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Article(id=1322165099033375673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322164984558243894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1743177600000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-29, revisedDate=1763308800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158324248, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158324248, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158324248, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158324248, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164984558243894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158296955, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158296955, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=142, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322165100866286522, articleId=1322165099033375673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Assessment of information quality on insulin injection for type 2 diabetes patients based on DeepSeek, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To evaluate the quality of DeepSeek's responses to questions related to insulin injection in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Based on expert consensus and clinical practice for type 2 diabetes patients, 10 frequently asked questions regarding insulin injection were selected and input into DeepSeek to obtain answers. The responses were scored based on the consensus report jointly issued by the American Diabetes Association(ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes(EASD),across three dimensions:effectiveness(1-4 points),safety(1-4 points),and practicality(1-4 points).

Results

The average scores for DeepSeek's responses were 3.6 for effectiveness,4.0 for safety,and 4.0 for practicality.Incomplete information was identified in 40% of the responses,but no safety risks were found.

Conclusions

DeepSeek can serve as an auxiliary tool for insulin injection education;however,its responses should be supplemented with guidance from healthcare professionals to ensure information completeness.

, authors=Shan RAN, Ying YANG, authorsList=Shan RAN, Ying YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shan RAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
冉珊，主管护师，E-mail：
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目的

评估DeepSeek对2型糖尿病病人胰岛素注射相关问题的回答质量。

方法

基于2型糖尿病病人相关专家共识和临床实践，筛选出10个2型糖尿病病人最常问的胰岛素注射问题，输入DeepSeek获取回答，并依据美国糖尿病协会（ADA）和欧洲糖尿病研究协会（EASD）共同发布的管理共识报告从有效性（1~4分）、安全性（1~4分）和实用性（1~4分）3个维度进行评分。

结果

DeepSeek的回答有效性均分为3.6分，安全性均分为4.0分，实用性均分为4.0分。40%的回答存在信息不完整的问题，但无安全性风险。

结论

DeepSeek可作为胰岛素注射教育的辅助工具，但其回答需结合医务人员指导以确保信息完整性。

, authors=冉珊, 杨英, authorsList=冉珊, 杨英, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冉珊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
RAN Shan, E-mail:
冉珊，主管护师，E-mail：
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education and support[J].The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care,2022,48(1):44-59., articleTitle=2022 national standards for diabetes self-management education and support, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529763563000409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165099033375673, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=39, issue=15, pageStart=120, pageEnd=124, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=林艳, 蒋新军, 邢树平, journalName=护理学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=林艳,蒋新军,邢树平,等.数字疗法在2型糖尿病患者自我管理中的应用进展[J].护理学杂志,2024,39(15):120-124., articleTitle=数字疗法在2型糖尿病患者自我管理中的应用进展, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322529758273983026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165099033375673, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322529758282371635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165099033375673, 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Likert scale ratings for each answer generated by DeepSeek

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问题有效性安全性实用性总分
1）如何正确注射胰岛素34411
2）注射部位有哪些44412
3）胰岛素针头能重复使用吗44412
4）胰岛素忘记打了怎么办44412
5）胰岛素如何储存44412
6）速效、中效、长效胰岛素有什么区别，如何选择44412
7）胰岛素注射有哪些副作用44412
8）胰岛素治疗方案如何调整34411
9）如何预防低血糖34411
10）使用胰岛素期间如何进行运动锻炼34411
), ArticleFig(id=1322529761696535116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165099033375673, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

DeepSeek生成答案的Likert量表评分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
问题有效性安全性实用性总分
1）如何正确注射胰岛素34411
2）注射部位有哪些44412
3）胰岛素针头能重复使用吗44412
4）胰岛素忘记打了怎么办44412
5）胰岛素如何储存44412
6）速效、中效、长效胰岛素有什么区别，如何选择44412
7）胰岛素注射有哪些副作用44412
8）胰岛素治疗方案如何调整34411
9）如何预防低血糖34411
10）使用胰岛素期间如何进行运动锻炼34411
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基于DeepSeek的2型糖尿病病人胰岛素注射信息质量评估
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冉珊 , 杨英
护理研究 | 综合研究 2026,40(1): 142-145
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护理研究 |综合研究 2026 , 40 (1) : 142 -145
基于DeepSeek的2型糖尿病病人胰岛素注射信息质量评估
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冉珊 , 杨英
作者信息
  • 1华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院，湖北 430048
通讯作者:
RAN Shan, E-mail:
冉珊，主管护师，E-mail：
Assessment of information quality on insulin injection for type 2 diabetes patients based on DeepSeek
Shan RAN , Ying YANG
Affiliations
  • 1Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430048 China
    • Corresponding Author:
    冉珊，主管护师，E-mail：
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.020
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摘要
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目的

