Article(id=1322165022395060595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322164984558243894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739808000000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-18, revisedDate=1759075200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158305977, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158305977, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158305977, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158305977, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164984558243894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158296955, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158296955, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=46, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322165022604775796, articleId=1322165022395060595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Group characteristics of medical staff with occupational exposure in different positions in public hospitals, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the group characteristics of medical staff with occupational exposure in different positions of public hospitals and compare their differences.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the occupational exposure data reported by 637 medical staff from 4 public hospitals in 2 districts(Jiangsu province and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) from January 1,2018,to December 31,2022.A portrait study was carried out from the dimensions of sociodemographic characteristics and occupational exposure characteristics.Co-occurrence analysis and Apriori algorithm were used to explore the strong correlation characteristics and map the portraits.

Results

The annual number of reported occupational exposure cases among medical staff was 139.0(109.0,140.0).Co-occurrence analysis showed that there were 5-7 high-intensity co-occurrence factors for doctors,nurses,standardized training interns,and logistics staff.For doctors,the co-occurrence intensity between "exposure during operation" and "standardized disposal" was the highest;for the other groups,the co-occurrence intensity between "sharp instrument injury" and "hand as the exposure site" was the highest.Association rule analysis yielded a total of 75 rules(confidence=0.70-1.00,lift=1.529-14.108),among which there were 2,42,27,and 4 rules strongly correlated with doctors,nurses,standardized training interns,and logistics staff,respectively.Portrait characteristics showed that the common characteristics of medical staff in all positions were sharp instrument injury,hand as the exposure site,and standardized disposal;the heterogeneous characteristics were reflected in age,gender,exposure location,exposure timing,and exposure source.

Conclusions

There are differences in key populations and typical characteristics of medical staff with occupational exposure in different positions.Analyzing and comparing their group characteristics could provide references for occupational safety and protection work.

, authors=Taoyu LIN1, Xiaoying GUO2, Yuanyuan LI3, Yanli CHEN2, Yatao ZHANG2, Ying HAN1, Li ZHANG1, authorsList=Taoyu LIN, Xiaoying GUO, Yuanyuan LI, Yanli CHEN, Yatao ZHANG, Ying HAN, Li ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Taoyu LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
林陶玉,博士研究生,E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322165025695977857, articleId=1322165022395060595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=公立医院不同岗位职业暴露医务人员的群体特征, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探讨公立医院不同岗位职业暴露医务人员的群体特征,并比较其差异。

方法

回顾性分析2018年1月1日—2022年12月31日江苏省和新疆维吾尔自治区2个地区4所公立医院637名医务人员上报的职业暴露数据,从社会人口学特征和职业暴露特征展开画像研究,运用共现分析和Apriori算法挖掘其中的强关联特征,绘制画像。

结果

医务人员年上报职业暴露139.0(109.0,140.0)人次;共现分析显示,与医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员高强度共现因素为5~7个;医生组暴露时机为操作中与标准处置的共现强度最高,其余组锐器伤与暴露部位为手部的共现强度最高;关联规则分析共获得75条规则(置信度为0.70~1.00,提升度为1.529~14.108),与医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员强相关规则分别为2、42、27、4条。画像特征显示,各岗位医务人员的共性特征为锐器伤、暴露部位为手部和标准处置,异质性特征表现在年龄、性别、暴露地点、暴露时机和暴露源等方面。

