Article(id=1322168471765504037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167989802217791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736352000000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-09, revisedDate=1769875200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159128371, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159128371, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159128370, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159128370, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167989802217791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='529', pageEnd='704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159013461, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159013461, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=563, endPage=572, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168472424009766, articleId=1322168471765504037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=The changing trajectory of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients and its influencing factors, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To investigate the changing trajectory of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients and its associated influencing factors, and to provide reference for targeted clinical interventions.

Methods

A convenience sample of 300 elderly stroke patients admitted to the neurology department of a tertiary grade A hospital in Shandong province were enrolled in this study.Data were collected using a general information questionnaire and standardized assessment tools,including the Oral Frailty Index-8(OFI-8),the Oral Health Assessment Tool(OHAT),the Geriatric Self-Efficacy in Oral Health Scale(GSEOH),and the Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS).Oral frailty levels were evaluated based on these instruments.

Results

The changing trajectory of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients was categorized into two distinct patterns:a high-level slow increase group(49.7%) and a low-level slow increase group(50.3%).Logistic regression analysis revealed that age,smoking history,prior cerebral infarction,number of remaining teeth,subjective chewing difficulty,oral health status,and perceived social support were significant predictors of oral frailty(all P<0.05).The decision tree model identified four key clinical variables:wearing dentures,oral health status,subjective masticatory difficulty,and prior cerebral infarction.The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the decision tree and Logistic regression models were 0.939 and 0.943,respectively,indicating strong predictive performance.

Conclusions

Oral frailty in elderly stroke patients generally progresses gradually over time,with notable heterogeneity among subgroups.Both the decision tree and logistic regression models demonstrate considerable predictive accuracy.Healthcare professionals can develop intervention plans based on these two models to achieve early identification of oral frailty and precise care.

, authors=Jiayue ZHAO1, 2, Yujia LIU1, Minmin ZHOU2, Haimin SUN1, Qing ZHANG1, Lu XU1, Hongmei XU1, authorsList=Jiayue ZHAO, Yujia LIU, Minmin ZHOU, Haimin SUN, Qing ZHANG, Lu XU, Hongmei XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongmei XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XU Hongmei, E-mail:
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目的

探讨老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹及其影响因素,为针对性干预提供参考。

方法

采用便利抽样法,选取山东省某三级甲等医院神经内科住院的300例老年脑卒中病人作为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、口腔衰弱指数-8(Oral Frailty Index-8,OFI-8)、口腔健康评估量表(the Oral Health Assessment Tool,OHAT)、老年人口腔健康相关自我效能量表(Geriatric Self-Efficacy in Oral Health Scale,GSEOH)、领悟社会支持量表(Perceived Social Support Scale,PSSS)对其口腔衰弱水平进行评估。

结果

老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹可分为高水平缓升组(49.7%)和低水平缓升组(50.3%)。Logistic回归结果显示,年龄、吸烟史、既往脑梗死病史、牙齿数量、主观咀嚼困难、口腔健康、领悟社会支持是老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的影响因素(P<0.05)。决策树模型选择了义齿佩戴、口腔健康、主观咀嚼困难及既往脑梗死病史4个临床特征作为节点,决策树和Logistic回归模型的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.939,0.943。

结论

老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹总体呈逐渐上升趋势且存在群体异质性,决策树模型和Logistic回归模型对其均具有一定的预测价值。医护人员可针对两种模型制订干预计划,实现口腔衰弱的早期识别和精准护理。

, authors=赵佳月1, 2, 刘雨佳1, 周敏敏2, 孙海敏1, 张晴1, 徐璐1, 许红梅1, *, *, authorsList=赵佳月, 刘雨佳, 周敏敏, 孙海敏, 张晴, 徐璐, 许红梅, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许红梅, authorNote=