评估DeepSeek对2型糖尿病病人胰岛素注射相关问题的回答质量。

方法

基于2型糖尿病病人相关专家共识和临床实践，筛选出10个2型糖尿病病人最常问的胰岛素注射问题，输入DeepSeek获取回答，并依据美国糖尿病协会（ADA）和欧洲糖尿病研究协会（EASD）共同发布的管理共识报告从有效性（1~4分）、安全性（1~4分）和实用性（1~4分）3个维度进行评分。

结果

DeepSeek的回答有效性均分为3.6分，安全性均分为4.0分，实用性均分为4.0分。40%的回答存在信息不完整的问题，但无安全性风险。

结论

DeepSeek可作为胰岛素注射教育的辅助工具，但其回答需结合医务人员指导以确保信息完整性。

2型糖尿病  /  胰岛素  /  注射  /  健康教育  /  DeepSeek  /  智能问答
Objective

To evaluate the quality of DeepSeek's responses to questions related to insulin injection in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Based on expert consensus and clinical practice for type 2 diabetes patients, 10 frequently asked questions regarding insulin injection were selected and input into DeepSeek to obtain answers. The responses were scored based on the consensus report jointly issued by the American Diabetes Association(ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes(EASD),across three dimensions:effectiveness(1-4 points),safety(1-4 points),and practicality(1-4 points).

Results

The average scores for DeepSeek's responses were 3.6 for effectiveness,4.0 for safety,and 4.0 for practicality.Incomplete information was identified in 40% of the responses,but no safety risks were found.

Conclusions

DeepSeek can serve as an auxiliary tool for insulin injection education;however,its responses should be supplemented with guidance from healthcare professionals to ensure information completeness.

