Article(id=1322167769580286314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322167714660078002, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742745600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-24, revisedDate=1766505600000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158960957, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1769270400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158960957, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158960957, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158960957, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322167714660078002, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='177', pageEnd='352', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1769270400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158947863, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158947863, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=317, endPage=321, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322167769785807211, articleId=1322167769580286314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research on quality benchmarking and credit exchange of nursing specialty in joint EU-China, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article provides an introduction to the higher education structures in China and Europe,the current status of generic competencies of the quality benchmarking of the nursing specialty in joint EU-China tuning study project among Chinese nursing students,the current study load in core nursing courses at the Shanghai Sipo Polytechnic,and the current study load in courses in other institutions.It also provides a summary on the significance of the quality benchmarking of nursing specialty in higher education in joint EU-China for the reform and innovation of advanced nursing education in China.

, authors=Xiaoping SHEN, Meng YE, authorsList=Xiaoping SHEN, Meng YE, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Meng YE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YE Meng, E-mail:
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介绍中欧高等教育结构概况、我国护生的中欧高等教育对标项目通用能力现状、上海思博职业技术学院卫生技术与护理学院护理核心课程课业量现状、其他学院课程课业量现状,总结中欧高等教育对标项目研究对我国高等护理教育改革与创新的意义。

, authors=沈小平, 叶萌*, *, authorsList=沈小平, 叶萌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=叶萌, authorNote=

沈小平,教授,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
叶萌,E-mail:
YE Meng, E-mail:
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Investigation on the academic workload of core courses for nursing students

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课程每周预习/复习每周完成作业每周准备随堂测验、期中考试与期末考试
教师学生教师学生教师学生
解剖与组胚学1.01.11.51.212.012.0
生理学1.01.11.51.118.012.0
基础护理学2.01.41.01.321.013.8
护理美学与礼仪1.50.81.50.96.06.0
病理学1.51.22.01.29.012.7
药理学2.01.21.51.212.012.7
微生物免疫学0.51.00.51.221.011.7
健康评估2.01.21.51.319.013.0
医护英语2.01.02.01.016.011.0
护理心理学1.00.80.51.010.010.0
内科护理学1.01.31.01.321.013.5
外科护理学1.01.21.01.350.013.5
母婴护理学0.51.12.01.220.09.5
护理伦理学0.50.80.50.98.09.5
护理信息学0.50.81.00.910.09.5
儿科护理学1.01.21.01.220.012.6
急危重症护理学1.01.22.01.120.012.0
精神科护理学0.51.01.01.06.011.0
多元文化与护理0.50.90.51.08.09.0
), ArticleFig(id=1322529888419041640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322167769580286314, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

护生核心课程课业量调查

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课程每周预习/复习每周完成作业每周准备随堂测验、期中考试与期末考试
教师学生教师学生教师学生
解剖与组胚学1.01.11.51.212.012.0
生理学1.01.11.51.118.012.0
基础护理学2.01.41.01.321.013.8
护理美学与礼仪1.50.81.50.96.06.0
病理学1.51.22.01.29.012.7
药理学2.01.21.51.212.012.7
微生物免疫学0.51.00.51.221.011.7
健康评估2.01.21.51.319.013.0
医护英语2.01.02.01.016.011.0
护理心理学1.00.80.51.010.010.0
内科护理学1.01.31.01.321.013.5
外科护理学1.01.21.01.350.013.5
母婴护理学0.51.12.01.220.09.5
护理伦理学0.50.80.50.98.09.5
护理信息学0.50.81.00.910.09.5
儿科护理学1.01.21.01.220.012.6
急危重症护理学1.01.22.01.120.012.0
精神科护理学0.51.01.01.06.011.0
多元文化与护理0.50.90.51.08.09.0
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中欧护理专业质量对标与学分互换研究
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沈小平 , 叶萌 *, *
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(2): 317-321
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (2) : 317 -321
中欧护理专业质量对标与学分互换研究
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沈小平,教授,硕士研究生

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沈小平, 叶萌*, *
作者信息
  • 1上海思博职业技术学院,上海 201399
通讯作者:
叶萌,E-mail:
YE Meng, E-mail:
作者简介:

沈小平,教授,硕士研究生

Research on quality benchmarking and credit exchange of nursing specialty in joint EU-China
Xiaoping SHEN, Meng YE
Affiliations
  • 1Shanghai Sipo Polytechnic,Shanghai 201399 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YE Meng, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.018
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介绍中欧高等教育结构概况、我国护生的中欧高等教育对标项目通用能力现状、上海思博职业技术学院卫生技术与护理学院护理核心课程课业量现状、其他学院课程课业量现状,总结中欧高等教育对标项目研究对我国高等护理教育改革与创新的意义。

高等教育  /  护理  /  对标  /  学分

This article provides an introduction to the higher education structures in China and Europe,the current status of generic competencies of the quality benchmarking of the nursing specialty in joint EU-China tuning study project among Chinese nursing students,the current study load in core nursing courses at the Shanghai Sipo Polytechnic,and the current study load in courses in other institutions.It also provides a summary on the significance of the quality benchmarking of nursing specialty in higher education in joint EU-China for the reform and innovation of advanced nursing education in China.

higher education  /  nursing  /  benchmarking  /  academic credit
沈小平, 叶萌. 中欧护理专业质量对标与学分互换研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (2) : 317 -321 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.018
Xiaoping SHEN, Meng YE. Research on quality benchmarking and credit exchange of nursing specialty in joint EU-China[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (2) : 317 -321 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.018
我学院于2016—2021年成为教育部中欧高等教育对标项目第2期项目护理专业课题组组长和首席专家单位,是中欧高等教育学分互认与转换指导纲要的主要研究院校之一。本研究拟对中欧高等护理教育学分互认与课程兼容机制进行了深入探讨,旨在重构与国际标准接轨的护理专业课程体系和学分体系,弥补我国专业人才培养与国际脱节的短板,带动护理专业群的整体发展,促进护理专业建设内涵式发展,全面提升高等护理教育教学质量。
1999年,29个欧洲国家在意大利博洛尼亚举行会议以整合欧洲联盟高等教育资源、打通教育体制。会议的具体目标是消除欧洲各国之间学生流动的障碍;提高欧洲高等教育在全世界范围内的吸引力;确定欧洲范围内高等教育系统的共同框架,并在此框架内建立本科和研究生2个阶段的高等教育结构。此次会议签署了博洛尼亚宣言,确定了到2010年建立欧洲高等教育区(European higher education area,EHEA)的发展目标,并正式启动博洛尼亚进程(Bologna process)[1]。
