及应用[D].扬州:扬州大学,2023., articleTitle=神经重症监护室患者导尿管相关尿路感染风险预测模型的构建及应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530525810643333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=张佳薪, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张佳薪.ICU亚谵妄综合征发病现状及风险预测研究[D].遵义:遵义医科大学,2023., articleTitle=ICU亚谵妄综合征发病现状及风险预测研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530525911306630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=33, issue=11, pageStart=1428, pageEnd=1457, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=MALDONADO J R, journalName=International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MALDONADO J R.Delirium pathophysiology:an updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure[J].International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry,2018,33(11):1428-1457., articleTitle=Delirium pathophysiology:an updated hypothesis of the etiology of acute brain failure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530525986804103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=172, issue=5, pageStart=114, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=IGLSEDER B, FRÜHWALD T, JAGSCH C, journalName=Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IGLSEDER B,FRÜHWALD T,JAGSCH C.Delirium in geriatric patients[J].Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift,2022,172(5):114-121., articleTitle=Delirium in geriatric patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530526091661704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=162, issue=null, pageStart=104959, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=WU C R, CHANG K M, TRANYOR V, journalName=International Journal of Nursing Studies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU C R,CHANG K M,TRANYOR V,et al.Global incidence and prevalence of delirium and its risk factors in medically hospitalized older patients:a systematic review and meta-analysis[J].International Journal of Nursing Studies,2025,162:104959., articleTitle=Global incidence and prevalence of delirium and its risk factors in medically hospitalized older patients:a systematic review and meta-analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530526171353481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=19, issue=6, pageStart=56, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=秦婕婷, 尚静, 郭莉, journalName=实用医院临床杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=秦婕婷,尚静,郭莉,等.术前衰弱状态评估对心脏外科术后成年患者住院期间谵妄预测的价值分析[J].实用医院临床杂志,2022,19(6):56-59., articleTitle=术前衰弱状态评估对心脏外科术后成年患者住院期间谵妄预测的价值分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530526259433866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=41, rfOrder=40, authorNames=张丹丹, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张丹丹.老年患者术后谵妄风险预测模型的构建及验证[D].广州:南方医科大学,2023., articleTitle=老年患者术后谵妄风险预测模型的构建及验证, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530526334931339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=40, issue=24, pageStart=2663, pageEnd=2670, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=42, rfOrder=41, authorNames=张山, 刘璐, 吴瑛, journalName=护士进修杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张山,刘璐,吴瑛.基于Logistic回归和随机森林算法的ICU中老年患者谵妄预测模型构建研究[J].护士进修杂志,2025,40(24):2663-2670., articleTitle=基于Logistic回归和随机森林算法的ICU中老年患者谵妄预测模型构建研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322530516444762409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530516453151018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, companyId=1322530516444762409, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Nursing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530516457345323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, companyId=1322530516444762409, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1北京中医药大学护理学院,北京 100029)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322530516537037100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530516549620013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, companyId=1322530516537037100, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322530516558008622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, companyId=1322530516537037100, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2北京中医药大学第三附属医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322530520433545556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=ROC curves of the MDP and DELIKT prediction models, figureFileSmall=D5Ym++2SIxGQEZyxDRzv3Q==, figureFileBig=3iBKvdPfy1sfcJIoQyuVWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530520504848725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=CN, label=图1, caption=MDP和DELIKT预测模型的ROC曲线, figureFileSmall=D5Ym++2SIxGQEZyxDRzv3Q==, figureFileBig=3iBKvdPfy1sfcJIoQyuVWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530520597123414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of delirium incidence in elderly inpatients from different departments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
科室例数谵妄非谵妄
呼吸科71368
老年科18019161
脑病科12313110
内分泌科50248
肾病科808
心内科84381
), ArticleFig(id=1322530520655843671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同科室老年住院病人谵妄发生情况比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
科室例数谵妄非谵妄
呼吸科71368
老年科18019161
脑病科12313110
内分泌科50248
肾病科808
心内科84381
), ArticleFig(id=1322530520739729752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the incidence of delirium among different risk groups in

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测模型分类例数发生谵妄χ2值P
MDP低风险200<0.001①
中风险46619
高风险3021
DELIKT≤20分00
>20分51640
调整后
DELIKT
≤57分
>57分
381
135
7
33
71.242<0.001
① 采用Fisher精确概率法。
), ArticleFig(id=1322530520806838617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

