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Article(id=1322168045011845330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167989802217791, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732032000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-20, revisedDate=1769616000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159026625, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1771948800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159026625, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159026625, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159026625, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167989802217791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='4', pageStart='529', pageEnd='704', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771948800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793159013461, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793159013461, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=678, endPage=683, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322168046844756179, articleId=1322168045011845330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Status quo of research on health behavior formation from the time perspective, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

From the time perspective,this paper elucidated the conceptual framework and measurement approaches associated with time perspective.It systematically reviewed the current state of research on health behavior formation,and summarized intervention strategies grounded in time perspective.Furthermore,it identified existing gaps in the literature and proposed directions for future research,thereby offering valuable insights for promoting health behaviors effectively and advancing related scholarly inquiry.

, authors=Xiaorong LANG, Sufang HUANG, Yaru XIAO, authorsList=Xiaorong LANG, Sufang HUANG, Yaru XIAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaru XIAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
XIAO Yaru， E-mail：
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从时间视角出发，总结了时间视角的内涵及测量方法，系统梳理健康行为形成的研究现状，并对时间视角下健康行为干预的策略及当前研究不足进行归纳，提出未来研究方向，为健康行为的有效促进及相关研究的开展提供参考。

, authors=郎晓荣, 黄素芳, 肖亚茹*, *, authorsList=郎晓荣, 黄素芳, 肖亚茹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=肖亚茹, authorNote=

郎晓荣，护师，硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
肖亚茹，E-mail：
XIAO Yaru， E-mail：
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郎晓荣，护师，硕士研究生

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郎晓荣，护师，硕士研究生

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时间视角下健康行为形成研究现状
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郎晓荣 , 黄素芳 , 肖亚茹 *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(4): 678-683
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (4) : 678 -683
时间视角下健康行为形成研究现状
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郎晓荣, 黄素芳, 肖亚茹*, *
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院，湖北 430030
通讯作者:
肖亚茹，E-mail：
XIAO Yaru， E-mail：
作者简介:

郎晓荣，护师，硕士研究生

Status quo of research on health behavior formation from the time perspective
Xiaorong LANG, Sufang HUANG, Yaru XIAO
Affiliations
  • 1Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430030 China
    • Corresponding Author:
    XIAO Yaru， E-mail：
出版时间: 2026-02-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.023
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摘要
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从时间视角出发，总结了时间视角的内涵及测量方法，系统梳理健康行为形成的研究现状，并对时间视角下健康行为干预的策略及当前研究不足进行归纳，提出未来研究方向，为健康行为的有效促进及相关研究的开展提供参考。

时间视角  /  健康行为  /  综述

From the time perspective,this paper elucidated the conceptual framework and measurement approaches associated with time perspective.It systematically reviewed the current state of research on health behavior formation,and summarized intervention strategies grounded in time perspective.Furthermore,it identified existing gaps in the literature and proposed directions for future research,thereby offering valuable insights for promoting health behaviors effectively and advancing related scholarly inquiry.

