Article(id=1322168449317581110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322168329855418548, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1752076800000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-10, revisedDate=1773158400000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159123018, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1775750400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159123018, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159123018, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159123018, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322168329855418548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='7', pageStart='1057', pageEnd='1240', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1775750400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159094536, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159094536, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1149, endPage=1156, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168449594405175, articleId=1322168449317581110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Development of a long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and its reliability and validity test, columnId=1220689492655129450, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Scale Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To develop a long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) and test its reliability and validity.

Methods

Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,the initial draft of the scale was determined through literature review,semi-structured interviews,expert consultation,and a preliminary survey.Using random sampling,a total of 512 systemic lupus erythematosus patients from a tertiary grade A hospital in Wuhan city were selected as the research subjects.The preliminary draft scale was used for the investigation to test its reliability and validity level.

Results

The long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus consisted of 5 dimensions(symptom management needs,psychological needs,healthcare service needs,information needs,and social support needs) and 27 items.The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.935,with subscale coefficients ranging from 0.707 to 0.888.The Guttman split-half reliability was 0.783,with subscale split-half reliabilities ranging from 0.721 to 0.885.The scale-level content validity index was 0.888,the item-level content validity index were ranged from 0.720 to 0.960.Exploratory factor analysis extracted five common factors,with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 63.674%.Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that all model fitting indicators were acceptable.

Conclusions

The long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus developed in this study comprehensively covered the content of long-term care needs for systemic lupus erythematosus patients,with good reliability and validity,and could be used as an assessment tool for long-term care needs of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

, authors=Siyu LYU1, 2, Beisha ZHU1, Yulan XU1, authorsList=Siyu LYU, Beisha ZHU, Yulan XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yulan XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XU Yulan, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322168449955115320, articleId=1322168449317581110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表的编制及信效度检验, columnId=1220689492902593405, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=量表研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

编制系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表,并对其进行信效度检验。

方法

以马斯洛需要层次理论为基础,通过文献回顾、半结构式访谈、专家函询及预调查确定量表初稿。采用随机抽样法,选取武汉市某三级甲等医院的512例系统性红斑狼疮病人为研究对象,采用量表初稿进行调查,测量量表的信效度水平。

结果

系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表包含5个维度(症状管理需求、心理需求、医疗卫生服务需求、信息需求、社会支持需求)、27个条目。总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.935,各维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.707~0.888;总量表的Guttman折半信度为0.783,各维度的Guttman折半信度为0.721~0.885。量表水平的内容效度指数为0.888;条目水平的内容效度指数为0.720~0.960。探索性因子分析共提取5个公因子,累计方差贡献率为63.674%。验证性因子分析结果显示模型各拟合指标均可接受。

结论

编制的系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表较全面地涵盖了系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求的内容,具有良好的信效度,可以作为系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求的评估工具。

