Article(id=1322164985275469879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322164984558243894, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756224000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-27, revisedDate=1762012800000, revisedDateStr=2025-11-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793158297127, onlineDateStr=2026-10-28, pubDate=1767974400000, pubDateStr=2026-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793158297127, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793158297127, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793158297127, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322164984558243894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='176', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1767974400000', pubDateStr='2026-01-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793158296955, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793158296955, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322164987225821241, articleId=1322164985275469879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Interpretation of the "Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel", columnId=1322164987112575032, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To systematically interpret the "Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel".

Methods

The development background,evidence quality,and key recommendations of the guideline were systematically reviewed.The focus was placed on interpreting the core recommendations regarding positioning and early mobilisation,and clinical practice considerations aligned with China's national context were proposed accordingly.

Results

The guideline put forward 46 recommendations,encompassing 23 on positioning management,19 on early mobilisation,4 on assistive devices,and 2 on neuromuscular electrical stimulation.Key recommendations included:head-of-bed elevation≥40° for intubated patients;early initiation of prone positioning ventilation(for at least 12 hours) in ARDS patients with PaO₂/FiO₂<150 mmHg;and commencement of early mobilisation within 72 hours of ICU admission.

Conclusions

This guideline provides an evidence-based foundation for positioning management and early mobilisation in ICU patients.It is recommended to enhance healthcare staff training,establish multidisciplinary collaboration mechanisms,and improve assessment and monitoring systems to ensure standardized implementation.

, authors=Jing CAI, Lingli XIE, Hui ZHANG, Xinyue ZHANG, Hong SUN, Jianhua SUN, authorsList=Jing CAI, Lingli XIE, Hui ZHANG, Xinyue ZHANG, Hong SUN, Jianhua SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianhua SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
SUN Jianhua, E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322164987896909883, articleId=1322164985275469879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=《ICU病人体位管理与早期活动指南》解读, columnId=1322164987414564922, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=指南与共识, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

对“ICU病人体位管理与早期活动指南”(Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel)进行系统解读。

方法

系统梳理该《指南》的制定背景、证据质量与推荐要点,重点解读其中关于体位管理与早期活动的核心建议,并据此提出符合我国国情的临床实践思考。

结果

《指南》共提出46条建议,包括体位管理23条、早期活动19条、辅助设备4条、神经肌肉电刺激2条。核心推荐:气管插管病人床头抬高≥40°;急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)病人氧合指数<150 mmHg时尽早实施俯卧位通气(至少12 h);ICU病人入院72 h内启动早期活动。

结论

《指南》为ICU病人体位管理和早期活动提供循证依据。结合我国国情,建议加强医护人员培训、建立多学科协作机制、完善评估监测体系,确保规范实施。

, authors=蔡晶, 谢铃莉, 张慧, 张馨月, 孙红, 孙建华*, *, authorsList=蔡晶, 谢铃莉, 张慧, 张馨月, 孙红, 孙建华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=孙建华, authorNote=