在博洛尼亚进程影响下,2000年,西班牙的德乌斯托大学(University of Deusto)与荷兰的格罗宁根大学(University of Groningen)受欧盟委员会委托,主持开展了TESU,旨在通过制定与实施学科能力标准,推动欧洲高等教育的透明化、可比性与兼容性。TESU项目涵盖2个核心内容,即制订学科资格框架和进行学位课程的设计、实施、教学和评价。TESU以5个途径为基础,包括通用能力,如分析与综合、团队合作、解决问题和决策;学科特定能力,如知识、理解和技能;欧洲学分转换系统;学习策略、教学、评估和绩效;提高教学过程质量。TESU将能力划分为一般能力和学科特定能力,二者共同构成了学生的完整能力体系,其中,一般能力是大学生必须具备的基本素质,适用于不同学位课程的学生,是所有课程的培养目标,与专业无关,具有跨学科性、可迁移性和可转换性;而学科特定能力则是学生通过某一学科的学习必须达到的能力以及各学科领域必须掌握的具体方法和技术,学科特定能力与学生所学专业有直接联系,不同专业要求的能力不同。在TESU项目中,国际护理专家就本科护理学教育的学科特定能力达成了共识,界定出涵盖40个条目的六大能力,包括:1)专业价值和护理角色;2)护理实践和临床决策;3)护理技能、干预措施和活动;4)知识和认知能力;5)沟通和人际关系;6)领导、管理和团队能力[2]。与本科生相比,护理硕士研究生教育侧重提升知识衍生性,具备高级护理实践及专业化的护理能力;护理博士研究生侧重掌握护理教育和独立研究的能力。
通过贯彻《中国护理事业发展规划纲要(2011—2015年)》[3]和《全国护理事业发展规划(2016—2020年)》[4],实施《全国护理事业发展规划(2021—2025年)》[5],护士队伍结构得以进一步优化,护士学历水平与核心能力提高,但就目前而言,我国护理教育依然存在一定问题,制约了护理专业的发展。1)教育结构问题:护理教育结构不合理、不平衡。中等护理教育学校招生数量具有一定规模,高等护理院校尤其是本科教育发展速度和质量存在不平衡,研究生教育规模较小、质量参差不齐[6],与发达国家相比存在一定差距[7]。长期的高等护理教育发展不充分导致不同地区护理教师教育背景、带教经验、指导能力等存在数量和质量差异[8]。2)培养目标问题:各层次护理教育培养目标不够明确、清晰,导致与实际护理岗位需求存在差异[9]。理论与实践教学存在脱节,护生毕业后需要较长时间适应临床护士角色,常出现护理教育与临床实践脱节等问题[10]。尚缺乏培养具有国际视野、国际竞争力、国际护理执业能力的高素质护理人才的具体目标和方案。3)能力体系问题:我国护理教育侧重基础医学知识传授、护理技能培养,对情感沟通等人文素质的培养相对欠缺[11] ;护理专业的人文社会科学相关课程比例不高,低于美国、德国等国家的对应课程比例[12] ;随着服务范围的扩大和多元趋势的加强,我国护理人员相关核心能力需进一步调整和更新[13],“互联网+”融合型教材研究尚待进一步完善[14] ;护理学科开展的干预性研究不足[15]。
本研究以我国35所护理学院、26所教学医院的1 345名在校护生、332名学校护理教师、120名临床护理带教为对象进行中欧高等教育对标项目通用能力调查。1 345名在校护生中,专科生人数最多,为625人(46.5%);其次为本科生,为561人(41.7%);研究生最少,为159人(11.8%)。332名学校护理教师中,专科生护理教师人数最多,为109人(32.8%);其次为本科生护理教师,为134人(40.4%);研究生护理教师人数最少,为89人(26.8%)。35所护理学院分别来自28个城市,其中上海最多(5所),其次为成都、无锡、吉林(各2所),其余24个城市(重庆、天津、南京、西安、哈尔滨、长春、昆明、济南、苏州、太原、大连、保定、贵阳、莆田、南通、襄阳、济宁、泸州、齐齐哈尔、荆州、锦州、衢州、佳木斯、运城)均为1所。28个城市又分别来自3个直辖市(上海、天津、重庆)和14个省(黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省、河北省、山东省、山西省、陕西省、江苏省、湖北省、四川省、浙江省、贵州省、云南省、福建省)。26所教学医院分别来自10个城市,其中无锡最多(8所),其次为上海(6所),此外,成都3所,太原、襄阳各2所,重庆、乌鲁木齐、宁波、台州、开远各1所。10个城市又分别来自2个直辖市(上海、重庆)、6个省(山西省、湖北省、四川省、江苏省、浙江省、云南省)和1个自治区(新疆维吾尔自治区)。
中文版欧盟对标项目通用能力列表整体评分结果显示,在校护生对自身评估得分由高到低依次为研究生(1.437 5分)、本科生(1.398 5分)、专科生(1.216 1分),学校护理教师对护生评估得分由高到低依次为研究生(1.572 5分)、本科生(1.423 4分)、专科生(1.121 2分),学校护理教师对本科生、研究生的评估得分高于护生对自身的评估得分。临床护理带教对专科生的评估得分为(1.382 8分),高于学校护理教师。
进一步分析发现,专科生实践相关条目得分相对较高(如“能够将知识应用到实际情况中去”),语言相关条目得分较低(如“能够用官方书面语言沟通,同时具备口语交流能力”);本科生团队协作能力相关条目得分较高(如“具有团队合作能力”),管理相关条目得分较低(如“能够计划和管理时间”);研究生管理相关条目得分较高(如“能够设计并管理项目”),沟通相关条目得分较低(如“即使在处理棘手的问题时,也能够以建设性的方式与他人沟通”)。
对上海思博职业技术学院卫生技术与护理学院护理核心课程课业量现状进行调查,可一定程度上了解我国护理专业课程课业量,进而可更好地与欧盟国家学分积累转换系统(ECTS)进行对比。