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吕思雨,护师,硕士研究生

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徐玉兰,E-mail:
XU Yulan, E-mail:
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Reference(id=1322530351377928900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=35, issue=16, pageStart=2946, pageEnd=2949, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=王亚平, 唐浪娟, 岳丽春, journalName=护理研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王亚平,唐浪娟,岳丽春,等.老年慢性病病人居家支持性照护需求研究进展[J].护理研究,2021,35(16):2946-2949., articleTitle=老年慢性病病人居家支持性照护需求研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530351445037765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=5, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=IZADI Z, GANDRUP J, KATZ P P, journalName=Lupus Science & Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IZADI Z,GANDRUP J,KATZ P P,et al.Patient-reported outcome measures for use in clinical trials of SLE:a review[J].Lupus Science & Medicine,2018,5(1):e000279., articleTitle=Patient-reported outcome measures for use in clinical trials of SLE:a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530351507952326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=18, pageStart=3236, pageEnd=3241, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=胡慧, 黄辉, 孙静, journalName=护理研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡慧,黄辉,孙静,等.病人自我管理任务感知和支持需求问卷的汉化及信效度检验[J].护理研究,2023,37(18):3236-3241., articleTitle=病人自我管理任务感知和支持需求问卷的汉化及信效度检验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530351583449799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=39, issue=10, pageStart=1681, pageEnd=1686, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=尹君莲, 柏慧华, 祝晓娟, journalName=护理研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=尹君莲,柏慧华,祝晓娟,等.Gugging吞咽功能评估量表的改良及信效度检验[J].护理研究,2025,39(10):1681-1686., articleTitle=Gugging吞咽功能评估量表的改良及信效度检验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530351650558664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=59, issue=3, pageStart=172, pageEnd=185, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=中华医学会风湿病学分会, 国家皮肤与免疫疾病临床医学研究中心, 中国系统性红斑狼疮研究协作组, journalName=中华内科杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华医学会风湿病学分会,国家皮肤与免疫疾病临床医学研究中心,中国系统性红斑狼疮研究协作组.2020中国系统性红斑狼疮诊疗指南[J].中华内科杂志,2020,59(3):172-185., articleTitle=2020中国系统性红斑狼疮诊疗指南, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530351726056137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=9, issue=4, pageStart=92, pageEnd=96, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=王春枝, 斯琴, journalName=内蒙古财经学院学报(综合版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=王春枝,斯琴.德尔菲法中的数据统计处理方法及其应用研究[J].内蒙古财经学院学报(综合版),2011,9(4):92-96., articleTitle=德尔菲法中的数据统计处理方法及其应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530351784776394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=37, issue=11, pageStart=1926, pageEnd=1933, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=彭琳, 张秀霞, journalName=护理研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭琳,张秀霞.糖尿病病人健康相关行为保护动机量表的编制及信效度检验[J].护理研究,2023,37(11):1926-1933., articleTitle=糖尿病病人健康相关行为保护动机量表的编制及信效度检验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530353428943563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=204, issue=1, pageStart=9, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=MCSWEENEY L B, KOCH E I, SAULES K K, journalName=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MCSWEENEY L B,KOCH E I,SAULES K K,et al.Exploratory factor analysis of diagnostic and statistical manual,5th edition,criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder[J].The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,2016,204(1):9-14., articleTitle=Exploratory factor analysis of diagnostic and statistical manual,5th edition,criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530353529606860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=23, issue=6, pageStart=78, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=徐志晶, 夏海鸥, journalName=护理学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐志晶,夏海鸥.德尔菲法在护理研究中的应用现状[J].护理学杂志,2008,23(6):78-80., articleTitle=德尔菲法在护理研究中的应用现状, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530353592521421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=商淑华, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=商淑华.终末期心力衰竭患者照护需求量表的编制及信效度检验[D].南京:南京医科大学,2019., articleTitle=终末期心力衰竭患者照护需求量表的编制及信效度检验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322530353655435982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=60, issue=8, pageStart=953, pageEnd=959, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=任彦宏, 刘义兰, 韩影, journalName=中华护理杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=任彦宏,刘义兰,韩影,等.医疗护理员人文关怀知信行问卷的编制及信效度检验[J].中华护理杂志,2025,60(8):953-959., articleTitle=医疗护理员人文关怀知信行问卷的编制及信效度检验, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322530346776777364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, xref=1, 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General information of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(n=512)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数百分比(%)
性别男112.15
女50197.85
受教育程度小学及以下407.81
初中10420.31
高中或中专8115.82
专科13927.15
本科及以上14828.91
婚姻状况未婚18536.13
已婚31761.91
离异/丧偶101.95
家庭所在地农村20540.04
县城17834.77
城市社区12925.20
家庭人均月收入≤2 000元254.88
>2 000~4 000元6412.50
>4 000~6 000元23946.68
>6 000元18435.94
医保无397.62
有47392.38
患病时长3个月至1年12023.44
>1~3年14027.34
>3~5年14327.93
>5~10年5711.13
>10年5210.16
长期服药是46891.41
否448.59
是否为家庭主要经济来源承担者是22443.75
否28856.25
主要照护者父母35569.34
儿女8716.99
朋友152.93
其他5510.74
), ArticleFig(id=1322530350417433273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

系统性红斑狼疮病人的一般资料(n=512)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数百分比(%)
性别男112.15
女50197.85
受教育程度小学及以下407.81
初中10420.31
高中或中专8115.82
专科13927.15
本科及以上14828.91
婚姻状况未婚18536.13
已婚31761.91
离异/丧偶101.95
家庭所在地农村20540.04
县城17834.77
城市社区12925.20
家庭人均月收入≤2 000元254.88
>2 000~4 000元6412.50
>4 000~6 000元23946.68
>6 000元18435.94
医保无397.62
有47392.38
患病时长3个月至1年12023.44
>1~3年14027.34
>3~5年14327.93
>5~10年5711.13
>10年5210.16
长期服药是46891.41
否448.59
是否为家庭主要经济来源承担者是22443.75
否28856.25
主要照护者父母35569.34
儿女8716.99
朋友152.93
其他5510.74
), ArticleFig(id=1322530350492930746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factor loading of scale

