Article(id=1322165087956218725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322164984558243894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740412800000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-25, revisedDate=1763395200000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158321607, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158321607, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158321607, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158321607, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164984558243894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158296955, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158296955, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=115, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322165088233042791, articleId=1322165087956218725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Differences in application of interview method among three qualitative research methods in nursing, columnId=1322165088144962406, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Methodology Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the differences in the application of interview method among grounded theory research, phenomenological research,and Q methodology in nursing qualitative research,so as to improve nursing researchers' ability to distinguish these three methods and provide references for method selection.

Methods

From the perspective of the interview method,a systematic collation and comparative analysis were conducted on the differences among grounded theory research,phenomenological research,and Q methodology in five aspects:application scope,interview sample selection,data collection,content analysis,and result presentation.

Results

There were significant differences in interview strategies among the three methods.Grounded theory emphasizes theory generation and adopts theoretical sampling and constant comparative analysis;phenomenology focuses on the essence of life experience,with an emphasis on in-depth description and theme extraction;Q methodology integrates qualitative and quantitative methods to reveal subjective structures through statement sorting and factor analysis.Each method has its own focus in sample selection,data processing,and result expression,and should be selected reasonably according to the research question.

Conclusions

Nursing researchers should accurately grasp the methodological differences in the application of interview method among grounded theory,phenomenological research,and Q methodology,and select appropriate methods according to the research purpose.This will help improve the scientificity and rigor of research and promote the standardized application of qualitative research in the field of nursing.

, authors=Jiangyun PENG, Chongqing SHI, authorsList=Jiangyun PENG, Chongqing SHI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chongqing SHI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SHI Chongqing, E-mail:
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目的

探讨扎根理论研究、现象学研究及Q方法学在护理质性研究中应用访谈法的差异,以提高护理研究者对这3种方法的区分能力,并为方法选择提供参考。

方法

从访谈法的视角出发,对扎根理论研究、现象学研究与Q方法学在应用范围、访谈样本选取、资料收集、内容分析及结果呈现5个方面的差异进行系统梳理与比较分析。

结果

3种方法在访谈策略上存在明显差异。扎根理论强调理论生成,采用理论抽样和持续比较分析;现象学关注生活经验的本质,侧重于深度描述和主题提炼;Q方法则通过陈述排序和因子分析,融合定性与定量手段以揭示主观性结构。每种方法在样本选择、资料处理及结果表达上各有侧重,需根据研究问题合理选用。

结论

护理研究者应准确把握扎根理论、现象学研究和Q方法学在访谈应用中的方法论差异,根据研究目的选择适宜的方法,以提升研究的科学性和严谨性,推动质性研究在护理领域的规范应用。

, authors=彭姜芸, 史崇清*, *, authorsList=彭姜芸, 史崇清, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=史崇清, authorNote=

彭姜芸,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
史崇清,E-mail:
SHI Chongqing, E-mail:
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访谈法在3种护理学质性研究中的应用差异
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彭姜芸 , 史崇清 *, *
护理研究 | 方法学研究 2026,40(1): 115-120
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护理研究 |方法学研究 2026 , 40 (1) : 115 -120
访谈法在3种护理学质性研究中的应用差异
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彭姜芸, 史崇清*, *
作者信息
  • 1武汉科技大学医学院,湖北 430065
通讯作者:
史崇清,E-mail:
SHI Chongqing, E-mail:
作者简介:

彭姜芸,硕士研究生在读

Differences in application of interview method among three qualitative research methods in nursing
Jiangyun PENG, Chongqing SHI
Affiliations
  • 1School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430065 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SHI Chongqing, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.016
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目的

探讨扎根理论研究、现象学研究及Q方法学在护理质性研究中应用访谈法的差异,以提高护理研究者对这3种方法的区分能力,并为方法选择提供参考。

方法

从访谈法的视角出发,对扎根理论研究、现象学研究与Q方法学在应用范围、访谈样本选取、资料收集、内容分析及结果呈现5个方面的差异进行系统梳理与比较分析。

结果

3种方法在访谈策略上存在明显差异。扎根理论强调理论生成,采用理论抽样和持续比较分析;现象学关注生活经验的本质,侧重于深度描述和主题提炼;Q方法则通过陈述排序和因子分析,融合定性与定量手段以揭示主观性结构。每种方法在样本选择、资料处理及结果表达上各有侧重,需根据研究问题合理选用。