蔡晶,主管护师

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙建华,E-mail:
SUN Jianhua, E-mail:
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electrical stimulation on ICU acquired weakness:a meta-analysis[J].Int J Nurs Sci,2020,7(2):228-237., articleTitle=Intervention effect of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on ICU acquired weakness:a meta-analysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322529739080839234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322164985275469879, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322529739097616451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322164985275469879, companyId=1322529739080839234, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322529739110199364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322164985275469879, companyId=1322529739080839234, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国医学科学院北京协和医院,北京 100730)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322529744311136367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322164985275469879, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Recommendations from the guideline on positioning and early mobilisation for critically ill patients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主题主要内容证据等级
A ICU病人体位管理的建议A1 考虑到可能的血流动力学波动和压力性损伤风险增加,推荐器官插管病人床头抬高≥40°1级
A2 建议对颅内压升高的病人抬高床头,以达到对脑灌注压最有利的效果4级
A3 在腹内压升高或有腹内压升高风险的病人中,避免通过屈曲膝关节和髋关节进行上半身抬高,建议选择抗特伦德伦堡体位进行上半身抬高3级
A4 无法推荐支持或反对侧卧位以预防无肺损伤的肺部并发症3级
A5 单侧肺损伤病人,宜使用90°的健侧卧位,以改善肺通气3级
A6 建议定期调整体位,以避免长时间仰卧位5级
A7 我们不建议使用连续的侧向旋转疗法2级
B 俯卧位治疗的建议B1 对于存在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)或动脉氧合受损[氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)<150 mmHg)的机械通气病人,宜采用俯卧位1级
B2 建议在ARDS早期阶段考虑俯卧位,并在出现指征时立即实施1级
B3 建议俯卧位通气至少进行12 h,最好是16 h1级
B4 俯卧位时宜优化机械通气条件,包括限制潮气量、呼气末正压、平台压和自主呼吸管理1级
B5 在实施俯卧位通气前,应稳定病人血流动力学状态并优化容量状态;使用儿茶酚胺类药物不是实施俯卧位通气的禁忌证5级
B6 建议对腹部手术后的病人、有腹部病变的病人或腹部肥胖病人俯卧位前,需评价益处(氧合改善)和风险(腹内压升高伴有手术并发症、急性肾衰竭或缺氧性肝炎)4级
B7 颅内压高风险病人在实施俯卧位时应密切观察颅内压;头部的位置宜中立位,不应横向侧旋5级
B8 当存在以下禁忌证时,应评价俯卧位前相关利弊:1)腹腔开放者;2)脊柱不稳定者;3)颅内压升高者;4)心律失常伴血流动力学不稳定者;5)休克5级
B9 病人实施俯卧位时氧合持续改善[复位4 h后,PaO2/FiO2≥150 mmHg、呼气末正压(PEEP)≤10 cmH2O和FiO2≤0.6],建议终止俯卧位2级
B10 俯卧位实施至少2次失败后,应终止俯卧位5级
B11 俯卧位宜完全俯卧180°2级
B12 建议在俯卧位时仔细检查压力性损伤高危区域,以最大限度地降低发生压力性损伤的风险1级
B13 无创通气的新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)和急性低氧呼吸衰竭病人宜行清醒俯卧位通气1级
B14 无法推荐支持或反对无COVID-19的无创通气病人清醒俯卧位5级
B15 无法就清醒俯卧位持续时间提出建议5级
B16 建议对接受静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗的ARDS病人进行俯卧位治疗2级
C ICU病人早期活动的建议C1 推荐在入住ICU后72 h内开始对ICU病人进行早期活动1级
C2 建议医院管理层提供人员和物资条件,以便开展早期活动5级
C3 推荐对所有功能独立且没有禁忌证的危重症病人实施早期活动1级
C4 推荐对入住ICU前功能依赖且无禁忌证的危重症病人进行早期活动3级
C5 连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)病人,如果没有禁忌证,经多学科团队评估后,应积极开展早期活动2级
C6 蛛网膜下隙出血或脑室外引流的病人早期活动前,建议开展多学科团队会诊,充分考虑潜在的风险和效益3级
C7 ECMO病人,如果没有禁忌证,经多学科团队评估后,应积极开展早期活动3级
C8 推荐明确开具医疗所需的制动处方5级
C9 推荐对呼吸和循环储备充足的病人开展活动。然而,目前无法对早期活动绝对禁忌证的参数制定循证建议5级
C10 如果根据临床判断,如果活动对病人构成风险,建议停止早期活动。参照标准可能是:血氧饱和度<86%,心率较基线增加30%,收缩压较基线升高40 mmHg,舒张压较基线升高20 mmHg,平均动脉压<60 mmHg,新发或恶性心律失常,意识水平较基线恶化,疼痛加剧5级
C11 推荐制定主动与被动相结合的早期活动方案1级
C12 推荐早期活动方案中包含安全实施的指征(肺部和心血管疾病)2级
C13 建议召开早期活动动员会,包括病人告知,保证充足的人力资源,固定/延长人工气道、静脉输液线或其他引流装置5级
C14 推荐早期活动主动与被动相结合2级
C15 我们无法就每日活动时间提出建议5级
C16 我们建议逐步锻炼到尽可能高的活动能力1级
C17 建议将早期活动整合到一个治疗包中,涵盖疼痛、焦虑、躁动和谵妄的管理,以及对通气病人进行自主呼吸试验2级
C18 我们无法建议或反对将早期活动与增加蛋白质摄入相结合5级
C19 我们无法建议或反对亲属参与早期活动5级
D 辅助设备与机器人技术的应用D1 我们无法提出建议或反对使用床上踏车与早期活动相结合的建议2级
D2 在功能锻炼不充分的情况下,建议将床上踏车作为早期活动的一部分1级
D3 有颅内压升高风险的病人,建议在床上踏车时监测颅内压2级
D4 我们无法提出支持或反对使用辅助设备(如倾斜台、带体重支持的跑步机)或康复机器人的建议5级
E 神经肌肉电刺激技术E1 危重症病人早期活动时,建议纳入神经肌肉电刺激技术1级
E2 我们建议在使用神经肌肉电刺激时,对已建立颅内压监测的病人进行持续颅内压监测2级
), ArticleFig(id=1322529744395022448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322164985275469879, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ICU病人体位管理与早期活动指南

