Article(id=1322167769643205252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167714660078002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158960972, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158960972, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158960972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158960972, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167714660078002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='352', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158947863, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158947863, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=261, endPage=269, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322167769982943877, articleId=1322167769643205252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Evidence summary on the assessment and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia in children, columnId=1220689487877821128, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Interdisciplinary Nursing Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective To summarize the evidence on the assessment and management of X-linked hypophosphataemia(XLH) in children and to provide an evidence-based foundation for clinical practice.
Methods Clinical questions on the assessment and management of XLH in children were formulated.Relevant professional association websites and databases were searched for relevant literature following the '6S' evidence model.The quality of literature was evaluated.The evidence was extracted,graded,and summarized.
Results A total of 13 literature were included,comprising 4 guidelines,1 systematic review,2 clinical decision resources,and 6 expert consensus documents.The evidence on the assessment and management of XLH in children encompassed two main themes(assessment and intervention),which were further divided into 10 categories,namely clinical manifestations,laboratory investigations,imaging studies,conventional therapy,Burosumab therapy,surgical intervention,dental management,complications,genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis,and follow-up.These categories comprised a total of 30 individual evidence points.
Conclusions This study summarizes the evidence on the assessment and management of XLH in children.Clinical healthcare professionals can selectively translate the evidence into practice based on the individual child's characteristics and disease progression.
, authors=Shangquan GAN, Chun YI, Cailin CHEN, Jing WU, Ru DING, Xuejun XIONG, authorsList=Shangquan GAN, Chun YI, Cailin CHEN, Jing WU, Ru DING, Xuejun XIONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xuejun XIONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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目的 汇总患儿X连锁低磷性佝偻病(XLH)的评估和管理证据,为临床实践提供循证依据。