结论

护理研究者应准确把握扎根理论、现象学研究和Q方法学在访谈应用中的方法论差异,根据研究目的选择适宜的方法,以提升研究的科学性和严谨性,推动质性研究在护理领域的规范应用。

扎根理论研究  /  现象学研究  /  Q方法学  /  访谈法  /  差异
Objective

To explore the differences in the application of interview method among grounded theory research, phenomenological research,and Q methodology in nursing qualitative research,so as to improve nursing researchers' ability to distinguish these three methods and provide references for method selection.

Methods

From the perspective of the interview method,a systematic collation and comparative analysis were conducted on the differences among grounded theory research,phenomenological research,and Q methodology in five aspects:application scope,interview sample selection,data collection,content analysis,and result presentation.

Results

There were significant differences in interview strategies among the three methods.Grounded theory emphasizes theory generation and adopts theoretical sampling and constant comparative analysis;phenomenology focuses on the essence of life experience,with an emphasis on in-depth description and theme extraction;Q methodology integrates qualitative and quantitative methods to reveal subjective structures through statement sorting and factor analysis.Each method has its own focus in sample selection,data processing,and result expression,and should be selected reasonably according to the research question.

Conclusions

Nursing researchers should accurately grasp the methodological differences in the application of interview method among grounded theory,phenomenological research,and Q methodology,and select appropriate methods according to the research purpose.This will help improve the scientificity and rigor of research and promote the standardized application of qualitative research in the field of nursing.