type 2 diabetes  /  insulin  /  injection  /  health education  /  DeepSeek  /  intelligent Q&A
冉珊, 杨英. 基于DeepSeek的2型糖尿病病人胰岛素注射信息质量评估. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (1) : 142 -145 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.020
Shan RAN, Ying YANG. Assessment of information quality on insulin injection for type 2 diabetes patients based on DeepSeek[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (1) : 142 -145 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.020
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糖尿病是全球公共卫生挑战，影响着数以百万计的人群。根据国际糖尿病联合会的报告，2021年全球成年人中2型糖尿病的患病人数为5.366亿人（占10.5%）[1]。预计到2045年，2型糖尿病病人人数将增加至7.832亿人（占12.2%）,其中我国病人数将超过1.74亿人[1]。在这些病人中，90%为2型糖尿病[1]。胰岛素注射是血糖管理的关键手段，但其操作细节（如注射部位轮换、剂量调整）直接影响治疗效果[2]。对于2型糖尿病病人来说，采用正确的胰岛素注射方法及管理至关重要[3]。一般而言，2型糖尿病病人主要通过医务人员获得胰岛素注射方法和药品储存等信息。随着互联网的快速发展，病人可以在线获取特定疾病或状况的医疗信息。然而，互联网提供的信息量大，这使得病人在阅读、选择和获取个人相关的信息时可能面临挑战。最近，生成式人工智能（generative artificial intelligence，GAI）正以前所未有的速度和深度重塑医学领域[4]。杭州深度求索人工智能基础技术研究有限公司发布DeepSeek模型，标志着GAI技术实现新的关键突破[5]。DeepSeek有望成为2型糖尿病病人的有用搜索引擎[6]。然而，人工智能（AI）生成内容的准确性及完整性需进行系统评估，本研究旨在针对DeepSeek对2型糖尿病病人胰岛素注射相关问题的回答质量进行分析。
1　方法
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1.1　问题筛选与验证
于2025年1月—2月，由6名医护人员收集糖尿病诊治相关指南和专家共识[7-9]。6名医护人员中，主任医师1人，副主任医师1人，主管护师4人，其中2人为糖尿病专科教育护士。根据门诊及线上问诊，最终确定10个胰岛素注射相关问题：1）如何正确注射胰岛素？2）注射部位有哪些？3）胰岛素针头能重复使用吗？4）胰岛素忘记打了怎么办？5）胰岛素如何储存？6）速效、中效、长效胰岛素有什么区别，如何选择？7）胰岛素注射有哪些副作用？8）胰岛素治疗方案如何调整？9）如何预防低血糖？10）使用胰岛素期间如何进行运动锻炼？
1.2　评估流程
使用改良的德尔菲技术评估DeepSeek提供的信息，包括会前问题开发、面对面共识会议和会后反馈。每个问题输入DeepSeek 3次，记录回答，由2名糖尿病专家独立评分，分歧通过小组成员进行会议讨论解决。
1.3　评分标准
依据美国糖尿病协会（ADA）和欧洲糖尿病研究协会（EASD）共同发布的管理共识报告[10]，采用Likert量表评估DeepSeek生成答案的有效性、安全性和实用性。Likert量表是医学教育研究中常用的序数量表。本研究中，有效性、安全性和实用性的评分均为1~4分，4分表示最有效、最安全、最有用的回答，1分表示不完整或错误的答案。评估DeepSeek生成答案的有效性、安全性和实用性的Likert量表计分方法如下。1）有效性：完全错误的信息（DeepSeek回答的所有信息在医学来源中找不到或不准确或不完整）计1分；部分错误的信息（DeepSeek回答的一些信息在医学来源中找不到或包含错误或不完整）计2分；可靠但不完整的信息（DeepSeek回答的所有信息在医学来源中找到且准确，但有一些不完整的元素）计3分；完全可靠和完整的信息（DeepSeek回答的所有信息在医学来源中找到且完整）计4分。2）安全性：对病人状况有显著且确定的危险计1分；对病人状况有中度潜在危险计2分；对病人状况有最小潜在危险计3分；无危险计4分。3）实用性：对病人没有用处（没有有用的信息）计1分；对病人部分有用（提供的信息中少于50%是有用的）计2分；对病人有中等程度的用处（提供的信息中有≥50%~<100%是有用的）计3分；完全有用（提供的所有信息都是有用的）计4分。
2　结果
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2.1　回答质量
DeepSeek生成的回答及其对应的Likert量表评分结果见表1。DeepSeek的回答有效性均分为3.6分，安全性均分为4.0分，实用性均分为4.0分。DeepSeek通常提供了组织良好的指令列表，使用了技术术语。内容与美国糖尿病协会的立场声明以及中国糖尿病协会的实践指南一致。每个问题的有效性得分为3~4分，表明DeepSeek的回答是准确的。然而，有4个（40%）问题（1、8、9、10题）的答案提供了不完整的信息。DeepSeek每个问题生成的答案的安全性评分均为4分，始终强调个性化管理策略，并有安全提示，建议在医生指导下制定专属计划。对每个问题回答的实用性评分也为4分，表明提供的信息对病人有益。
2.2　不完整信息示例
