Article(id=1322168570952405670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168262247432815, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742745600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-24, revisedDate=1768579200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159152019, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1773072000000, pubDateStr=2026-03-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159152019, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159152019, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159152019, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168262247432815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='5', pageStart='705', pageEnd='880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1773072000000', pubDateStr='2026-03-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159078418, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159078418, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=875, endPage=880, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168571136955047, articleId=1322168570952405670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Application progress on serious games in healthcare for children and adolescents with cancer, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article reviewed the development history,technical forms,application status,and effectiveness of serious games,and discusses the challenges and future prospects,aiming to provide references for the application of serious games in the healthcare of children and adolescents with cancer in China.

, authors=Jiajia LI, Jiajia ZHU, Mengyi CHEN, Hongcheng JIN, Jihua ZHU, authorsList=Jiajia LI, Jiajia ZHU, Mengyi CHEN, Hongcheng JIN, Jihua ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jihua ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHU Jihua, E-mail:
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从严肃游戏的发展历程、技术形式、应用现状、应用效果等进行综述,并提出严肃游戏面临的挑战与未来展望,以期为严肃游戏在我国癌症患儿健康照护中的应用提供参考。

, authors=李佳佳, 朱佳佳, 陈梦怡, 金泓丞, 诸纪华*, *, authorsList=李佳佳, 朱佳佳, 陈梦怡, 金泓丞, 诸纪华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=诸纪华, authorNote=

李佳佳,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
诸纪华,E-mail:
ZHU Jihua, E-mail:
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严肃游戏在癌症儿童和青少年健康照护中的应用进展
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李佳佳 , 朱佳佳 , 陈梦怡 , 金泓丞 , 诸纪华 *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(5): 875-880
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (5) : 875 -880
严肃游戏在癌症儿童和青少年健康照护中的应用进展
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李佳佳, 朱佳佳, 陈梦怡, 金泓丞, 诸纪华*, *
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院,浙江 310052
通讯作者:
诸纪华,E-mail:
ZHU Jihua, E-mail:
作者简介:

李佳佳,硕士研究生在读

Application progress on serious games in healthcare for children and adolescents with cancer
Jiajia LI, Jiajia ZHU, Mengyi CHEN, Hongcheng JIN, Jihua ZHU
Affiliations
  • 1Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310052 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    ZHU Jihua, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-03-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.025
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从严肃游戏的发展历程、技术形式、应用现状、应用效果等进行综述,并提出严肃游戏面临的挑战与未来展望,以期为严肃游戏在我国癌症患儿健康照护中的应用提供参考。

严肃游戏  /  癌症照护  /  儿童  /  青少年  /  综述

This article reviewed the development history,technical forms,application status,and effectiveness of serious games,and discusses the challenges and future prospects,aiming to provide references for the application of serious games in the healthcare of children and adolescents with cancer in China.