方法 针对患儿XLH的评估和管理提出问题,按照“6S”循证模型检索国内外相关学会网站及数据库中相关文献,对文献进行质量评价、证据提取、分级和汇总。
结果 共纳入13篇文献,包括4篇指南、1篇系统评价、2篇临床决策、6篇专家共识。形成的患儿XLH评估和管理证据包括评估和干预2个主题,共临床表现、实验室检查、影像学检查、常规治疗、布罗索尤单抗治疗、手术干预、口腔管理、并发症、遗传咨询和产前诊断、随访10个证据类别,涉及30条证据。
结论 本研究对患儿XLH评估和管理的证据进行总结,临床医护人员可基于证据并结合患儿特征、病情进展有选择地进行证据转化。
, authors=甘尚权, 蚁淳, 陈彩琳, 吴景, 丁如, 熊学军
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13:1034580., articleTitle=Burosumab for X-linked hypophosphatemia in children and adolescents:opinion based on early experience in seven European countries, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322529866147287249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322529866159870162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, companyId=1322529866147287249, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1School of Nursing, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong 510006 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322529866168258771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, companyId=1322529866147287249, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1广州中医药大学护理学院,广东 510006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322529871016874240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Literature screening flowchart and results, figureFileSmall=6KrBrh2Ec7xtpRQN4Nq0cw==, figureFileBig=c9d/vV+Zu/H+QFALu/G/7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322529871092371713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
文献筛选流程及结果, figureFileSmall=6KrBrh2Ec7xtpRQN4Nq0cw==, figureFileBig=c9d/vV+Zu/H+QFALu/G/7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322529871180452098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Basic characteristics of included literature
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 纳入文献 | 国家 | 证据来源 | 证据类型 | 文献主题 |
|---|
| Haffner等[7]2019 | 德国 | PubMed | 指南 | X连锁低磷血症的诊断和管理 |
| Padidela等[19]2020 | 英国 | EMbase | 指南 | 布罗索尤治疗儿童和青少年X连锁低磷血症 |
| 徐潮等[20]2022 | 中国 | 中国知网 | 指南 | 中国低血磷性佝偻病/骨软化症的诊疗 |
| 中华医学会内分泌学分会等[21]2024 | 中国 | SinoMed | 指南 | 低磷性佝偻病/骨软化症的诊治 |
| Wang等[22]2024 | 中国 | PubMed | 系统评价 | 布罗索尤单抗治疗X连锁低磷血症患儿的前景 |
| Thomas[23]2023 | 美国 | UpToDate | 临床决策 | 儿童佝偻病概述 |
| Steven等[24]2024 | 美国 | UpToDate | 临床决策 | 遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病概述 |
| Laurent等[25]2021 | 比利时 | Web of Science | 专家共识 | 比利时关于诊断和管理X连锁低磷血症的共识建议 |
| Dahir等[26]2022 | 美国 | Web of Science | 专家共识 | X连锁低磷血症的医疗保健从以儿童为中心向以成人为中心的过渡 |
| Trombetti等[27]2022 | 瑞士 | Web of Science | 专家共识 | X连锁低磷血症病人的评估、诊断和护理 |
| 中国妇幼保健协会儿童疾病和保健分会儿童遗传代谢疾病与保健学组等[28]2022 | 中国 | 中国知网 | 专家共识 | X连锁显性遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病的诊治 |
| 中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组等[29]2022 | 中国 | 万方数据库 | 专家共识 | 儿童XLH的诊治与管理 |