结论

各岗位职业暴露医务人员重点人群和典型特征存在差异,分析并比较其群体特征可为职业安全和防护工作提供参考。

, authors=林陶玉1, 郭晓颖2, 李圆圆3, 陈彥丽2, 张亚桃2, 韩英1, 张丽1, authorsList=林陶玉, 郭晓颖, 李圆圆, 陈彥丽, 张亚桃, 韩英, 张丽, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林陶玉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LIN Taoyu, E-mail:
林陶玉,博士研究生,E-mail:
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needlestick injuries among dental interns during their first-year clinical training: an observational study[J].BMC Oral Health,2023,23(1):194., articleTitle=Prevalence and characteristics of needlestick injuries among dental interns during their first-year clinical training: an observational study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529806940492684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=78, issue=8, pageStart=2041, pageEnd=2057, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=柯文前, 肖宝玉, 林李月, journalName=地理学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=柯文前,肖宝玉,林李月,等.中国省际城乡流动人口空间格局演变及与区域经济发展的关系[J].地理学报,2023,78(8):2041-2057., articleTitle=中国省际城乡流动人口空间格局演变及与区域经济发展的关系, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322529807187956621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=80, issue=4, pageStart=177, pageEnd=178, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=HOLM I M, journalName=Occupational and Environmental Medicine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HOLM I M.Estimating the relationship between precarious employment and occupational injury:do the registry data tell the whole story[J].Occupational and Environmental Medicine,2023,80(4):177-178., articleTitle=Estimating the relationship between precarious employment and occupational injury:do the registry data tell the whole story, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322529797327147815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322529797335536424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, companyId=1322529797327147815, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1The 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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Co-occurrence network of factors associated with sociodemographic characteristics and occupational exposure among healthcare workers by position, figureFileSmall=P1RJeZzTn4GdQgqUvpf1sQ==, figureFileBig=G1DhTCOxWjxCPGamwdxhnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322529801966048099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=CN, label=图1, caption=各岗位医务人员社会人口学特征和职业暴露特征相关因素的共现网络

(A为医生,B为护士,C为实习规培生,D为工勤人员;红色为强链接,桔色为中链接,黄色为弱链接)

, figureFileSmall=P1RJeZzTn4GdQgqUvpf1sQ==, figureFileBig=G1DhTCOxWjxCPGamwdxhnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322529802062517092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Strong association rule diagram of occupational exposure among healthcare workers by position), figureFileSmall=F5Hg8SFuXTvfzRHNOzLZAg==, figureFileBig=uIQMfU5oKvdE7tgpyBIFrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322529802167374693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各岗位医务人员职业暴露强关联规则关系图

(箭头和圆圈表示关联规则,节点代表项集,边表示规则中关系;圆圈越大表示支持度越大,颜色越深表示提升度越大)