赵佳月,护师,硕士研究生在读

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许红梅,E-mail:
XU Hongmei, E-mail:
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figureFileBig=7nDCELLWqxu0TKt63OoF5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530417652122598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=CN, label=图4, caption=决策树模型的ROC曲线, figureFileSmall=DVRccLQObXnMVnwuXvGpEQ==, figureFileBig=7nDCELLWqxu0TKt63OoF5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322530417723425767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The fitting results of the latent category model for the trajectory of oral frailty changes in elderly stroke patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别AICBICaBICEntropyLMRT(P)BLRT(P)类别概率(%)
14 718.2184 747.8754 722.503
22 399.8632 448.0562 406.8270.997<0.001<0.00150.33/49.67
32 078.2092 144.8772 087.7910.977<0.0010.07150.33/26.86/22.81
41 682.8751 768.0621 695.1200.975<0.0010.18132.33/18.00/23.33/26.33
51 561.5051 665.2111 576.4110.964<0.0010.30511.67/38.67/17.00/13.00/19.67
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421238252521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹的潜在类别模型拟合结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别AICBICaBICEntropyLMRT(P)BLRT(P)类别概率(%)
14 718.2184 747.8754 722.503
22 399.8632 448.0562 406.8270.997<0.001<0.00150.33/49.67
32 078.2092 144.8772 087.7910.977<0.0010.07150.33/26.86/22.81
41 682.8751 768.0621 695.1200.975<0.0010.18132.33/18.00/23.33/26.33
51 561.5051 665.2111 576.4110.964<0.0010.30511.67/38.67/17.00/13.00/19.67
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421334721514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Univariate analysis of influencing factors of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类高水平缓升组(n=149)低水平缓升组(n=151)统计值P
年龄(岁)71(63,74)63(62,66)Z=-7.456<0.001
工作状况(例)无业12381χ2=28.806<0.001
退休2670
文化程度(例)小学及以下9745χ2=42.062<0.001
初中4062
高中及以上1244
户口所在地(例)农村11169χ2=6.179<0.001
城镇2558
市区1324
医疗费用支付方式(例)职工医保2271<0.001①
居民医保12679
其他11
吸烟史(例)否5794χ2=17.275<0.001
是9257
高血压(例)否3551χ2=3.8790.049
是114100
糖尿病(例)否88114χ2=9.2110.002
是6137
癌症(例)否134145χ2=4.2780.039
是156
既往脑梗死病史(例)否29133χ2=142.150<0.001
是12018
慢性病种类(例)无1234χ2=24.803<0.001
1种3858
≥2种9959
是否多重用药(例)否1231χ2=9.5070.002
是137120
牙齿数量(例)<10颗885χ2=137.922<0.001
10~20颗3626
>20颗25120
义齿佩戴(例)否57103χ2=27.039<0.001
是9248
口干(例)否4895χ2=28.334<0.001
是10156
主观咀嚼困难(例)否32132χ2=131.586<0.001
是11719
口腔健康(例)差11422χ2=116.105<0.001
健康35129
PSSS水平(例)低水平7445χ2=40.539<0.001
中水平5839
高水平1767
GSEOH评分(分)46(43,49)54(49,57)Z=-8.596<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421439579115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱影响因素的单因素分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类高水平缓升组(n=149)低水平缓升组(n=151)统计值P
年龄(岁)71(63,74)63(62,66)Z=-7.456<0.001
工作状况(例)无业12381χ2=28.806<0.001
退休2670
文化程度(例)小学及以下9745χ2=42.062<0.001
初中4062
高中及以上1244
户口所在地(例)农村11169χ2=6.179<0.001
城镇2558
市区1324
医疗费用支付方式(例)职工医保2271<0.001①
居民医保12679
其他11
吸烟史(例)否5794χ2=17.275<0.001
是9257
高血压(例)否3551χ2=3.8790.049
是114100
