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Article(id=1322167940334597094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167871413796899, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743004800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-27, revisedDate=1767715200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793159001667, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1770652800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793159001667, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793159001667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793159001667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167871413796899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='3', pageStart='353', pageEnd='528', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1770652800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158985236, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158985236, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=519, endPage=523, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322167940582061031, articleId=1322167940334597094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Application progress of planetary health diet for chronic disease patients, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study reviewed the origin and overview of planetary healthy diet,dietary principles,its application effectiveness in chronic diseases,and future prospects,aiming to provide references for subsequent research.

, authors=Bo ZHANG, Lanyu ZHU, Yuxiao JIAO, Lulu MA, Xiaofei HE, authorsList=Bo ZHANG, Lanyu ZHU, Yuxiao JIAO, Lulu MA, Xiaofei HE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lanyu ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
ZHU Lanyu, E-mail:
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就星球健康饮食的起源与概述、饮食原则、在慢性病中的应用成效及展望进行综述，以期为后续研究提供参考。

, authors=张博, 朱蓝玉*, *, 矫玉晓, 马璐璐, 何晓菲, authorsList=张博, 朱蓝玉, 矫玉晓, 马璐璐, 何晓菲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱蓝玉, authorNote=

张博，硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
朱蓝玉，E-mail：
ZHU Lanyu, E-mail:
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张博，硕士研究生在读

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张博，硕士研究生在读

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星球健康饮食在慢性病病人中的应用进展
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张博 , 朱蓝玉 *, * , 矫玉晓 , 马璐璐 , 何晓菲
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(3): 519-523
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (3) : 519 -523
星球健康饮食在慢性病病人中的应用进展
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张博，硕士研究生在读

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张博, 朱蓝玉*, * , 矫玉晓, 马璐璐, 何晓菲
作者信息
  • 1长春中医药大学护理学院，吉林 130117
通讯作者:
朱蓝玉，E-mail：
ZHU Lanyu, E-mail:
作者简介:

张博，硕士研究生在读

Application progress of planetary health diet for chronic disease patients
Bo ZHANG, Lanyu ZHU , Yuxiao JIAO, Lulu MA, Xiaofei HE
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Jilin 130117 China
    • Corresponding Author:
    ZHU Lanyu, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-02-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.025
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摘要
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就星球健康饮食的起源与概述、饮食原则、在慢性病中的应用成效及展望进行综述，以期为后续研究提供参考。

星球健康饮食  /  慢性病  /  营养需求  /  综述

This study reviewed the origin and overview of planetary healthy diet,dietary principles,its application effectiveness in chronic diseases,and future prospects,aiming to provide references for subsequent research.

