Article(id=1322165079160763181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322164984558243894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1742054400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-16, revisedDate=1763049600000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158319510, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158319510, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158319510, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158319510, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164984558243894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158296955, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158296955, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=146, endPage=150, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322165079450170158, articleId=1322165079160763181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Long-term care insurance pilot program in Xuzhou: current status, issues and reflections, columnId=1220689488284668633, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Comprehensive Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on the practical experience of Xuzhou city in coverage scope,financing mechanisms,disability assessment,and benefit models,this study conducted an in-depth analysis of current challenges,including single financing channels, insufficient coverage for dementia patients,and weak supervision of designated institutions.To enhance the sustainability of long-term care insurance,recommendations were proposed:strengthening the assessment mechanism for disability and dementia while expanding coverage scope; optimizing financing policies to establish a diversified funding model; improving the supervision system to enhance service quality in designated institutions;and intensifying policy promotion to increase public participation.These measures aimed to provide practical references for other regions.

, authors=Chenchen LU, Zhifan ZHANG, Jing YANG, authorsList=Chenchen LU, Zhifan ZHANG, Jing YANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YANG Jing, E-mail:
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基于徐州市在保障范围、筹资机制、失能评估、待遇模式等方面的实践经验,深入分析当前面临的筹资渠道单一、失智人群保障不足、定点机构监管薄弱等问题。为提升长期护理保险的可持续性,建议强化失能失智评估机制,扩大保障范围;优化筹资政策,建立多元化筹资模式;完善监管体系,提高定点机构服务质量;加强政策宣传,提高公众参与度,从而为其他地区提供实践参考。

, authors=陆晨晨, 张志帆, 杨晶*, *, authorsList=陆晨晨, 张志帆, 杨晶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=杨晶, authorNote=

陆晨晨,硕士研究生在读

, correspAuthorsNote=
杨晶,E-mail:
YANG Jing, E-mail:
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unstructuredReference=吴君槐,马琦峰,李蕾,等.长期护理保险失能—照护等级评估制度区域比较研究——以长三角地区10个试点城市为例[J].科学发展,2021(10):105-113., articleTitle=长期护理保险失能—照护等级评估制度区域比较研究——以长三角地区10个试点城市为例, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529781304897916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165079160763181, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=39, issue=12, pageStart=22, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=孙统达, 徐溧波, 洪钟鸣, journalName=卫生经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙统达,徐溧波,洪钟鸣,等.宁波市长期照护服务高质量发展的实践探索与路径研究[J].卫生经济研究,2022,39(12):22-25., articleTitle=宁波市长期照护服务高质量发展的实践探索与路径研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529781372006781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165079160763181, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=41, issue=6, pageStart=56, pageEnd=59, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=顾海, 陈慧莹, 徐清琳, journalName=卫生经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=顾海,陈慧莹,徐清琳,等.扬州市长期护理保险制度试点现状及优化策略[J].卫生经济研究,2024,41(6):56-59., articleTitle=扬州市长期护理保险制度试点现状及优化策略, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529781439115646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165079160763181, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=41, issue=2, pageStart=66, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=赖德斌, 陈旻, journalName=卫生经济研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赖德斌,陈旻.卢森堡长期护理保险制度的发展与启示[J].卫生经济研究,2024,41(2):66-70., articleTitle=卢森堡长期护理保险制度的发展与启示, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322529776833769804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165079160763181, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322529776846352717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165079160763181, companyId=1322529776833769804, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, 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Coverage scope of long-term care insurance in Xuzhou city

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阶段时间参保类型保障人群
阶段12017年7月1日—2017年12月31日城镇职工中度失能人群
阶段22018年8月1日—2020年12月31日城镇职工+市区城乡居民中度失能人群
阶段32021年1月1日—2021年12月31日城镇职工+市区城乡居民中度失能人群+重度失能人群
阶段42022年1月1日—至今全市中度失能人群+重度失能人群
), ArticleFig(id=1322529780159852909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165079160763181, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