, figureFileSmall=F5Hg8SFuXTvfzRHNOzLZAg==, figureFileBig=uIQMfU5oKvdE7tgpyBIFrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322529802247066470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Demographic characteristics and occupational exposure characteristics of medical staff in different positions(n=637)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类总体(n=637)医生(n=151)护士(n=292)实习规培生(n=161)工勤人员(n=33)
性别女476(74.7)63(41.7)269(92.1)118(73.3)26(78.8)
男161(25.3)88(58.3)23(7.9)43(26.7)7(21.2)
年龄<25岁187(29.4)3(2.0)60(20.5)124(77.0)0(0.0)
25~<35岁309(48.5)90(59.6)181(62.0)37(23.0)1(3.0)
35~<45岁83(13.0)40(26.5)40(13.7)0(0.0)3(9.1)
≥45岁58(9.1)18(11.9)11(3.8)0(0.0)29(87.9)
科室门诊急诊133(20.9)22(14.6)75(25.7)29(18.0)7(21.2)
外科200(31.4)66(43.7)69(23.6)61(37.9)4(12.1)
内科220(34.5)48(31.8)99(33.9)63(39.1)10(30.3)
手术室33(5.2)5(3.3)22(7.5)5(3.1)1(3.0)
重症监护室17(2.7)6(4.0)8(2.7)2(1.2)1(3.0)
其他科室34(5.3)4(2.6)19(6.5)1(0.6)10(30.3)
暴露地点病房290(45.5)42(27.8)165(56.5)75(46.6)8(24.2)
门诊急诊142(22.3)35(23.2)70(24.0)29(18.0)8(24.2)
手术室121(19.0)62(41.1)22(7.5)34(21.1)3(9.1)
其他84(13.2)12(7.9)35(12.0)23(14.3)14(42.4)
暴露时机操作中390(61.2)129(85.4)155(53.1)104(64.6)2(6.1)
非操作中247(38.8)22(14.6)137(46.9)57(35.4)31(93.9)
暴露方式锐器伤558(87.6)120(79.5)256(87.7)149(92.5)33(100.0)
非锐器伤79(12.4)31(20.5)36(12.3)12(7.5)0(0.0)
暴露部位手574(90.1)127(84.1)263(90.1)151(93.8)33(100.0)
其他部位63(9.9)24(15.9)29(9.9)10(6.2)0(0.0)
暴露后处置符合标准593(93.1)140(92.7)274(93.8)149(92.5)30(90.9)
不符合标准44(6.9)11(7.3)18(6.2)12(7.5)3(9.1)
暴露源阴性228(35.8)42(27.8)109(37.3)66(41.0)11(33.3)
不详80(12.6)16(10.6)36(12.3)15(9.3)13(39.4)
阳性329(51.6)93(61.6)147(50.3)80(49.7)9(27.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1322529802322563943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各岗位医务人员人口学特征和职业暴露特征(n=637)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类总体(n=637)医生(n=151)护士(n=292)实习规培生(n=161)工勤人员(n=33)
性别女476(74.7)63(41.7)269(92.1)118(73.3)26(78.8)
男161(25.3)88(58.3)23(7.9)43(26.7)7(21.2)
年龄<25岁187(29.4)3(2.0)60(20.5)124(77.0)0(0.0)
25~<35岁309(48.5)90(59.6)181(62.0)37(23.0)1(3.0)
35~<45岁83(13.0)40(26.5)40(13.7)0(0.0)3(9.1)
≥45岁58(9.1)18(11.9)11(3.8)0(0.0)29(87.9)
科室门诊急诊133(20.9)22(14.6)75(25.7)29(18.0)7(21.2)
外科200(31.4)66(43.7)69(23.6)61(37.9)4(12.1)
内科220(34.5)48(31.8)99(33.9)63(39.1)10(30.3)
手术室33(5.2)5(3.3)22(7.5)5(3.1)1(3.0)
重症监护室17(2.7)6(4.0)8(2.7)2(1.2)1(3.0)
其他科室34(5.3)4(2.6)19(6.5)1(0.6)10(30.3)
暴露地点病房290(45.5)42(27.8)165(56.5)75(46.6)8(24.2)
门诊急诊142(22.3)35(23.2)70(24.0)29(18.0)8(24.2)
手术室121(19.0)62(41.1)22(7.5)34(21.1)3(9.1)
其他84(13.2)12(7.9)35(12.0)23(14.3)14(42.4)
暴露时机操作中390(61.2)129(85.4)155(53.1)104(64.6)2(6.1)
非操作中247(38.8)22(14.6)137(46.9)57(35.4)31(93.9)
暴露方式锐器伤558(87.6)120(79.5)256(87.7)149(92.5)33(100.0)
非锐器伤79(12.4)31(20.5)36(12.3)12(7.5)0(0.0)
暴露部位手574(90.1)127(84.1)263(90.1)151(93.8)33(100.0)
其他部位63(9.9)24(15.9)29(9.9)10(6.2)0(0.0)
暴露后处置符合标准593(93.1)140(92.7)274(93.8)149(92.5)30(90.9)
不符合标准44(6.9)11(7.3)18(6.2)12(7.5)3(9.1)
暴露源阴性228(35.8)42(27.8)109(37.3)66(41.0)11(33.3)
不详80(12.6)16(10.6)36(12.3)15(9.3)13(39.4)
阳性329(51.6)93(61.6)147(50.3)80(49.7)9(27.3)
), ArticleFig(id=1322529802410644328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Network connection setup category

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别强链接中链接弱链接
医生>9060~90<60
护士>160100~160<100
实习规培生>10060~100<60
工勤人员>2510~25<10
), ArticleFig(id=1322529802494530409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网络链接设置范畴

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别强链接中链接弱链接
医生>9060~90<60
护士>160100~160<100
实习规培生>10060~100<60
工勤人员>2510~25<10
), ArticleFig(id=1322529802599388010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Strong association rules of occupational exposure among healthcare workers by position(top 2)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前项后项支持度置信度提升度
35~<45岁、操作中、男性医生0.0311.0004.225
手术室、外科、暴露源阳性医生0.0620.7143.017
25~<35岁、非操作中、暴露源阴性护士0.0450.9352.044
25~<35岁、非操作中、病房发生护士0.0820.8972.002
<25岁、操作中、外科实习规培生0.0410.8673.434
<25岁、外科、暴露源阳性实习规培生0.0310.8003.170
≥45岁、非操作中、锐器伤工勤人员0.0420.72914.108
≥45岁、非操作中、手部工勤人员0.0420.72914.108
), ArticleFig(id=1322529802691662699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各岗位医务人员职业暴露强关联规则(前2位)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
前项后项支持度置信度提升度
35~<45岁、操作中、男性医生0.0311.0004.225
手术室、外科、暴露源阳性医生0.0620.7143.017
25~<35岁、非操作中、暴露源阴性护士0.0450.9352.044
25~<35岁、非操作中、病房发生护士0.0820.8972.002
<25岁、操作中、外科实习规培生0.0410.8673.434
<25岁、外科、暴露源阳性实习规培生0.0310.8003.170
≥45岁、非操作中、锐器伤工勤人员0.0420.72914.108
≥45岁、非操作中、手部工勤人员0.0420.72914.108
), ArticleFig(id=1322529802762965868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Occupational exposure profile of healthcare workers by position