MDP和DELIKT模型中不同风险组谵妄发生率比较the MDP and DELIKT models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预测模型分类例数发生谵妄χ2值P
MDP低风险200<0.001①
中风险46619
高风险3021
DELIKT≤20分00
>20分51640
调整后
DELIKT
≤57分
>57分
381
135
7
33
71.242<0.001
① 采用Fisher精确概率法。
), ArticleFig(id=1322530520878141786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Performance comparison of MDP and DELIKT models

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型最佳临界值敏感度(%)特异度(%)准确性(%)阳性预测值(%)阴性预测值(%)阳性似然比阴性似然比
MDP模型0.124 992.5093.5093.4154.4199.3314.200.08
DELIKT模型0.132 277.5086.3085.6632.2997.865.680.26
), ArticleFig(id=1322530520970416475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

MDP与DELIKT模型性能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型最佳临界值敏感度(%)特异度(%)准确性(%)阳性预测值(%)阴性预测值(%)阳性似然比阴性似然比
MDP模型0.124 992.5093.5093.4154.4199.3314.200.08
DELIKT模型0.132 277.5086.3085.6632.2997.865.680.26
), ArticleFig(id=1322530521037525340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Univariate analysis of factors affecting delirium of elderly inpatients in internal medicine department

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量谵妄组(n=40)非谵妄组(n=476)统计值P
谵妄史(例)3435χ2=192.048<0.001
白细胞计数>12×109/L(例)624χ2=4.9870.026
血红蛋白<100 g/L(例)1162χ2=6.3650.012
肌酐>132.6 μmol/L(例)532χ2=1.0840.298
血钠<130 mmol/L(例)0120.612①
痴呆(例)1134χ2=16.737<0.001
充血性心力衰竭(例)120.215①
心房颤动(例)1076χ2=2.1680.141
麻醉镇痛剂(例)120.215①
抗麻醉剂(例)00
骨折(例)943χ2=5.9730.015
压力性损伤(例)731χ2=5.0180.025
Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分(分)8.5(5.2,9.0)5.0(4.0,6.0)Z=-6.708<0.001
入住ICU(例)110.149①
CCI指数(分)5(5,5)5(5,5)Z=-0.7710.440
年龄>80岁(例)35278χ2=13.091<0.001
偏瘫/截瘫(例)1452χ2=19.174<0.001
留置导尿管(例)2973χ2=76.026<0.001
血钾≤3.5 mmol/L或>4.8 mmol/L(例)881χ2=0.2300.631
多药治疗(例)40440χ2=2.1910.139
CrAS≥3分(例)41<0.001①
), ArticleFig(id=1322530521108828509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

内科老年住院病人谵妄影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量谵妄组(n=40)非谵妄组(n=476)统计值P
谵妄史(例)3435χ2=192.048<0.001
白细胞计数>12×109/L(例)624χ2=4.9870.026
血红蛋白<100 g/L(例)1162χ2=6.3650.012
肌酐>132.6 μmol/L(例)532χ2=1.0840.298
血钠<130 mmol/L(例)0120.612①
痴呆(例)1134χ2=16.737<0.001
充血性心力衰竭(例)120.215①
心房颤动(例)1076χ2=2.1680.141
麻醉镇痛剂(例)120.215①
抗麻醉剂(例)00
骨折(例)943χ2=5.9730.015
压力性损伤(例)731χ2=5.0180.025
Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分(分)8.5(5.2,9.0)5.0(4.0,6.0)Z=-6.708<0.001
入住ICU(例)110.149①
CCI指数(分)5(5,5)5(5,5)Z=-0.7710.440
年龄>80岁(例)35278χ2=13.091<0.001
偏瘫/截瘫(例)1452χ2=19.174<0.001
留置导尿管(例)2973χ2=76.026<0.001
血钾≤3.5 mmol/L或>4.8 mmol/L(例)881χ2=0.2300.631
多药治疗(例)40440χ2=2.1910.139
CrAS≥3分(例)41<0.001①
), ArticleFig(id=1322530521196908894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Assignment of variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方式
谵妄史是=1,否=0
白细胞计数>12×109/L是=1,否=0
血红蛋白<100 g/L是=1,否=0
痴呆是=1,否=0
骨折是=1,否=0
压力性损伤是=1,否=0
年龄>80岁是=1,否=0
偏瘫/截瘫是=1,否=0
留置导尿管是=1,否=0
CrAS评分≥3分是=1,否=0
Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分原值输入
), ArticleFig(id=1322530521268212063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