serious games  /  cancer care  /  children  /  adolescents  /  review
李佳佳, 朱佳佳, 陈梦怡, 金泓丞, 诸纪华. 严肃游戏在癌症儿童和青少年健康照护中的应用进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (5) : 875 -880 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.025
Jiajia LI, Jiajia ZHU, Mengyi CHEN, Hongcheng JIN, Jihua ZHU. Application progress on serious games in healthcare for children and adolescents with cancer[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (5) : 875 -880 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.025
癌症是全球儿童和青少年的主要死亡原因。据统计,2018—2020年,中国约有121 145名儿童和青少年被诊断为癌症病人[1]。随着医疗技术的不断进步,癌症患儿的存活率逐步提高。然而,癌症仍然是一种严重危及生命的疾病,治疗周期长,护理需求复杂。因此,临床治疗效果的评价标准不再仅限于存活率,而是更加关注如何在积极治疗的同时最大限度地减轻患儿的痛苦,提升其生活质量,并提供高效的健康照护[2]。研究显示,由于儿童及青少年癌症的发病率相较于成年人更低,且致病因素较为复杂,这一群体的健康照护需求往往未能得到充分重视[3]。目前,为了改善患儿对治疗的态度,提升其疾病相关知识水平和生活质量,相继研发出很多心理教育干预手段。然而,这些干预措施的效果差异较大,而针对儿童和青少年的有效干预手段更为有限[4]。严肃游戏(serious games,SG)是一种以教育、培训、治疗或行为改变为目的的互动式数字游戏,近年来作为一种控制癌症的新兴手段正逐渐被国内外认可,并在健康干预领域展现出应用潜力[5]。但国内关于严肃游戏应用于癌症儿童的研究尚处于萌芽阶段,因此,现对严肃游戏在癌症患儿健康照护领域中的国内外应用现状进行综述,以期为该群体的癌症控制及健康干预策略提供思路。
严肃游戏也被称为功能游戏或应用游戏,指不以娱乐为首要目的的游戏,于1970年由美国著名学者Clark Abt首次提出[6]。严肃游戏的重点在于其功能性和教育性,而非娱乐性,玩家通过在游戏化、趣味性的情境中轻松、愉快地受到教育培训,获取现实世界的知识技能[7]。严肃游戏在国外最初被应用于教育行业,随后拓展至教育培训、国防、政治、医疗等多个领域。其中,医疗领域包括虚拟手术[8]、模拟问诊[9]、急救演练[10]等医疗救治培训,糖尿病患儿自我照护能力培养[11],小学生饮食指导健康管理与教育[12],儿童认知行为矫正[13]等。而国内严肃游戏的研究与实践起步较晚,在医疗领域的应用仍处于探索阶段,我国于2009年首次在严肃游戏(北京)创新峰会上正式提出“严肃游戏”的概念,标志着国内严肃游戏的初步探索与认识[14];随后,腾讯于2018年宣称将对严肃游戏进行全面布局,同年即开发了一款严肃游戏《肿瘤医生》,玩家通过扮演肿瘤医生,评估虚拟肿瘤病人的健康状况并选择适当的治疗方案,旨在帮助玩家了解肿瘤的预防和疾病管理相关知识[15]。同年,复旦大学附属儿科医院携手儿童乐益会(中国)共同启动了全国首个儿童医疗游戏辅助项目基地[16]。2023年,由国内公益组织与公益基金会共同发起,专门为肿瘤儿童开发了一款严肃游戏《彩虹熊熊诊所》,以期患儿能够“勇敢看病”,实现肿瘤患儿辅助治疗领域的新突破[17]。