糖尿病(例)否88114χ2=9.2110.002
是6137
癌症(例)否134145χ2=4.2780.039
是156
既往脑梗死病史(例)否29133χ2=142.150<0.001
是12018
慢性病种类(例)无1234χ2=24.803<0.001
1种3858
≥2种9959
是否多重用药(例)否1231χ2=9.5070.002
是137120
牙齿数量(例)<10颗885χ2=137.922<0.001
10~20颗3626
>20颗25120
义齿佩戴(例)否57103χ2=27.039<0.001
是9248
口干(例)否4895χ2=28.334<0.001
是10156
主观咀嚼困难(例)否32132χ2=131.586<0.001
是11719
口腔健康(例)差11422χ2=116.105<0.001
健康35129
PSSS水平(例)低水平7445χ2=40.539<0.001
中水平5839
高水平1767
GSEOH评分(分)46(43,49)54(49,57)Z=-8.596<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421536048108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Assignment of variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方法
口腔衰弱低水平缓升组=0,高水平缓升组=1
工作状况无业=0,退休=1
文化程度小学及以下=0,中学=1,专科及以上=2
户口所在地农村=0,城镇=1,市区=2
医疗费用支付方式职工医保=0,居民医保=1,其他=2
吸烟史否=0,是=1
高血压否=0,是=1
糖尿病否=0,是=1
癌症否=0,是=1
既往脑梗死病史否=0,是=1
慢性病种类无=0,1种=1,≥2种=2
是否多重用药否=0,是=1
牙齿数量<10颗=0,10~20颗=1,>20颗=2
口干否=0,是=1
主观咀嚼困难否=0,是=1
口腔健康差=0,健康=1
PSSS水平低水平=1,中水平=2,高水平=3
年龄原值输入
义齿佩戴否=0,是=1
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421615739885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变量赋值情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量赋值方法
口腔衰弱低水平缓升组=0,高水平缓升组=1
工作状况无业=0,退休=1
文化程度小学及以下=0,中学=1,专科及以上=2
户口所在地农村=0,城镇=1,市区=2
医疗费用支付方式职工医保=0,居民医保=1,其他=2
吸烟史否=0,是=1
高血压否=0,是=1
糖尿病否=0,是=1
癌症否=0,是=1
既往脑梗死病史否=0,是=1
慢性病种类无=0,1种=1,≥2种=2
是否多重用药否=0,是=1
牙齿数量<10颗=0,10~20颗=1,>20颗=2
口干否=0,是=1
主观咀嚼困难否=0,是=1
口腔健康差=0,健康=1
PSSS水平低水平=1,中水平=2,高水平=3
年龄原值输入
义齿佩戴否=0,是=1
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421699625966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Logistic regression analysis results of influencing factors of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类回归系数标准误Waldχ2值POR值95%CI
年龄0.1570.0714.8520.0281.153[1.017,1.346]
吸烟史1.5770.5947.0550.0084.840[1.512,15.497]
既往脑梗死病史1.2900.6264.2520.0393.633[1.066,12.384]
牙齿数量<10颗6.4290.040
10~20颗-1.7980.7815.3010.0210.166[0.036,0.765]
>20颗-1.9070.8754.7530.0290.149[0.027,0.825]
主观咀嚼困难1.3270.6394.3100.0383.770[1.077,13.197]
口腔健康-1.5650.7004.9980.0250.209[0.053,0.824]
PSSS水平低水平18.531<0.001
中水平-1.9660.7596.7000.0100.140[0.032,0.620]
高水平-3.4160.84116.485<0.0010.033[0.006,0.171]
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421770929135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱影响因素的Logistic回归分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
变量分类回归系数标准误Waldχ2值POR值95%CI
年龄0.1570.0714.8520.0281.153[1.017,1.346]
吸烟史1.5770.5947.0550.0084.840[1.512,15.497]
既往脑梗死病史1.2900.6264.2520.0393.633[1.066,12.384]
牙齿数量<10颗6.4290.040
10~20颗-1.7980.7815.3010.0210.166[0.036,0.765]
>20颗-1.9070.8754.7530.0290.149[0.027,0.825]
主观咀嚼困难1.3270.6394.3100.0383.770[1.077,13.197]
口腔健康-1.5650.7004.9980.0250.209[0.053,0.824]
PSSS水平低水平18.531<0.001
中水平-1.9660.7596.7000.0100.140[0.032,0.620]
高水平-3.4160.84116.485<0.0010.033[0.006,0.171]
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421854815216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Comparison of the perfermance of Logistic regression model and decision tree model for oral frailty in elderly stroke patients