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征因素医生护士实习规培生工勤人员
①年龄特征35~<45岁25~<35岁<25岁≥45岁
②性别特征男女女女
③科室特征外科以内科为主以外科为主不典型
④暴露时机操作中以非操作中为主以操作中为主非操作中
⑤暴露地点局限于手术室病房为主不局限不局限
⑥暴露方式锐器伤锐器伤锐器伤锐器伤
⑦暴露部位手部手部手部手部
⑧暴露源阳性阴性为主阳性为主多源
⑨处置标准处置标准处置标准处置标准处置
特征排名②⑤①④③⑧⑨⑦⑥①⑤②④⑧④⑨⑥⑦①③⑧⑤⑥④⑦⑨②①③⑧④⑥⑦②⑤⑨
画像结构特征因素清晰,关联路径具有独特性部分特征因素不清晰,关联路径具有独特性和复杂性部分特征因素不清晰,关联路径具有独特性和复杂性特征因素不清晰,关联路径不具有独特性
), ArticleFig(id=1322529802846851949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各岗位医务人员职业暴露画像

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征因素医生护士实习规培生工勤人员
①年龄特征35~<45岁25~<35岁<25岁≥45岁
②性别特征男女女女
③科室特征外科以内科为主以外科为主不典型
④暴露时机操作中以非操作中为主以操作中为主非操作中
⑤暴露地点局限于手术室病房为主不局限不局限
⑥暴露方式锐器伤锐器伤锐器伤锐器伤
⑦暴露部位手部手部手部手部
⑧暴露源阳性阴性为主阳性为主多源
⑨处置标准处置标准处置标准处置标准处置
特征排名②⑤①④③⑧⑨⑦⑥①⑤②④⑧④⑨⑥⑦①③⑧⑤⑥④⑦⑨②①③⑧④⑥⑦②⑤⑨
画像结构特征因素清晰,关联路径具有独特性部分特征因素不清晰,关联路径具有独特性和复杂性部分特征因素不清晰,关联路径具有独特性和复杂性特征因素不清晰,关联路径不具有独特性
), ArticleFig(id=1322529803006235503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Occupational exposure profile of healthcare workers by position

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岗位类型标签云图
医生
护士
实习规培生
工勤人员
), ArticleFig(id=1322529803081732976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322165022395060595, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各岗位医务人员职业暴露画像

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岗位类型标签云图
医生
护士
实习规培生
工勤人员
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公立医院不同岗位职业暴露医务人员的群体特征
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林陶玉 1 , 郭晓颖 2 , 李圆圆 3 , 陈彥丽 2 , 张亚桃 2 , 韩英 1 , 张丽 1
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(1): 46-52
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (1) : 46 -52
公立医院不同岗位职业暴露医务人员的群体特征
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林陶玉1 , 郭晓颖2, 李圆圆3, 陈彥丽2, 张亚桃2, 韩英1, 张丽1
作者信息
  • 1苏州高新区人民医院,江苏 215129
  • 2石河子大学医学院
  • 3石河子大学第一附属医院
通讯作者:
LIN Taoyu, E-mail:
林陶玉,博士研究生,E-mail:
Group characteristics of medical staff with occupational exposure in different positions in public hospitals
Taoyu LIN1 , Xiaoying GUO2, Yuanyuan LI3, Yanli CHEN2, Yatao ZHANG2, Ying HAN1, Li ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Jiangsu 215129 China
  • 2School of Medicine, Shihezi University
  • 3The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University
  • Corresponding Author:
    林陶玉,博士研究生,E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.006
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目的