planetary health diet  /  chronic disease  /  nutritional needs  /  review
张博, 朱蓝玉, 矫玉晓, 马璐璐, 何晓菲. 星球健康饮食在慢性病病人中的应用进展. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (3) : 519 -523 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.025
Bo ZHANG, Lanyu ZHU, Yuxiao JIAO, Lulu MA, Xiaofei HE. Application progress of planetary health diet for chronic disease patients[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (3) : 519 -523 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.025
正文
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慢性非传染性疾病（non-communicable diseases，NCD），简称慢性病，主要以心血管疾病、糖尿病、癌症和慢性阻塞性肺疾病为主[1]，预计到2030年，因慢性病而导致的病人死亡率将上升至75%[2]。其疾病负担占我国疾病总负担的70%以上[3]。到2030年，全球慢性病的估计成本预计将达到47万亿美元[4]。传统药物治疗虽然在一定程度上可以缓解慢性病的症状，但长期服药不仅带来一定的副作用，也会给社会及家庭带来沉重的负担。因此，探索有效的预防措施降低慢性病的死亡率至关重要。研究发现，饮食因素在预防并降低慢性病的发病率上发挥了重要的作用[5]。然而，粮食系统的影响不仅关乎人类健康，也对环境产生了显著的影响。据报道，食品生产是全球环境变化的主要驱动力，农业占温室气体排放量（GHG）的21%~37%[6]，占淡水使用量的70%，占土地使用量的近40%[7]。其中，52%的温室气体排放量是由牛产品引起的，主要是肉类和奶制品[8]。在人类发展指数（HDI）水平较高的国家，牛产品消费占农业温室气体总排放量的68%。减少红肉消费对高度发达国家实现减排目标至关重要，其将带来巨大的健康协同效益[9]。因此，全球饮食的转变可以共同造福人类和地球健康。星球健康饮食（planetary health diet）作为一种新兴的饮食模式，通过优化饮食结构，可实现人类健康和改善地球环境污染的双重益处[10]。Bui等[11]研究发现，星球健康饮食可使全因死亡风险降低23%，心血管疾病死亡风险降低14%，癌症死亡风险降低10%，呼吸系统疾病死亡风险降低47%，神经退行性疾病死亡风险降低28%。本研究从星球健康饮食的概述、原则、在慢性病中的应用及展望进行综述，旨在通过科学的饮食选择，有效预防并降低慢性病的死亡率，从而改善病人的健康状况和生活质量。
1　星球健康饮食的起源与概述
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Gussow等[12]于1986年发表了关于可持续性饮食指南的呼吁，并在此过程中引入了可持续饮食的概念。到2010年以来，粮农组织建议开发基于食物的膳食指南，既要促进健康饮食，又要考虑其对全球和地方农业粮食体系的影响，同时在文化和社会经济上也要适当。2019年，EAT-Lancet委员会提出了星球健康饮食的概念并制定了2套科学目标，1套是健康饮食，另1套是地球边界（PB）内的可持续食品生产。坚持健康和可持续饮食的建议可防止每年大约1 100万人死亡[7]。EAT-Lancet委员会由来自16个国家的37名顶尖科学家和营养专家组成，经过深入研究，在意识到当前全球饮食模式引发的健康与环境问题后，提出了这种全新的饮食模式[13]。星球健康饮食，也被称为“弹性素食”（flexitarian diet），是一种倡导以植物为基础，减少动物性食物及加工性食物的摄入。其核心理念是在满足人体营养需求的同时，尽量减少对环境的负面影响[14]。目前，该饮食在国外心血管疾病、癌症、糖尿病等慢性病中应用较为广泛，国内干预性研究较少。