VR依赖于三维立体头部跟踪显示设备及身体跟踪感应设备,它被定义为一种高度交互的三维数字媒体环境,使玩家沉浸式直观体验模拟环境,获得听觉、触觉及视觉等多感官反馈[18]。“Health Voyager”是为胃肠道癌症患儿设计的沉浸式VR游戏,利用VR技术向玩家展示临床治疗工作流程,适用于治疗前后帮助患儿正确理解疾病,提高患儿治疗依从性[19]。
AR使计算机生成的虚拟元素实时、精确叠加在现实世界的对象上,实现玩家在真实环境中与虚拟对象互动。有研究发现,AR严肃游戏在提高儿童学习动机和体验方面具有显著效果[20]。
目前,AI算法驱动的严肃游戏数量已呈增长趋势,多种AI算法被结合进严肃游戏之中,如支持向量机、卷积神经网络等。该技术能够对玩家的行为、情绪等数据进行分析,从而实现疾病检测、用户状态评估等功能。AI驱动的严肃游戏在医疗保健领域已展现出多样化的应用,包括疾病检测与诊断辅助、康复训练、健康管理与教育、认知能力训练等[21]。
生物反馈技术借助穿戴设备和传感器实时监测人体生物信号,并将其转化为直观易懂的信息。该技术与严肃游戏结合可实时观测病人的各项生理指标,以评估严肃游戏使用效果。在Osman等[22]研究中,“Botanical Nerves”游戏通过可穿戴设备Bioharness Belt收集玩家的心电图(ECG)、呼吸频率和活动信息,监测心率变异性(HRV)等生理信号。心率变异性分析中的高频(HF)和低频(LF)参数反映自主神经系统的状态,借此推断玩家的精神压力水平。该类严肃游戏根据生理信号数据调整游戏中的健康状态和玩家得分,实现生物反馈,并提醒玩家及时调节自身状态。
数字交互技术通过数字化手段将严肃内容与游戏体验相结合,利用互动性设计增强玩家游戏参与感。在严肃游戏概念提出早期,大部分是以电脑或手机等二维交互界面作为基本载体,实现使用者与游戏内容的交互[23]。严肃游戏数字交互技术在不断革新,VR、AR、AI以及体感交互等技术的兴起,打破传统二维交互局限。不同数字交互技术相互融合、协同发展,持续推动严肃游戏功能的完善与创新。
沉浸式互动通过提供视觉图像、空间化声音、触觉及嗅觉反馈,吸引不同感官,诱导病人在虚拟环境中的“存在感”,使其沉浸于轻松、愉悦的虚拟世界,隔绝医疗环境,减轻病人治疗不适感[24]。研究显示,VR下的沉浸式互动游戏可有效促进肺癌、慢性阻塞性肺疾病以及哮喘患儿肺部的康复[25]。
随着智能手机的普及,移动平台已成为人们日常生活娱乐的重要工具,严肃游戏的研发也顺应该趋势拓展移动端应用。“AquaScouts”游戏是“MyPal Child App”移动平台的核心部分,通过设置外星海洋探险主题、每日挑战与奖励机制等吸引癌症患儿参与,实现症状报告和生活质量信息收集,是该移动平台实现研究目标的关键功能模块[26]。移动端只是严肃游戏的支持平台之一,“FitLab Game”的游戏基础部分采用超文本标记语言(hypertext markup language,HTML)、层叠样式表(cascading style sheets,CSS)和JavaScript技术实现,可在任何浏览器中以网页形式运行,方便开发者在不同设备上进行测试,提高游戏开发和测试的灵活性,降低对特定设备的依赖[27]。此外,电脑端、XBOX端等平台也是严肃游戏常用的载体。
严肃游戏通常利用剧情叙事或特定任务引导玩家在游戏中进行学习与探索,通过设置激励机制、奖励系统等元素应用到非游戏领域,以提高用户的参与度和主动性。有关“iManageCancer”项目的研究提到,严肃游戏设置了不同的关卡目标与任务,以此来激发病人继续游玩的意愿[28]。在Cederved等[29]研究设计的严肃游戏中,设置与现实医院环境相似的场景,引导患儿熟悉医院环境以及即将面临的治疗方法,消除患儿对未知的恐惧,减轻其对治疗的排斥与不适感,并在游戏地图中设定了隐藏场所和小游戏,以激发患儿探索欲望。