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
主题主要内容证据等级
A ICU病人体位管理的建议A1 考虑到可能的血流动力学波动和压力性损伤风险增加,推荐器官插管病人床头抬高≥40°1级
A2 建议对颅内压升高的病人抬高床头,以达到对脑灌注压最有利的效果4级
A3 在腹内压升高或有腹内压升高风险的病人中,避免通过屈曲膝关节和髋关节进行上半身抬高,建议选择抗特伦德伦堡体位进行上半身抬高3级
A4 无法推荐支持或反对侧卧位以预防无肺损伤的肺部并发症3级
A5 单侧肺损伤病人,宜使用90°的健侧卧位,以改善肺通气3级
A6 建议定期调整体位,以避免长时间仰卧位5级
A7 我们不建议使用连续的侧向旋转疗法2级
B 俯卧位治疗的建议B1 对于存在急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)或动脉氧合受损[氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)<150 mmHg)的机械通气病人,宜采用俯卧位1级
B2 建议在ARDS早期阶段考虑俯卧位,并在出现指征时立即实施1级
B3 建议俯卧位通气至少进行12 h,最好是16 h1级
B4 俯卧位时宜优化机械通气条件,包括限制潮气量、呼气末正压、平台压和自主呼吸管理1级
B5 在实施俯卧位通气前,应稳定病人血流动力学状态并优化容量状态;使用儿茶酚胺类药物不是实施俯卧位通气的禁忌证5级
B6 建议对腹部手术后的病人、有腹部病变的病人或腹部肥胖病人俯卧位前,需评价益处(氧合改善)和风险(腹内压升高伴有手术并发症、急性肾衰竭或缺氧性肝炎)4级
B7 颅内压高风险病人在实施俯卧位时应密切观察颅内压;头部的位置宜中立位,不应横向侧旋5级
B8 当存在以下禁忌证时,应评价俯卧位前相关利弊:1)腹腔开放者;2)脊柱不稳定者;3)颅内压升高者;4)心律失常伴血流动力学不稳定者;5)休克5级
B9 病人实施俯卧位时氧合持续改善[复位4 h后,PaO2/FiO2≥150 mmHg、呼气末正压(PEEP)≤10 cmH2O和FiO2≤0.6],建议终止俯卧位2级
B10 俯卧位实施至少2次失败后,应终止俯卧位5级
B11 俯卧位宜完全俯卧180°2级
B12 建议在俯卧位时仔细检查压力性损伤高危区域,以最大限度地降低发生压力性损伤的风险1级
B13 无创通气的新型冠状病毒感染(COVID-19)和急性低氧呼吸衰竭病人宜行清醒俯卧位通气1级
B14 无法推荐支持或反对无COVID-19的无创通气病人清醒俯卧位5级
B15 无法就清醒俯卧位持续时间提出建议5级
B16 建议对接受静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)治疗的ARDS病人进行俯卧位治疗2级
C ICU病人早期活动的建议C1 推荐在入住ICU后72 h内开始对ICU病人进行早期活动1级
C2 建议医院管理层提供人员和物资条件,以便开展早期活动5级
C3 推荐对所有功能独立且没有禁忌证的危重症病人实施早期活动1级
C4 推荐对入住ICU前功能依赖且无禁忌证的危重症病人进行早期活动3级
C5 连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)病人,如果没有禁忌证,经多学科团队评估后,应积极开展早期活动2级
C6 蛛网膜下隙出血或脑室外引流的病人早期活动前,建议开展多学科团队会诊,充分考虑潜在的风险和效益3级
C7 ECMO病人,如果没有禁忌证,经多学科团队评估后,应积极开展早期活动3级
C8 推荐明确开具医疗所需的制动处方5级
C9 推荐对呼吸和循环储备充足的病人开展活动。然而,目前无法对早期活动绝对禁忌证的参数制定循证建议5级
C10 如果根据临床判断,如果活动对病人构成风险,建议停止早期活动。参照标准可能是:血氧饱和度<86%,心率较基线增加30%,收缩压较基线升高40 mmHg,舒张压较基线升高20 mmHg,平均动脉压<60 mmHg,新发或恶性心律失常,意识水平较基线恶化,疼痛加剧5级
C11 推荐制定主动与被动相结合的早期活动方案1级
C12 推荐早期活动方案中包含安全实施的指征(肺部和心血管疾病)2级
C13 建议召开早期活动动员会,包括病人告知,保证充足的人力资源,固定/延长人工气道、静脉输液线或其他引流装置5级
C14 推荐早期活动主动与被动相结合2级
C15 我们无法就每日活动时间提出建议5级
C16 我们建议逐步锻炼到尽可能高的活动能力1级
C17 建议将早期活动整合到一个治疗包中,涵盖疼痛、焦虑、躁动和谵妄的管理,以及对通气病人进行自主呼吸试验2级
C18 我们无法建议或反对将早期活动与增加蛋白质摄入相结合5级
C19 我们无法建议或反对亲属参与早期活动5级
D 辅助设备与机器人技术的应用D1 我们无法提出建议或反对使用床上踏车与早期活动相结合的建议2级
D2 在功能锻炼不充分的情况下,建议将床上踏车作为早期活动的一部分1级
D3 有颅内压升高风险的病人,建议在床上踏车时监测颅内压2级
D4 我们无法提出支持或反对使用辅助设备(如倾斜台、带体重支持的跑步机)或康复机器人的建议5级
E 神经肌肉电刺激技术E1 危重症病人早期活动时,建议纳入神经肌肉电刺激技术1级
E2 我们建议在使用神经肌肉电刺激时,对已建立颅内压监测的病人进行持续颅内压监测2级
), ArticleFig(id=1322529744483102833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322164985275469879, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Recommendations for localized implementation of the guideline on positioning managementand early mobilisation for critically ill patients in China