探讨公立医院不同岗位职业暴露医务人员的群体特征,并比较其差异。

方法

回顾性分析2018年1月1日—2022年12月31日江苏省和新疆维吾尔自治区2个地区4所公立医院637名医务人员上报的职业暴露数据,从社会人口学特征和职业暴露特征展开画像研究,运用共现分析和Apriori算法挖掘其中的强关联特征,绘制画像。

结果

医务人员年上报职业暴露139.0(109.0,140.0)人次;共现分析显示,与医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员高强度共现因素为5~7个;医生组暴露时机为操作中与标准处置的共现强度最高,其余组锐器伤与暴露部位为手部的共现强度最高;关联规则分析共获得75条规则(置信度为0.70~1.00,提升度为1.529~14.108),与医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员强相关规则分别为2、42、27、4条。画像特征显示,各岗位医务人员的共性特征为锐器伤、暴露部位为手部和标准处置,异质性特征表现在年龄、性别、暴露地点、暴露时机和暴露源等方面。

结论

各岗位职业暴露医务人员重点人群和典型特征存在差异,分析并比较其群体特征可为职业安全和防护工作提供参考。

公立医院  /  医务人员  /  职业暴露  /  群体特征  /  用户画像
Objective

To explore the group characteristics of medical staff with occupational exposure in different positions of public hospitals and compare their differences.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on the occupational exposure data reported by 637 medical staff from 4 public hospitals in 2 districts(Jiangsu province and Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps) from January 1,2018,to December 31,2022.A portrait study was carried out from the dimensions of sociodemographic characteristics and occupational exposure characteristics.Co-occurrence analysis and Apriori algorithm were used to explore the strong correlation characteristics and map the portraits.

Results

The annual number of reported occupational exposure cases among medical staff was 139.0(109.0,140.0).Co-occurrence analysis showed that there were 5-7 high-intensity co-occurrence factors for doctors,nurses,standardized training interns,and logistics staff.For doctors,the co-occurrence intensity between "exposure during operation" and "standardized disposal" was the highest;for the other groups,the co-occurrence intensity between "sharp instrument injury" and "hand as the exposure site" was the highest.Association rule analysis yielded a total of 75 rules(confidence=0.70-1.00,lift=1.529-14.108),among which there were 2,42,27,and 4 rules strongly correlated with doctors,nurses,standardized training interns,and logistics staff,respectively.Portrait characteristics showed that the common characteristics of medical staff in all positions were sharp instrument injury,hand as the exposure site,and standardized disposal;the heterogeneous characteristics were reflected in age,gender,exposure location,exposure timing,and exposure source.

Conclusions

There are differences in key populations and typical characteristics of medical staff with occupational exposure in different positions.Analyzing and comparing their group characteristics could provide references for occupational safety and protection work.