2　星球健康饮食原则
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2.1　减少红肉和加工肉的摄入
肉类是蛋白质的重要来源，但过量的摄入红肉和加工肉会对健康及环境带来许多不利的影响。红肉主要包括牛肉、猪肉和羊肉等，加工肉类主要通过盐渍、腌制、发酵、熏制或其他过程转化的肉类，因其脂肪含量较高，且含有较多的饱和脂肪和胆固醇。研究表明，过多摄入红肉或加工肉可增加2型糖尿病、结直肠癌的发病风险，还会增加肥胖的风险[15]。因此，按照星球健康饮食的要求，每天红肉的摄入量应控制在14 g以内。日常应鼓励以鱼类、禽类等蛋白质补充人体所需要的蛋白质。摄入鱼类对人类健康有益，每天的摄入量建议为28 g，尤其是其含有人体所需的Omega-3脂肪酸，可以作为动物蛋白的替代食品，以降低对环境的影响。鸡、鸭、鹅等家禽每天摄入量建议为29 g，蛋类摄入量为13 g[7]。
2.2　增加植物性食物摄入
植物性食物是维生素、矿物质、膳食纤维和抗氧化剂的重要来源。因此，日常应增加这类食物的摄入，其不仅有助于维持健康的体重，还有助于降低慢性病的风险，增强免疫系统，维持肠道健康。因此，根据星球健康饮食模式，建议蔬菜（深绿色蔬菜100 g、红色和橙色蔬菜100 g、其他蔬菜100 g）摄入量至少每天300 g，水果每天200 g。全谷物、豆类和坚果也是植物性食物重要的来源，全谷物（大米、小麦、玉米）每天的摄入量建议232 g，豆类（干豆、小扁豆和豌豆等）建议50 g，大豆食品、花生、坚果建议每天的摄入量各25 g[7]。
2.3　鼓励食用不饱和脂肪酸
不饱和脂肪酸，特别是单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸，对心脏健康至关重要，它们有助于降低坏胆固醇水平，降低心血管疾病的风险[16]。星球健康饮食提倡使用橄榄油、菜籽油、坚果、鱼油等富含不饱和脂肪酸的食物，以替代饱和脂肪酸和反式脂肪酸的来源。其中橄榄油等含有丰富的单不饱和脂肪酸，鱼油、坚果中含有多不饱和脂肪酸，其有助于改善血脂水平，促进心血管健康[7]。
2.4　限制添加糖、精制谷物摄入
添加糖是指食品加工过程中人为添加的糖，例如果糖、蔗糖等，它们不仅可以增加食物的甜味，过多的摄入还可能导致体重增加、血糖波动，从而增加糖尿病的风险。因此，星球健康饮食建议糖的摄入每天不能超过31 g，日常饮食中应尽量减少饮料或加工食品中糖的摄入，应以新鲜水果作为天然糖的来源[7]。精制谷物是指经过加工处理，去除大部分膳食纤维、维生素及矿物质的谷物，如白面包、饼干、白米饭等，长期大量摄入会增加肥胖、2型糖尿病、心血管疾病的风险[17]。因此，根据星球健康饮食模式，建议将全谷物作为主食的主要部分，以达到最佳的健康效果。
3　星球健康饮食在慢性病中的应用成效
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3.1　降低心血管疾病风险
心血管疾病一直是全球死亡的主要原因。2019年，有100万人死于心血管疾病，占全球死亡人数的32%。预计到2030年，每年的死亡人数将超过2 000万例[18]。因此，鼓励健康的生活方式被广泛认为是降低心血管疾病发病率的重要方法。营养对心血管健康至关重要。坚持营养饮食是Life's Simple 7中概述的评估心脏健康的7项基本措施之一[11]。此外，过去50年营养流行病学研究的重点“饮食-心脏假说”强调了饮食在心血管健康中的关键作用[19]。与此同时，饮食相关慢性病的患病率逐渐增加。因此，我国亟须建立健康可持续的食品体系。Sawicki等[20]研究发现，在美国的3个大型男性和女性队列研究中，坚持星球健康饮食可显著降低心脑血管疾病的风险。Damigou等[21]进行了一项为期20年的前瞻性研究，结果发现，对地球健康有益的饮食对人类也有益，对于星球健康饮食依从性较高的人群，其心血管的发病率较低。综上所述，星球健康饮食模式通过优化营养的摄入，不仅降低了心血管疾病的风险，也对维护心脏健康提供了有力的支持。
3.2　预防癌症