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条目症状管理需求社会支持需求信息需求医疗卫生服务需求心理需求
条目4:需要帮助应对皮疹0.919
条目5:需要帮助应对口干0.854
条目6:需要帮助应对气促0.793
条目7:需要帮助应对口腔溃疡和保持口腔卫生0.752
条目3:需要帮助应对入睡困难/多梦0.702
条目1:需要帮助应对疼痛0.494
条目33:需要帮助应对在疾病诊断后家庭关系中出现的困难(如夫妻关系、性和谐、承担不能生育带来的后果等)0.834
条目35:需要关于返回到学校/工作或再就业的辅导和支持0.833
条目36:需要有人能够分担家庭常规性事务0.780
条目34:需要帮助应对在疾病诊断后人际关系中出现的困难0.767
条目32:需要帮助应对接受疾病诊断后在家庭中、工作上、社会上角色的转变0.688
条目37:需要来自政府和/或私营机构关于医疗费用的财政支持0.635
条目31:需要从亲近的人那里得到帮助和支持(如家人、朋友)0.499
条目22:需要关于我疾病的目前状态和未来疗程的信息0.838
条目21:需要有机会能够和其他病人分享经验(如病人支持小组)0.733
条目20:需要医院能提供家庭访视服务0.713
条目25:需要知晓何种状态必须就医0.688
条目23:需要关于检查和治疗以及目前的药物的应用、作用和副作用有一个简单明确的解释0.555
条目15:需要帮助由于疾病而带来的经济负担(比如治疗费用、收入的损失)0.665
条目18:需要能够在一个愉悦的环境中就诊0.638
条目28:需要关于正确饮食的信息(能吃的食物、不能吃的食物)0.547
条目27:需要关于替代疗法的指导和信息0.447
条目11:需要帮助应对外貌的变化0.815
条目12:需要帮助保持积极的态度0.678
条目10:需要帮助应对疾病暴发的恐惧0.657
条目9:需要帮助应对焦虑和压力0.477
条目8:需要帮助应对情绪低落/沮丧/无能为力感0.470
), ArticleFig(id=1322530350564233915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322168449317581110, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

量表因子载荷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条目症状管理需求社会支持需求信息需求医疗卫生服务需求心理需求
条目4:需要帮助应对皮疹0.919
条目5:需要帮助应对口干0.854
条目6:需要帮助应对气促0.793
条目7:需要帮助应对口腔溃疡和保持口腔卫生0.752
条目3:需要帮助应对入睡困难/多梦0.702
条目1:需要帮助应对疼痛0.494
条目33:需要帮助应对在疾病诊断后家庭关系中出现的困难(如夫妻关系、性和谐、承担不能生育带来的后果等)0.834
条目35:需要关于返回到学校/工作或再就业的辅导和支持0.833
条目36:需要有人能够分担家庭常规性事务0.780
条目34:需要帮助应对在疾病诊断后人际关系中出现的困难0.767
条目32:需要帮助应对接受疾病诊断后在家庭中、工作上、社会上角色的转变0.688
条目37:需要来自政府和/或私营机构关于医疗费用的财政支持0.635
条目31:需要从亲近的人那里得到帮助和支持(如家人、朋友)0.499
条目22:需要关于我疾病的目前状态和未来疗程的信息0.838
条目21:需要有机会能够和其他病人分享经验(如病人支持小组)0.733
条目20:需要医院能提供家庭访视服务0.713
条目25:需要知晓何种状态必须就医0.688
条目23:需要关于检查和治疗以及目前的药物的应用、作用和副作用有一个简单明确的解释0.555
条目15:需要帮助由于疾病而带来的经济负担(比如治疗费用、收入的损失)0.665
条目18:需要能够在一个愉悦的环境中就诊0.638
条目28:需要关于正确饮食的信息(能吃的食物、不能吃的食物)0.547
条目27:需要关于替代疗法的指导和信息0.447
条目11:需要帮助应对外貌的变化0.815
条目12:需要帮助保持积极的态度0.678
条目10:需要帮助应对疾病暴发的恐惧0.657
条目9:需要帮助应对焦虑和压力0.477
条目8:需要帮助应对情绪低落/沮丧/无能为力感0.470
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系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表的编制及信效度检验
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吕思雨 1, 2 , 朱贝莎 1 , 徐玉兰 1, *, *
护理研究 | 量表研究 2026,40(7): 1149-1156
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护理研究 |量表研究 2026 , 40 (7) : 1149 -1156
系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表的编制及信效度检验
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吕思雨1, 2, 朱贝莎1, 徐玉兰1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院,湖北 430022
  • 2华中科技大学同济医学院护理学院
通讯作者:
徐玉兰,E-mail:
XU Yulan, E-mail:
作者简介:

吕思雨,护师,硕士研究生

Development of a long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and its reliability and validity test
Siyu LYU1, 2, Beisha ZHU1, Yulan XU1
Affiliations
  • 1Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430022 China
  • 2School of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology
  • Corresponding Author:
    XU Yulan, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-04-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.012
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目的

编制系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表,并对其进行信效度检验。

方法

以马斯洛需要层次理论为基础,通过文献回顾、半结构式访谈、专家函询及预调查确定量表初稿。采用随机抽样法,选取武汉市某三级甲等医院的512例系统性红斑狼疮病人为研究对象,采用量表初稿进行调查,测量量表的信效度水平。

结果

系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表包含5个维度(症状管理需求、心理需求、医疗卫生服务需求、信息需求、社会支持需求)、27个条目。总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.935,各维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.707~0.888;总量表的Guttman折半信度为0.783,各维度的Guttman折半信度为0.721~0.885。量表水平的内容效度指数为0.888;条目水平的内容效度指数为0.720~0.960。探索性因子分析共提取5个公因子,累计方差贡献率为63.674%。验证性因子分析结果显示模型各拟合指标均可接受。

结论

编制的系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表较全面地涵盖了系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求的内容,具有良好的信效度,可以作为系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求的评估工具。

慢性病  /  系统性红斑狼疮  /  长期照护  /  需求  /  量表  /  信度  /  效度
Objective

To develop a long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE) and test its reliability and validity.

Methods

Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory,the initial draft of the scale was determined through literature review,semi-structured interviews,expert consultation,and a preliminary survey.Using random sampling,a total of 512 systemic lupus erythematosus patients from a tertiary grade A hospital in Wuhan city were selected as the research subjects.The preliminary draft scale was used for the investigation to test its reliability and validity level.

Results

The long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus consisted of 5 dimensions(symptom management needs,psychological needs,healthcare service needs,information needs,and social support needs) and 27 items.The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.935,with subscale coefficients ranging from 0.707 to 0.888.The Guttman split-half reliability was 0.783,with subscale split-half reliabilities ranging from 0.721 to 0.885.The scale-level content validity index was 0.888,the item-level content validity index were ranged from 0.720 to 0.960.Exploratory factor analysis extracted five common factors,with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 63.674%.Confirmatory factor analysis results showed that all model fitting indicators were acceptable.

Conclusions

The long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus developed in this study comprehensively covered the content of long-term care needs for systemic lupus erythematosus patients,with good reliability and validity,and could be used as an assessment tool for long-term care needs of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