public hospitals  /  medical staff  /  occupational exposure  /  group characteristics  /  user portrait
林陶玉, 郭晓颖, 李圆圆, 陈彥丽, 张亚桃, 韩英, 张丽. 公立医院不同岗位职业暴露医务人员的群体特征. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (1) : 46 -52 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.006
Taoyu LIN, Xiaoying GUO, Yuanyuan LI, Yanli CHEN, Yatao ZHANG, Ying HAN, Li ZHANG. Group characteristics of medical staff with occupational exposure in different positions in public hospitals[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (1) : 46 -52 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.006
医务人员职业暴露是指医务人员在执业过程中接触生物、物理、化学和社会心理等因素在内的多种职业性有害因素[1]。医务人员作为广大居民的健康守护者,面临较高的职业暴露风险,不仅威胁其自身健康,还会引发一系列的卫生和社会问题[2]。据统计,我国医务人员职业暴露发生率高达85.93%,且区域之间存在较大的差异[3]。随着全球气候变化对人类健康影响以及科技的进步与发展,不同岗位医务人员因所处职业环境的特异性还将面临更多的未知风险[4],亟须提前准备,以有效应对未来的挑战。然而,目前对不同岗位医务人员职业暴露特征不清晰,使防治策略缺乏针对性[5]。用户画像是从用户真实数据中抽取用户属性和行为特征的标签集合[6]。该技术可利用多源异构数据,动态追踪用户特征,进而精准推送与用户需求相匹配的个性化服务。目前,该技术被广泛应用于管理学领域[7-9],在卫生健康领域的应用价值亦得到证实[10]。基于此,本研究回顾性分析东西部地区2个城市4所公立医院医务人员职业暴露现实数据,运用用户画像技术,捕捉不同岗位职业暴露医务人员的特征属性和内在规律,为有针对性地开展职业暴露预防及管理提供有益参考。
采用便利抽样法选取江苏省和新疆维吾尔自治区两省份2个城市4所三级公立医院2018年1月1日—2022年12月31日上报职业暴露的医务人员为研究对象。纳入标准:发生职业暴露的医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员,其中实习规培生包括实习生、研究生、进修和规培人员,工勤人员包括保洁员、医疗废物处理人员和护工。排除标准:职业暴露事件陈述不完整;存在缺失值的样本。本研究共收集到637份样本。本研究通过苏州高新区人民医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:2023-130)。
本研究采用用户画像方法捕捉发生职业暴露的医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员群体特征,用户画像构建流程包括标签设置、数据获取、特征提取、画像呈现4个步骤。
医院职业暴露上报系统主要包括社会人口学特征和职业暴露特征。本研究按岗位类型将医务人员分为医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员4类用户群体,以人口学特征和职业暴露特征作为用户画像标签,采用回顾性分析从医院职业暴露上报系统采集研究期内职业暴露相关数据。社会人口学特征包括性别、年龄、科室,职业暴露特征包括暴露地点、暴露时机、暴露部位、暴露方式、暴露源、暴露后处置等。其中,暴露时机分为操作中和非操作中,将暴露发生在操作过程中的时段定义为操作中,将暴露发生操作前准备、操作后用物整理、废弃物处理及其他时段定义为非操作中。在数据处理及质量控制方面,指定专人经过统一培训后,开展职业暴露数据资料的整理,双人录入数据,录入过程应用差错对比软件进行逻辑纠错,保证数据录入的准确性。
用户画像的特征提取主要采用共现网络视角下的关联分析。该方法可有效综合共现分析与关联规则的优势,分别从不同事物或特征要素之间的关联性强弱和方向两个方面挖掘事物的特征。首先,采用共现分析,以直观展示对各岗位医务人员社会人口学特征和职业暴露特征各要素共现网络。其次,通过关联规则分析,挖掘各要素与不同岗位医务人员之间的关联轨迹,以捕捉其中的强关联特征。
画像呈现是以直观形式将构建的画像描绘或展示出来。结合各岗位医务人员社会人口学特征标签和职业暴露特征标签,基于共现网络视角下的关联规则分析结果,构建其群体画像,并提炼其共性和异质性特征。