徐州市长期护理保险保障人群范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
阶段时间参保类型保障人群
阶段12017年7月1日—2017年12月31日城镇职工中度失能人群
阶段22018年8月1日—2020年12月31日城镇职工+市区城乡居民中度失能人群
阶段32021年1月1日—2021年12月31日城镇职工+市区城乡居民中度失能人群+重度失能人群
阶段42022年1月1日—至今全市中度失能人群+重度失能人群
), ArticleFig(id=1322529780239544686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165079160763181, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Types of benefits under long-term care insurance in Xuzhou city

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服务类型中度失能(失智)人员重度失能(失智)人员
居家亲情照护补助+上门服务每天10元补助+每个月4次免费服务每天20元补助+每个月4次免费服务
居家亲情照护补助+辅助器具租赁每天10元补助+300元额度租赁每天20元补助+300元额度租赁
全额度租赁(或购买)辅助器具每个月600元租赁(或购买)补助每个月900元租赁(或购买)补助
全额度居家上门服务每个月8次免费服务每个月12次免费服务
入住定点医疗机构每天基金支付51.5元每天基金支付82元
入住定点养老机构每天基金支付31.5元每天基金支付42元
), ArticleFig(id=1322529780306653551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165079160763181, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

徐州市长期护理保险享受待遇类型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
服务类型中度失能(失智)人员重度失能(失智)人员
居家亲情照护补助+上门服务每天10元补助+每个月4次免费服务每天20元补助+每个月4次免费服务
居家亲情照护补助+辅助器具租赁每天10元补助+300元额度租赁每天20元补助+300元额度租赁
全额度租赁(或购买)辅助器具每个月600元租赁(或购买)补助每个月900元租赁(或购买)补助
全额度居家上门服务每个月8次免费服务每个月12次免费服务
入住定点医疗机构每天基金支付51.5元每天基金支付82元
入住定点养老机构每天基金支付31.5元每天基金支付42元
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徐州市长期护理保险制度试点的现状、问题与思考
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陆晨晨 , 张志帆 , 杨晶 *, *
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徐州市长期护理保险制度试点的现状、问题与思考
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陆晨晨, 张志帆, 杨晶*, *
作者信息
  • 1徐州医科大学徐州临床学院,江苏 221004
通讯作者:
杨晶,E-mail:
YANG Jing, E-mail:
作者简介:

陆晨晨,硕士研究生在读

Long-term care insurance pilot program in Xuzhou: current status, issues and reflections
Chenchen LU, Zhifan ZHANG, Jing YANG
Affiliations
  • 1Xuzhou Clinical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221004 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    YANG Jing, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.021
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基于徐州市在保障范围、筹资机制、失能评估、待遇模式等方面的实践经验,深入分析当前面临的筹资渠道单一、失智人群保障不足、定点机构监管薄弱等问题。为提升长期护理保险的可持续性,建议强化失能失智评估机制,扩大保障范围;优化筹资政策,建立多元化筹资模式;完善监管体系,提高定点机构服务质量;加强政策宣传,提高公众参与度,从而为其他地区提供实践参考。

老年人  /  长期护理保险  /  人口老龄化  /  老年护理  /  失能  /  失智

Based on the practical experience of Xuzhou city in coverage scope,financing mechanisms,disability assessment,and benefit models,this study conducted an in-depth analysis of current challenges,including single financing channels, insufficient coverage for dementia patients,and weak supervision of designated institutions.To enhance the sustainability of long-term care insurance,recommendations were proposed:strengthening the assessment mechanism for disability and dementia while expanding coverage scope; optimizing financing policies to establish a diversified funding model; improving the supervision system to enhance service quality in designated institutions;and intensifying policy promotion to increase public participation.These measures aimed to provide practical references for other regions.