国际癌症研究所的数据表明，预计到2030年全球癌症发病率将暴增75%[22]。在许多国家，癌症被认为是仅次于心血管疾病的第二大常见死亡原因。饮食与癌症发展之间存在的关系不容忽视，在发达国家，30%的癌症病例归因于不良饮食习惯[23]。研究表明，不良饮食可能导致癌症[24]。饮食习惯的改变将有助于预防癌症和改善整体健康状况[25]。一项使用营养前瞻性调查（EPIC）队列数据的分析发现，高排放、高土地利用强度的饮食模式与癌症发病率及全因死亡率之间存在显著相关性，进一步估计显示，严格遵守EAT-Lancet饮食可以减少10%~39%的癌症，19%~63%的死亡可以通过采用星球健康饮食预防。同时，将与饮食相关的温室气体排放减少高达50%，土地使用减少高达62%[26]。Souni等[27]在伊朗德黑兰的2所医院对134例乳腺癌病人使用食物频率问卷评估病人的食物摄入量，探讨星球健康饮食与乳腺癌发病率之间的关系。结果发现，遵循星球健康饮食可降低乳腺癌的发病风险，尤其是在绝经后妇女中。Mohammadi等[28]研究发现，星球健康饮食是一种富含纤维的饮食，膳食纤维有助于降低结肠癌的发病风险。综上所述，星球健康饮食为癌症预防提供了科学可行的营养干预策略，不仅作为预防癌症的有效途径，也推动了人类健康与生态可持续发展的协同共赢。
3.3　改善呼吸系统疾病
据2019年全球疾病、伤害和风险因素负担研究（GBD）数据显示，慢性呼吸系统疾病是第三大死因，导致400万人死亡，全球患病人数达4.546亿例。慢性阻塞性肺疾病是慢性呼吸系统疾病死亡的主要原因，导致330万例死亡，2.624亿例患哮喘，在慢性呼吸系统疾病中患病率最高[29]。研究表明，饮食与慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发生有关[30-31]。富含蔬菜、水果和鱼类的饮食与降低患慢性阻塞性肺疾病的风险有关[32-33]。研究表明，西方饮食模式强调动物性食物，而忽视全谷物、水果、蔬菜和豆类，随着饮食模式的西化，哮喘的患病风险增加[34]。Gong等[35]研究发现，星球健康饮食可显著降低慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发病风险，其研究中行星健康饮食指数（PHDI）作为EAT-Lancet中的一个重要评分工具，包括坚果、水果、蔬菜、全谷物、鱼类和乳制品等成分。根据相关研究，总纤维摄入量每增加1 g（每天最多25 g），慢性阻塞性肺疾病风险就会降低3%。Huang等[36]研究发现，遵循星球健康饮食可降低哮喘的发病风险，且行星健康饮食指数越高，哮喘患病率越低。综上所述，星球健康饮食通过优化饮食结构，有助于改善病人的呼吸功能，从而降低呼吸系统疾病的发病风险，并为病人提供了一种有益的营养管理策略。
3.4　缓解神经退行性疾病
神经退行性疾病的特征是大脑中神经元进行性功能丧失，导致认知障碍和运动神经元残疾。研究表明，饮食对认知能力下降、阿尔茨海默病（AD）、帕金森病（PD）起着重要保护作用[37]。Gomes Gonçalves等[38]研究使用线性混合效应模型评估地球健康饮食与认知能力下降之间的关联，结果发现，在11 737名参与者[年龄（51.6±9.0）岁，54%为女性]中对星球健康饮食具有较高的依从性，可有效延缓记忆力的减退，同时，坚持地球健康饮食可显著提升高收入参与者的记忆力和整体认知功能。Van Soest等[39]研究使用行星健康饮食指数和190项食物频率问卷计算≥65岁的认知健康社区居民EAT-Lancet饮食的依从性，结果显示，对星球健康饮食依从性较高的老年人整体认知功能高，同时其对老年人的记忆力及注意力的提升也有显著的益处。综上所述，星球健康饮食通过提供丰富的抗氧化剂及抗炎物质，有助于保护神经免受损伤，延缓神经退行性疾病的进程。
3.5　预防糖尿病及控制体重
肥胖和糖尿病是现代社会面临的两大健康问题，他们与不合理的饮食习惯密切相关。有证据表明，全球每年约有150万人的死亡与糖尿病直接相关[40]。研究发现，自1980年以来，全球超重和肥胖的患病率增长了1倍，目前世界人口中有近三分之一被归类为超重或肥胖[41]。肥胖会增加患多种疾病的风险，例如糖尿病、心血管疾病、各种癌症[42]，其对生活质量、工作效率和医疗保健成本产生负面影响。López等[43-44]研究均发现，星球健康饮食与2型糖尿病发病率存在相关关系。López等[43]研究发现，遵循EAT-Lancet委员会提出的星球健康饮食依从性较好的人群，糖尿病的发病率较低。特别是应按照指南建议多吃豆类、鱼类并适当控制红肉的人群，罹患2型糖尿病的风险更低。Cacau等[45]研究使用巴西成年人健康纵向研究（ELSA-Brasil）对14 515名参与者的初始数据进行评估，以确定其对行星健康饮食指数和肥胖结果的依从性。结果发现，对星球健康饮食依从性较高的人群，则可以降低肥胖的风险。综上所述，星球健康饮食通过科学调控营养素的摄入，在预防糖尿病及体重管理中发挥了至关重要的作用，也为病人提供了科学、有效的饮食指南。