以上海思博职业技术学院卫生技术与护理学院的一年级护生、二年级护生、专业教师为对象进行护理核心课程课业量调查。向一年级护生发放600份问卷,回收有效问卷539份,问卷有效回收率为89.8%;向二年级护生发放500份问卷,回收有效问卷475份,问卷有效回收率为95.0%;向专业教师发放24份专业课业量调查问卷,回收有效问卷21份,问卷有效回收率为87.5%。
我研究团队在教育部指导下于2019年11月进行专业调研及学生课业调查,旨在了解我国高校学分制实施和专业培养方案情况,为建立中欧高校间学分、学历互认机制提供研究基础。问卷1共回收10所院校问卷,其中8所为高职院校,2所为本科院校。问卷2共回收112份问卷,其中高职院校学生问卷55份,高职院校教师问卷37份,本科院校学生问卷12份,本科院校教师问卷8份。具体数据见图1~图4。
参照国际护理专业标准和ECTS,科学计算以学生为中心完成学分所需的学业工作量,有利于重构专业课程体系和学分体系,带动护理专业群的整体发展。
护理评估(以循证为基础的临床工作)对接欧盟护理专业通用能力核心标准31条、对接中国和国际护士执业标准,对标ECTS和以学生为中心的学业工作量的科学合理算法,有利于改革以教师为中心的单纯以课时量为基础的护理专业学分设计和计算方式。
将学习过程的质量保证方式和学生课业量考虑在内,并对高等护理各学历层次护生的学习成果进行对比,有利于为调整课程体系和学习计划、加强学生学习能力的培养提供条件,其适应我国专科化发展需求,有利于为学生、教师、在职护理人员搭建多途径(赴欧盟国家留学、专升本等)发展平台,从基础技能、单项专业技能、综合专业技能、临床顶岗实习进行课内课外双线并进。
ECTS是基于学习结果和学习过程透明度建立的学分积累和转换系统,其目标是通过加快计划实施、转换、评估、认可资格和学习单元等方面促进各国学生之间的国际流动性。通过对我国高等护理院校的调查,发现了我国高等护理专业主要核心课程的课时与学生学业量、学习成果数据与欧盟系统的差别,即我国1个学分=16课时+40学业工作量,换算成ECTS,即我国1个学分=1.35-1.5ECTS学分,其结果已被我国教育部与欧盟委员会青年、文化与教育总司采纳,并发布在《中欧高等教育学分互认和转换指导纲要》中。
通过对我国多所护理高等院校调查,并与欧盟专家不断探讨对接,研究者制定了我国本科以及高职护理专业课程项目描述的参考框架,其中本科护理专业课程项目为护理学科领域学士学位课程描述的调优资格参考框架(元配置文件)[tuning qualification reference framework(Meta-profile) of general descriptors of a bachelor programme in the subject area of nursing],专科护理专业课程项目为护理学科领域大专课程描述的调优资格参考框架(元配置文件)[tuning qualification reference framework(Meta-profile) of general descriptors of a diploma programme in the subject area of nursing]。在该框架指导下,我国新的高等护理专业学分转换系统得以构建,为我国高等护理教育的国际化发展奠定了基础,促进了《中欧高等教育学分互认和转换指导纲要》的正式形成。
随着国际交流平台的建立以及中外合作项目的增加,中外院校间学分和课程体系互认逐步实现,这也为引进并二次开发中外合作教材,以“一带一路”引领与荷兰、芬兰等国的合作交流创造了条件。
2016年起,我院教学体系融入欧盟国家护理专业标准与ECTS,形成了“以培养学生专业核心素养、信息素养、人文素养为主,融合职业资格考证要素,探索护理专业国际化教育途径为一体”的高等教育护理人才培养模式,进一步促进了我校护理专业毕业生就业率增高、专业对口率增加、半年离职率降低、护生对学校满意度上升。
学分转换系统是教育国际化趋势,基于中欧高等教育学分互认和转换指导纲要框架的中欧高等护理专业质量对标与学分互认研究,有利于使高等护理教育通过标准化手段评估和认定不同学习类型的学生在不同学习时间内获得的学习成果,提高学生的自我学习能力和动力。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.02.018
  • 接收时间:2025-03-24
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-01-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-24
  • 修回日期:2025-12-24
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    1上海思博职业技术学院,上海 201399

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叶萌,E-mail:
YE Meng, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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