grounded theory research  /  phenomenological research  /  Q methodology  /  interview method  /  difference
彭姜芸, 史崇清. 访谈法在3种护理学质性研究中的应用差异. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (1) : 115 -120 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.016
Jiangyun PENG, Chongqing SHI. Differences in application of interview method among three qualitative research methods in nursing[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (1) : 115 -120 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.016
访谈法是收集定性资料最常用的方法。Baker等[1]认为在不同的研究方法中,数据收集和分析的策略应与所用的研究方法保持一致。扎根理论研究、现象学研究和Q方法研究中均用访谈法收集定性资料,但每种方法的哲学基础不同,访谈法在不同研究中的应用存在差异[2]。然而,护理研究者在应用访谈法时,忽略了不同研究中访谈的差异[3-4]。当前,我国的质性研究存在追求“硬证据”的科学化倾向,降低了质性研究的规范性和质量[5]。本研究对扎根理论研究、现象学研究和Q方法研究的应用范围进行阐述,总结归纳3种方法在访谈样本选取、访谈资料收集、访谈内容分析和研究结果呈现上的差异,旨在提高护理研究者对3种质性研究方法的认识,推动其在护理领域科学、规范的应用,为研究者选择合适的研究方法提供参考。
质性研究是指通过发掘问题、理解事件现象、分析人类的行为与观点以及回答提问来获取敏锐的洞察力。护理研究中常用的质性研究方法包括现象学研究和扎根理论研究,用于观察、记录、分析和解释护理研究现象[6-7]。
扎根理论适用于探索人们经验和行为的本质,强调从文本数据中挖掘反映社会现象的核心概念,并建立各概念间的联系,生成新的理论[8]。
现象学研究是一种观察特定的现象,分析该现象中的内在成分和外在成分,把其中的重要要素提炼出来,并探讨各要素之间及各要素与周围情境之间关系的质性研究方法[9]。研究者注重描述或解释个人的生活经历,并定义个人生活经验的意义,但不仅仅依赖于对特定现象的感知和解释[10]。现象学研究现已广泛应用于心理学、社会学、教育学、护理学等领域,尤其适用于探讨人们的情感、认知、行为和社会互动等复杂现象[11]。在护理领域中,现象学研究方法主要用于探究与健康和疾病有关的主观认识或生活体验,如研究病人对疾病的体验[12]。
Q方法的目的与质性研究一样,都用于探究人类主观性。Q方法适用于研究个人态度、感受、价值观、临床决策和生活经历等主观性问题,重视参与者对社会现象不同观点的优先级排序,能对特定的现象进行更深入的解释[13-15]。Q方法已被广泛应用于护理教育、临床实践、健康照护、循证决策等多个领域,有利于护理人员理解更复杂的健康照护过程,而国内护理领域应用该方法学的研究较少[16]。
扎根理论、现象学、Q方法研究均从研究对象的视角了解问题的本质,利于深入挖掘并解释研究问题。然而,扎根理论的核心在于其“自下而上”的理论生成过程。它强调从原始数据中直接提炼概念,并通过不断比较和分类,逐步构建出具有解释力的理论框架。现象学则是一种“由内而外”的研究方法,它聚焦于个体的主观经验和意识现象。现象学强调对研究对象进行直接的、不带偏见的观察和描述,旨在揭示出事物本身的本质和意义。尽管Q方法的目的与质性研究一致,但在对定性资料的分析过程中还结合了因子分析。Q方法通过收集大量关于某一主题的陈述,并让研究对象对这些陈述进行排序,从而揭示出不同个体或群体在观点上的差异和共性。
质性研究中样本的选取并不是首先考虑样本的代表性,而是由研究问题和目的决定,研究者需要在抽样策略中描述选择该抽样方法的理由。质性研究的抽样方法常使用非概率抽样中的目的性抽样,即按照研究目的抽取能够为研究问题提供最大信息量的研究对象[17]。质性研究的样本量通常较小,取决于研究的认识论、方法论、研究的范围和研究问题的性质、数据的质量和研究设计[18-20],达到理论资料饱和即可。一个人对一个研究主题有多个不同的看法,不一定需要大样本来收集定性资料。具体的访谈人数需要根据不同的研究问题而定。