青春期是儿童和青少年身心发展的关键时期,在该阶段罹患癌症会给他们带来巨大的心理创伤,严肃游戏在改善患癌儿童及青少年的心理健康状况方面具备显著的发展潜力。与传统心理支持干预相比,严肃游戏具有引人入胜、互动性强的特点,且严肃游戏的心理支持服务注重隐私性和用户访问的自由性[30]。Masumoto等[31]开发了一款名为“FUN QUEST”的基于游戏的学习程序,癌症患儿在游戏中通过角色扮演学习癌症相关健康知识及管理癌症后期将面临的健康问题,在学习并掌握如何解决健康问题的过程中,患儿的自尊心得到提高。在“拯救动物星球”游戏中,急性淋巴细胞白血病患儿选择游戏里的卡通角色作为照顾伙伴,并对角色模拟侵入性治疗操作,完成任务后角色会得到虚拟币奖励[32]。该过程增加了患儿对治疗的熟悉程度,减轻患儿对治疗的负面认知,从而增强其对抗疾病的信心和治疗积极性,缓解焦虑和恐惧情绪。然而,在Tark等[30]研究中,使用一款名为“Triump”的严肃游戏对癌症患儿进行干预,试验组患儿的抑郁症状改善效果并不明显,这可能与接受复杂治疗的患儿游戏较少、接受游戏干预的时间相应减少、间接影响游戏对抑郁症状的改善有关。此外,社交功能是同伴支持的关键,对青少年尤为重要,但社交功能却是目前大多数严肃游戏使用最少的元素[33]。
儿童疼痛是全世界高度关注的公共卫生问题,癌症患儿会经历许多会引起疼痛的医疗程序。分散注意力可以最大限度减少程序性疼痛,是调整疼痛刺激应对策略的一种有效手段[34]。在Wong等[35]研究中,癌症患儿在外周静脉穿刺过程中使用VR游戏,通过吸引患儿注意力,降低其对疼痛的关注度,从而减轻患儿疼痛感觉。研究发现,因黏膜炎引起急性疼痛的化疗患儿接受自控镇痛泵治疗的同时按需玩解谜、体育、策略等不同类型的电子游戏后,该类严肃游戏通过分散患儿注意力,并增加副交感神经张力,对抗疼痛引起的交感神经兴奋,进一步减轻了疼痛,其疼痛强度显著降低[36]。
在接受癌症治疗的过程中,有56%~81%的儿童有癌症相关的疲劳症状[37]。一项对白血病患儿疲劳的研究表明,与对照组相比,玩“Re-Mission”电子游戏的青少年疲劳水平降低,生活质量得到提高[38]。然而,在Hamari等[39]研究中,干预组的癌症儿童在住院期间及在家中每天至少使用30 min“任天堂WiiFit™”游戏,共持续8周,干预前后疲劳评分与对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。这可能是因为在治疗期间过早实施干预、缺乏专业指导、游戏难度不适宜导致患儿依从性低,缓解疲劳的效果较差。因此,建议医护人员合理规划干预时间,避免在患儿身体负担较重时过早开展,以提高干预的有效性;配备专业人员指导并依据患儿的实际情况,对游戏难度进行科学调整,从而更好地发挥游戏缓解疲劳的作用。
“Color Me Healthy”定位其他症状到身体特定部位,该应用提供草图板和日记用于培养患儿创造力和自我反思能力,并包括相应的奖励与隐私保护机制[40]。该严肃游戏在学龄癌症患儿中症状自我报告的应用可行性和可接受性已得到验证[41]。Peters等[42]将青少年癌症病人手写健康日记与严肃游戏“Interacct”提交的健康数据对比,结果显示,严肃游戏提交的数据信息含量更高,有助于医生更全面了解病人症状和健康状况。
严肃游戏可以成为癌症儿童和青少年健康教育的一种新模式。有调查发现,在严肃游戏里沉浸式体验虚拟场景,可以直观体会到选择健康生活方式的回报和后果,从而促使玩家主动学习癌症预防知识[43]。患有癌症的青少年通过在“Re-Mission”游戏中使用常见治疗手段帮助虚拟病人消灭癌细胞,学习癌症相关知识,监督虚拟病人积极自我护理,进一步增长自我保健和疾病知识水平[4]。严肃游戏通过提高癌症儿童及青少年的健康素养,影响他们的生活方式和自我管理行为。游戏中的任务和挑战使患癌青少年在虚拟环境中体验到成功应对疾病的相关情境,增强了他们在现实中管理癌症与治疗的信心和服药依从性,提高了自我效能感;通过完成游戏里对应癌症的治疗性任务,帮助患儿在游戏中养成积极自我护理的习惯,并迁移到现实生活中,进一步规范癌症青少年的自我健康管理行为[44]。