chronic diseases  /  systemic lupus erythematosus  /  long-term care  /  needs  /  scale  /  reliability  /  validity
吕思雨, 朱贝莎, 徐玉兰. 系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表的编制及信效度检验. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (7) : 1149 -1156 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.012
Siyu LYU, Beisha ZHU, Yulan XU. Development of a long-term care needs assessment scale for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and its reliability and validity test[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (7) : 1149 -1156 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.012
系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)是在遗传因素、环境因素、雌激素水平等多重因素相互作用下,因机体免疫系统失调,累及多脏器的慢性自身免疫性炎症性结缔组织疾病,好发于青年女性[1-3]。我国系统性红斑狼疮患病率约为47.53/10万,每年新诊断的系统性红斑狼疮和已有的系统性红斑狼疮病例数较多,且我国系统性红斑狼疮病人数量多、疾病负担重、并发症发病率高,严重影响生育情况[4-6]。系统性红斑狼疮病人在疾病长期反复迁延的病程中承受着巨大的心理、社会及经济等各方面的负担,为病人家庭甚至整个社会都带来了沉重的负担,病人的长期照护需求亟须获得关注[7]。长期照护包含非正式照护和专业化照护2个维度,非正式照护主要由家庭成员、亲友及社区邻里等非专业照护者提供,专业化照护则由经过系统性培训的医疗人员实施,这2类照护主体协同开展持续性照护活动,以满足病人的长期健康管理需求,旨在保证因疾病导致自理能力下降的人群维持最高的生活质量和尽可能的独立性[8]。作为一种慢性免疫性疾病,系统性红斑狼疮临床表现和进展存在个体差异,病人需求也具有个体化特点,充分了解系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求,及时提供相应的支持策略,对于促进病人康复、提高病人的生命质量至关重要[8]。回顾国内外文献发现,慢性病病人需求主要集中在症状管理、心理、医疗卫生服务、信息、社会支持等层面[9-10]。国内针对系统性红斑狼疮病人需求的研究多为健康教育或者心理护理等单方面的需求,尚未检索到系统性红斑狼疮病人的长期照护需求现状。尽管满足慢性病病人照护需求在国内已达成共识,且国外已有系统的、全面的慢性病病人照护需求量表[5],但因我国慢病病人照护需求系统性研究仍处于初级阶段,缺乏专门针对系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求的评估量表。照护需求评估工具的缺乏导致医务人员难以精准定位病人需求,医疗和护理服务资源分配缺乏针对性,难以覆盖病人的个体化的多元需求[11]。因此,本研究编制系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表,旨在全面了解系统性红斑狼疮病人的照护需求现状,通过量表的系统化评估,有助于临床医务人员全面识别系统性红斑狼疮病人的多元照护需求,制定科学有效、切实可行的个性化照护策略,为精准满足系统性红斑狼疮病人的长期照护需求提供参考。
研究小组由多学科专业人员构成,包括1名具有主任医师职称的风湿免疫科临床专家、1名具有副主任护师职称的慢性病护理专家、1名具有主管护师职称的心理健康管理专家、2名具有主管护师职称的风湿免疫专科护士、1名全日制护理学研究生和1名非全日制护理学研究生。课题组任务内容主要包括国内外文献回顾、初始问卷构建、明确访谈内容、专家函询及设立研究对象的纳入与排除标准、问卷的发放与资料的回收与分析整理、确定最终问卷[12]。
对多个权威数据库进行系统检索。中文数据库包括中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据、维普数据库以及中国生物医学文献数据库(CBM)。外文数据库包括PubMed、Web of Science、EMbase、Cochrane Library、CINAHL、psycINFO。检索时限为各数据库建库至2024年6月1日。为确保研究质量,排除未公开发表的刊物及灰色文献。检索过程中,采用主题词与自由词相结合的方式,力求全面检索与系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求相关的研究。中文检索词包括系统性红斑狼疮、红斑狼疮、狼疮、长期照护、照护需求、需求评估、评估工具、量表、信效度;英文检索词包括systemic lupus erythematosus、SLE、lupus、long-term care、care needs、needs assessment、assessment tool、scale、questionnaire、reliability and validity。检索最终获得898篇文献,将检索的文献进行归纳、整理,阅读文献摘要,核对文献数量、质量并进行验证后,最终共纳入70篇文献。结合我国医疗文化背景及系统性红斑狼疮疾病现状,将系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求主要内容归纳为6个类别:生理需求、日常生活需求、精神需求、医疗卫生服务需求、健康信息需求、社会支持需求。