扎根理论研究招募有不同研究现象体验的参与者,以探索社会现象的多个维度。扎根理论采用目的抽样结合理论抽样的策略,主要为理论抽样。初始抽样时,研究者根据研究问题抽取“典型性”样本,通过对第1个参与者访谈内容的分析,指导并选取下1次的抽样对象。通过对第2个参与者访谈内容的分析又可指导后续的抽样对象,该方法利于研究者对概念有更深入、更丰富的理解。这一过程持续到所有的概念达到理论饱和为止,即当研究人员发现在访谈中所获得的信息开始重复,访谈对象不再提供新的、重要的主题时,就达到信息饱和[21]。扎根理论研究不允许研究者事先列出假设从而用访谈资料去验证假设问题,经典的扎根理论研究访谈样本量为10~60人[18-19]。
Q方法研究中有“两个样本”。Q样本是从学者、专家、特殊利益者对某一议题进行讨论形成的观点集中抽出的具有代表性的样本,以陈述的形式呈现。观点主要来源于主题相关的研究文献、访谈、问卷调查和媒体等,要求收集的观点涵盖范围广泛[22]。理想情况下收集观点直到饱和为止[23]。P样本为研究对象,一般包含研究主题领域的专家及特殊利益相关者,需要对Q样本进行排序[13]。这个排序结果即体现了参与者的主观性,此外,P样本还需要解释这样排序的理由[22]。该研究方法多用目的抽样招募特定范围内的不同群体进行访谈以获得Q样本,为确保Q样本最大程度涵盖研究主题的全部观点,研究者需要遵循最大差异化原则筛选被访者。例如,Paige等[24]运用Q方法探讨护理教育者和护理学生对虚拟活动设计的看法,该研究选择不同学历层次和职业背景的研究对象,以达到此类人群的最大差异。样本量依据研究目的和专家经验而定。研究对象的数量为20~60人[25-26]。Q样本与P样本的比例至少为2∶1[27]。Q方法中,为收集Q样本而选取的受访者与进行Q排序选取研究对象不要求完全一致[28]。
现象学研究中也使用目的抽样,参与者需要满足研究者预先设好的标准,最主要的是看参与者是否有研究主题的相关经历。研究者需要针对性地寻找有丰富经历或经验、但一般特征不同的参与者[18]。例如,一项分析助产学生对产科暴力看法的现象学研究将招募在不同实习医院中看过分娩过程并照护过分娩病人的四年级助产学生[29]。样本的选取以达到资料饱和为准,即质性资料分析过程中不再出现新的概念或主题。选择的样本量要能确保所收集的访谈资料的深度和广度,样本量小有利于研究者对每个人进行全面、详细地访谈,样本量大可确保探索的现实经验和主观评价中可能存在的异质性[30]。样本量为1~10人[18]。
扎根理论在选取样本方面最显著的特点是上一个对象的访谈过程会影响下一个对象的选择,而现象学和Q方法是先选好访谈对象,再对其进行同步访谈。3种方法对访谈样本的选取均遵循资料饱和原则,但扎根理论和现象学所指的访谈样本均为该研究的研究对象,而Q方法中,访谈样本不完全代指研究对象。
3种方法的数据收集策略除了访谈法以外,都结合使用观察法和文献查阅比较法收集资料。通过查阅资料及梳理文献制定访谈提纲,指导访谈进行。通过观察法,研究人员可以收集有关参与者在访谈过程中的非语言行为数据,访谈过程中除了记录访谈内容外,还需同时关注受访者的表情、语气、动作,以便于捕捉受访者所有细节,鼓励访谈对象表达内心感受有利于收集更丰富的信息[31]。
扎根理论收集资料是一个自下而上的过程,逐层深入分析访谈资料,螺旋式地逐渐提升每个层级的结果,这个抽象化的过程是递进的,最后集中在后端的建构理论阶段,这就要求研究者在收集资料的阶段不能预设框架和建构之间的联系,不能带有任何固有观点,否则思维会受到前人研究或者现有理论的影响,产生“先入为主”的偏差[32]。因此,在访谈前不引用理论框架作为指导,通过开放性编码让访谈数据成为“新理论”的唯一来源。扎根理论的研究方法强调研究者从局外人向局内人的角色转换,研究者通过探究被研究者的意向、信念、情感、观点,对他们的生活故事和意义构建产生主观认识[33]。扎根理论研究和现象学研究的定性资料主要来源于访谈内容,观察法只是用于访谈过程中的辅助,有利于后续的数据分析和解释。3种研究方法多采用半结构化访谈[34-35]。在现象学或扎根理论研究中,研究人员作为倾听者,要求参与者描述他们对这种现象的经历并进行录音、记录,通常以开放式的问题开始,鼓励参与者详细说明细节,尽可能清晰,以接近真实的生活体验。