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模型AUC95%CI标准误灵敏度(%)特异度(%)P
Logistic回归0.943[0.916,0.971]0.013 889.9489.36<0.001
决策树0.939[0.914,0.964]0.012 882.3993.62<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322530421938701297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168471765504037, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱Logistic回归模型和决策树模型的预测效能比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型AUC95%CI标准误灵敏度(%)特异度(%)P
Logistic回归0.943[0.916,0.971]0.013 889.9489.36<0.001
决策树0.939[0.914,0.964]0.012 882.3993.62<0.001
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老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹及影响因素
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赵佳月 1, 2 , 刘雨佳 1 , 周敏敏 2 , 孙海敏 1 , 张晴 1 , 徐璐 1 , 许红梅 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(4): 563-572
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (4) : 563 -572
老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹及影响因素
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赵佳月1, 2, 刘雨佳1, 周敏敏2, 孙海敏1, 张晴1, 徐璐1, 许红梅1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1滨州医学院,山东 256603
  • 2滨州医学院附属医院
通讯作者:
许红梅,E-mail:
XU Hongmei, E-mail:
作者简介:

赵佳月,护师,硕士研究生在读

The changing trajectory of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients and its influencing factors
Jiayue ZHAO1, 2, Yujia LIU1, Minmin ZHOU2, Haimin SUN1, Qing ZHANG1, Lu XU1, Hongmei XU1
Affiliations
  • 1Binzhou Medical University, Shandong 256603 China
  • 2Binzhou Medical University Hospital
  • Corresponding Author:
    XU Hongmei, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.006
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目的

探讨老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹及其影响因素,为针对性干预提供参考。

方法

采用便利抽样法,选取山东省某三级甲等医院神经内科住院的300例老年脑卒中病人作为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、口腔衰弱指数-8(Oral Frailty Index-8,OFI-8)、口腔健康评估量表(the Oral Health Assessment Tool,OHAT)、老年人口腔健康相关自我效能量表(Geriatric Self-Efficacy in Oral Health Scale,GSEOH)、领悟社会支持量表(Perceived Social Support Scale,PSSS)对其口腔衰弱水平进行评估。

结果

老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹可分为高水平缓升组(49.7%)和低水平缓升组(50.3%)。Logistic回归结果显示,年龄、吸烟史、既往脑梗死病史、牙齿数量、主观咀嚼困难、口腔健康、领悟社会支持是老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的影响因素(P<0.05)。决策树模型选择了义齿佩戴、口腔健康、主观咀嚼困难及既往脑梗死病史4个临床特征作为节点,决策树和Logistic回归模型的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.939,0.943。

结论

老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹总体呈逐渐上升趋势且存在群体异质性,决策树模型和Logistic回归模型对其均具有一定的预测价值。医护人员可针对两种模型制订干预计划,实现口腔衰弱的早期识别和精准护理。

老年人  /  脑卒中  /  口腔衰弱  /  影响因素  /  护理
Objective

To investigate the changing trajectory of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients and its associated influencing factors, and to provide reference for targeted clinical interventions.

Methods

A convenience sample of 300 elderly stroke patients admitted to the neurology department of a tertiary grade A hospital in Shandong province were enrolled in this study.Data were collected using a general information questionnaire and standardized assessment tools,including the Oral Frailty Index-8(OFI-8),the Oral Health Assessment Tool(OHAT),the Geriatric Self-Efficacy in Oral Health Scale(GSEOH),and the Perceived Social Support Scale(PSSS).Oral frailty levels were evaluated based on these instruments.

Results

The changing trajectory of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients was categorized into two distinct patterns:a high-level slow increase group(49.7%) and a low-level slow increase group(50.3%).Logistic regression analysis revealed that age,smoking history,prior cerebral infarction,number of remaining teeth,subjective chewing difficulty,oral health status,and perceived social support were significant predictors of oral frailty(all P<0.05).The decision tree model identified four key clinical variables:wearing dentures,oral health status,subjective masticatory difficulty,and prior cerebral infarction.The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves for the decision tree and Logistic regression models were 0.939 and 0.943,respectively,indicating strong predictive performance.

Conclusions

Oral frailty in elderly stroke patients generally progresses gradually over time,with notable heterogeneity among subgroups.Both the decision tree and logistic regression models demonstrate considerable predictive accuracy.Healthcare professionals can develop intervention plans based on these two models to achieve early identification of oral frailty and precise care.