通过目的抽样法,于2024年6月—10月选择武汉市某三级甲等医院风湿免疫科的15例住院系统性红斑狼疮病人进行调查。纳入标准:1)诊断为系统性红斑狼疮的病人[13];2)确诊系统性红斑狼疮病程≥3个月;3)年龄≥18岁;4)具备正常的沟通能力;5)知情同意并自愿参与本研究。排除标准:1)存在精神或认知功能障碍;2)合并严重心肺疾病或恶性肿瘤者,预计生存期≤6个月。剔除标准:访谈过程中出现明显情绪波动或病情突然恶化导致无法完成研究过程的受试者。访谈提纲:1)您了解系统性红斑狼疮这个疾病吗?您是如何获取疾病相关信息的?2)疾病和治疗,给您身体带来了哪些改变?您是如何应对这些改变的?3)疾病和治疗,对您的生活和家庭有什么影响?4)目前您主要的医疗费用来源于哪里?关于经济费用您希望获得哪些支持?5)患病及治疗过程中,您最大的困扰是什么?你是如何应对的?6)关于困扰您的这些问题,您希望获得哪些帮助?7)您目前是否参加工作/社交活动?8)关于参加工作/社交活动,您希望获得哪些帮助和支持?对访谈内容进行分析,共提取出5个主题,分别为症状管理需求、日常生活协助需求、心理指导需求、社会支持需求、疾病信息需求。
结合文献研究结果,经过课题组多轮研讨和反复修订,最终提取了6个维度、48个评估条目的初始条目池,为后续量表的研制奠定了基础。
于2025年4月—5月,采用电子邮件的方式邀请25名在系统性红斑狼疮诊疗领域和护理需求评估工具开发方面具有丰富实践经验的专家参与本次函询,共发放了2轮。专家纳入标准:1)中级及以上职称;2)本科及以上学历;3)从事系统性红斑狼疮医疗/护理/长期照护工作≥7年;4)知情同意,并自愿参与本次函询。排除因各种因素未能完成函询者。
专家函询问卷由前言、系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表、专家基本信息调查表3部分构成。1)前言:主要阐述研究的核心目的、意义及问卷填写的具体要求和方法指导;2)系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表:采用Likert 5级评分法,“很重要”“重要”“一般重要”“不太重要”“不重要”分别计5、4、3、2、1分,请专家对条目及维度进行重要性评分并给出修改意见;3)专家基本信息调查表。基于预设的德尔菲专家咨询条目筛选标准(重要性均分<4.0分,变异系数≥0.25)[14]对系统性红斑狼疮病人照护需求量表进行条目筛选。
采用便利抽样法,选取在武汉某三级甲等医院风湿免疫科住院的10例系统性红斑狼疮病人为研究对象,涵盖不同年龄阶段、不同患病时长的病人。研究者采用一对一指导方式,协助病人完成量表填写。在填写过程中详细记录病人对各条目的理解程度、填写难度以及可能存在的歧义。针对病人反馈较为集中地修改建议,课题组将进行专题讨论和科学论证,并对量表条目进行相应优化和调整,以确保量表的科学性和适用性。
采用随机抽样法,选取武汉市某三级甲等医院风湿免疫科住院的系统性红斑狼疮病人作为调查对象。纳入标准与排除标准同半结构式访谈。样本量估计:根据样本粗略计算公式,样本量为变量数的5~10倍。本研究中系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表条目数为37个,考虑10%~20%的样本流失率,所需样本量为204~444例,兼顾研究的人力及物力,本研究最终纳入有效样本512例,按照调查的先后顺序,确认前250例样本用于探索性因子分析,后262例样本用于验证性因子分析。本研究已通过华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院医学伦理委员会伦理审查批准[批准号:〔2025〕伦审字(0345)号],所有调查对象均知情同意并自愿参与研究。
自制病人一般情况调查表,包括病人一般基本信息和疾病相关信息。
系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表包括5个维度,共37个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法进行测量,所有条目均采用正向计分方式,“不需要”“很少需要”“有时需要”“经常需要”“总是需要”分别计1、2、3、4、5分,研究者根据病人实际情况,指导其选择最符合自身情况的选项进行填写,得分越高表明病人需要的长期照护需求程度越高。
全面、客观地进行文献回顾与分析,尽量选择高质量文献。为确保研究质量,本研究实施严格的质量控制措施。1)研究人员培训:对全体调查员进行标准化、系统化的培训,采用统一指导用语和填写规则解释。当调查对象提出疑问时,调查员须使用预先统一的标准解释用语进行说明,以避免因理解差异导致的数据偏差。2)伦理规范:研究全程严格遵守医学研究伦理准则,按照既定的纳入与排除标准筛选研究对象,确保研究对象的代表性和研究结果的可靠性。3)数据收集质量控制:问卷当场发放当场收回,由调查员即时核查问卷填写的完整性和准确性,查漏补缺,对无法继续填写的问卷,予以剔除,问卷采用双人独立同时录入,录入过程中实时校验,以确保数据采集的可靠性,对于逻辑混乱的问卷予以剔除。分析资料时以“悬置”原则为基础,避免个人倾向影响结果。
将量表总分由高到低排列,总分前27%为高分组,总分后27%为低分组,比较两组各条目得分差异,采用独立样本t检验进行统计分析,剔除t<3且P>0.05的条目,以确保量表具有良好的鉴别度。
计算每个条目得分与量表总分的相关系数,根据预设标准,将相关系数<0.40的条目视为鉴别度不足,予以删除,从而提高量表的内部一致性。
计算总量表的Cronbach's α系数,随后采用逐步删除法,依次删除各条目后重新计算总量表的Cronbach's α系数。若删除某一条目后量表的Cronbach's α系数变大,则考虑删除该条目,以优化量表的信度水平。
通过量表水平的内容效度指数(S-CVI)及条目水平的内容效度指数(I-CVI)评价问卷内容效度。采用探索性因子分析、验证性因子分析评价量表的结构效度。
首先进行因子分析适用性检验:若KMO值>0.80,Bartlett's球形检验显示P<0.05,证实数据适合进行因子分析。
采用验证性因子分析评价模型的拟合情况,采用卡方自由度比(χ2/ν)、拟合优度指数(goodness-of-fit index,GFI)、相对拟合指数(comparative fit index,CFI)>0.9、非规准适配指数(Tucker-Lewis index,TLI)、近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA)作为衡量模型结构的拟合效果。