1）在第1题注射方法中，DeepSeek建议注射胰岛素的正确详细步骤，但没有提到注射前需检查注射部位有无皮下脂肪增生、炎症、水肿、溃疡或感染等。2）第8题胰岛素方案调整中，DeepSeek建议根据病人的血糖水平、生活方式、并发症和个体反应进行个性化管理，但没有提到如何根据当前血糖、血糖趋势、病情变化以及预期的身体活动调整胰岛素剂量。3）第9题预防低血糖中，DeepSeek提供的策略涵盖日常管理、用药安全、应急处理及生活方式调整，帮助糖尿病病人预防低血糖。但方案中未提及1次或多次2级或3级低血糖事件应提示重新评估治疗方案，包括在适当情况下减少或更换糖尿病药物。同时，也未提及定期评估病人认知功能的情况。4）第10题运动锻炼中，DeepSeek建议病人每周至少进行150 min的有氧运动，可以分解为每天30 min，每周5 d。但没有关于每周至少锻炼3 d且不连续休息2 d的信息。而且该方案中未提到运动前的评估，然而，对于年龄超过30岁且糖尿病病史超过10年的2型糖尿病病人，指南建议进行压力测试。
3　讨论
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3.1　DeepSeek的优势
糖尿病自我管理与教育是一个促进知识和技能获取的过程，以改善血糖控制和生活质量，并减少急性及慢性糖尿病并发症。糖尿病的自我管理对于病人的治疗和护理至关重要，能够提升病人的生活质量，减少住院治疗次数并降低医疗费用[11]。通常，医疗保健专业人员提供初始糖尿病自我管理教育，而持续支持可以通过各种社区资源获得。我国医疗资源分布不均，传统医疗模式受限于时间、空间和医疗资源不足，无法为病人提供持续、全面的健康管理，影响了糖尿病病人的自我管理效果[12]。随着人工智能大语言模型软件的兴起，它打破了传统教育和管理模式的限制，实现了对病人的个性化治疗和管理，具有便捷、高效的特点。本研究评估了DeepSeek生成的糖尿病病人胰岛素注射相关问题回答的质量和准确性，结果显示，其提供的回答与ADA指南一致性高。在基础问题（如胰岛素储存、针头使用）上表现优异。
3.2　DeepSeek的局限性
3.2.1　信息深度不足
本研究结果显示，40%的回答不完整，在复杂临床场景（如胰岛素剂量调整、低血糖事件处理）中，DeepSeek的回答缺乏细节。例如，问题8（胰岛素治疗方案调整）未提及“根据血糖趋势动态调整胰岛素剂量”等具体操作步骤。对特殊人群（如老年病人、妊娠期糖尿病病人）的个性化建议缺失。例如，未说明老年病人需降低夜间长效胰岛素剂量以避免夜间低血糖，这样会导致病人可能因信息不完整而误解操作流程，导致血糖控制不稳定（如过量注射引发低血糖）。同时，医务人员需额外纠正AI提供的信息，增加临床沟通成本。
3.2.2　术语适应性不足
回答中频繁使用专业术语（如“皮下脂肪增生”“糖化血红蛋白”），未针对低教育水平病人进行通俗化解释。可能引起病人因理解障碍而错误操作，例如将“轮换注射部位”误解为“随意选择位置”，引发局部并发症。
3.2.3　应用场景局限
DeepSeek当前仅支持文本问答，缺乏可视化指导（如注射手法视频、胰岛素笔操作动画），无法根据病人实时数据（如近期血糖记录）提供动态建议，导致病人依赖单一文本信息，可能忽视实际操作中的细节（如注射角度、停留时间）。
3.3　DeepSeek改进建议
3.3.1　增强信息深度与个性化
在AI训练数据中纳入细分场景案例（如“妊娠期胰岛素调整”），并添加流程图辅助解释复杂流程。开发病人分层模块，根据年龄、并发症等标签自动适配回答深度（如为老年病人简化语言）。
3.3.2　术语通俗化与多模态支持
可联合医学教育专家与语言学家，设计“术语替换库”（如将“皮下脂肪增生”改为“皮肤硬结”，将“糖化血红蛋白”替换为“3个月平均血糖值”）。嵌入图文结合内容，例如用示意图标注“注射部位轮换区域”。
3.3.3　拓展应用场景与动态交互
1）集成病人健康档案：允许AI读取血糖数据后生成个性化建议（如“您最近3天餐后血糖偏高，建议检查速效胰岛素注射时间”）。2）添加视频库：链接权威机构发布的注射操作示范视频[如美国疾病控制与预防中心(CDC)胰岛素注射指南]。3）在社区卫生服务中心部署DeepSeek终端机，提供“AI+护士”双轨指导。4）构建“AI-医务人员-病人”协同平台，通过AI预处理病人疑问，医务人员审核关键回答，形成闭环教育体系。
4　小结
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本研究系统评估了DeepSeek在2型糖尿病病人胰岛素注射相关问题回答的质量和准确性。结果显示，DeepSeek能够基于国际指南生成安全性高（均分4.0分）、实用性明确（均分4.0分）的回答，且在基础问题（如胰岛素储存、注射部位选择）上表现出较高的准确性（有效性均分3.6分）。这表明DeepSeek可作为糖尿病自我管理教育的有效补充工具，尤其在医疗资源匮乏地区或复诊间隔期，能够为病人提供即时、标准化的指导。总之，DeepSeek为代表的生成式AI为糖尿病管理提供了新范式，但其临床价值实现需以“辅助而非替代”为核心原则，通过技术迭代与多学科协作，最终推动精准医疗的普惠化。
此外，本研究存在一些局限性，如Likert量表并未经过验证即用于评估DeepSeek的答案；未评估病人对回答的实际理解程度且评分依赖专家主观判断，未来研究需引入病人反馈量表。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.020
  • 接收时间：2025-03-29
  • 首发时间：2026-10-28
  • 出版时间：2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-29
  • 修回日期：2025-11-17
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    1华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院，湖北 430048

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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