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度本土化核心挑战/机遇具体行动建议
体系与文化构建挑战:跨专业协作机制不成熟;护理与康复人力不足;“以医生为中心”的传统模式;缺乏收费标准,动力不足1)建立“ICU康复小组”并明确职责:在三级甲等医院率先建立由重症医生、护士、康复治疗师、呼吸治疗师、临床药师和营养师组成的固定团队,明确各岗位在体位管理和早期活动中的职责与流程
机遇:国家大力推进分级诊疗与康复医疗体系建设;大型医院高质量发展要求2)创建本土化临床路径:将指南核心措施(如入院72 h内活动、ARDS俯卧位)整合进电子病历系统,形成结构化的评估、处方、执行和记录流程
3)推动医保与物价项目立项:积极论证早期活动和规范体位管理的成本效益,推动设立“重症康复评估”“床旁早期活动治疗”等收费项目,使劳动价值得到体现
技术与方案适配挑战:病人病情重、管路多;家属对活动安全性的担忧;高精尖康复设备昂贵且数量少4)开发适合国情的活动方案:研究并推广在有限人力(如1人或2人)条件下,对带有气管插管、ECMO等高级支持设备病人的安全活动方案与辅助工具
机遇:强大的工程制造能力;中医药在康复领域的悠久历史;“简化、安全、有效”的方案更符合基层需求5)探索中西医结合康复:研究在被动活动、肌肉训练中结合针灸、推拿等中医疗法,对预防肌肉萎缩、促进功能恢复的有效性
6)研发低成本高效益的辅助设备:鼓励研发适用于中国ICU病房空间和病床的、性价比高的国产化踏车、移位机、机器人等辅助设备
特殊人群与场景挑战:对神经重症、高龄衰弱、经济欠发达地区病人的活动安全顾虑多,证据空白7)开展中国人群的疗效与安全性研究:重点针对中国高发的病因(如重症肺炎、卒中)和人群特点(如对镇静药物的反应),开展多中心随机对照研究,生成本土证据,特别是长期预后(如6个月生活质量和再入院率)的数据
机遇:庞大的病人群体可为临床研究提供丰富资源;通过医联体模式将经验下沉8)制定神经重症病人活动专家共识:基于国内外证据和国内专家经验,率先制定中国本土化神经重症病人早期活动专家共识,明确颅内压监测下的活动指征与禁忌证
9)建立分级实施模式:在医联体内,明确三级医院、二级医院和社区康复中心在危重病人康复不同阶段的角色和转诊标准,实现全程化管理
人才培养与普及挑战:护士和治疗师对重症康复的知识与技能不足;缺乏系统化培训10)将重症康复纳入核心培训:在重症医学、护理学和康复治疗学的在校教育及毕业后规范化培训中,增设体位管理与早期活动的核心课程和实操考核
机遇:在线教育的普及;国家级继续教育项目的推广11)建立标准化培训中心与工作坊:依托国家级或区域性医疗中心,建立培训基地,定期举办针对临床医护的“危重病人早期活动与体位管理”模拟实训班
数据与信息化支持挑战:活动与体位的执行缺乏量化记录与反馈,难以进行质量控制和科研分析12)利用信息化手段进行管理与质控:在电子病历中嵌入结构化表单,自动记录活动等级、俯卧位时长等关键指标,并设置提醒与报警功能
机遇:医疗信息化水平;人工智能方兴未艾13)建设中国危重病人康复数据库:联合多家中心,建立标准化的前瞻性数据库,用于评价不同干预措施的真实世界效果,并为人工智能预测模型提供数据基础
), ArticleFig(id=1322529744550211698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322164985275469879, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

危重病人体位管理与早期活动指南:中国本土化发展建议

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度本土化核心挑战/机遇具体行动建议
体系与文化构建挑战:跨专业协作机制不成熟;护理与康复人力不足;“以医生为中心”的传统模式;缺乏收费标准,动力不足1)建立“ICU康复小组”并明确职责:在三级甲等医院率先建立由重症医生、护士、康复治疗师、呼吸治疗师、临床药师和营养师组成的固定团队,明确各岗位在体位管理和早期活动中的职责与流程
机遇:国家大力推进分级诊疗与康复医疗体系建设;大型医院高质量发展要求2)创建本土化临床路径:将指南核心措施(如入院72 h内活动、ARDS俯卧位)整合进电子病历系统,形成结构化的评估、处方、执行和记录流程
3)推动医保与物价项目立项:积极论证早期活动和规范体位管理的成本效益,推动设立“重症康复评估”“床旁早期活动治疗”等收费项目,使劳动价值得到体现
技术与方案适配挑战:病人病情重、管路多;家属对活动安全性的担忧;高精尖康复设备昂贵且数量少4)开发适合国情的活动方案:研究并推广在有限人力(如1人或2人)条件下,对带有气管插管、ECMO等高级支持设备病人的安全活动方案与辅助工具
机遇:强大的工程制造能力;中医药在康复领域的悠久历史;“简化、安全、有效”的方案更符合基层需求5)探索中西医结合康复:研究在被动活动、肌肉训练中结合针灸、推拿等中医疗法,对预防肌肉萎缩、促进功能恢复的有效性
6)研发低成本高效益的辅助设备:鼓励研发适用于中国ICU病房空间和病床的、性价比高的国产化踏车、移位机、机器人等辅助设备
特殊人群与场景挑战:对神经重症、高龄衰弱、经济欠发达地区病人的活动安全顾虑多,证据空白7)开展中国人群的疗效与安全性研究:重点针对中国高发的病因(如重症肺炎、卒中)和人群特点(如对镇静药物的反应),开展多中心随机对照研究,生成本土证据,特别是长期预后(如6个月生活质量和再入院率)的数据
机遇:庞大的病人群体可为临床研究提供丰富资源;通过医联体模式将经验下沉8)制定神经重症病人活动专家共识:基于国内外证据和国内专家经验,率先制定中国本土化神经重症病人早期活动专家共识,明确颅内压监测下的活动指征与禁忌证
9)建立分级实施模式:在医联体内,明确三级医院、二级医院和社区康复中心在危重病人康复不同阶段的角色和转诊标准,实现全程化管理
人才培养与普及挑战:护士和治疗师对重症康复的知识与技能不足;缺乏系统化培训10)将重症康复纳入核心培训:在重症医学、护理学和康复治疗学的在校教育及毕业后规范化培训中,增设体位管理与早期活动的核心课程和实操考核
机遇:在线教育的普及;国家级继续教育项目的推广11)建立标准化培训中心与工作坊:依托国家级或区域性医疗中心,建立培训基地,定期举办针对临床医护的“危重病人早期活动与体位管理”模拟实训班
数据与信息化支持挑战:活动与体位的执行缺乏量化记录与反馈,难以进行质量控制和科研分析12)利用信息化手段进行管理与质控:在电子病历中嵌入结构化表单,自动记录活动等级、俯卧位时长等关键指标,并设置提醒与报警功能
机遇:医疗信息化水平;人工智能方兴未艾13)建设中国危重病人康复数据库:联合多家中心,建立标准化的前瞻性数据库,用于评价不同干预措施的真实世界效果,并为人工智能预测模型提供数据基础
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《ICU病人体位管理与早期活动指南》解读
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蔡晶 , 谢铃莉 , 张慧 , 张馨月 , 孙红 , 孙建华 *, *
护理研究 | 指南与共识 2026,40(1): 1-8
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护理研究 |指南与共识 2026 , 40 (1) : 1 -8
《ICU病人体位管理与早期活动指南》解读
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蔡晶, 谢铃莉, 张慧, 张馨月, 孙红, 孙建华*, *
作者信息
  • 1中国医学科学院北京协和医院,北京 100730
通讯作者:
孙建华,E-mail:
SUN Jianhua, E-mail:
作者简介:

蔡晶,主管护师

Interpretation of the "Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel"
Jing CAI, Lingli XIE, Hui ZHANG, Xinyue ZHANG, Hong SUN, Jianhua SUN
Affiliations
  • 1Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730 China
  • Corresponding Author:
    SUN Jianhua, E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-01-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.001
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目的

对“ICU病人体位管理与早期活动指南”(Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel)进行系统解读。

方法

系统梳理该《指南》的制定背景、证据质量与推荐要点,重点解读其中关于体位管理与早期活动的核心建议,并据此提出符合我国国情的临床实践思考。

结果

《指南》共提出46条建议,包括体位管理23条、早期活动19条、辅助设备4条、神经肌肉电刺激2条。核心推荐:气管插管病人床头抬高≥40°;急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)病人氧合指数<150 mmHg时尽早实施俯卧位通气(至少12 h);ICU病人入院72 h内启动早期活动。

结论

《指南》为ICU病人体位管理和早期活动提供循证依据。结合我国国情,建议加强医护人员培训、建立多学科协作机制、完善评估监测体系,确保规范实施。

重症监护室  /  体位管理  /  俯卧位  /  早期活动  /  指南  /  解读
Objective

To systematically interpret the "Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel".

Methods

The development background,evidence quality,and key recommendations of the guideline were systematically reviewed.The focus was placed on interpreting the core recommendations regarding positioning and early mobilisation,and clinical practice considerations aligned with China's national context were proposed accordingly.

Results

The guideline put forward 46 recommendations,encompassing 23 on positioning management,19 on early mobilisation,4 on assistive devices,and 2 on neuromuscular electrical stimulation.Key recommendations included:head-of-bed elevation≥40° for intubated patients;early initiation of prone positioning ventilation(for at least 12 hours) in ARDS patients with PaO₂/FiO₂<150 mmHg;and commencement of early mobilisation within 72 hours of ICU admission.

Conclusions

This guideline provides an evidence-based foundation for positioning management and early mobilisation in ICU patients.It is recommended to enhance healthcare staff training,establish multidisciplinary collaboration mechanisms,and improve assessment and monitoring systems to ensure standardized implementation.