Q方法研究中访谈资料仅作为定性资料的一部分,结合文献回顾提取与研究主题相关的观点[35]。Q方法访谈的目的:一是在排序开始前进行访谈,旨在广泛收集针对某研究主题的观点、看法,用于构建Q样本;另一个是在排序后进行访谈,旨在了解研究对象Q排序的原因,用于后续的因子解释[36]。选择哪一种访谈方法需要根据研究的目的来确定。如在Q方法中,并不要求一定要通过访谈法来建立Q样本,仅通过全面的文献检索和专家函询也可以构建Q样本[37-38],因此访谈的主要目的就是让研究对象解释Q样本的排序结果。另外,通过访谈了解参与者对每条陈述排序的原因有助于减少研究者的偏见对研究结果的影响,提高对因子分组解释的准确性,提升研究的严谨性。
尽管3种研究方法都用于测量主观性,但扎根理论和现象学中研究对象的主观观点是直接来源于访谈过程;但在Q方法中,通过访谈收集针对某一研究主题的观点并不能代表研究对象的观点,它比扎根理论和现象学多1个步骤,Q方法需要对Q样本排序,排序的结果才能代表研究对象的观点。Q方法中访谈的目的除了获取有关研究主题的观点以外,还能收集研究对象对自己所表达的观点的解释,因此更具说服力。
这3种解释方法都将文本数据提取为一组类别或概念,以研究对象的个人经验或观点为分析单元,再进行资料分析提炼,并从中得出最终结论。扎根理论的资料分析时间与抽样方法密不可分,在完成一次访谈之后,要求研究者立即开始分析并准备现场记录,现象学和Q方法则是将全部访谈对象访谈完后再统一整理分析。扎根理论研究和现象学研究的数据分析方法相似,与Q方法研究的数据分析存在差别。Q方法学研究与扎根理论研究、现象学研究的分析的单位不同:Q方法分析的单位是参与者排序的结果。而扎根理论研究和现象学研究对原始的文本资料分析凝练。在分析过程中,研究者可识别出访谈资料未表达的观点,并决定是否继续收集数据。重新阅读、重新编码、重新分析和重新收集数据,直到发现访谈内容解释了研究现象的广度和深度。
扎根理论资料收集和分析同时进行,数据分析过程遵循严格的三级编码:开放编码(检查、比较、概念化和分类数据);轴向编码(根据数据中确定的类别之间的关系和模式将数据重新分组);选择性编码(识别和描述数据中的“核心类别”)。每完成一个研究对象的访谈,立即编码、撰写备忘录,而不是等所有样本的数据收集完成后才统一对所有数据进行分析,以便新的信息可以合并到后续的访谈中。而且,通过初步访谈的编码所确定的主题也可在后续访谈中进行探讨。扎根理论收集数据过程是一个迭代过程,自下而上地抽象出相关概念及聚类范畴。目的是从访谈文本中提出概念,经过多次的数据收集和分析,将所提出的概念进行不断比较以达到概念的密实性。扎根理论研究中检验结果信效度的方法为饱和度检验,即添加任何新的相关信息资料后不能为既成的研究产生新的范畴,即可判定为该研究达到了理论饱和[39]。
现象学研究数据分析常用方法包括Colaizzi的7步分析法[40]、Van Menen[41]的4步法、Giorgi和Giorgi's的5步分析法[6,42]。在该过程中,研究者仔细反复阅读访谈内容识别出具有代表性的陈述并编码,将相似的概念聚类成主题后由研究者再将主题重新描述,并将主题与描述反复比较,识别两者相似的观点构建主题,再反馈给参与者验证结果的准确性,确保最终归纳的主题能代表参与者经历和感受。现象学研究特别注意对经历的描述并最大程度还原参与者的经历。Van Manen[41]指出,现象学分析中研究者的写作能力很重要,因为正是通过研究者反复地归纳和复写才提炼出的有意义的主题。目前,扎根理论和现象学研究应用较为成熟的分析工具有NVivo、ATLAS.ti、QDA Miner、RQDA、Qualrus等,其中NVivo是使用最为广泛的软件[43]。
Q方法采用因子分析和因子旋转,将定性研究的结果量化,可提高研究结果的准确性,使方法学更严谨、科学、可靠[44]。Q方法中常用的数据分析软件为PQ method,PC QUANL和PCQ。Q方法的目的是将人们在特定情况下对某问题的看法汇总,并通过定量方法分类总结成更具代表性的主题。但是,扎根理论和现象学研究将访谈的原始资料只通过一次对比分析整理凝练,就得出主题或者提出理论;而Q方法研究通过整理原始访谈资料后,研究对象对这个凝练的主题进行优先级的排序,Q方法根据每个研究对象的排序聚类得出不同的主题。
定性分析分析的结果受主观影响较大,因为资料的归纳提炼都是由研究者进行的。研究人员负责对数据进行编码、分类、归纳和复述的全部过程。每种方法都有自己的特殊的记录和评估分析过程,最终的研究结果呈现也有其特征。在描述数据再进行分析的过程中,研究者也必须诚实和警惕自己的观点,需要抛开自己对研究问题的想法,减少偏倚[45-46]。在应用访谈方法的过程中,通过全面检索并提前制定访谈指南、对采访者进行专业培训、安排多次访谈、对访谈内容逐字转录、对研究过程定期审查以确保访谈的深度和有效性[47]。
