Article(id=1220689493284279251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=review-article, receivedDate=1726848000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-21, revisedDate=1757347200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768964654513, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768964654513, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768964654513, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964654513, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220689483859677846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2025', volume='39', issue='19', pageStart='3201', pageEnd='3376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768964652266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768965013333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220690998338961744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220690998338961745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3354, endPage=3359, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220689494005698562, articleId=1220689493284279251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on three⁃dimensional finite element analysis in preventing heel pressure injuries, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This review summarized the biomechanical mechanisms of heel pressure injuries,as well as the application and advantages of three-dimensional finite element analysis in the prevention of such injuries.It provided a reference for early detection and personalized prevention of heel pressure⁃related injuries.

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HAN Dandan, E⁃mail:
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综述足跟部压力性损伤的生物力学机制、三维有限元分析在足跟部压力性损伤预防中的应用及优势,为足跟部压力性损伤的早期检测、个性化预防提供参考。

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韩丹丹,E⁃mail:
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田甜,硕士研究生

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三维有限元分析预防足跟部压力性损伤的研究进展
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田甜 , 何婷婷 , 韩丹丹 , 杨佩 , 何铭杏 , 王莹
护理研究 | 科研综述 2025,39(19): 3354-3359
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护理研究 | 科研综述 2025, 39(19): 3354-3359
三维有限元分析预防足跟部压力性损伤的研究进展
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田甜, 何婷婷, 韩丹丹 , 杨佩, 何铭杏, 王莹
作者信息
  • 广西医科大学第二附属医院,广西 530005
  • 田甜,硕士研究生

通讯作者:

韩丹丹,E⁃mail:
Research progress on three⁃dimensional finite element analysis in preventing heel pressure injuries
Tian TIAN, Tingting HE, Dandan HAN , Pei YANG, Mingxing HE, Ying WANG
Affiliations
  • The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Guangxi 530005 China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.023
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综述足跟部压力性损伤的生物力学机制、三维有限元分析在足跟部压力性损伤预防中的应用及优势,为足跟部压力性损伤的早期检测、个性化预防提供参考。

压力性损伤  /  足跟部压力性损伤  /  三维有限元分析  /  护理  /  综述

This review summarized the biomechanical mechanisms of heel pressure injuries,as well as the application and advantages of three-dimensional finite element analysis in the prevention of such injuries.It provided a reference for early detection and personalized prevention of heel pressure⁃related injuries.