intensive care units  /  positioning management  /  prone position  /  early mobilisation  /  guideline  /  interpretation
蔡晶, 谢铃莉, 张慧, 张馨月, 孙红, 孙建华. 《ICU病人体位管理与早期活动指南》解读. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (1) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.001
Jing CAI, Lingli XIE, Hui ZHANG, Xinyue ZHANG, Hong SUN, Jianhua SUN. Interpretation of the "Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel"[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (1) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.001
重症病人往往因治疗及疾病限制等因素,长期处于卧床或制动状态,易导致病人出现肌肉质量和功能的丧失、谵妄、认知能力下降及生活质量下降等一系列负面影响[1]。研究表明,重症监护室(ICU)病人入院48 h内即可出现神经肌肉系统的电生理变化,进而引发ICU获得性肌无力(ICU-acquired weakness,ICUAW)和胰岛素抵抗[2-3]。已有研究表明,ICU病人早期康复与体位管理对减少卧床相关并发症具有重要作用[4-5]。2015年,德国麻醉学和重症监护医学学会发表了《预防肺部并发症指南:体位管理和早期活动》[6]。该指南是一部具有权威性的国际性指导文件,为ICU病人体位与早期活动提供了重要依据。近年来,随着循证医学证据的积累,德国和奥地利的跨学科专家组修订了该项《指南》,并于2024年4月在Intensive Care Med发布了“ICU病人体位管理与早期活动指南”(Guideline on positioning and early mobilisation in the critically ill by an expert panel)[7](以下简称《指南》)。现对《指南》中的重要内容进行解读,以促进我国临床医务人员更好地掌握其核心内容,从而为病人提供更加符合我国国情的医疗服务。
该《指南》由德国和奥地利跨学科专家组制定,遵循德国科学医学协会(AWMF)指南[8]制定方法,系统检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、PEDro和CINAHL数据库(检索时间为2014年1月—2024年4月),纳入446篇文献,采用牛津循证医学中心分级(OCEBM)和推荐分级评估、制定与评价(GRADE)方法[9]进行质量评估,通过德尔菲法和联合共识会议形成46条循证建议。本研究重点解读体位管理和早期活动相关内容,并结合我国临床实践提出应用建议。
解读团队由8名来自重症医学、重症护理、康复医学、循证护理等领域的专家组成。解读过程:1)系统研读《指南》全文,重点分析《指南》的制定背景、证据来源、推荐级别;2)检索PubMed、Cochrane Library等数据库相关文献,补充最新研究进展;3)结合我国临床实际情况,分析《指南》的适用性和实施要点;4)通过专家讨论达成共识,形成解读意见。
《指南》提出了46条共识建议,其中23条建议关于ICU病人体位管理、19条建议关于早期活动、4条建议关于活动辅助设备、2条建议关于神经肌肉电刺激,见表1。ICU病人体位管理和早期活动需要考虑病人病情、康复需求、并发症预防、舒适度等多方面因素。《指南》的制定使ICU病人体位管理及早期活动的建议更加清晰且易于医护人员操作实施。科学的体位管理和早期活动有助于缩短住院时间,降低再入院率和预防压力性损伤、血栓等并发症的发生率,改善病人预后[10]。因此,本研究主要解读《指南》的体位管理和早期活动两部分内容,以期为临床实践提供参考。
《指南》提出3条床头抬高建议,明确推荐气管插管病人床头抬高≥40°。床头抬高可降低呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率,缩短机械通气时间。Pozuelo-Carrascosa等[11]网状Meta分析发现,半卧位是降低呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)发生率、住院时间和机械通气时间的最佳选择。Güner等[12]研究显示,45°组卧位的病人VAP发生率低于<30°组。Zhuo等[13]系统综述发现,床头抬高45°较30°可降低胃反流和VAP发生率,但压力性损伤发生风险增加。床头抬高后病人舒适度下降,临床依从性有待提升。
Vinagre等[14]调查发现,ICU人工气道病人床头抬高30°~45°依从率仅为40.9%,实际床头抬高角度中位数为24.0°[15]。邵欣等[16]调查全国194所三级医院,88.9%的ICU首选半卧位,其中94.1%选择30°~40°,86.3%有提高依从性的策略。美国胸科学会、美国传染病学会[17]及国内学会[18-19]均建议床头抬高30°~45°,临床应根据病人病情和耐受性个体化调整。《指南》综合考虑血流动力学副作用和压力性损伤风险,建议床头抬高40°。见表2。
针对特殊病人,《指南》也给出相应建议:对于颅内压升高病人,应抬高床头以优化脑灌注压。Olavarría等[20]系统评价发现,急性缺血性脑卒中病人在0°或15°卧位时患侧血流速度增加。床头抬高应个体化,在0°、15°和30°时监测颅内压和脑灌注压,并保持头部中立位。对于腹内压升高病人,建议采用抗特伦德伦伯卧位。床头抬高会增加腹内压并减少内脏血流量,但从15°升至30°时内脏血流量未进一步减少[21]。
临床启示补充:床头抬高是预防VAP的重要措施,但我国ICU床头抬高依从率仍需提升。建议将床头抬高纳入护理质量指标,定期监测和反馈;使用床旁角度测量仪或床栏标识,确保床头抬高角度准确;对颅内压升高、腹内压升高等特殊病人,需个体化评估最佳床头抬高角度,建立动态调整机制并加强医护人员培训,提高对床头抬高重要性的认识和执行依从性。