time perspective  /  health behavior  /  review
郎晓荣, 黄素芳, 肖亚茹. 时间视角下健康行为形成研究现状. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (4) : 678 -683 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.023
Xiaorong LANG, Sufang HUANG, Yaru XIAO. Status quo of research on health behavior formation from the time perspective[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (4) : 678 -683 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.023
正文
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健康行为泛指对个人的健康状况或疾病风险产生急性或累积影响的任何行为，此类行为可以是预防性的（健康的饮食选择、定期锻炼、疾病筛查等），也可以是具有自然风险的行为（药物滥用、危险驾驶、不安全的性行为等）[1]。健康行为与健康之间的关系已得到广泛论证，如吸烟会导致血管内皮功能障碍，使宿主体内微生物群失调，从而增加心血管疾病的发生风险；大量饮酒会增加不稳定型心绞痛、心力衰竭、外周动脉疾病和腹主动脉瘤等疾病的风险；缺乏身体活动及不健康饮食则会导致肥胖的发生，进而引起一系列健康问题[2-4]。因此，现阶段健康行为矫正已成为大多数与生活方式相关的疾病治疗预防指南中的关键建议[5]。尽管已有多项研究探究了健康行为的影响因素，但个体健康行为的改变和维持仍是一个难题。因此，健康行为的形成与维持存在时间效应。本研究旨在从时间视角（time perspective,TP）出发，回顾相关文献，综述时间视角的概念、评估方法及其对健康行为形成的影响及改善策略，从而提出建议，以期为有效促进健康行为提供参考。
1　时间视角的概念与评估
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1.1　时间视角的概念
时间视角又被译为时间洞察力，被认为是心理时间中的维度。最初Lewin将时间视角定义为个体在特定时间内对其心理未来和心理过去的看法的总和。而后Zimbardo等[6]基于Lewin的理论将时间视角作为个人和社会功能的基础过程进行了广泛的概念化，认为时间视角是情境决定的一个相对稳定的能体现个体差异的无意识过程，将个人和社会经历不断流转的过程归类到过去、现在、未来等不同的时间框架中，编码、存储和回忆经历过的事件，形成期望和目标，使相关事件具有秩序、连贯性和意义，从而影响决策和行动。国内学者黄希庭[7]将其归纳为个体对于时间的认知、体验和行动（或行动倾向）的一种人格特质。
然而，区别于西方时间以恒定的线性速度流动，且永远不会被回溯的传统观念，东方文化更偏向于回顾过去，两者时间视角存在本质差异[6,8]。因此，有学者基于我国文化背景对时间视角进行了梳理，指出时间视角是过去、现在和未来的有机整合，认为历史会遵循某种规律而向前推进，个体在心理时间的往返回荡中扫描，从而生成历史理性以指导实践[9]。通俗而言，即从过去总结经验，从而开展当下行动并促成未来规划。
1.2　时间视角的评估
1.2.1　津巴多时间视角量表
Zimbardo等[6]认为时间视角包括过去-消极、现在-享乐、未来、过去-积极及现在-宿命5个维度，从而开发了津巴多时间视角量表（Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory，ZTPI），共56项条目，采取5级评分法，1分为非常不典型，5分为非常典型，受访者根据条目评价是否符合个体特征，得分越高表示在特定时间视角下的趋势越高，量表各维度克朗巴赫系数均在0.70以上。该量表是目前评估时间视角应用最为广泛的量表之一，已被翻译为多个版本[10-12]开展研究。由于该量表条目较多，实践应用中表现出的验证性因子分析拟合结果不佳，在保留5个维度不变的情况下，后续研究对原条目进行了精简，形成了ZTPI-15[13]、ZTPI-17[14]、ZTPI-20[15]等多个更简短的版本，以提高评估结果的精确度。
1.2.2　未来结果考虑量表（Consideration of Future Consequences Scale,CFC-S）
CFC-S是由Strathman等[16]编制，主要用于评估个体在决策过程中考虑行为未来结果的程度，包括12个条目，调查对象根据条目内容评估与个人情况的符合程度，1、2、3、4、5分代表极其不典型、有些不典型、不确定、有点典型、非常典型，得分越高说明个体更在意行为所可能造成的未来结果，反之则更注重当下需求而忽略未来结果，在多个样本中检验克朗巴赫系数均在0.80以上。冯嘉溪等[17]对CFC-S进行了汉化，证实量表在我国成年人群体中具有良好的信效度，不同人群中的克朗巴赫系数均在0.70以上，可以作为开展相关研究的适宜工具。随着研究的逐渐深入，Joireman等[18]指出将CFC-S视为“当下”及“未来”两个因素更为合理，认为个体对未来的关注和对即时后果的关注并不是两极对立的，两者可能兼而有之，从而对12条目的CFC-S进行了扩展，添加了2个评估对未来后果关注的条目，形成了包括当下及未来2个维度、14个条目的CFC-S，各维度克朗巴赫系数分别为0.80及0.84，有较好的可靠性。