the elderly  /  stroke  /  oral frailty  /  influencing factors  /  nursing
赵佳月, 刘雨佳, 周敏敏, 孙海敏, 张晴, 徐璐, 许红梅. 老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹及影响因素. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (4) : 563 -572 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.006
Jiayue ZHAO, Yujia LIU, Minmin ZHOU, Haimin SUN, Qing ZHANG, Lu XU, Hongmei XU. The changing trajectory of oral frailty in elderly stroke patients and its influencing factors[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (4) : 563 -572 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.006
随着全球老龄化程度的加剧,老年人群中脑卒中的发病和患病率显著提高,其具有高发、易复发和致残性强的特点,给家庭和社会带来了沉重的负担[1-3]。口腔衰弱(oral frailty,OF)概念最早在日本提出[4-5],是指随着年龄增长,口腔状况恶化及身心储备能力多维度下降的现象,包括牙齿脱落、与吞咽相关的咀嚼功能降低等口腔问题,其效应是身心功能的整体退化,可以将其视为一种介于口腔健康和口腔功能衰退之间的口腔功能状态[6]。老年脑卒中病人常伴有认知功能障碍、吞咽困难及活动能力下降,这些状况降低了病人口腔清洁能力和口腔保健行为,加速口腔衰弱的发生[7]。脑卒中和口腔衰弱相互影响,影响病人健康和康复[8]。但适当的干预和治疗口腔衰弱可使其有效改善,因此,识别老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的动态变化,明确其发生口腔衰弱的影响因素对改善老年脑卒中病人的不良结局尤为重要。国内外关于口腔衰弱的研究多以横断面调查为主,研究对象多为社区老年人、血液透析病人及住院癌症病人等,研究缺乏动态连续性变化的检测与分析。因此,本研究通过对老年脑卒中病人进行6个月的口腔衰弱变化随访,运用潜变量增长混合模型(latent growth mixture model,LGMM)精确识别其口腔衰弱水平的动态变化模式,并分析不同变化轨迹的特征,同时,通过构建Logistic回归模型和决策树C5.0模型探讨其影响因素,精确识别和预测口腔衰弱的发展,为临床管理和干预提供科学依据。
采用便利抽样法,于2024年5月—6月,选取山东省某三级甲等综合性医院神经内科住院的300例老年脑卒中病人作为研究对象。纳入标准:年龄≥60岁;符合《中国各类主要脑血管病诊断要点2019》[9]中脑卒中的诊断标准,并经颅脑计算机X线断层扫描(CT)或磁共振成像(MRI)确诊为脑卒中;入院时间≥24 h;意识清楚,能够正常交流,蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)≥26分;Barthel指数≥60分[10](病人生活自理能力处于轻度依赖以下,生活基本自理);病人及家属知情同意且自愿参加本研究。排除标准:伴有严重脏器功能障碍者。采用贝叶斯信息标准(BIC)作为选择模型首要考虑的指标时样本量不少于200例[11],考虑20%的失访率和无应答率,至少需要250例。本研究已通过医院伦理委员会批准(编号:2024-L031)。
由研究者结合文献自行设计,包括人口学资料和疾病相关资料两部分。人口学资料包括性别、年龄、工作状况、文化程度、体质指数、户口所在地、婚姻状况、居住状况、家庭人均月收入、医疗费用支付方式、吸烟史、饮酒史。疾病相关资料包括慢性病种类(高血压、糖尿病、呼吸系统疾病、癌症病史、既往脑梗死病史)、慢性病种类、多重用药、牙齿数量、义齿佩戴、口干、主观咀嚼困难。
OFI-8由Tanaka等[12]编制,用于评估病人口腔衰弱状况,包括是否使用义齿、吞咽能力、咀嚼能力、口腔健康相关行为、社会参与度5个维度,共8个条目。总分0~11分,得分≥4分为口腔衰弱,得分越高表示口腔状况越差。该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.949,量表内容效度指数为0.934。
OHAT由澳大利亚学者Chalmers等[13]于2005年基于简明口腔健康检查表进行修订,主要用于评估老年人的口腔健康状况,涵盖嘴唇、舌、牙龈、义齿、天然牙齿、唾液、口腔卫生及牙齿疼痛8个口腔相关领域。总分0~16分,得分越高表示口腔健康状况越差,≥3分为口腔状态差,<3分为口腔健康状态。该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.710,重测信度为0.811,具有较好的内部一致性[14],且适用于老年脑卒中病人。