| Baroncelli等[30]2024 | 意大利 | 意大利儿科内分泌和糖尿病学会官网 | 专家共识 | 佝偻病的诊断、治疗和管理 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871251755267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
纳入文献的基本特征
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 纳入文献 | 国家 | 证据来源 | 证据类型 | 文献主题 |
|---|
| Haffner等[7]2019 | 德国 | PubMed | 指南 | X连锁低磷血症的诊断和管理 |
| Padidela等[19]2020 | 英国 | EMbase | 指南 | 布罗索尤治疗儿童和青少年X连锁低磷血症 |
| 徐潮等[20]2022 | 中国 | 中国知网 | 指南 | 中国低血磷性佝偻病/骨软化症的诊疗 |
| 中华医学会内分泌学分会等[21]2024 | 中国 | SinoMed | 指南 | 低磷性佝偻病/骨软化症的诊治 |
| Wang等[22]2024 | 中国 | PubMed | 系统评价 | 布罗索尤单抗治疗X连锁低磷血症患儿的前景 |
| Thomas[23]2023 | 美国 | UpToDate | 临床决策 | 儿童佝偻病概述 |
| Steven等[24]2024 | 美国 | UpToDate | 临床决策 | 遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病概述 |
| Laurent等[25]2021 | 比利时 | Web of Science | 专家共识 | 比利时关于诊断和管理X连锁低磷血症的共识建议 |
| Dahir等[26]2022 | 美国 | Web of Science | 专家共识 | X连锁低磷血症的医疗保健从以儿童为中心向以成人为中心的过渡 |
| Trombetti等[27]2022 | 瑞士 | Web of Science | 专家共识 | X连锁低磷血症病人的评估、诊断和护理 |
| 中国妇幼保健协会儿童疾病和保健分会儿童遗传代谢疾病与保健学组等[28]2022 | 中国 | 中国知网 | 专家共识 | X连锁显性遗传性低磷血症性佝偻病的诊治 |
| 中华医学会儿科学分会内分泌遗传代谢学组等[29]2022 | 中国 | 万方数据库 | 专家共识 | 儿童XLH的诊治与管理 |
| Baroncelli等[30]2024 | 意大利 | 意大利儿科内分泌和糖尿病学会官网 | 专家共识 | 佝偻病的诊断、治疗和管理 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871323058436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Methodological quality appraisal results of guidelines
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 纳入文献 | | 各领域标准化百分比(%) | | ≥60%的领域数(个) | ≥30%的领域数(个) | 推荐 级别 |
|---|
范围和 目的 | 参与 人员 | 开发的 严谨性 | 表达的 清晰性 | 适用性 | 编辑的 独立性 |
|---|
| Haffner等[7]2019 | 94.44 | 73.61 | 84.90 | 93.05 | 77.08 | 89.58 | 6 | 6 | A级 |
| Padidela等[19]2020 | 77.78 | 51.39 | 43.75 | 72.22 | 51.04 | 62.50 | 3 | 6 | B级 |
| 徐潮等[20]2022 | 93.06 | 77.78 | 56.25 | 90.28 | 57.29 | 64.58 | 4 | 6 | B级 |
| 中华医学会内分泌学分会等[21]2024 | 83.33 | 52.78 | 53.13 | 91.67 | 64.58 | 68.75 | 4 | 6 | B级 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871390167301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
指南的方法学质量评价
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 纳入文献 | | 各领域标准化百分比(%) | | ≥60%的领域数(个) | ≥30%的领域数(个) | 推荐 级别 |
|---|
范围和 目的 | 参与 人员 | 开发的 严谨性 | 表达的 清晰性 | 适用性 | 编辑的 独立性 |
|---|
| Haffner等[7]2019 | 94.44 | 73.61 | 84.90 | 93.05 | 77.08 | 89.58 | 6 | 6 | A级 |
| Padidela等[19]2020 | 77.78 | 51.39 | 43.75 | 72.22 | 51.04 | 62.50 | 3 | 6 | B级 |
| 徐潮等[20]2022 | 93.06 | 77.78 | 56.25 | 90.28 | 57.29 | 64.58 | 4 | 6 | B级 |
| 中华医学会内分泌学分会等[21]2024 | 83.33 | 52.78 | 53.13 | 91.67 | 64.58 | 68.75 | 4 | 6 | B级 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871482441990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Evidence summary on the assessment and management of XLH in children