the aged  /  long-term care insurance  /  population aging  /  elderly care  /  disability  /  dementia
陆晨晨, 张志帆, 杨晶. 徐州市长期护理保险制度试点的现状、问题与思考. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (1) : 146 -150 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.021
Chenchen LU, Zhifan ZHANG, Jing YANG. Long-term care insurance pilot program in Xuzhou: current status, issues and reflections[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (1) : 146 -150 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.021
根据《2023年度徐州市老年人口信息和老龄事业发展状况报告》,徐州市60岁及以上的老年人口为218.20万人,占总人口的21.20%;其中,65岁及以上的老年人口为163.74万人,占总人口的15.91%[1]。按联合国1956年发布的《人口老龄化及其社会经济后果》标准[2],徐州市已进入深度老龄化阶段。有研究表明,2025—2050年,我国65岁及以上老年人口的失能率预计将从12.27%阶梯式上升至15.05%,其对应的失能人口规模也将由约2 590万人扩大至约5 864万人[3]。这些失能老年人将面临不同层次的照护需求,对照护服务的需求将显著增长。有研究表明,徐州市区老年人慢性病患病率为76.8%,高于全国老年人慢性病患病率(71.8%)[4],这也意味着老年人照护需求不断增加,家庭和社会的照料负担持续加重。
在这一背景下,为更好地应对人口老龄化带来的挑战,提升老年人尤其是失能老年人的生活质量,推动共享发展改革成果,长期护理保险制度作为一项重要的民生工程,旨在满足广大群众对“老有所养”的期盼,促进社会的全面进步与公平发展,徐州市积极承担了省内长期护理保险试点任务。自2017年7月1日起,正式启动长期护理保险制度,成为江苏省第二个实施该制度的城市。在市区成功试点的基础上,制度逐步向县区扩展实施,并于2022年1月实现全市范围的推广,实现了全市统筹。徐州市采用的“社商合作”模式及分阶段延伸政策的方法,可为经济水平和失能情况类似的地区提供参考。
自2017年开始,徐州市逐步实施长期护理保险,按照“先职工后居民、先试点后推广”的原则,分阶段推进长期护理保险,逐步覆盖不同群体;2017年试点城镇职工,2018年扩展至市区城乡居民,2021年进一步涵盖中重度失能人员,2022年实现全市范围的全面覆盖。实现城乡居民的全面覆盖和资源共享,构建起覆盖全市、分层次的长期护理保险体系。这种渐进式的推广方法,为省内乃至全国类似地区开展长期护理保险提供了借鉴。
截至2023年,徐州市共受理申请97 344人,其中88 281人完成鉴定,74 387人符合失能标准,包括重度失能老年人46 845人、中度失能老年人27 542人,正在享受待遇的有55 086名老年人。相比初期试点阶段,当前覆盖范围显著扩大,基本实现城乡全覆盖,保障力度不断增强。见表1。
徐州市建立了多元化的长期护理保险筹资机制,资金来源主要包括医保统筹基金划转、政府财政补助、个人缴费以及利息收入。为保障资金使用透明、高效,长期护理保险基金实行独立核算,并纳入专用财政账户进行管理,严格执行“收支两条线”操作。医保部门和财政部门及时筹资,确保个人缴费、医保统筹基金和财政补助等资金到位,包括对低保人员、特困人员、重度残疾人员的财政支持。
根据2021年8月国家发布的《关于印发〈长期护理失能等级评估标准(试行)〉的通知》,徐州市统一了全市的日常生活能力评估标准。同时,徐州市成立了长期护理保险失能(失智)评定专家委员会,负责组织和领导评定工作,制定评定标准,并处理评定争议和复核裁决等事务。失能(失智)等级评定工作委托第三方经办机构负责组织实施,具体流程见图1,评定费用从长期护理保险基金列支。
失能评估由2名评估人员执行,包含录像、身体检查等环节,并由保险公司监督提供第二视角录像,整个评估过程需要15~30 min。在交流中评估人员指出,当前评估人员数量不足,部分参保人员配合度低,增加了评估工作的压力和难度。