变量赋值情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方式
谵妄史是=1,否=0
白细胞计数>12×109/L是=1,否=0
血红蛋白<100 g/L是=1,否=0
痴呆是=1,否=0
骨折是=1,否=0
压力性损伤是=1,否=0
年龄>80岁是=1,否=0
偏瘫/截瘫是=1,否=0
留置导尿管是=1,否=0
CrAS评分≥3分是=1,否=0
Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分原值输入
), ArticleFig(id=1322530521331126624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Logistic regression analysis of factors affecting delirium of elderly inpatients in internal medicine department

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
常量-9.8731.56040.057<0.001
谵妄史
CrAS评分
留置导尿管
年龄>80岁
3.862
3.315
2.111
1.924
0.624
1.425
0.550
0.790
38.307
5.410
14.733
6.048
<0.001
0.020
<0.001
0.014
47.579
27.536
8.260
6.972
[14.003,161.660]
[1.685,449.968]
[2.810,24.276]
[1.483,32.770]
Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分0.4850.13013.814<0.0011.624[1.258,2.097]
), ArticleFig(id=1322530521406624097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168584550335357, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

内科老年住院病人发生谵妄影响因素的Logistic回归分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量回归系数标准误Wald χ2值POR值95%CI
常量-9.8731.56040.057<0.001
谵妄史
CrAS评分
留置导尿管
年龄>80岁
3.862
3.315
2.111
1.924
0.624
1.425
0.550
0.790
38.307
5.410
14.733
6.048
<0.001
0.020
<0.001
0.014
47.579
27.536
8.260
6.972
[14.003,161.660]
[1.685,449.968]
[2.810,24.276]
[1.483,32.770]
Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分0.4850.13013.814<0.0011.624[1.258,2.097]
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MDP和DELIKT谵妄风险预测模型在内科老年住院病人中的应用
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杨思佳 1 , 韩柳 2 , 于秋爽 1 , 范雪燕 1 , 张大华 2, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(8): 1274-1280
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (8) : 1274 -1280
MDP和DELIKT谵妄风险预测模型在内科老年住院病人中的应用
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杨思佳1, 韩柳2, 于秋爽1, 范雪燕1, 张大华2, *, *
作者信息
  • 1北京中医药大学护理学院,北京 100029
  • 2北京中医药大学第三附属医院
通讯作者:
张大华,E-mail:
ZHANG Dahua, E-mail:
作者简介:

杨思佳,护士,硕士研究生在读

Application of MDP and DELIKT delirium risk prediction models in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department
Sijia YANG1, Liu HAN2, Qiushuang YU1, Xueyan FAN1, Dahua ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029 China
  • 2Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHANG Dahua, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.005
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目的

将Mayo谵妄风险预测模型(MDP)和谵妄风险评估工具(DELIKT)用于探讨内科老年住院病人谵妄的独立影响因素,并分析2个模型的预测性能。

方法

选取2024年1月—12月北京市某三级甲等综合医院内科老年住院病人为研究对象,运用MDP和DELIKT预测病人谵妄发生情况,采用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)及诊断指标评估模型性能。对22个预测因子进行单因素分析和Logistic回归分析,以确定与谵妄相关的独立影响因素。

结果

MDP和DELIKT外部验证的AUC分别为0.955和0.869,敏感度分别为92.50%和77.50%,特异度分别为93.50%和86.30%。Logistic分析结果显示,谵妄史、抗胆碱能负担量表(CrAS)评分、留置导尿管、年龄、跌倒风险评分是内科老年住院病人发生谵妄的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。

结论

MDP和DELIKT均可用于内科老年住院病人的谵妄发生风险预测,未来可对2个模型进行整合,构建我国内科老年住院病人谵妄预测工具。

老年人  /  谵妄  /  预测模型  /  预测性能  /  外部验证  /  影响因素
Objective

To explore the independent influencing factors of delirium in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department using the Mayo Delirium Prediction Model(MDP) and Delirium Risk Tool(DELIKT),and to analyze the predictive performance of the two models.