采用Cronbach's α系数评估量表内部一致性信度,反映各条目间的同质性程度;Guttman折半信度系数通过将量表条目分为两半计算相关系数,评估量表的折半信度。2个指标可全面反映测量工具的稳定性和可靠性。Cronbach's α系数>0.7表示信度较好;Guttman折半系数>0.7~0.8表示量表信度可接受,>0.8~0.9表示信度较好,>0.9表示量表信度高。
采用Excel、SPSS 20.0及AMOS 24.0软件进行数据的录入、整理与分析。符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,定性资料以频数、百分比(%)表示。专家积极程度用函询问卷的有效回收率表示;专家权威性用专家权威系数表示,专家权威系数通过专家学术水平、判断依据、内容熟悉度进行计算;专家意见协调程度采用肯德尔和谐系数和变异系数表示。通过临界比值法、相关系数法、内部一致性分析法进行项目分析。通过计算Cronbach's α系数及Guttman折半信度系数评价量表的内部一致性信度和折半信度。通过探索性因子分析及验证性因子分析评价量表的结构效度。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
共进行了2轮专家函询,第1轮专家函询选取了来自全国9个省市20所三级甲等医院的25名临床医疗、护理、护理管理、慢性病护理、量表编制等领域专家,专家年龄(47.28±7.76)岁,工作时间(19.83±9.97)年。第2轮专家为来自全国8个省市19所三级甲等医院的25名相关领域专家,专家年龄(46.45±6.25)岁,工作时间(19.95±8.85)年。2轮专家硕士研究生及以上学历均为15人,副高级及以上职称均为18人。
2轮问卷均发放25份问卷,有效回收问卷25份,有效问卷回收率均为100%,表明专家积极性高。
2轮专家学术水平分别为0.876和0.880,判断依据系数分别为0.964和0.948,内容熟悉度系数分别为0.928和0.888,权威系数分别为0.923和0.905。专家权威程度较高。
2轮专家函询结束后,量表维度肯德尔协调系数为0.100,量表条目肯德尔协调系数为0.127,均P<0.05。表明专家对量表各条目及维度的重要性评价具有高度一致性。
第1轮专家咨询各条目重要性均分为3.36~4.96分,变异系数为0.04~0.39。依据函询结果及专家意见,课题组对初版量表进行修改。函询结果显示系统性红斑狼疮病人照护需求初版量表的6个维度符合筛选标准,但由于对部分二级条目的删减及维度调整,进而删除一级条目中的“日常生活需求”维度,最终确定为5个维度。同时,根据专家意见将“生理需求”维度修改为“症状管理需求”维度;将“精神需求”维度修改为“心理需求”维度。48个二级条目中,删除条目4、条目9~条目12、条目15、条目20、条目23、条目24共9个条目。同时根据专家意见,对部分条目进行合并。如条目16“需要帮助应对无能为力感”和条目19“需要帮助应对情绪低落/沮丧”合并为“需要帮助来应对情绪低落/沮丧/无能为力感”。修改部分条目的表述及用词,如条目3“需要帮助来应对睡眠问题”修改为“需要帮助应对入睡困难/多梦”等。形成修订版系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表包括5个维度,共37个条目。
第2轮专家咨询各维度重要性均分均>4分,变异系数均<0.25,表明专家均认同5个维度的重要性。结合专家意见,统一问卷格式,将条目14“希望医院能提供方便的就医流程”修改为“需要医院提供方便的就医流程”;条目16“希望我的医生能够尊重我的人格,希望我的护士能够给予真诚的关心和同理心”修改为“需要我的医生能够尊重我的人格,需要我的护士能够给予真诚的关心和同理心”;条目18“希望能够在一个愉悦的环境中就诊”修改为“需要能够在一个愉悦的环境中就诊”。经过2轮专家函询后形成的系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表包括症状管理需求维度(7个条目)、心理需求维度(6个条目)、医疗卫生服务需求维度(8个条目)、信息需求维度(9个条目)、社会支持维度(7个条目)5个维度,共37个条目。
研究团队根据病人的反馈意见对部分条目的表述方式进行了优化[15]。经课题组决议后,条目7“需要帮助应对口腔卫生/溃疡”修改为“需要帮助应对溃疡和保持口腔卫生”。形成了临床测试版系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表,包含5个维度,共37个条目。
共调查了512例系统性红斑狼疮病人,其中男11例,女性501例;受教育程度:小学及以下40例,初中104例,高中或中专81例,专科139例,本科及以上148例;婚姻状况:已婚317例,未婚185例,离异/丧偶10例。系统性红斑狼疮病人的一般资料见表1。
结果显示,t值为4.329~16.799,均>3,高分组与低分组各条目得分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
结果显示,条目14~条目18的相关系数绝对值分别为0.249,0.392,0.289,0.264,0.385。
结果显示,总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.946,删除各条目后,问卷总Cronbach's α系数为0.943~0.947。
根据上述3种方法条目的删除标准,删除条目14、条目16、条目17,形成包含5个维度、34个条目的系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表。
系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表量表水平的内容效度指数为0.888;条目水平的内容效度指数为0.720~0.960。说明量表具有良好的内容效度。