pressure injury  /  heel pressure injury  /  three⁃dimensional finite element analysis  /  nursing  /  review
田甜, 何婷婷, 韩丹丹, 杨佩, 何铭杏, 王莹. 三维有限元分析预防足跟部压力性损伤的研究进展. 护理研究, 2025 , 39 (19) : 3354 -3359 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.023
Tian TIAN, Tingting HE, Dandan HAN, Pei YANG, Mingxing HE, Ying WANG. Research progress on three⁃dimensional finite element analysis in preventing heel pressure injuries[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2025 , 39 (19) : 3354 -3359 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.023
近年来,全球压力性损伤(pressure injury,PI)的发生率持续上升,已成为重要的病人安全问题之一[1]。研究显示,全球压力性损伤的发生率为5.5%~26.2%[2],其中足跟部压力性损伤(heel pressure injuries,HPI)因其高发率和严重后果引起广泛关注。全球范围内足跟部压力性损伤的发生率也在不断增高,尤其是在老年人和长期卧床病人中。足跟部压力性损伤的复杂性在于其发病机制,主要由于受到长期压力导致局部组织缺血、坏死,进而发展成深部软组织损伤,严重者可导致骨髓炎、败血症,甚至死亡[3]。在长期卧床病人中,足跟部是主要受力点,由于足跟部皮肤与跟骨间的皮下组织较薄,缺乏肌肉和筋膜的保护,足跟成为仅次于骶尾部的第二大压力性损伤高发部位[4]。足跟承受20 mmHg的压力并持续24 h即可出现组织缺血的情况[5]。尽管采取了多种质量改进和预防措施,但足跟部压力性损伤的发生率仍呈上升趋势,如何有效预防足跟部压力性损伤成为护理人员亟待解决的难题。三维有限元分析(three⁃dimensional finite element analysis)作为一种数值模拟技术,能够精准地量化内部组织的应力和应变,为足部生物力学研究提供了科学、详尽的数据支持[6]。三维有限元分析在足部生物力学中的优势为其能够结合医学影像技术,建立个性化的三维足部模型,从而深入探讨足跟部压力性损伤的病因及预防策略[7]。这种计算机建模技术的显著优点之一在于其高度的确定性——即在输入相同的参数下,模型将始终提供一致的组织变形和应力预测结果,而不受生物变异性的影响。这种精确性使得三维有限元分析能够克服传统实验方法因个体差异和时间变化而导致的数据不稳定性,彰显了其在足部生物力学研究中的科学性和先进性[89]
尽管已有大量关于足部有限元模型的研究,但大多集中在干预措施的效果上,较少探讨预防措施的生物力学作用机制。因此,本研究旨在总结三维有限元分析在预防足跟部压力性损伤中的应用现状,深入评估当前研究的不足,并明确未来的研究方向,期望为进一步优化三维有限元分析模型提供科学依据,提升其在临床预防和治疗足跟部压力性损伤中的应用价值,为临床实践提供有力支持。
压力性损伤形成的病因较为复杂,是不同内在及外在因素共同作用的结果。虽然持续性的机械负荷是压力性损伤发生的主要原因,但其病因也与细胞和组织水平的生物力学、生理和生化过程相关。组织应力和应变的改变对压力性损伤的发生也会有一定程度的影响,当出现过度的内部应变或应力,或者组织长时间处于持续应变和应力的情况下会对细胞结构(如细胞骨架或质膜)造成损害,因而出现血液灌注减少、淋巴功能受损的情况。此外若细胞出现死亡,反而会引发局部的炎症反应,从而产生炎性水肿,研究显示,当压力达到180 mPa且持续时间超过10 min即可造成细胞死亡[10],当细胞外形成水肿、液体流速加快会对细胞壁形成流体剪切力,增加细胞受力,进一步增加由于间质压力水平升高而导致的细胞和组织的机械性负荷,以上综合情况造成了压力性损伤的发生。细胞和组织对机械性负荷的影响取决于其解剖结构,不同组织层的大小和形状以及涉及组织的生物物理和机械特性,这些特性决定了施加在支撑表面或其他接触区域的应力分布,以及组织结构内部机械力的大小和分布[11]。这些力的分布直接影响细胞和组织的健康状态,过度的应力和应变会导致细胞结构损伤,血液灌注减少和淋巴功能受损,从而引发压力性损伤[12]