1.2.3　平衡时间视角量表
Webster[19]认为，个体的时间观更偏向于特定时间内存在的心理未来和心理过去的看法的总和，其有意识地经历的现在是其他2个维度的支点或平衡点，从而编制了平衡时间视角量表（Balanced Time Perspective Scale，BTPS），以衡量个体对过去和未来的思考之间的平衡。BTPS包括过去及未来2个维度、28个条目，采用5级评分法，1、2、3、4、5分分别代表非常不同意、不同意、稍微同意、同意、非常同意，各维度克朗巴赫系数为0.88，0.92，说明该量表可用于衡量个体对过去和未来的积极态度之间的平衡，所得结果具有可靠性和稳定性。
然而，Li等[20]认为BTPS对于过去和未来的评估简单化，仅关注积极的时间维度而忽视了个体对于过去和未来事件的消极思考，且个体虽然可以在认知和情感上回顾过去并展望未来，但只能在当下采取行动，遂采用个体对过去和未来的整体积极态度以及适应性行为倾向在当下表现出的程度构建时间平衡，开发了包括过去-积极、过去-消极、正念-现在、现在-享乐、现在-过度任务导向、未来-积极及未来消极7个维度、28个条目的用于评估中国成年人平衡时间视角的量表。采用5级（1~5分）评分法，1分为非常不同意，5分为非常同意，各维度克朗巴赫系数均在0.70以上，有较好的内部一致性，为我国成年人的时间视角评估提供了可靠的工具。
2　时间视角与健康行为的关联
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2.1　关键理论
2.1.1　时间自我调节理论
Hall等[21]认为，健康行为具有一定的时间维度，个体在采取健康行为时会考虑时间分散的成本与收益，提出了时间自我调节理论（temporal self-regulation theory，TST）。与计划行为理论相似，该理论认为意图是行为的核心决定因素，但行为倾向及控制执行资源会调节两者的关系，且在意图的前端还有许多其他因素通过意图对行为产生影响，这种影响可以通过特定行为的时间视角捕捉，从而反映个体对于行为的近期及远期结果的倾向。短视的时间视角使个体更倾向于追求即时回报，而长期的时间视角则能够帮助个体更好地权衡即时满足和长期利益。目前，时间自我调节理论已逐步用于探索时间视角下健康行为形成的机制[22]。
2.1.2　未来情景思维
未来情景思维即个体基于当前时刻或过去经历来思考、想象未来以及自己在这些未来情节中的角色，本质上是一种心理建构能力，主要包括模拟（构建未来的特定心理表征）、预测（估计未来结果的可能）、意图（设定未来目标）和计划（规划实现目标的步骤）等过程[23-25]。目前，未来情景思维常被作为心理认知疗法的一种形式，引导参与者将时间视角转向未来，想象和描述个人的积极的未来事件，从而促使其将更大的未来奖励置于较小的即时奖励上，促进与健康相关的决策[26-27]。
2.2　时间视角对健康行为的影响
2.2.1　过去视角
过去视角是过去经历的过度关注，包括个体对过去经历的消极态度和体验，以及对过去经历的快乐回忆、愉快体验两方面，具有强烈过去倾向的人会根据自身过去记忆做出行动，而忽略当下经验及未来结果[28]。研究显示，过去-消极往往与不良健康行为相关，过去的消极时间观可以预测反刍思维，反刍则会削弱个体压抑和转化负面情绪的能力，导致其执行功能下降，从而无法抵抗诱惑和控制冲动，进而造成一系列不健康行为，如饮酒、药物成瘾等[29-30]。尽管过去-积极视角与健康行为之间的研究较少，但已证实对于过去的积极态度能够促进疾病康复相关健康行为及预防性健康行为，这被认为是积极的认知赋予了生活更多的意义，使其认为自己是寻求保持良好健康状态的有价值的个体，从而追求更健康的行为方式，且过去-积极型人群可能拥有更高的自尊水平，从而对健康行为产生强烈的积极影响[31-33]。
2.2.2　现在视角
现在视角主要包括现在-享乐及现在-宿命两种视角，享乐主义追求享受当下，倾向于即时满足；宿命论则代表对未来缺乏希望，并相信无法控制的力量决定一个人的命运，两者均与饮食、烟酒使用、疾病管理等健康行为有关[34-36]。当个体现在-享乐时间视角被激活时，其更加考虑当下的收益,延迟折扣率上升,更容易选择一个“小而早”的选项，表现出选择对未来收益低的不健康行为[37]。与健康相关的未来情景性思维被认为是改变现在-享乐视角的有效方法，能促进现在享乐的个体将其时间注意从近期的诱惑转移到较远的健康结果，从而在做决定时更倾向于考虑未来的后果[38]。而宿命论则削弱个体执行高认知任务的动力，导致较低水平的自我效能感，从而阻碍其表现[39]。
2.2.3　未来视角
未来时间视角（future time perspective，FTP）被认为是一种认知能力，个体在当下时间空间中对未来事件、情况、任务进行设想，并拥护设想的重要性，从而产生行为[40]。个体思维越面向未来，越能感知到更多的剩余机会，规划对意图-行为联系的影响就越强，更有可能认识到即时健康促进与未来更好的健康之间的联系，从而增强一个人实现目标的动力，采取健康行为[41-43]。此外，相比得同等收益（即获得健康收益，例如变得强壮和充满活力），个体会更重视避免损失（即避免健康损失，例如生病），所以更强的未来时间视角能使个体感知到行为相关的威胁，进一步影响健康行为的依从性[44]。未来时间视角减少则使个体对于未来时间感知有限，从而偏向于实现当下目标而不是偏向于面向未来的目标，这一点在物质成瘾（如烟、酒等）及不安全性行为等方面尤为显著，个人优先考虑即时快乐和解脱，倾向于即刻回报，强调短期满足而不是长期后果，从而加速冲动，忽视行为的长期后果，且未来时间视角随着年龄的增大而降低，使当前的健康行为更少，增加疾病风险[45-49]。