Methods

The study subjects were elderly inpatients in the internal medicine department of a tertiary grade A general hospital in Beijing city from January to December 2024.The occurrence of delirium in patients was predicted using MDP and DELIKT.The performance of the model was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC) and diagnostic indicators.Univariate analysis and Logistic regression analysis were conducted on 22 predictive factors to determine the independent influencing factors related to delirium.

Results

The AUC values for external validation of MDP and DELIKT were 0.955 and 0.869 respectively,with sensitivities of 92.50% and 77.50% respectively,and specificities of 93.50% and 86.30% respectively.The results of Logistic analysis showed that history of delirium,CrAS scores,indwelling urinary catheter,age,and fall risk score were independent influencing factors for delirium in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department(P<0.05).

Conclusions

Both MDP and DELIKT could be used for predicting the risk of delirium in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department.In the future,these two models could be integrated to develop a delirium prediction tool for elderly inpatients in internal medicine department in China.

the elderly  /  delirium  /  prediction model  /  prediction performance  /  external validation  /  influencing factors
杨思佳, 韩柳, 于秋爽, 范雪燕, 张大华. MDP和DELIKT谵妄风险预测模型在内科老年住院病人中的应用. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1274 -1280 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.005
Sijia YANG, Liu HAN, Qiushuang YU, Xueyan FAN, Dahua ZHANG. Application of MDP and DELIKT delirium risk prediction models in elderly inpatients in internal medicine department[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (8) : 1274 -1280 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.005
谵妄是一种以注意力缺损、意识障碍和认知功能障碍为特征的急性脑功能障碍综合征[1]。研究数据显示,我国综合性医院老年住院病人谵妄的发生率为29%~64%[2]。谵妄不仅会导致病人躯体功能与生活能力下降、死亡风险增加,还会增加病人住院时间、再入院率与额外医疗费用[3-7]。目前尚无有效的谵妄治疗措施,但有30%~40%的谵妄可以预防[8],及早识别高危病人是预防谵妄发生的关键。谵妄的风险因素常与病人所处的临床情景密切相关,如ICU病人发生谵妄常与机械通气、使用镇静药物有关[9],手术室病人谵妄多与术后疼痛及术中低氧有关[10];而内科病人则以高龄、认知储备功能下降为主要诱因[11]。尽管谵妄的相关风险预测模型较多,但多数的评估对象为术后和ICU病人,内科住院老年病人由于多病共存和多重用药,大脑功能容易受代谢异常、感染等影响,发生谵妄的风险也较高,因此需要更精准的识别相关因素。Mayo谵妄风险预测模型(Mayo Delirium Prediction Model,MDP)和谵妄风险评估工具(the Delirium Risk Tool,DELIKT)是适用于内科老年住院病人的谵妄预测工具,二者研究样本量大,模型效能较高,但由于模型开发时间尚短,尚未检索到在我国内科病房的应用。因此,本研究对MDP和DELIKT模型进行外部验证,分析对比2个模型在我国内科病房中的预测性能,并基于2个模型中的22个预测因素探讨独立预测因素,旨在为今后临床实践中合理选用并进一步构建适合我国内科老年住院病人的谵妄风险预测工具提供参考。