GSEOH由Ohara等[15]于2017年编制,由口腔功能、口腔卫生习惯、口腔就诊习惯3个维度组成,包括20个条目,总分20~80分,得分越高意味着老年人对口腔健康相关的自我效能感越强。该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.913,重测信度为0.743。
PSSS由Zimet等编制,是一种测量个人自我领悟多层面社会支持的工具,包括家庭支持(4个条目)、朋友支持(4个条目)、其他支持(4个条目)3个维度,共12个条目[16]。采用Likert 7级(1~7分)评分法,以总分反映个人领悟的社会支持水平,总分12~36分、37~60分、61~84分为低、中、高支持水平。该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.869。
成立研究小组,由神经科护士长、1名主管护师和1名研究生组成。研究人员在参加调查前接受统一培训,考核成绩合格后进行研究。老年脑卒中病人入院24 h内,研究者通过查阅电子病历收集人口学资料。老年脑卒中病人入住神经科后,于入院24 h内(T1)使用OFI-8量表、OHAT量表、GSEOH量表和PSSS量表对其进行评估;分别于出院后第1个月(T2)、第3个月(T3)及第6个月(T4)使用OFI-8量表对其进行评估。上述量表评估由2名研究者共同完成。评估前2名研究者共同学习评估规则,探讨评分细则,问卷采用面对面一对一调查,发放问卷前,向研究对象及家属解释研究的目的、意义及要求,获得研究对象本人及家属知情同意后发放问卷,视病人意愿采用自填或代填(研究人员客观记录其选择)的方式进行,为提高研究对象配合度,问卷调查控制在20 min以内,完成后立即收回,若有错填、漏填,当场进行核实与修正。当意见不一致时,咨询本课题团队其他成员,共同商榷。所有评估问卷均遵循统一的评分标准,确保数据准确性,同时所有资料均由双人核查后,准确录入计算机。本研究共发放问卷320份,回收有效问卷304份,有效回收率为95.0%。病人出院后1、3、6个月采用线上和线下方式进行问卷调查,失访4例,最终共300例老年脑卒中病人完成研究。
采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据统计分析。采用Mplus8.0软件针对4个时间段重复测量的口腔衰弱评分,采用LGMM分析其动态变化轨迹,模型的拟合效果依据赤池信息准则(AIC)、BIC、校正贝叶斯信息准则(aBIC)、熵(Entropy)、基于Bootstrap的似然比检验(BLRT)、罗·蒙戴尔·鲁本校正似然比检验(LMRT)及类别概率等进行评估。采用Logistic回归分析探讨老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的影响因素。采用SPSS Modeler软件构建老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的决策树模型,并应用R 4.2.1软件绘制Logistic回归模型和决策树模型的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线。
300例老年脑卒中病人中,男177例,女123例;年龄61~85(66.69±5.60)岁;无业201例,退休99例;独居19例,与配偶居住281例;家庭人均月收入<3 000元52例,3 000~5 000元135例,>5 000元113例;饮酒者209例;有心脏病史48例;有呼吸系统疾病史9例。OFI-8得分为4.0(2.0,7.0)分,OHAT得分为2.0(1.0,5.0)分,GSEOH得分为49.0(44.0,55.0)分,PSSS得分为52.0(35.0,62.0)分。
以老年脑卒中病人入院24 h内及出院后第1个月、第3个月及第6个月的OFI-8评分作为观测指标,将300例老年脑卒中病人纳入模型进行分析,从潜类别增长模型中提取1~5个类别,模型拟合结果见表1。当分为3个及以上潜在类别时,BLRT值逐渐增大(P>0.05),且Entropy值无明显变化,表明结果不显著,模型拟合效果不佳。而分为2个潜在类别时Entropy>0.8,LMRT和BLRT的P值均<0.001,表明分类效果好且模型拟合效果优[17]。因此,将口腔衰弱变化轨迹划分为2个潜在类别。根据老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱初始水平及变化趋势分别命名为高水平缓升组(149例,占49.7%)和低水平缓升组(151例,占50.3%),2组潜类别的边际均值变化趋势见图1。2组潜类别口腔衰弱初始水平和变化速率不同,存在异质性。高水平缓升组表明老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱评分高且呈缓慢上升趋势,建议加强早期干预;低水平缓升组表明老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱评分低且呈缓慢上升趋势,则需侧重口腔功能的维护。