研究者在理解扎根理论的认识论和理论视角的基础上,应用其提供的系统的研究方法和规范的研究流程构建实质性理论框架,从而保证研究结果扎根于实践、扎根于数据[33]。扎根理论的研究结果是研究者对社会现象的解释性理解,是研究者从当下情景出发与研究对象经过互动交流而达成的“视域融合”。扎根理论回答的研究问题通常包括在某种特定情境中某一现象的特征是什么、这一现象如何形成、如何发展和变化、哪些因素以何种方式去影响其发展和变化,这些经验对研究对象的意义是什么;但是,扎根理论需要以生成理论的过程去呈现研究结论,例如形成观念模式、特征与结构模型、影响因素模型、过程机制等[48-49]。在完成编码后,以提炼的核心范畴为基础,从理论层次上归纳并描述研究现象的本质意义,绘制各级范畴及概念间的关系图,最后以图形、图表、模型或描述等方法呈现研究结论。
Q方法中的结果取决于因子分析所得因子类别或主题,通过对每个因子类别创建一个描述性标签呈现访谈分析结果。Q方法中的Q样本和因子解释两个步骤同样受到研究者观点和立场的影响。但Q方法的数据分析过程并不完全依赖于研究者,研究结果依赖于参与者对Q样本的排序,排序的过程及原因都是发自参与者内心的,可以充分表达参与者的思想和观点,并通过主成分分析方法确定研究主题。分析的结果取决于参与者排序的相似性。结果解释的深度受到陈述的表示方式、对特殊陈述和共识陈述的讨论、参与者的评论以及人口统计学数据的影响。在多数研究中,作者没有描述实施Q方法过程中的全部细节,如作者如何建立的Q集合,他们做了什么类型的分析,以及每个因子解释方差的值。因此,为了促进Q方法的应用和规范Q方法相关研究的发表,在实施、报告Q方法的过程中,建议遵循Q方法评估和审查工具the Assessment and Review Instrument for Q-Methodology (ARIQ)[50]、12个条目审查表[23],研究者在应用Q方法时可根据研究内容选择合适的报告规范。
现象学研究中,需要研究者对个体的经验和意义进行双重诠释,即研究对象理解自己的生活经验,研究者对研究对象的理解进行再次理解[21]。研究者从不同的叙述者角度进行报道,通过理解每个人特定的经历,描述了一个混合的故事。这样的描述可以让读者感受到体验的感觉。这种方法是一种开放和接受的访谈风格,在Hallett's的研究中,它让受访者表达自己的真实观点和感受[51]。因此,在研究报告中,呈现的主题必须有足够的摘录对其进行支持[52]。
有多个关于质性研究的指南均建议研究者在文章中解释说明选择某一质性研究方法的原因,因为不同的研究问题适合不同的质性研究方法。如果研究者希望对特定现象做出理论层面的解释,最终能够建立起新理论,扎根理论可能比较适合。如果只是关注特定群体对特定现象的经验,想通过较小规模和较高同质性的样本达到研究目的,那么解释性现象学可能是更为合适的方法。Q方法是一种比较灵活的分析方法,结合定性和定量研究,适用于很多主观性的研究主题,如探索特定人群的看法或临床决策的优先级排序。另外,探索某一社会现象除了单独使用一种研究方法外,还可以将多种方法联合应用,如将扎根理论与Q方法的混合应用,用于理论构建与验证:先通过扎根理论构建初步理论,再运用Q方法收集和分析数据,以验证和完善该理论[53]。将现象学与Q方法的混合应用,以进行多维度的社会现象分析:从现象学视角出发,运用Q方法收集和分析数据,以揭示现象的多维度和深层次结构[54]。
本研究从访谈的角度介绍了扎根理论、现象学、Q方法的差异,旨在提高护理人员对不同质性研究方法的认识。在今后的研究中,护理研究者应明晰这3种质性研究方法的差异,根据研究目的和问题,选择合适的质性研究方法,以促进3种研究方法在护理领域科学、规范地应用。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.016
  • 接收时间:2025-02-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-25
  • 修回日期:2025-11-18
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    1武汉科技大学医学院,湖北 430065

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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