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 主题 | 证据类别 | 证据内容 | 证据 等级 | 推荐 强度 |
|---|
| 评估 | 临床表现 | 1 骨骼系统 | | |
| 1.1 表现为骨骼异常,多在1岁负重走路后出现双下肢畸形(如膝内翻、膝外翻、胫骨扭转、胫骨股骨弯曲)、步态异常;胸廓畸形(肋串珠、鸡胸、漏斗胸);部分患儿可出现颅骨结构异常(如前额突出、颅缝早闭、I型Chiari畸形);患儿多在9~12月龄后出现生长障碍,表现为非匀称型矮小[7,21-26,28-30] | 4b级 | A级 |
| 2 牙齿 | | |
| 2.1 常见牙齿发育异常(如恒牙萌出异常、齿距不规则、牙釉质发育不全、牙髓腔扩大等)、龋齿、牙周脓肿、牙周炎等[7,24,26,28-30] | 3c级 | A级 |
| 实验室检查 | 3 血生化指标 | | |
| 3.1 血磷水平低,不同年龄段儿童血磷正常参考值范围不同,血钙多正常;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平升高,<6月龄婴儿ALP>500 U/L时考虑异常,但需排除其他疾病影响;肾小管最大磷酸盐重吸收率与肾小球滤过率的比值(TmP/GFR)下降;甲状旁腺激素(PTH)正常或轻度升高;25 羟维生素 D[25(OH)D]和1,25-双羟维生素D[1,25(OH)2D]正常或轻度下降;成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)大多升高,少数可正常[7,20-21,23-24,27-29] | 1c级 | A级 |
| 影像学检查 | 4 X线 | | |
| 4.1 骨骼X线主要表现为骨骺板钙化带消失或增宽、模糊,呈杯口样、毛刷状改变,骨干弯曲畸形,骨质疏松等。上述异常优先发生在股骨远端、胫骨近端和桡骨远端等快速生长的部位。皮质骨往往表现为增厚,缺乏骨吸收的特征[7,20-21,24-25,28-29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 4.2 牙齿X线可见乳牙或恒牙的牙髓腔增大,且牙髓角变长,延伸至釉质牙本质[29] | 1c级 | B级 |
| 干预 | 常规治疗 | 5 磷酸盐制剂联合活性维生素D | | |
5.1 磷酸盐 推荐中性磷酸盐制剂,剂量(以磷元素计算)为20~60 mg/(kg·d),分4~6次口服;避免磷酸盐日总剂量(以磷元素计算)>80 mg/kg[7,20-21,24-25,27-30] | 5b级 | A级 |
5.2 活性维生素D 临床常用骨化三醇和阿法骨化醇。推荐骨化三醇初始剂量为20~30 ng/(kg·d)或阿法骨化醇初始剂量为30~50 ng/(kg·d)。骨化三醇可每日给药1次或2次,而阿法骨化醇由于半衰期较长,应每日给药1次[7,20-21,24-25,27-30] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 布罗索尤单抗治疗 | 6 布罗索尤单抗 | | |
| 6.1 接受布罗索尤单抗治疗期间不能同时口服磷酸盐和活性维生素D类似物,对正在接受常规治疗的患儿,给予布罗索尤单抗治疗前需停药1周[7,19,21,29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 6.2 布罗索尤单抗治疗患儿XLH的起始剂量为0.8 mg/kg,每2周1次皮下注射。最低起始剂量为10 mg,最大剂量为90 mg[7,20-21,25,27-29] | 1c级 | A级 |
| 6.3 布罗索尤单抗治疗有效的指标为血磷达到正常低限、ALP正常或接近正常、生长速率增加、下肢畸形和影像学好转、尿磷重吸收率和1,25(OH)2D正常或接近正常、6 min步行试验结果较治疗前提高5%~10%等[29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 6.4 布罗索尤单抗治疗过程中须监测空腹血磷水平,以调整用药剂量,一般剂量调整间隔时间不小于4周,调整剂量可为每次0.4 mg/kg。若血磷高于各年龄段的正常上限值,应停止给药[7,19-20,27-29] | 1c级 | A级 |
| 手术干预 | 7 手术治疗 | | |
| 7.1 经药物治疗12个月后,若仍存在持续性畸形或发生病理性骨折,考虑手术治疗,并由具有代谢性骨病专业知识的骨科医生实施手术[7,20-21,25,29] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 7.2 手术必须在骨骼发育成熟(女孩14岁和男孩16岁)前2~3年实施,注意避免长时间放置钢板引起矫枉过正,术后定期进行临床和功能评估直至骨骼成熟[7,20-21,25,29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 7.3 患儿停止生长或骨骼成熟后严重的下肢畸形可通过在畸形部位进行截骨治疗[20-21] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 口腔管理 | 8 口腔管理 | | |
| 8.1 常规治疗可改善牙本质矿化,减少牙周脓肿的数量,日常生活应注意口腔卫生,建议每次餐后刷牙,每日刷牙2次或3次[20] | 5c级 | A级 |
| 8.2 每6个月进行1次口腔检查评估有无牙髓问题,必要时需行口腔全景影像检查[27,29] | 5c级 | A级 |
| 8.3 并发急性脓肿时,恒牙首选牙髓治疗和恒牙再治疗;乳牙的髓腔内治疗取决于感染程度、复发情况;牙列不齐时,可考虑牙科正畸治疗[20,28-29] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 8.4 建议对患儿进行乳牙和恒牙咬合面封闭治疗以防止细菌通过牙釉质的微裂隙侵入牙本质和牙髓[7,20] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 并发症 | 9 并发症处理 | | |
| 9.1 腹痛和腹泻:常规治疗从小剂量开始逐渐滴定增加剂量以减少或避免胃肠道反应[20,25,29-30] | 5c级 | A级 |