将老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱潜在类别作为因变量,将老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱影响因素的单因素分析中有统计学意义的因素(P<0.05)作为自变量,构建决策树模型,决策树模型共4层、11个节点,模型选择了义齿佩戴、主观咀嚼困难、口腔健康及既往脑梗死病史4个临床特征作为模型节点,见图2。再根据单因素分析结果进行老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱影响因素的Logistic回归分析,结果显示,年龄、吸烟史、既往脑梗死病史、牙齿数量、主观咀嚼困难、口腔健康、PSSS水平是老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的影响因素(P<0.05)。变量赋值见表3,结果见表4。
老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱决策树模型的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)为0.939[95%CI(0.914,0.964)],Logistic回归模型的AUC为0.943[95%CI(0.916,0.971)]。Logistic回归模型ROC曲线见图3,决策树模型ROC曲线见图4,Logistic回归模型和决策树模型预测效能比较见表5。
既往研究多采用横断面设计分析口腔衰弱的影响因素,缺乏对动态变化轨迹的探索。本研究通过潜变量增长混合模型识别老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的两类异质性轨迹,联合决策树模型筛选出核心预测因子,为早期分层干预提供了循证工具。随着时间推移,两组病人的口腔衰弱水平均有所上升,但高水平缓升组的增幅更为显著。表明处于高水平缓升组病人在发生脑卒中后,口腔健康迅速恶化;低水平缓升组病人口腔健康虽受影响,但仍存在一定的恢复潜力。因此,医护人员应根据病人的口腔衰弱变化轨迹,制定个性化的干预方案。针对高水平缓升组病人,需要加强口腔健康的早期干预和持续监测,防止口腔衰弱进一步恶化;而对于低水平缓升组病人,则可以采取相对温和的干预措施,以促进口腔健康的恢复和保持。
本研究结果显示,2种模型均表明既往脑梗死病史是老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的重要预测因子,有脑梗死病史的病人口腔衰弱发生风险更高。这与Hironaka等[18]研究结果一致。脑卒中后脑部神经损伤导致吞咽功能障碍和口腔功能减退,尤其是老年脑卒中病人,牙齿缺失、佩戴义齿及脑卒中药物副作用进一步增加了口腔衰弱的风险[19-22]。此外,口腔衰弱不仅增加口腔感染风险,还可能提高脑卒中复发率。Schwahn等[23]研究指出,口腔炎症如牙齿脱落、牙周病等可能引发细菌感染,加速动脉粥样硬化和血栓形成,对心脑血管系统产生不良影响。因此,对于既往有脑梗死病史的老年脑卒中病人,亟须强化口腔功能管理和卫生保健,同时提升病人的口腔健康意识。
两种模型均表明,主观咀嚼困难和口腔健康不良的老年脑卒中病人更易发生口腔衰弱。此结果与Dibello等[24-25]研究结果一致。Suzuki等[26]研究证实,咀嚼功能下降与认知能力减退相关。且约半数脑卒中病人存在认知功能受损[27]。老年脑卒中病人咀嚼肌功能退化易出现咀嚼困难,而咀嚼功能下降可能通过降低脑信号传导效率、减少脑血流量、引发慢性氧化应激反应及损伤海马和神经元等机制加重认知障碍[28]。认知功能受损的老年病人因口腔健康知识不足和自护能力低下,易导致口腔炎症,增加口腔衰弱风险[29]。有研究表明,病人对口腔健康风险的认知越高,越能主动维护口腔健康[30]。然而,老年脑卒中病人常见的口腔健康问题包括口腔干燥、牙齿缺失及口腔黏膜病等。尤其是口腔干燥会导致唾液分泌减少,削弱糖蛋白和抗菌蛋白的保护作用,增加白念珠菌感染风险,并引发微生物失衡,从而加剧口腔衰弱[31]。因此,口腔健康不良的老年脑卒中病人不仅面临口腔衰弱风险,还可能加重认知功能损伤。为此,医护人员应加强病人的口腔健康教育,提升对口腔健康不良后果的认识,提供专业的口腔卫生指导。同时,应特别关注病人的咀嚼功能和口腔健康,通过综合管理策略,如口腔康复训练和饮食调整,减少口腔衰弱和认知障碍的风险。口腔健康对整体健康至关重要,其维护有助于预防口腔衰弱并改善脑卒中病人的整体健康状况。
年龄越大,脑卒中病人发生口腔衰弱的风险越高,这与国内外研究结果[18,32-33]相似。年龄增长会导致牙齿数量减少、牙周膜细胞碱性磷酸酶活性降低、干细胞再生及成骨能力下降,同时唾液分泌减少引起口腔免疫功能减弱、牙齿神经退化等问题,这些变化最终可能导致口腔衰弱[34]。此外,高龄脑卒中病人由于认知功能和肢体活动能力受限,部分或完全失能的状态使自理能力下降,口腔卫生状况恶化,从而进一步增加口腔衰弱的风险[35]。