徐州市长期护理保险享受待遇需要同时满足以下条件:1)参保人员需为徐州市基本医疗保险的参保人,且在待遇享受期内;2)需经过6个月以上的治疗,且生活完全不能自理的重度失能人群,以及部分符合条件的中度失能人群;3)通过申请及上门评定为中度或重度失能人群,这是为了降低隐瞒欺诈等保险骗保事件的发生,维持长期护理保险的良性运行。
徐州市采用“现金+服务”的给付模式,灵活为中度与重度失能人群提供补贴及服务选择。服务形式包括居家亲情照护、定点机构照护和上门服务见表2。对于居住在异地的重度失能(失智)老年人,每天可获得30元的亲情照护补贴,中度失能老年人则按每天20元的标准享受补贴,以确保补贴的公平性。此模式充分考虑到不同失能水平和生活环境的差异化需求。值得注意的是,徐州市实行“住院期间排他模式”[5],即住院期间享受医保待遇时,长期护理保险待遇自动暂停。见表2。
徐州市在推行长期护理保险时,采取了分阶段逐步推行、“先职工后居民”的策略[6]。最初以市区的鼓楼区、云龙区、泉山区、徐州经济技术开发区开始试点,随后逐步扩展至全市范围,实现长期护理保险全覆盖。这种分阶段的推行方式有助于在小范围内测试政策的可行性和效果,逐步完善政策细节,为全面推行打下坚实基础。
徐州市医保部门在试点推进过程中,不断完善和调整相关政策,逐步扩大了医保待遇的覆盖范围,积极推动医养融合发展,更好地满足参保人员的实际需求。自2022年1月1日起,市医保部门统一了政策标准,涵盖了所有参保人群,并在筹资标准、待遇标准、经办模式以及鉴定标准等方面实现了标准化。通过这一系列举措,医保体系更加完善,确保了参保人员享有更加全面、公平的医保保障,打破了长期护理保险试点呈现的“碎片化”现象,做到了使参保人员更加平等地享受待遇和服务。徐州市医保部门始终以“争当表率、做示范、走在前面”为目标,不断推动长期护理保险制度的完善与创新,形成了具有徐州市特色的长期护理保险制度体系,为实现更高水平的长期护理保险提供保障。
2020年,徐州市医疗保障局与商业保险公司合作,通过政府招标形式,以多家商业保险公司片区共保形式共同推进长期护理保险服务[7]。一方面,人口老龄化下的供需不平衡为商业保险机构介入长期护理保险提供了巨大的机遇;另一方面,商业保险机构利用自身资源和优势对长期护理保险进行了专业化运作,更加有利于提升长期护理保险的经办效率和质量,形成了政府与商业保险公司之间的多元化合作模式[8]。徐州市医保中心与商业保险公司合作,引入第三方评估机构,将评估周期从60 d缩短至20个工作日,提高了审核效率。同时,利用“互联网+”技术,共同建立信息共享平台,增强了长期护理保险的管理与监管能力。
一系列创新举措有效完善长期护理保险制度顶层设计、提升经办效率,随着享受服务的老年人越来越多,养老服务产业体系得到全方位发展,长期护理保险制度获得政府、参保群众、社会各界认可和好评。未来可探索建立“政府-保险公司-医疗机构”三方联动机制,提升长期护理保险的专业化运营水平。
徐州市根据实际需求,持续优化调整服务项目、内容和标准,进一步满足保障人群的实际需求。
一是规范化管理亲情照护人员。徐州市长期护理保险政策要求参保者在获得亲情照护服务时,必须由经过专业培训的人员提供服务,以便获得全额补贴。未经过培训的照护者,参保人将只能获得80%的补贴。这一规定旨在规范化和专业化亲情照护服务,以提升服务质量。
二是开展辅助器具租赁服务。徐州市在实现长期护理保险制度全覆盖的基础上,率先将辅助器具租赁个性化服务项目纳入长期护理保险保障范围,提升长期护理保险居家上门服务质量、拓宽医养结合面等提出具体要求,要敢于争先创优,充分发挥长期护理保险制度优势,提高失能人员生活质量,为破解“一人失能、全家失衡”难题提供医保方案。
三是举行养老护理员竞赛项目。徐州市通过举办涵盖理论知识和操作技能的养老护理员竞赛,全面评估护理员在生活照护、基础照护、康复服务和心理支持等方面的专业素养和能力。这样的竞赛能够提升养老护理员的专业技能,促进人才队伍建设,并提高长期护理保险服务的整体质量。
当前,我国仅有少数城市如成都、上海、南通等将失智人群纳入长期护理保险的保障范围[9]。鉴于失智人群普遍存在认知障碍和较高的照护需求,他们对于护理保障的可及性需求尤为迫切。在对徐州市的实地考察中发现,失智病人虽然在认知功能上可能存在障碍,但其肢体力量往往保持得较好。根据《长期护理失能等级评估标准》,这些个体通常不会被归类为中度或更严重的失能状态。因此,徐州市在失智人群的长期护理保险覆盖方面存在不足,这成为徐州市政策实施中的一个薄弱环节。为了提高失智人群获得护理保障的水平,有必要进一步完善相关政策,加强对失智人群的评估和待遇覆盖。