2.2.4　平衡视角
平衡时间视角（balanced time perspective，BTP）是一种时间认知灵活性，是较高水平的过去-积极、现在-享乐和未来取向,以及较低水平的过去-消极与现在-宿命取向的5种时间视角维度的最佳组合模式，个体能够根据情境需求转换不同的时间视角，形成相对稳定的适应性行为倾向[50]。研究显示，平衡时间视角的时间灵活性可以促进个体自我调节和行为选择，使其形成健康的生活方式并对健康老龄化产生积极影响[51]。此外，平衡时间视角使个体有更积极的态度，促进疾病管理相关健康行为（如血糖监测），改善疾病控制情况[52]。
综上所述，时间视角与健康行为有密切联系，直接影响健康行为或通过态度、感知、意图、自我效能等多因素发挥作用。过去-积极、未来时间视角及平衡时间视角是健康行为的保护因素，能够促进个体健康行为，过去-消极、现在视角则是健康行为的风险因素，使个体健康行为受损。
2.3　基于时间视角的干预方法
现阶段基于时间视角的干预性研究较少，多是基于时间自我调节理论及未来情景思维形成干预方案促使研究对象健康行为转变。以时间自我调节理论为指导理论的干预主要从时间自我调节理论的模型框架出发，在干预实施前开展健康教育及健康行为相关技能培训，融合未来情景思维感知健康行为的未来效用，拟定行为优势及自我调节能力的执行意向策略，建立与健康行为一致的环境线索，从而影响健康行为[22,53]。以未来情景思维核心的干预则是主要采用行为改变分类法中描述的多种技术，包括与目标和规划相关的策略，将未来目标与现有行为进行比较，使奖励取向从眼前转向未来，例如，促使个人想象在未来时间点可能发生的积极、现实、与个人相关的事件，同时也确定现实、重要和具体的健康目标，要求个人想象若实现了健康目标，他们在未来的这些事件中会有什么感受，以协助开发可以每天回忆的线索，促进与健康相关的决策[54]。
值得注意的是，尽管时间自我调节理论及未来情景思维对于健康行为的干预显示出了积极效果，但研究人群的普遍性不足，干预方案细节模糊，证据局限于在急性环境中进行的试点研究[22,54]。因此，需进一步完善时间视角的干预策略，提高适用性及有效性，实现健康行为改善的最大效应。
3　启示与建议
收起
3.1　细化时间变量设计，开展跨时间维度的综合研究
尽管Zimbardo及Boyd所提出的时间视角的5个维度被广泛认可，并应用于实际研究中，但研究结果之间的差异催生出了更多的时间视角维度，如未来-超验、未来-消极、当下-现实等，并充分论证了其可与时间视角的基本维度共同研究[55]。因此，需要进一步细化时间视角，揭示这些新维度在时间视角中的实际性质和功能，从而对健康行为的具体影响机制进行深入探讨。此外，现阶段研究多采取横断面调查方法，不能从根本上揭示时间视角与健康行为之间的因果关系，数据具有瞬时性，且易受到组群效应的限制，需开展长期追踪，捕捉个体时间视角及健康行为在较长时间内的发展变化，分析因果关系，对现有理论进行验证、修正及发展，从而促进行为改善。
3.2　加强跨学科合作，制定个性化时间视角干预措施
个体行为改变的过程中可能会经历无意识、觉知、沉思、计划、启动、持续行动和维护等阶段，在每个阶段都需要包括社会环境及生物心理在内的行为改变资源的支持与强化才能从一个阶段发展到另一个阶段[5]。同时，时间视角在不同年龄、性别、文化背景人群中表现出不同特征。因此，需要加强跨学科合作，综合心理学、社会学、医学等多领域研究成果，根据个体特征设计干预，确定最佳开始时间、频率和强度，依据不同时间段的反馈，调整和优化健康行为干预方案，以实现干预效果的最大化。
3.3　完善公共卫生政策，提升公众时间感知与健康行为意识
个体的发展是一个具有内在主动性、自我调节、非线性、复杂动态的过程，保持健康的能力嵌套于个体发展的“过程”中，并在不同的发展阶段表现出波动[56]。因此，在制定公共政策的过程中需要意识到健康行为转变及维持的时间性，在开展健康教育时强调远期健康结局的重要性，利用未来情景思维构建生活蓝图，优化公众时间感知，使其更好地理解健康行为的长期影响，意识到健康行为的重要性，才更有可能主动地参与健康管理，推动行为转变。
4　小结
收起
时间视角是健康行为发展的重要因素之一，健康行为的形成受到过去、现在及未来等多维度时间视角的影响，基于时间视角的干预措施对于健康行为的改善是有效的，未来仍需进一步开展相关研究以明确时间视角的内涵及其影响健康行为的机制，确定最佳干预措施，以改变健康相关行为，降低疾病风险。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.04.023
  • 接收时间：2024-11-20
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2026-02-25
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  • 收稿日期：2024-11-20
  • 修回日期：2026-01-29
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