4　对策
收起
4.1　个性化饮食
尽管一些常规的膳食指导原则对于大部分病人是有用的，然而由于个体差异的存在，如年龄、性别、体重、疾病状况、生活习惯及遗传背景等因素的影响，个性化的营养策略显得尤为重要。未来，星球健康饮食应注重个性化饮食计划的制定，通过精准营养评估及定制化的饮食计划，从而满足不同病人的特殊需求，提供具有针对性的营养支持。通过科学分析病人的营养需求和代谢特点，制定个性化的星球健康饮食计划，从而有助于提高病人的营养状况，增强机体抵抗力，使病人更有效地管理慢性病，提高生活质量。此外，针对不同地区、不同文化背景的病人也应考虑其饮食习惯和文化差异制定符合其需求的膳食计划。
4.2　矿物质的补充
由于星球健康饮食以植物性食物为主，病人在遵循这种饮食模式时可能需要关注某些矿物质的补充，特别是铁和维生素B12。铁是合成血红蛋白的重要元素，对于预防贫血至关重要；而维生素B12则对神经系统健康有重要作用[46]。未来，可以通过增加富含矿物质的食物摄入，如红肉（适量）、豆类、坚果以及强化食品等，或者必要时服用补充剂满足病人的营养需求。同时，也可以利用生物强化技术提高植物性食物中铁和维生素B12的含量。
4.3　政策引导与公众教育
政策制定及公众教育是推广健康饮食的重要途径。通过立法制定食品安全标准、提供健康饮食指导方针、支持科研及产业研发等措施，可以有效引导市场向健康、绿色的方向发展。此外，政府还应对企业进行规范和监督，确保其生产的食品符合健康饮食的标准。与此同时，也可定期开展健康教育活动、宣传科学饮食知识、提高公众对健康饮食的认识和重视程度等措施，可以有效地推动健康饮食文化的形成和发展。此外，媒体宣传也是重要的手段，可以通过电视、广播、网络等渠道传播健康饮食的理念和方法。
4.4　科学的营养评估与监测
随着科技的不断发展，未来可使用智能穿戴设备和移动健康实时监测慢性病病人的营养摄入、身体活动及生理指标。结合人工智能、大数据等技术开发智能饮食管理系统，帮助病人跟踪和管理自己的饮食，并实时监测其饮食变化对健康状况的影响，从而有助于病人及时调整饮食计划，确保病人始终保持在最佳的营养状态。
5　小结
收起
星球健康饮食作为一种创新的饮食模式，在慢性病预防和管理中展现出巨大的潜力，其通过调整饮食结构，不仅有助于降低慢性病的发病风险，还具有显著的环境效益，有利于促进人类健康和地球生态平衡的双重作用。未来，需要进一步深入研究星球健康饮食在不同人群中的应用效果，特别是针对慢性病病人的具体需求进行个性化调整。同时，加强公众对星球健康饮食的认识和接受度，推动其在全球范围内的普及和实践，为促进人类健康和地球生态平衡作出更大的贡献。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.025
  • 接收时间：2025-03-27
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2026-02-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-27
  • 修回日期：2026-01-07
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    1长春中医药大学护理学院，吉林 130117

通讯作者:

朱蓝玉，E-mail：
ZHU Lanyu, E-mail:
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/hlyj/CN/10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.03.025
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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