采用便利抽样法,选取2024年1月—12月在北京市某三级甲等综合医院内科住院的老年病人为研究对象。纳入标准:内科住院病人,包括呼吸科、老年科、脑病科、内分泌科、肾病科、心内科;年龄≥65岁;住院时间≥7 d。排除标准:研究所需变量数据不全或无法获取;被诊断为物质使用障碍;明确诊断的精神病史,如精神分裂症。样本量计算:本研究纳入的两个预测模型共包含24个变量,其中“痴呆”“肌酐”两个变量重合,去重后包含22个变量。依据样本量计算公式[12]标准,针对每个变量匹配5例阳性病人,结合研究数据显示内科老年住院病人谵妄的发生率为34.2%[13],并考虑10%的样本脱落率,本研究所需的样本量为357例。本研究已获得医院伦理委员会审批(审批号:BZYSY-2024KYKTPJ-25)。
MDP于2021年由Pagali等[14]开发,适用于内科及外科的老年住院病人谵妄发生风险预测。其中内科病人的预测因子包括谵妄病史、白细胞计数(>12×109/L)、血红蛋白(<100 g/L)、肌酐(>132.6 μmol/L)、血钠(<130 mmol/L)、痴呆、充血性心力衰竭、心房颤动、麻醉镇痛剂、抗麻醉剂、骨折、压力性损伤、Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分、入住ICU以及查尔森共病指数(CCI)15个预测变量。MDP将谵妄发生风险分为3个等级:≤5%为低风险,6%~29%为中风险,≥30%为高风险。
DELIKT于2023年由Schulthess-Lisibach等[15]开发,用于预测非重症监护病房老年住院病人谵妄发生率,适用于普通内科与外科老年病人。该模型的预测因子包括年龄>80岁、内科住院、痴呆、偏瘫/截瘫、留置导尿管、血钾(≤3.5 mmol/L或>4.8 mmol/L)、肌酐(≥133 μmol/L)、多药治疗(>5种)和抗胆碱能负担量表评分(CrAS≥3分)9个变量。DELIKT模型临界值为20分,评分>20分的病人视为新发谵妄高风险人群。
由2名研究人员通过查阅电子病历系统,收集病人年龄、住院科室、谵妄病史、用药史(麻醉镇痛剂、抗麻醉剂、多药治疗、CrAS评分)、实验室检查结果(白细胞计数、血红蛋白、肌酐、血钠、血钾)、合并症(痴呆、充血性心力衰竭、心房颤动、骨折、压力性损伤、偏瘫/截瘫)、留置导尿管情况、Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分及CCI评分等信息。本研究共纳入533例病人,因数据不全排除16例,因精神分裂症排除1例,最终纳入516例。
病人住院期间发生谵妄,即病人从入院至出院前,病历中至少有1次关于谵妄阳性的诊断。因本研究所需的数据来源为临床病历资料,故无法使用问答型评估工具,采用美国精神医学协会精神障碍诊断与统计手册(第5版)中的谵妄诊断方法[16],包括:意识障碍与注意障碍;短时间内意识状态改变;认知障碍;意识障碍和认知障碍不能用其他先前存在的、已经确定的或正在进行的诊断进行解释,也不是出现在觉醒水平严重降低的背景下,如昏迷;病史、躯体检查或实验室检查发现的证据表明该障碍是由其他躯体疾病、物质或药物截断、接触毒素,或多种病因直接作用的结果。
采用IBM SPSS 20.0进行数据处理与分析。符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,采用t检验;不符合正态分布的定量资料以中位数(四分位数)[M(P25,P75)]表示,采用Wilcoxon秩和检验。定性资料用频数、百分比(%)表示,采用χ2检验。以受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线下面积(AUC)评价模型的区分度,以Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估模型预测概率与实际值之间的差异,P>0.05表示模型拟合度较优。同时报告模型敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比及阴性似然比等诊断特征指标。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