采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计分析,定性资料用百分比(%)表示,组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验,检验水准α=0.05。采用SPSS Modeler 18绘制共现网络图谱;运用R Version 4.4.3软件进行Apriori算法,建立不同岗位医务人员职业暴露的关联规则模型,计算数据的支持度(support)、置信度(confidence)和提升度(lift),挖掘各岗位医务人员社会人口学特征和职业暴露特征的强关联规则作为用户画像的典型特征;采用Wordcloud 2软件包绘制词云图对特征标签进行可视化展示。
2018—2022年公立医院医务人员年上报职业暴露139.0(109.0,140.0)人次,累计上报职业暴露637人次,其中,医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员职业暴露比例分别为23.7%、45.8%、25.3%和5.2%。各岗位医务人员社会人口学特征及职业暴露基本情况见表1。
对医务人员社会人口学特征和职业暴露特征进行共现分析,共现网络中出现频次越多,节点则越大,颜色亦越深;依据表2网络图中网络链接设置范畴,在医生组中获取标准处置、操作中、手部、锐器伤和暴露源阳性5个高强度共现因素,其中操作中与标准处置共现强度最高,链接数为121;在护士组中获取锐器伤、手部、标准处置、女性、25~<35岁、病房发生6个高强度共现因素,在实习规培生组中获取锐器伤、手部、标准处置、<25岁、女性5个高强度共现因素,在工勤人员组获取锐器伤、手部、非操作中、标准处置、≥45岁5个高强度共现因素。3组中均以锐器伤与暴露部位为手部共现强度最高,链接数分别为255、148、33条。具体见图1。
依据关联规则[11],将各岗位医务人员社会人口学特征和职业暴露环节相关变量进行离散化处理,作为关联规则前项,以岗位为后项,依据不遗漏重要规则和直观清晰展示原则,通过多次阈值设定试验,最终设置项数≤4、支持度≥0.03、置信度≥0.70、提升度>1.5作为强关联规则标准,剔除冗余规则后,共获得75条规则,置信度=0.70~1.00,提升度=1.529~14.108,与医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员强相关规则分别为2、42、27、4条。依据置信度进行排序,提取与医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员强相关排名前2位规则,相关最为密切的规则分别为“35~<45岁、操作中和男性”与“医生”“25~<35岁、非操作中和暴露源阴性”与“护士”“<25岁、外科和操作中”与“实习规培生”和“≥45岁、非操作中和手部”与“工勤人员”。见表3、图2。
根据共现分析和关联规则分析提取强关联特征,绘制词云图,生成4类职业暴露医务人员画像,结合关联规则中单1前项与后项关联的置信度结果对特征因素进行排序,异质性特征表现在年龄、性别、暴露地点、暴露时机和暴露源等方面,对画像特征呈现发挥重要作用,使各岗位群体画像易于区分,其共性特征为锐器伤、暴露部位为手部和标准处置,具有频次高、不易辨识的特点。见表4、表5。
本研究发现,医生、护士、实习规培生和工勤人员职业暴露比例分别为23.7%、45.8%、25.3%和5.2%,这与既往研究[2, 12-13]基本一致。然而,医务人员职业暴露具有多源、多链、聚集、隐匿等复杂特性,传统研究多基于可观察的问题及其原因开展理性分析,对其隐性结构和潜在关联缺乏探索。本研究运行共现网络分析和Apriori算法等数据挖掘技术把相似特征的个体聚合成组,通过原始数据复盘,揭示组群特征的隐性结构,从中提炼显性规律,最后利用用户画像直观展示群体特征。本研究发现,发生职业暴露的医务人员因岗位不同呈现独特的社会人口学特征,比如35~<45岁男性外科医生、25~<35岁病房护士、<25岁外科轮转阶段实习规培生、年龄≥45岁工勤人员(后三者性别特征重要性不显著,予以剔除),这些特征的聚合刻画出各岗位医务人员职业暴露重点人群,有助于管理人员精准定位高风险暴露人群。本研究还发现,各岗位医务人员职业暴露特征在暴露方式、暴露部位和暴露处置节点存在共性交织,在暴露地点、暴露时机和暴露源节点呈现独特演化规律。
锐器伤是医务人员感染血液性传染病的重要暴露途径[14]。本研究在各岗位医务人员中均捕捉到锐器伤、手部损伤和暴露后标准处置3个显著特征,彼此之间呈现高共现特征,表明医务人员职业暴露的应急处置能力日益提升。近年来,接触细胞毒性药物、化学消毒剂,暴露于电离辐射、特定环境等非锐器伤所致的职业暴露日益增加[4,15]。本研究中非锐器伤仅占12.4%,无法捕捉上述事件的关联轨迹。尤其是从事消毒清扫、垃圾转运等工作的工勤人员,其最常见化学品飞溅所致的职业暴露并无数据支撑,这与相关研究结果[16]不符。因此,管理部门应注重锐器伤的防范,从源头上减少锐器伤发生;同时,加强培训,提高医务人员职业暴露的上报意识,扩大预防接种覆盖面,聚焦特定工作环境开展职业暴露监测。