长期抗癌治疗会导致患儿心肺功能和身体素质下降[45]。因此,功能锻炼对癌症患儿的预后及生长发育十分重要,严肃游戏可辅助患儿运动锻炼,帮助改善身体功能。Kowaluk等[46]开发的根据基线心肺适能测试确定运动强度的互动视频游戏“Kinect Sports”,引导白血病儿童跟随视频里的运动场景如沙滩排球、网球等进行模拟运动,患儿通过自己的肢体动作和语言与游戏画面互动,研究结果显示该游戏在儿童疾病治疗期间用于体育锻炼具有较强的可行性和安全性。“Mila Blooms”是一款基于社会认知理论(social cognitive theory,SCT)、自我决定理论(self-determination theory,SDT)和叙事运输理论为指导开发的智能手机游戏[47],该游戏以象征“癌症之旅”的登山远征为游戏主题,玩家需与团队合作攀登地球最高峰以揭开名为“Mila Bloom”的稀有花朵的治愈特性,完成恢复地球平衡的任务。该游戏通过无线同步手机的计步器记录患儿完成的步数,设置自动化反馈和奖励机制,支持患儿及时了解自己的运动成果,增加了康复锻炼的趣味性,提高了患儿参与康复训练的积极性。
严肃游戏的严肃部分和娱乐部分之间需要得到适宜的平衡,严肃部分占比过多会导致玩家失去兴致,而过于娱乐化则可能将游戏的目的本末倒置,降低预期效果[48]。应将严肃内容即健康照护的目标巧妙地融入游戏玩法中,使健康照护的内容与游戏元素紧密相关,玩家在玩游戏的过程中不知不觉地去完成预期目标。平衡两者之间的关系面临着以下挑战。
1)设置清晰的目标:严肃游戏应确定一个清晰的特征目标,如丰富疾病知识或健康行为改变,避免玩家困惑;2)严格把控游戏内容:确保健康教育内容的准确性,根据患儿的不同年龄段设置恰当的技术语言,避免生硬地传递教育内容而引起患儿不喜与抵触;3)优化反馈机制:提供持续、易于识别的反馈对患儿完成目标的积极性至关重要,但以控制方式提供的奖励或惩罚性反馈会破坏玩家的内在动机、阻碍深度学习而偏离游戏设计的初衷,因此,设置奖惩机制需要谨慎[49]。
1)增强游戏体验感:根据不同玩家需求开发不同类型的严肃游戏和游戏场景,在游戏里加入好看的画面、合适的音效、触觉及嗅觉刺激,增强游戏体验感和趣味性,有利于提高玩家游戏体验感的措施还包括激发玩家的本能和情感,例如在游戏中产生生存、收集、挑战的欲望,进而建立情感连接[50]。2)建立游戏掌控感:游戏的难度应根据玩家不同阶段的水平动态性调整,并能使其感知自己的行动与游戏世界发展之间的联系,帮助玩家建立游戏掌控感[51]。
基于理论明确行为发生的机制与决定因素,再通过设计特定的游戏元素衔接具体的行为决定因素,为游戏的开发提供精准指导,而如何合理应用理论开发有效且可持续发展的严肃游戏是值得研究者深思的问题。现有的严肃游戏依托多种教育学和心理学理论形成游戏设计框架,包括建构主义理论、社会认知理论、自我决定理论等[52],虽取得了一定效果,却难以动态适配不同受众的认知发展阶段与心理需求。例如,儿童更依赖基于“知-信-行”理论的具象化行为引导[53],青少年则更注重社交反馈与自我效能感的提升[33]。未来需要突破静态、单一理论框架的限制,通过实时观测患儿多模态数据,将最适配个体的理论动态融合,并根据当前研究缺乏对游戏正面效果的神经学机制以及作用机制的深入分析现状,建立“理论-机制-效果”的分层循证体系,在个性化干预中实现理论的弹性调用与迭代优化,使游戏设计更具有科学性、有效性与针对性,进而在健康照护领域发挥更大价值[54]。