516例病人均为内科住院,其中40例病人发生谵妄,发生率为7.75%。根据是否发生谵妄,将病人分为谵妄组(n=40)与非谵妄组(n=476)。不同科室老年人谵妄发生情况比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表1。在所有接受MDP预测的病人中,危险分层≤5%、6%~29%、≥30%的病人谵妄发生率分别为0(0/20)、4.08%(19/466)、70.00%(21/30),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);在所有接受DELIKT预测的病人中,基于原风险临界值(20分)划分时,所有病人均被归类为高风险组,提示原临界值在内科病人群体中的适用性较低。本研究基于内科队列数据,通过最大化Youden指数重新计算确定最佳临界值为57分,以57分为临界值时高低风险两组组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),具有更高的风险分层效能。调整后低风险组谵妄发生率为1.84%(7/381),高风险组谵妄发生率为24.44%(33/135),差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。见表2。
MDP模型的AUC为0.955(0.921,0.990),Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度显示,χ2=3.859,P=0.796;DELIKT模型的AUC为0.869(0.813,0.925),Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度显示,χ2=2.460,P=0.873。两个模型ROC曲线见图1。最佳临界值时,2个模型的敏感度、特异度、准确性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值、阳性似然比、阴性似然比见表3。
将单因素分析中差异有统计学意义的变量纳入多因素Logistic回归分析,变量赋值方式见表5。结果显示,谵妄史、CrAS评分、留置导尿管、年龄>80岁、Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分是内科老年住院病人发生谵妄的独立影响因素(P<0.05)。见表6。
风险预测模型可通过整合分析多个预测因子,量化某种特定疾病或结局的发生风险,对于早期识别谵妄高风险病人,促进精准干预有着重要意义[17]。良好的风险预测模型需要经过严格的内部验证与外部验证[18]。本研究对MDP和DELIKT进行外部验证,MDP是在美国基于120 764例50岁以上病人开发的用于预测住院病人谵妄发生风险的自动化工具;DELIKT是在瑞士基于25 279例65岁以上病人开发的用于预测非重症监护病房住院老年群体谵妄发生风险的预测模型。了解2个模型在国内的应用情况有利于预测模型的应用与发展。近年来,国内外已研发出众多关于老年病人谵妄发生风险的预测模型,但现有模型多数聚焦于外科术后老年病人[19]以及重症监护室老年病人[20]。而针对内科住院老年病人的谵妄风险预测模型研究相对较少,且存在以下明显的局限性:其一,预测因子较为单一,可能并不适配如今的临床情景,例如Carrasco等[21]基于65岁以上内科住院病人开发的预测模型,其中只包含了Barthel指数和脱水指标2个预测因子;其二,模型性能不佳,例如Douglas等[22]于2013年开发的用于内科住院病人的模型,内部验证AUC为0.69,其区分能力处于可接受范围的边缘。MDP和DELIKT是最新开发的谵妄风险预测模型,其预测因子较为多样,且内部验证特异度与敏感度均较好,均适用于内科老年住院病人,但2个模型均未在我国临床中开展应用研究与性能评价。因此,本研究应用我国内科老年住院病人的数据对2个模型进行外部验证,并对模型中各个预测因子进一步分析,可为构建符合我国内科老年住院病人特色的谵妄筛查工具提供参考。
根据MDP和DELIKT的既定风险临界值对内科老年住院病人谵妄发生风险进行分层,并比较不同风险组的谵妄发生率,结果显示MDP的分层能力优于DELIKT。分析DELIKT分层效果不佳的原因可能源于该模型的开发人群与本研究的验证人群之间存在差异。DELIKT的开发数据来自内科与外科病人,与本研究所选取人群差异性较大,内科住院老年病人>80岁高龄病人占比多,多药治疗明显[23-24],导致以20分为风险临界值时,不能有效区分不同的谵妄风险。因此,建议在使用该模型时依据研究人群特征,通过Youden指数以及临床决策曲线评估不同临界值净收益等方法重新定义临界值[25]。
本研究通过评估模型的区分度、校准度以及一系列诊断指标进一步比对2个模型的预测性能。AUC为评估二分类预测模型区分能力的核心指标,AUC越接近1,表明模型分类性能越好[26]。本研究中MDP模型和DELIKT模型的AUC值分别为0.955和0.869,表明2个模型均有良好的区分能力。校准度是探讨预测概率是否与实际观测结果一致,常用Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评估[27],当P>0.05时认为模型校准度较好[28],本研究中2个模型的P值均>0.05,提示2个模型的预测概率与实际观测结果间具有良好的一致性。从诊断特征看,MDP模型敏感度为92.50%,特异度为93.50%,表明其性能均衡,兼备精准度与稳定性;其阴性预测值为99.33%,说明模型具有可靠的筛查能力;其阳性似然比为14.20,阴性似然比为0.08,表明当模型预测病人为高风险时,该病人实际发生谵妄的可能性是未发生谵妄病人的14.2倍,当模型预测病人为低风险时,该病人未发生谵妄的可能性是发生谵妄的12.5倍。但MDP阳性预测值欠佳,在应用时需结合其他临床信息综合判断,以减少误诊的可能性。DELIKT模型的特异度为86.30%,阴性预测值为97.86%,表明该模型在排除疾病方面有一定价值。但其受限于敏感度,阳性预测值较低,似然比表现中等,整体诊断效力不足,临床应用时也需联合病史、症状、其他检查结果等信息进行全面评估,以弥补模型单独使用时的不足。总体而言,2个模型均可应用于内科老年住院病人的谵妄预测,MDP预测性能整体略优于DELIKT。