牙齿保留数量与口腔衰弱风险呈负相关。本研究结果显示,与牙齿数量<10颗的病人相比,拥有10~20颗牙齿的病人口腔衰弱风险降低,表明部分牙齿的保留可维持一定的咀嚼功能,延缓口腔功能衰退。当病人拥有>20颗牙齿时,风险进一步降低,凸显了完整牙列在口腔健康中的重要性。牙齿数量不仅反映了口腔健康状况[24],还间接体现了整体健康水平[36]。研究表明,剩余牙齿数量少不仅影响咀嚼功能和口腔健康,还可能导致营养摄入不足、生活质量下降,增加牙周疾病和口腔感染等并发症的风险,进一步加剧口腔衰弱[24,37-39]。
本研究决策树模型结果显示,使用义齿是老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的危险因素(P<0.05),其机制可能与义齿佩戴过程中口腔环境的改变密切相关[40]。义齿的佩戴会破坏口腔微生态,促进真菌定植,进而引发义齿相关性口腔黏膜病[41],同时加速下颌骨组织吸收,导致基托与承托区黏膜间出现空隙,易于食物残渣滞留,增加细菌感染风险,加剧了口腔衰弱的发生[42]。Taue等[43]研究表明,医护人员应对佩戴义齿的病人实施全面的口腔功能评估与管理。因此,医护人员应将使用义齿的老年脑卒中病人作为口腔衰弱预防的重点对象,实施全面口腔功能评估与管理,以预防口腔衰弱的发生。
吸烟史是老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的危险因素,这与Iwasaki等[44]研究结果相一致。众多研究表明,吸烟可破坏口腔微生物菌群平衡,对口腔健康产生不良影响[33,45-46]。此外,吸烟可导致血管硬化和内皮损伤,减少脑部血液供应,从而增加脑卒中风险[47-49]。
本研究结果显示,领悟社会支持水平是老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的保护因素,这与Iwasaki等[50]研究结果一致。与社会支持水平低的病人相比,社会支持水平中高的病人口腔衰弱风险更低,且支持水平越高,风险越低,充分体现了良好的社会支持体系对老年脑卒中病人口腔健康的积极维护作用。既往研究表明,口腔功能减退与老年人社交频率下降有关[51],脑卒中病人的活动和认知障碍影响社交功能[52],限制其获取和应用口腔健康知识的能力,加速口腔衰弱的发生[39]。
综上所述,医护人员应重点关注老年脑卒中病人的年龄、牙齿数量、吸烟史和社会支持水平等。针对高龄及牙齿数量少的病人,需定期开展口腔健康评估并提供个性化护理;加强戒烟教育和支持,降低吸烟对口腔健康的危害;通过增强社会支持网络和鼓励社交活动,提升病人的口腔健康知识与自我护理能力,从而有效降低口腔衰弱风险。
本研究Logistic回归模型筛选出7个解释变量,决策树模型筛选出4个解释变量,两种模型均显示口腔健康状况、主观咀嚼困难和既往脑梗死病史是口腔衰弱的重要预测因素。两种模型检验侧重点不同,功能互补且各具优势。Logistic回归模型适用于量化风险因素,决策树模型则利于临床分层管理,两者均能够较为准确地预测老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱,联合应用可提升预测效能。本研究决策树模型显示有脑梗死史的病人口腔衰弱的发生风险较高,医护人员应重点关注这部分病人,及时进行口腔健康评估和干预;Logistic回归模型中吸烟史的OR值较高,说明其是口腔衰弱的重要危险因素,因此,预防和治疗口腔衰弱的过程中,鼓励病人戒烟应成为关键环节。建议联合使用这两种模型,可以提升预测能力,增强解释性和稳健性。
本研究通过LGMM揭示老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的两类动态轨迹,并联合决策树模型识别关键预测因子,实现了从动态演变到风险预测的双维度分析,为早期分层干预提供了循证依据。老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱的发生率较高,年龄、吸烟史、既往脑梗死病史、牙齿数量、主观咀嚼困难、口腔健康状况、领悟社会支持及义齿佩戴是老年脑卒中病人口腔衰弱变化轨迹的影响因素。医护人员可针对病人的不同特征,提供个性化、全方位的口腔保健指导。同时,促进跨学科团队合作,整合资源,为病人打造一个综合的口腔健康管理方案。通过实施以上措施,旨在提高病人的生活质量,减少口腔衰弱带来的不良影响。本研究受限于单中心样本和6个月随访时长,未来需开展多中心、长期追踪研究,进一步验证轨迹稳定性,并探索口腔衰弱与脑卒中复发的双向关联。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.006
  • 接收时间:2025-01-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-09
  • 修回日期:2026-02-01
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    1滨州医学院,山东 256603
    2滨州医学院附属医院

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许红梅,E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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