与成人不同,癌症儿童和青少年仍由其家庭照顾者即法定监护人照顾,在患儿的健康照护中,家庭照顾者是重要的角色。然而,目前缺乏专门针对父母在癌症患儿健康照护中发挥作用的严肃游戏,建议在癌症患儿严肃游戏的开发设计与实施中纳入家庭照顾者,倡导父母与患儿共同使用的严肃游戏,通过亲人的参与能够更好地影响患儿的行为,增加亲子间的互动,提高患儿主动性与自信心[55]。此外,医护人员能够提供专业知识并对患儿的需求有细致入微的理解,在癌症患儿健康照护中发挥着关键作用,但医护人员在儿童和青少年癌症控制的严肃游戏研究中发挥作用的潜力可能被忽视[56]。开发癌症患儿、照顾者、主管医护人员等多主体参与的严肃游戏,鼓励家庭照顾者分享意见与使用体验、医护人员为严肃游戏的开发和评估提供反馈都可以促进严肃游戏在癌症患儿健康照护中的应用和发展。
严肃游戏的设计需要考虑游戏趣味性,同时确保游戏的医学准确性,开发成本较高。跨领域人才缺乏或合作尚不成熟、医疗机构的预算有限等因素可能导致游戏设计与医疗需求脱节及项目难以长期运行[57]。建议医疗机构对内推动相关制度制定,获得系统性政策扶持;对外积极寻求第三方机构合作,如公益基金或企业赞助,引入资金支持。
尽管严肃游戏在癌症儿童健康照护中的潜力被广泛认可,但其接受度仍然是一个挑战。部分医护人员对严肃游戏的干预效果仍持怀疑态度,且公众对严肃游戏仍存在刻板印象[58]。未来需要开展更多的宣传和教育活动,同时加强对医疗专业人士的培训,让他们了解严肃游戏的优势和应用方法,通过科普宣传逐步改变观念,提高严肃游戏的接受度和普及度。
VR和AR技术可提高游戏体验感,但其硬件设备在病房中的普及率低,且患儿可能因治疗副作用难以适应此类技术,易加重恶心与呕吐。医疗机构可采取多方面举措,提升VR和AR技术在病房儿童群体中的适用性与治疗效果,例如在设备管理与采购上精准选型,兼顾儿童生理特点与病房环境,建立维护体系并做好成本效益把控;定期进行病房环境适配以及风险防控;此外,加强跨学科合作,促进医疗、技术、教育与心理学等领域专家沟通磨合,合理整合资源,为VR和AR技术在该群体中的有效应用提供保障。
严肃游戏作为一种新兴的健康干预手段,在癌症儿童和青少年的心理支持、症状管理、健康素养提升和运动康复等方面展现了积极作用。与传统干预方式相比,严肃游戏凭借其高度互动性、沉浸式体验和任务驱动机制,有效提高了患儿的治疗依从性和自我管理能力,同时减少了治疗过程中的焦虑和不适。然而,目前关于严肃游戏在癌症患儿健康照护中的研究大多数是可行性或试点性试验、严肃游戏的质量在研究中参差不齐;并且,目前的严肃游戏仍面临理论融合不充分、个性化干预不足、多主体协作有限等挑战,影响了其在健康照护中的长期应用效果。建议在以后的干预性研究中采用高质量、大样本的随机对照试验来验证严肃游戏的应用效果,为临床实践提供更有力的证据;同时,应进一步优化游戏设计,提高理论指导的科学性,强化社交互动元素,并鼓励医护人员和家庭照护者的深度参与,以提升严肃游戏在癌症儿童健康管理中的实用性和可持续性。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.05.025
  • 接收时间:2025-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-03-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-24
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    1浙江大学医学院附属儿童医院,浙江 310052

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