《指南》提出4条侧卧位建议:1)推荐定时变换体位;2)无法就预防肺部并发症与肺损伤间的平衡提出建议;3)单侧肺损伤病人推荐采取约90°侧卧位,健侧向下,以改善气体交换;4)不建议使用自动可旋转床实施连续侧向旋转治疗(CLRT)。ICU侧卧位通常为30°~90°,可改善通气/血流比例,促进分泌物引流和氧合改善[22]。侧卧方向根据影像学调整,双肺病变程度不一致时,患侧位于上方,与对侧交替。根据角度分为完全侧卧位(90°)和半侧卧位(30°~60°)。侧卧位可降低VAP发生率,但易引起呕吐[23]。陈洁如等[24]研究发现,俯卧位和侧卧位有助于改善ARDS病人28 d全因死亡率。
CLRT是电动床系统频繁围绕纵轴旋转的方案[25-26]。Brito等[25]研究发现,CLRT对预后无显著影响,但有助于减少院内获得性肺炎。Staudinger等[27]研究发现,CLRT不能降低VAP发生率,且39%病人在撤机阶段不耐受。侧卧位作为单侧肺病病人的治疗体位,可改善气体交换和动脉氧合,但可能影响静脉回流和心脏功能,血流动力学不稳定病人需密切监测血压。
《指南》提出16条俯卧位治疗建议,涵盖指征、禁忌证、终止指征、方法和持续时间等。俯卧位是改善ARDS病人预后的重要手段[28],在治疗低氧血症、改善呼吸窘迫症状中发挥重要作用。《指南》建议ARDS病人氧合指数严重下降(PaO2/FiO2<150 mmHg)时应尽早开展俯卧位通气,时长至少12 h,推荐16 h[29]。Guérin等[30]研究显示,早期应用俯卧位并延长时间可显著降低重症ARDS病人28 d和90 d死亡率。
开腹手术、脊柱损伤、颅内压升高、严重心律失常、休克病人俯卧位时应充分评价效益(氧合改善)和风险(腹内压增加、手术并发症、急性肾衰竭或缺氧性肝炎)。Hering等[31]发现ARDS病人俯卧位时腹内压从12 mmHg升至14 mmHg,肥胖病人中缺氧性肝炎和肾衰竭发生率增加[32]。俯卧位可显著改善氧合和生存率,但需注意对颅内压和腹内压的影响。
ARDS病人应开展180°俯卧位,期间维持限制潮气策略[33]、合适的呼气末正压[34]、自主呼吸管理[33]等。循环波动病人俯卧位前应优化血流动力学和容量管理,血管活性药物非禁忌。静脉-静脉体外膜肺氧合治疗的ARDS病人可采用俯卧位。颅内压升高风险病人应加强监测,头部保持中立位。Beuret等[35]调查发现,51例病人俯卧位期间颅内压显著升高发生率为24%,从11 mmHg升至24 mmHg。新型冠状病毒感染或急性呼吸衰竭的无创通气病人可开展清醒俯卧位,米元元等[36]建议持续时间根据氧合改善和耐受情况调整,最短30 min,最长4 h,每天2~4次,总时间>12 h。
俯卧位实施后应严密监测疗效。《指南》基于PROSEVA研究提出,俯卧位改为仰卧位后4 h在逐步降低通气(PEEP≤10 cmH2O、FiO2≤0.6)下氧合改善(PaO2/FiO2≥150 mmHg)时可终止治疗[30]。两次俯卧位后氧合指数仍无改善应停止治疗。中华医学会重症医学分会建议氧合指数升高>20%提示治疗反应性好,脉搏血氧饱和度多在1 h内改善,PaCO2下降>2 mmHg亦提示有效[37]。米元元等[36]指出,出现心搏骤停、严重血流动力学不稳定、恶性心律失常(心率<50/min或>120/min)、使用去甲肾上腺素最大剂量0.05 μg/(kg·min)时MAP<65 mmHg等情况应立即终止。需动态监测呼吸机条件及氧合情况,实时评估治疗效果[37]。
俯卧位期间应仔细检查受压部位,降低压力性损伤风险。易发生部位为面部、胸部、髂嵴和膝盖等13个位置。Patton等[38]系统综述发现,15 979例成年ICU病人俯卧位期间压力性损伤累积发生率为25.7%至48.5%。俯卧位会重新分布身体重量,明显增加压力性损伤风险,应定期检查皮肤及易损部位。)
早期活动是在重症疾病发生后对病人进行有计划、有组织、目标性、重复性的体能训练,以维持和改善病人的体能状况[39]。研究表明,早期活动能降低谵妄、ICU获得性衰弱等并发症发生率,提高躯体功能,恢复肺功能,缩短住院时间,提高病人出院时的自主活动能力[40]。《指南》共提及19条有关ICU病人早期活动的建议,主要包含早期活动的指征、禁忌证、终止指征、多学科合作等。
《指南》推荐在ICU病人入院72 h内启动早期活动[41-42]。在机械通气后72~96 h或48~72 h内开始早期活动时,ICU获得性肌无力的风险降低,通气持续时间缩短[43]。对于接受连续性肾脏替代治疗或体外膜肺氧合病人,需在跨学科团队评估后进行早期活动。神经重症病人(如蛛网膜下腔出血或脑外伤)的康复需谨慎,避免颅内压升高。ICU病人早期活动不良事件发生率为2.6%~3.9%,密切监测生命体征变化对保障病人安全具有重要意义[4]。《指南》建议停止早期活动的指征包括:氧饱和度<86%,心率较基线增加30%,收缩压较基线升高40 mmHg,舒张压较基线升高20 mmHg,平均动脉压<60 mmHg,新发或恶性心律失常,意识水平较基线恶化,疼痛加剧。ICU病人活动水平较高与较好的健康状态相关,通过ICU活动量表(ICU Mobility Scale, IMS)测量,IMS ≥4分(站立)明显降低了发生ICU获得性肌无力(ICU-AW)的风险[44]。因此,《指南》建议鼓励病人开展循序渐进的活动,提示病人活动能力水平。
为了保证早期活动的开展,《指南》建议医院管理层提供充足的人力资源和必要的物质条件,开展多学科讨论。早期活动前,应通知治疗团队和病人,取得病人配合;活动期间应妥善固定人工气道、静脉输液通路或引流管等。应密切监测病人的状态、意识和生命体征,持续监测机械通气参数;为了安全起见,应修改报警限值,并应考虑增加人员支持。以ICU病人谵妄预防为核心的治疗方案,包含早期活动的ICU病人镇痛镇静集束化管理策略越来越受到重视,其中的代表包括ABCDEF[A(assess):评估、预防和管理疼痛,B(both):自主呼吸试验和自主觉醒试验,C(choice):镇痛和镇静药的选择,D(delirium):谵妄的评估、预防和管理,E(early mobility):早期活动,F(family engagement):家庭参与]、eCASH策略[e(early):早期,C(comfort):使用镇痛药确保患者舒适,A(awakening):不使用镇静剂,保持患者清醒,S(spontaneous breathing):维持自主呼吸,H(humane care):提供人性化护理][45]、ESCAPE策略[E(early):早期活动,S(spontaneous):自主呼吸试验,C(coordination):团队协调,A(analgesia):镇痛,P(procedural):操作镇静,E(environment):环境管理。集束化管理策略聚焦在疼痛的评估、预防和管理,自主觉醒试验和自主呼吸试验,镇痛镇静的选择,谵妄的评估、预防和管理,早期活动及家庭关怀,睡眠管理等。《指南》对家庭支持与关怀未作出明确意见。Rosa等[46]开展随机对照研究显示,灵活的家属陪伴政策能降低危重病病人及家属的焦虑和抑郁评分,而不会增加临床团队的倦怠感。因此,ICU病人早期活动的开展涉及评估、监测、干预等内容,精准的评估与质量控制有助于提高ICU病人管理水平。