| 9.2 继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进:治疗中监测血PTH水平,疗效监测中不应以血磷纠正为目标,应及时加用或调整活性维生素D剂量[7,20,25,29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 9.3 肾钙质沉积或肾结石:治疗中需监测24 h尿钙或次尿钙的浓度,24 h尿钙水平应<4 mg/kg或尿钙/尿肌酐<0.3 mg/mg;每年监测肾功能、行泌尿系超声检查[20,28] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 9.4 布罗索尤单抗治疗可能会出现轻微的注射部位反应、四肢疼痛、发热、皮疹、肌痛和头痛。轻度通常无须特殊治疗,可自行消退[7,19,21,25,27,29-30] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 遗传咨询和 产前诊断 | 10 遗传咨询和产前诊断 | | |
| 10.1 建议对先证者进行家系筛查和家系谱分析,有利于及早发现未确诊的个体[21,27-29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 10.2 对有妊娠计划的家庭,建议进行遗传咨询,预测后代患病风险,减少不良妊娠[21] | 5c级 | A级 |
| 10.3 在先证者基因诊断明确的基础上,可进行产前诊断,如穿刺取绒毛膜或羊水进行相关基因检测,或在胚胎植入前进行移植前诊断[21,29] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 随访 | 11 随访 | | |
| 11.1 团队及项目:由1名代谢性骨病专家组织多学科团队进行随访。评估项目应包括身高、生长速度、体重;步态、活动能力、疼痛程度;骨骼畸形状况;口腔和牙齿;听力和相关神经系统的症状和体征;脊柱检查等[7,20-21,25-26,29-30] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 11.2 频次:在患儿快速生长阶段或开始治疗后至少每3个月随访1次,在对治疗有积极反应和(或)病情稳定的患儿中至少每6个月随访1次[21] | 5c级 | B级 |
| 11.3 实验室检查:血钙、磷、ALP水平;25(OH)D水平;肌酐、PTH水平;尿钙与尿磷水平或排泄量;TmP/GFR[7][20] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 11.4 X线随访:双手腕关节正位和双膝关节X线检查,治疗开始阶段每3~6个月检查1次,之后每1~2年检查1次。建议对5岁患儿行全口曲面断层片(上下颌和牙齿的X线成像)检查[7,20] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 11.5 B超随访:每年进行肾脏超声检查以筛查肾脏钙沉积[7,19-20,25,28] | 5b级 | B级 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322529871574716679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769643205252, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
患儿XLH评估和管理的证据总结
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 主题 | 证据类别 | 证据内容 | 证据 等级 | 推荐 强度 |
|---|
| 评估 | 临床表现 | 1 骨骼系统 | | |
| 1.1 表现为骨骼异常,多在1岁负重走路后出现双下肢畸形(如膝内翻、膝外翻、胫骨扭转、胫骨股骨弯曲)、步态异常;胸廓畸形(肋串珠、鸡胸、漏斗胸);部分患儿可出现颅骨结构异常(如前额突出、颅缝早闭、I型Chiari畸形);患儿多在9~12月龄后出现生长障碍,表现为非匀称型矮小[7,21-26,28-30] | 4b级 | A级 |
| 2 牙齿 | | |
| 2.1 常见牙齿发育异常(如恒牙萌出异常、齿距不规则、牙釉质发育不全、牙髓腔扩大等)、龋齿、牙周脓肿、牙周炎等[7,24,26,28-30] | 3c级 | A级 |
| 实验室检查 | 3 血生化指标 | | |
| 3.1 血磷水平低,不同年龄段儿童血磷正常参考值范围不同,血钙多正常;碱性磷酸酶(ALP)水平升高,<6月龄婴儿ALP>500 U/L时考虑异常,但需排除其他疾病影响;肾小管最大磷酸盐重吸收率与肾小球滤过率的比值(TmP/GFR)下降;甲状旁腺激素(PTH)正常或轻度升高;25 羟维生素 D[25(OH)D]和1,25-双羟维生素D[1,25(OH)2D]正常或轻度下降;成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)大多升高,少数可正常[7,20-21,23-24,27-29] | 1c级 | A级 |
| 影像学检查 | 4 X线 | | |
| 4.1 骨骼X线主要表现为骨骺板钙化带消失或增宽、模糊,呈杯口样、毛刷状改变,骨干弯曲畸形,骨质疏松等。上述异常优先发生在股骨远端、胫骨近端和桡骨远端等快速生长的部位。皮质骨往往表现为增厚,缺乏骨吸收的特征[7,20-21,24-25,28-29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 4.2 牙齿X线可见乳牙或恒牙的牙髓腔增大,且牙髓角变长,延伸至釉质牙本质[29] | 1c级 | B级 |
| 干预 | 常规治疗 | 5 磷酸盐制剂联合活性维生素D | | |
5.1 磷酸盐 推荐中性磷酸盐制剂,剂量(以磷元素计算)为20~60 mg/(kg·d),分4~6次口服;避免磷酸盐日总剂量(以磷元素计算)>80 mg/kg[7,20-21,24-25,27-30] | 5b级 | A级 |
5.2 活性维生素D 临床常用骨化三醇和阿法骨化醇。推荐骨化三醇初始剂量为20~30 ng/(kg·d)或阿法骨化醇初始剂量为30~50 ng/(kg·d)。骨化三醇可每日给药1次或2次,而阿法骨化醇由于半衰期较长,应每日给药1次[7,20-21,24-25,27-30] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 布罗索尤单抗治疗 | 6 布罗索尤单抗 | | |