在徐州市的长期护理保险筹资机制中,公共资金的依赖性是一个显著特征。具体来说,徐州市长期护理保险的年筹资标准设定为每人70元,其中个人仅需支付20元,而医保统筹基金和政府分别承担剩余的30元和20元。这种筹资结构揭示了长期护理保险在资金筹集上对公共部门的依赖性较强,医保统筹基金和政府补助构成了筹资的主体部分。这种依赖性不仅加剧了医疗保险基金的财务负担,而且对未来的财政可持续性构成了潜在挑战,因为它可能导致公共资源的过度消耗,并在长期内增加财政压力。有研究预测,若维持现行筹资机制20~25年,医保基金将会出现赤字现象[10]。
徐州市长期护理保险管理质量存在的问题与难点主要集中在以下几个方面。首先,服务递送方式分散,服务过程难以监管,尤其是居家上门照护存在服务过程难以记录、服务内容难以量化、服务时长难以统一等问题,导致监管难度大。其次,经办模式不统一,商业保险经办机构监管薄弱,缺少明确的法律法规的支撑和约束,难以保证监管的常态化和规范化。再者,监管手段单一,难以满足服务多样性、复杂性的需求,各试点地区在监管机制设计时应建立覆盖全链条、多维度的监管机制。最后,政策宣传力度不足,群众知晓率不高,需要加强政策宣传力度,提高参保人员对长期护理保险政策的知晓率[11]。
我国长期护理保险试点城市失能等级评估存在政策推进滞缓、评估工具不够本土化、评估工作缺乏监管等问题。加强失能等级评估机制,确保评估的科学性和公正性,提高失能失智群体的生活质量,从而缓解家庭成员的护理压力[12]。可借鉴宁波市长期护理保险制度中针对认知障碍病人开展专业化的护理培训的措施,以提供更加科学、人性化的护理服务。积极探索失智专区建设,为失智人群提供专业化照护服务[13]。在预防性健康政策方面可以借鉴青岛市的长期护理保险模式,建立预防和延缓失能失智的保障体系,将保障措施提前实施,以推迟特定人群发展到严重失能或失智的阶段[14]。
首先,为增强长期护理保险基金的可持续性,应进一步拓宽筹资渠道,鼓励社会团体、企业和个人积极捐助,并探索政府、市场与家庭共同参与的多元化筹资模式,从而缓解基金过度依赖医保基金的问题。其次,建议徐州市医保部门和财政部门根据经济发展、居民消费能力和基金运行情况,因地制宜,适时调整长期护理保险的筹资和待遇标准,逐步增加个人缴费和政府补助比例,逐步减少医保基金的划拨比例,以实现资金的合理分配和可持续发展。积极探索建立独立的筹资机制,同时引入动态调整机制有助于保持基金收支平衡,减轻财政压力。
徐州市长期护理保险对定点机构实施“宽进严管”的政策,旨在增加定点服务机构的数量并保障服务品质。该政策涵盖了定期的服务品质评估、严格的准入和退出机制,以及对违规行为的严格处罚。尽管徐州市已建立了较为全面的长期护理保险服务监管体系,但在实际操作中,对定点服务机构的日常监管仍需加强,以保障服务品质和资金安全。可参考卢森堡的实践,明确医疗保障机构下属的长期护理部门在监督和管理服务质量方面的职能,并就如何提升服务质量提出改进建议。此外,医疗保障机构应召集包括社会保障机构、卫生健康组织、市场评估实体、服务提供商以及残疾人组织在内的多方利益相关者,就长期护理保险的执行情况进行深入交流。这一过程旨在确保各利益方的意见和建议得到充分表达,并解决制度设计中未能充分实现平等对话的问题。通过这种方式,可以促进长期护理保险制度的完善,确保其更加公平、有效地服务于社会各阶层[15]。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.021
  • 接收时间:2025-03-16
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-16
  • 修回日期:2025-11-14
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    1徐州医科大学徐州临床学院,江苏 221004

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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属
Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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