本研究对2个模型的预测因子进行单因素与多因素回归分析,结果显示谵妄史、CrAS评分、留置导尿管、年龄、Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分是内科老年住院病人发生谵妄的独立影响因素。
本研究结果显示,有谵妄史的病人易发生再次谵妄,这种现象可能与炎症在中枢神经系统中的持续影响有关[29]。当病人出现炎症反应时,细胞因子会被释放,并穿透血脑屏障,激活小胶质细胞,促使促炎细胞因子释放,从而引发脑内炎症反应,对神经元产生损伤。对于既往发生过谵妄的病人,其中枢神经系统已有一定程度的损伤,因此即使轻微的炎症反应也可能进一步加剧这种损伤,使谵妄复发[30]。而除了直接的神经毒性作用外,细胞因子还会破坏神经递质的合成与释放。既往发生过谵妄的病人体内突触前乙酰胆碱受体数量减少[31],而此类神经递质与认知障碍密切相关,会使发生过谵妄的病人再发风险更高。因此,在临床护理工作中应加强对有谵妄史病人的病情监测,采取预防性干预措施控制诱发因素。
本研究结果显示,CrAS评分≥3分易引发谵妄发生。当前抗胆碱能药物种类繁多,有研究显示,20%~50%的老年病人正在使用如美托洛尔、奥氮平、地高辛等至少一种具有抗胆碱作用的药物[32]。乙酰胆碱神经传递参与众多关键身体功能,包括注意力、学习以及记忆等认知功能。而抗胆碱能药物会与毒蕈碱受体相结合,阻断乙酰胆碱的神经传递,导致上述功能障碍。有动物实验发现,使用乙酰胆碱拮抗剂后的小鼠认知功能显著下降[33],进一步证实了相关机制。除此之外,抗胆碱能药物还会导致神经退行性过程加速,进一步加重认知功能的损害,进而使得谵妄的发生风险升高[34]。因此,在应用抗胆碱能药物前应全面评估用药风险,谨慎用药。
本研究结果显示,留置导尿管易引发谵妄发生。这可能因为长时间留置导尿管会使感染的风险上升,留置导尿管相关尿路感染的平均发生率为9.55%[35]。而细菌激活全身炎症反应会诱发谵妄。此外,插入尿管可能导致尿道黏膜损伤或膀胱痉挛,引发疼痛,而疼痛也被证实是引起谵妄发作的风险因素之一[36]。这一发现提示加强管路护理、预防感染具有重要意义,面对谵妄高危人群应平衡导管使用的治疗价值与潜在风险,尽早拔除导尿管。
本研究结果也显示,年龄越高,谵妄发生风险越高。这一现象可用“系统整合失败假说”[37]解释,该学说认为大脑多个系统功能整合失败是谵妄发生的核心机制。而衰老通常伴随资源与适应能力的渐进性丧失,脑功能亦不例外[38]。随着大脑生理结构退化及储备代偿能力下降,老年人更易受炎症及共病因素影响,导致系统整合失败概率上升,谵妄发生风险升高。因此,应强化对于高龄病人谵妄风险的主动筛查,并加强对于其认知及躯体功能的维护,以此降低谵妄发生风险。
本研究结果还显示,Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分越高,谵妄发生风险越高。这一发现与一项内科住院老年病人谵妄发生危险因素的Meta分析结果[39]一致。跌倒评分高的老年人主要表现为衰弱、活动受限、认知下降,以上特征均与谵妄的发生密切相关[40-42]。由于大脑神经功能下降,脆弱性和易感性增加,缺乏面对应激源的能力,导致这类病人发生谵妄的风险显著上升。因此,应通过改善病房环境、优化药物管理、提高躯体功能等途径,加强对于跌倒风险因素的控制,避免跌倒后应激加重谵妄。
通过对比MDP与DELIKT风险预测模型的性能发现,2个模型用于内科老年住院病人的谵妄风险预测时均表现尚可,MDP在区分能力、校准能力以及诊断指标各维度均优于DELIKT。另外,回归分析结果显示,谵妄史、CrAS评分、留置导尿管、Hendrich Ⅱ跌倒风险评分、年龄是内科老年住院病人发生谵妄的独立影响因素,今后可通过整合2个模型中的预测因子,构建符合我国临床实际的用于内科老年住院病人谵妄预测的模型。本研究的局限性在于采用单中心回顾性数据,未来建议采用多中心前瞻性队列设计,扩大样本量,在不同地区和医疗环境中开展验证研究,进一步对比2个模型的使用性能和价值。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.08.005
  • 接收时间:2025-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-12
  • 修回日期:2026-04-03
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    1北京中医药大学护理学院,北京 100029
    2北京中医药大学第三附属医院

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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