因子分析适用性检验,系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表的KMO值为0.916,Bartlett's球形检验结果显示P<0.001,表明适合进行探索性因子分析[16]。采用主成分分析法进行探索性因子分析,基于量表初始理论框架提取出的5个公因子,共进行了3次探索性因子分析:第1次探索性因子分析累计方差贡献率为61.080%,但条目29和条目13在因子1和因子4上具有双重载荷,条目24在因子3和因子4上具有双重载荷,条目30在因子4和因子5上具有双重载荷,条目2在各因子载荷均<0.4,予以删除。第2次探索性分析共提取出5个公因子,累计方差贡献率为62.529%,但条目26在各因子载荷均<0.4,条目19在因子1和因子4具有双重载荷,均予以删除,结合数据分析结果及专家意见,将条目28、条目27归属为医疗卫生服务需求维度,将条目21、条目20归属于信息需求维度。第3次探索因子分析累计方差贡献率为63.674%,各条目载荷均>0.4,剩余27个条目。详见表2。
验证性因子分析结果显示,χ2/ν=2.471,GFI=0.825,CFI=0.800,TLI=0.776,RMSEA=0.075,表示该模型拟合度可接受。
总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.935,各维度的Cronbach's α系数为0.707~0.888;总量表的Guttman折半系数为0.783,各维度的Guttman折半系数为0.721~0.885,表明系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表信度良好。
本研究以文献研究、半结构式访谈、课题组研讨、2轮德尔菲专家函询及预调查,保证系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求量表维度及条目的科学性和适用性。1)文献研究:通过回顾国内外系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求相关文献,分析现有护理需求评估工具,经课题组讨论筛选具有代表性的条目,为量表构建提供理论依据。2)半结构式访谈:通过深度访谈法收集系统性红斑狼疮病人的疾病经历和护理需求,以此为依据建立条目池,保证量表的代表性和实用价值。3)德尔菲专家函询[17]:本研究中2轮专家函询的有效问卷回收率均为100%,专家权威系数分别为0.923和0.905,表明专家专业水平均具有较高的权威性,且函询专家均具有较高的积极性。4)条目表述:参考现有成熟量表的表述方式,结合预调查结果,课题组研讨,确保其临床适用性。严格的条目筛选过程确保了量表具有良好的内容效度,能够准确反映系统性红斑狼疮病人的长期护理需求特征。5)信效度结果:量表各维度的Cronbach's α系数均>0.7,总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.935,表明量表具有较高的内部一致性;总量表的折半信度系数为0.783,各维度的折半信度系数为0.721~0.885,表明量表具有较好的稳定性和一致性;量表水平的内容效度指数为0.888;条目水平的内容效度指数为0.720~0.960;探索性因子分析结果显示,5个公因子累计解释63.674%的变异,且各条目因子载荷均>0.4,验证性因子分析结果显示模型拟合好,证实量表结构效度良好[18]。
随着我国系统性红斑狼疮患病形势越来越严峻,病人及其照护者在患病过程中的参与度也越来越高。本研究编制的系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表能较好地缓解临床医务工作者对于及时、高效地评估系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求的迫切性。本研究开发的量表致力于基于我国医疗环境现状,探究系统性红斑狼疮病人患病的真实感受与体验,包括症状管理需求、心理需求、医疗卫生服务需求、信息需求、社会支持需求5个维度,涉及了解病人目前症状以便对症处理、解决病人最优问题、尊重理解病人心理活动及需求、了解病人就医过程中遇到的各种问题、了解病人对疾病的认知程度以保证健康教育工作质量等,能全面地对系统性红斑狼疮病人的长期照护需求现状进行调查评估。可作为临床医务人员对系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求精准定位的评估,可依据本量表制定的相关宣教方案,准确了解病人需求,有助于临床医务工作者有针对性地为病人提供照护支持服务,优化病人生活质量,提升病人就医满意度,具有临床实用性[19]。
本研究编制的系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求评估量表包括症状管理需求、心理需求、医疗卫生服务需求、信息需求、社会支持需求5个维度,共27个条目,具有良好的信效度,可作为系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求的综合评估工具。但其调查对象局限在武汉市某三级甲等医院,其代表有局限性,对结论的推广具有一定的影响,建议今后在进行研究时增加样本量,扩大样本范围,提高样本代表性,在系统性红斑狼疮病人中进行临床验证,探索系统性红斑狼疮病人长期照护需求现状,并分析其影响因素。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.07.012
  • 接收时间:2025-07-10
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-04-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-10
  • 修回日期:2026-03-11
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    1华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院,湖北 430022
    2华中科技大学同济医学院护理学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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