本研究通过对比各岗位职业暴露医务人员画像发现,医生职业暴露核心特征表现在从事外科工作、暴露地点为手术室与暴露源阳性3个方面,之间呈现清晰的关联路径。这应与外科医生密集开展复杂、高风险手术、频繁使用锐器、直接接触携带病原体病人相关。操作不娴熟或不规范、配合欠协调、应急能力不足等导致手术医生职业暴露概率增加[17]。研究显示,手术医生锐器伤发生率为13.2次/100人[18],侵入性手术和紧急手术中尤其容易发生锐器伤[4]。特别是男医生思维更具广泛性和创造性,在面对疑难复杂病例和新技术、新项目时更愿意去探索和尝试,但其在洞察力和已有规则的遵循能力方面相对较弱[19-20],这也是该群体呈现显著性别特征的原因之一。目前,精准医学时代驱动新型手术术式不断创新发展,催生手术器械日新月异。提示在无成熟经验可供借鉴情况下,手术医生面临职业暴露风险将进一步增长,受有毒、有害物质损害的概率以及感染传染病的风险还会增加。因此,管理部门应重点排查手术中职业暴露风险环节,加强培训、考核与监管,全面提升该群体技能和安全防护意识及行为。
本研究发现,职业暴露护士群体核心特征以暴露发生在非操作环节、暴露地点为病房和暴露源阴性为主体,形成核心网络,其网络结构还与外科、门急诊等非重点科室、非核心的暴露地点和暴露源存在链接。这与个人不良习惯以及组织层面人力资源短缺、工作场所潜在隐患、安全保护装置配置与使用密切相关。研究显示,操作后处置环节更易导致护士在整理和清洁时发生不必要职业暴露[21-22]。据统计,护士职业暴露有20.2%是因处置丢弃的利器所致,19.3%是由收回针头产生[23],安全型留置针使用不当引起异常回血使护士面临较高的血源性职业暴露风险[24]。值得注意的是,用物准备、环境评估不充分往往使其处于微观环境的不确定风险之中,工作超负荷则会让其简化准备流程成为多源职业暴露触发点。因此,规范护士全程操作行为,加强安全保护装置培训与使用,根据床位数量调配护士是当前医院亟须加强和完善的重要措施。
本研究发现,实习规培生核心特征尽管表现在从事外科工作、暴露发生在操作环节和暴露源阳性方面,但其网络结构较护士群体复杂,具有所在科室分布广、暴露地点不局限、暴露源不确定的隐性特征。相比已经步入工作岗位的医务人员,实习规培生防护意识薄弱,经验不足,技术不熟练,阶段性轮转使其时常处于不熟悉的环境之中[4],尤其是临床实习的早期阶段具有较高概率发生锐器伤[1,25]。本研究结果提示,外科轮转是实习规培生职业暴露高发阶段,也是临床带教的薄弱环节,操作不熟练、工作流程不熟悉让该群体面临较大的传染病感染风险和与职业相关的潜在损伤。鉴于该群体职业暴露网络的复杂性与隐匿性,建议管理部门应从强化仿真实训、提升带教师资教育与监管能力、增强院校联动机制等多维度构建干预方案并推进,以全面降低其职业暴露风险。
本研究发现,工勤人员职业暴露典型特征主要集中于非操作环节,科室、暴露地点、暴露源画像不清晰,缺乏独特性。这与个人安全防护意识差、组织管理不健全密切相关,该群体年龄普遍偏大、文化程度不高、学习能力相对不足[26]。加之,该群体流动性大,工作不稳定使其缺乏职业安全与防护经验[27]。研究表明,垃圾分类不规范是工勤人员职业暴露的重要原因,但对暴露时机尚缺少有力证据[16-17]。本研究发现,工勤人员90%以上的职业暴露发生在操作前准备与操作后处置环节。这可能与其操作前后的标准预防不规范和缺乏督促指导有关[27]。因此,管理部门应重视工勤人员的稳定性,加强职业防护教育,助其快速掌握工作程序及相关技能和知识。同时,建议多部门合作,全面筛查该群体职业暴露安全隐患,深入探索其发生机制和最佳防护管理方案。
本研究运用画像技术,通过共现分析和Apriori算法,定量刻画不同岗位职业暴露医务人员群体特征及其关联路径,可为管理部门甄别重点人群、有针对性开展职业安全和防护工作提供参考。研究的局限性在于:仅从医院层面对医务人员职业暴露上报数据进行回顾性分析,不能覆盖发生职业暴露但尚未上报的这一部分群体,存在选择偏倚,故后续研究将开展多中心大样本调查,以全面展示不同岗位职业暴露医务人员的群体特征。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.006
  • 接收时间:2025-02-18
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-18
  • 修回日期:2025-09-29
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    1苏州高新区人民医院,江苏 215129
    2石河子大学医学院
    3石河子大学第一附属医院

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LIN Taoyu, E-mail:
林陶玉,博士研究生,E-mail:
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