ICU病人早期活动辅助设备包括设备辅助(如踏车运动、跑步机和倾斜台)和机器人辅助设施(如自动步行设备)等,用于病人被动活动、辅助或主动活动。辅助设备或机器人的主动介入,有助于帮助病人跨越从被动到主动活动的障碍,解决人力短缺问题,提升病人康复需求。床上踏车运动是研究最多的辅助设备之一,但其对功能恢复和ICU住院时间的影响尚不明确。2024年,一项Meta分析也报道,早期参与踏车运动可改善病人转出ICU时的身体机能,缩短ICU入住时长1.06 d,但未影响死亡率[47]。床上踏车运动是安全的,目前仅有1项随机对照试验显示,接受渐进式活动计划(包括功能性电刺激和卧床自行车)的病人出现颅内压升高的并发症[48]。机器人辅助康复设备(如踏步机器人)在ICU中的应用尚处于早期阶段,缺乏足够的证据支持其广泛使用。
《指南》建议开展神经肌肉电刺激(neuromuscular electrical stimulation,NMES),有助于促进病人康复;有颅内压监测的病人在应用NMES期间,应持续监测颅内压变化[48]。NMES是一项应用20~50 Hz低频电流通过电极刺激特定肌肉群使其抽搐或者收缩,从而产生肌肉训练的效果,适用于早期无法主动参与康复的病人[49]。NMES可改善肌肉力量和功能恢复,但对ICU住院时间和死亡率的影响尚不明确[50]。
《指南》基于系统的循证医学方法,为ICU病人体位管理和早期活动提供了全面的临床指导,对我国重症医学实践具有重要借鉴价值。首先,《指南》通过规范化的推荐意见,为临床提供了标准化流程,有助于减少不同地区、不同医疗机构之间的实践差异,提升医疗质量的同质化水平。其次,《指南》基于446篇文献的系统评价,采用OCEBM和GRADE方法进行严格的质量评估,为临床决策提供了高质量的科学依据,确保了推荐意见的可靠性。第三,《指南》系统涵盖了体位管理和早期活动的指征、禁忌证、实施方法、监测要点和终止指征等各个环节,为临床全面应用提供了完整的指导框架。此外,《指南》反映了国际重症医学领域的最新进展,特别是在俯卧位通气、清醒俯卧位、早期活动等方面的前沿认识,有助于推动我国ICU临床实践与国际先进水平接轨。
《指南》推荐的核心措施在我国三级医院ICU具有良好的适用性和实施基础。根据国内调查数据,88.9%的三级医院ICU已开展半卧位管理[16],部分单位已在ARDS病人中实施俯卧位通气和早期活动项目,具备进一步推广应用的条件。然而,考虑到我国医疗资源分布不均、ICU护患比相对较低以及医保支付政策的限制,《指南》的实施需要因地制宜地进行调整。
在设备和技术选择方面,需要权衡成本效益比。例如,CLRT自动旋转床虽然能够实现自动化体位变换,但成本较高且临床获益有限,在资源有限的情况下,可通过规范的人工定时翻身流程达到类似效果。康复机器人、高端监护设备等先进技术可根据医院的经济条件和病人需求选择性配置,不宜作为推广指南的前提条件。早期活动的开展需要康复治疗师或经过专业培训的重症专科护士的支持,建议三级医院优先配置相关人力资源,形成示范经验后再逐步向下级医院推广。
基于我国医疗体系的层级结构和资源分布特点,建议采取分层推进的实施策略。三级医院ICU应作为推广先行单位,率先全面实施《指南》推荐,建立规范化的操作流程,积累实施经验,并发挥示范引领作用。二级医院根据自身的人员配置、设备条件和技术能力,选择适宜的措施逐步开展,优先实施床头抬高、侧卧位、清醒俯卧位等相对简便的措施。基层医院应重点落实床头抬高、定时翻身等基础措施,在保证安全的前提下逐步提升体位管理水平。
能力建设是确保《指南》有效实施的关键。应通过多种途径开展专业培训,包括组建俯卧位治疗专业小组、培养早期活动专科护士,加速临床人才的培养。流程优化方面,应在充分理解《指南》精神的基础上,制定符合本土实际的实施细则和标准操作规范(SOP),将关键步骤转化为质量控制清单(checklist),建立多学科协作机制,明确各专业在体位管理和早期活动中的职责分工。同时,应鼓励开展前瞻性临床研究,探索适合我国病人特点的最佳实施方案,总结实践经验,推动形成具有中国特色的专家共识,促进学科的持续发展。
ICU病人体位管理与早期活动尚面临一定挑战,如临床启动指征、终止指征、并发症监测等。虽然我国已发布多部重症康复的指导性文件,但对体位全程管理的描述不多。《指南》可为我国ICU医护人员在临床诊疗过程中提供参考依据,也可为未来我国制订ICU病人体位管理指南或共识提供借鉴。本研究对《指南》进行解读,对于促进我国医务人员使用、传播该共识,进一步规范ICU病人体位管理和早期活动均具有重要意义。早期康复和合理的体位管理在ICU病人的治疗中具有重要意义。尽管已有大量证据支持其临床益处,但仍有许多问题需要进一步研究,如最佳康复剂量、俯卧位的最佳持续时间等。未来的研究应致力于个体化治疗方案的制定,以最大程度地改善病人的预后。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.01.001
  • 接收时间:2025-08-27
  • 首发时间:2026-10-28
  • 出版时间:2026-01-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-27
  • 修回日期:2025-11-02
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    1中国医学科学院北京协和医院,北京 100730

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孙建华,E-mail:
SUN Jianhua, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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