| 6.1 接受布罗索尤单抗治疗期间不能同时口服磷酸盐和活性维生素D类似物,对正在接受常规治疗的患儿,给予布罗索尤单抗治疗前需停药1周[7,19,21,29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 6.2 布罗索尤单抗治疗患儿XLH的起始剂量为0.8 mg/kg,每2周1次皮下注射。最低起始剂量为10 mg,最大剂量为90 mg[7,20-21,25,27-29] | 1c级 | A级 |
| 6.3 布罗索尤单抗治疗有效的指标为血磷达到正常低限、ALP正常或接近正常、生长速率增加、下肢畸形和影像学好转、尿磷重吸收率和1,25(OH)2D正常或接近正常、6 min步行试验结果较治疗前提高5%~10%等[29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 6.4 布罗索尤单抗治疗过程中须监测空腹血磷水平,以调整用药剂量,一般剂量调整间隔时间不小于4周,调整剂量可为每次0.4 mg/kg。若血磷高于各年龄段的正常上限值,应停止给药[7,19-20,27-29] | 1c级 | A级 |
| 手术干预 | 7 手术治疗 | | |
| 7.1 经药物治疗12个月后,若仍存在持续性畸形或发生病理性骨折,考虑手术治疗,并由具有代谢性骨病专业知识的骨科医生实施手术[7,20-21,25,29] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 7.2 手术必须在骨骼发育成熟(女孩14岁和男孩16岁)前2~3年实施,注意避免长时间放置钢板引起矫枉过正,术后定期进行临床和功能评估直至骨骼成熟[7,20-21,25,29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 7.3 患儿停止生长或骨骼成熟后严重的下肢畸形可通过在畸形部位进行截骨治疗[20-21] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 口腔管理 | 8 口腔管理 | | |
| 8.1 常规治疗可改善牙本质矿化,减少牙周脓肿的数量,日常生活应注意口腔卫生,建议每次餐后刷牙,每日刷牙2次或3次[20] | 5c级 | A级 |
| 8.2 每6个月进行1次口腔检查评估有无牙髓问题,必要时需行口腔全景影像检查[27,29] | 5c级 | A级 |
| 8.3 并发急性脓肿时,恒牙首选牙髓治疗和恒牙再治疗;乳牙的髓腔内治疗取决于感染程度、复发情况;牙列不齐时,可考虑牙科正畸治疗[20,28-29] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 8.4 建议对患儿进行乳牙和恒牙咬合面封闭治疗以防止细菌通过牙釉质的微裂隙侵入牙本质和牙髓[7,20] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 并发症 | 9 并发症处理 | | |
| 9.1 腹痛和腹泻:常规治疗从小剂量开始逐渐滴定增加剂量以减少或避免胃肠道反应[20,25,29-30] | 5c级 | A级 |
| 9.2 继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进:治疗中监测血PTH水平,疗效监测中不应以血磷纠正为目标,应及时加用或调整活性维生素D剂量[7,20,25,29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 9.3 肾钙质沉积或肾结石:治疗中需监测24 h尿钙或次尿钙的浓度,24 h尿钙水平应<4 mg/kg或尿钙/尿肌酐<0.3 mg/mg;每年监测肾功能、行泌尿系超声检查[20,28] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 9.4 布罗索尤单抗治疗可能会出现轻微的注射部位反应、四肢疼痛、发热、皮疹、肌痛和头痛。轻度通常无须特殊治疗,可自行消退[7,19,21,25,27,29-30] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 遗传咨询和 产前诊断 | 10 遗传咨询和产前诊断 | | |
| 10.1 建议对先证者进行家系筛查和家系谱分析,有利于及早发现未确诊的个体[21,27-29] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 10.2 对有妊娠计划的家庭,建议进行遗传咨询,预测后代患病风险,减少不良妊娠[21] | 5c级 | A级 |
| 10.3 在先证者基因诊断明确的基础上,可进行产前诊断,如穿刺取绒毛膜或羊水进行相关基因检测,或在胚胎植入前进行移植前诊断[21,29] | 5b级 | B级 |
| 随访 | 11 随访 | | |
| 11.1 团队及项目:由1名代谢性骨病专家组织多学科团队进行随访。评估项目应包括身高、生长速度、体重;步态、活动能力、疼痛程度;骨骼畸形状况;口腔和牙齿;听力和相关神经系统的症状和体征;脊柱检查等[7,20-21,25-26,29-30] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 11.2 频次:在患儿快速生长阶段或开始治疗后至少每3个月随访1次,在对治疗有积极反应和(或)病情稳定的患儿中至少每6个月随访1次[21] | 5c级 | B级 |
| 11.3 实验室检查:血钙、磷、ALP水平;25(OH)D水平;肌酐、PTH水平;尿钙与尿磷水平或排泄量;TmP/GFR[7][20] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 11.4 X线随访:双手腕关节正位和双膝关节X线检查,治疗开始阶段每3~6个月检查1次,之后每1~2年检查1次。建议对5岁患儿行全口曲面断层片(上下颌和牙齿的X线成像)检查[7,20] | 5b级 | A级 |
| 11.5 B超随访:每年进行肾脏超声检查以筛查肾脏钙沉积[7,19-20,25,28] | 5b级 | B级 |
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