由于足跟部长期承受压力,导致局部组织的血流灌注量显著减少,组织缺氧及代谢废物积累成为压力性损伤的关键因素[13]。而骨膜与皮下丛之间形成复杂的血管网络,这些血管的走行方式对局部血流的稳定性至关重要[14]。然而,这些隔膜形成的相对无血管的脂肪隔室,在受到持续压力时容易发生缺血,类似于腔室综合征的情况,进一步导致局部微循环受阻[15]。此外,皮下层存在浅筋膜肌形式的代谢活跃组织,这些组织长时间受压时会显著影响局部的血液循环,可能成为脚跟部压力性损伤的主要部位。当足跟部长期受压时,局部血液循环受阻,正常的组织和代谢功能被严重影响,导致缺血性损伤。然而,研究显示,在血流恢复后(即再灌注阶段),可能会加重组织代谢紊乱,并增加部分组织结构受损的风险,从而进一步促进压力性损伤的形成[16]
摩擦力和剪切力是压力性损伤形成的公认因素[17]。研究显示,当摩擦系数小于0.4时,对承受高应变的软组织影响较大,身体与支撑面之间的剪切应力升高会造成其组织破坏变形。并且随着骨突起的尖锐程度而升高,除了内部组织应力的集中效应外,与作用在皮肤上的摩擦力相关的浅表剪切应力可能会扰乱角质层的屏障功能[1820]。因此,以高摩擦系数为特征的支撑面或因潮湿(汗液、渗出液和体液)造成支撑面的摩擦系数增加对病人造成潜在的压力性损伤风险,即床头抬高时在重力的作用下滑动产生组织剪切力,且其滑动的角度与剪切力呈正相关,虽然足跟部的表皮较厚,对于组织损伤的抵抗力相对较强[21]
随着足跟部压力性损伤病人的逐年增加,医护人员的关注点从预防性措施逐渐转移至其机制研究,而三维有限元分析模型具有直观观察病人个性化几何结构的优势,而早期的有限元研究主要集中静力学研究,但由于受到人体复杂运动的影响,越来越迫切需要更加精细的足部三维有限元分析模型。有限元中足部模型通常采用某例病人的CT及磁共振成像(MRI)数据进行三维重建而获得的。但由于早期部位研究受到技术等方面的限制,部分研究者在早期时采用解剖后冷冻切片作为建模来源。Sopher等[22]使用该种方法构建足部三维有限元分析模型,其骨骼、软组织及韧带等均采用手工绘制的方式。但在未出现以上建模方式前,简化的几何图形作为建模的主要方式[23]。Gefen[24]采用跟骨后部弯曲形状压缩为近似软组织层的刚性球体,与代表软组织的弹性层相结合,解释处于仰卧位姿势时足后跟处内部软组织的压力情况,此外其还分别对糖尿病、水肿及脱水情况下跟骨后部软组织的压力情况。但该研究描述的建模仅限于研究有水平表面支撑的脚,而没有考虑该表面的性质,例如其几何形状、摩擦力或刚度特性。目前,高分辨率的MRI和CT图像是构建足跟部三维有限元分析模型的重要数据来源。MRI能够提供软组织及韧带的详细图像,而CT则能精确描绘骨骼结构。MRI因其对软组织的高分辨率,被用于观察组织变形和损伤的细节。尽管如此,MRI建模的计算成本较高,并且需要临床和生物力学的专业知识正确解读模型结果。由于CT成像涉及电离辐射,通常使用公开的尸体数据集避免伦理问题。有研究结合了CT和MRI数据,以构建更加精确的三维有限元分析模型[25]。Filardi[26]通过与软组织相匹配的MRI和用于扫描骨骼的CT相结合获得初步足部数值模型,并将其导入Hypermesh代码中构建最终的足部有限元模型,软组织采用非线性弹性材料,骨骼结构及韧带采用不同值的杨氏模量。韧带、其他结缔组织和足底筋膜由98个桁架单维元素定义,连接骨骼上的相应附着点。所有的骨骼和韧带结构都嵌入到一定体积的软组织中。此外,研究通过ABAQUS的表面对表面接触选项,模拟了接合表面之间的无摩擦接触。
随着技术的不断更新迭代,研究者已经利用MRI技术开发了基于MRI数据的三维有限元分析模型,用于研究支撑足跟部软组织内部的机械应变和应力分布。这些模型还被用于评估预防性敷料对应力和应变的影响。Levy等[19]开发了一组20个有限元计算模型变体,使用来自健康男性悬吊左脚跟的56个T1加权轴向MRI切片,采用Simpleware软件包的ScanIP模块开发解剖学上接近于真实人体解剖的3D有限元模型,皮肤和脂肪组织采用非线性各向同性材料。皮肤和脂肪的大变形力学行为由非耦合的Neo⁃Hookean材料模型描述,但其参考模型变体基于单个年轻健康受试者的解剖数据,该数据并不一定代表所有可能的足跟结构。随后Van Zwam等[27]根据网站上提供的CT和MRI数据建立小腿⁃足部三维有限元分析模型,将小腿纳入建模中,使用开源GIBBON工具箱,跟骨、跟腱和皮肤的轮廓导入ABAQUS中并在ABAQUS中使用网格生成器进行网格划分。皮肤和脂肪组织使用一阶超弹性Ogden模型进行建模,跟骨、跟腱和肌肉被建模为各向同性线弹性材料。
总而言之,三维有限元分析模型的建立过程包括从影像数据重建几何模型、材料属性赋值、边界条件设定及模型验证等步骤。通过与在体试验数据对比、敏感性分析等方法,验证所构建模型的准确性和可靠性。这是对模型展开研究之前的重要环节,可确保其在临床应用中的有效性和准确性,从而为预防和治疗足跟部压力性损伤提供科学依据和支持。
软组织内部应力和应变是产生足跟部压力性损伤的关键因素[28]。研究显示,在持续大于50%的应变下骨骼肌会在短时间内导致微观尺度的组织损伤,在应变水平下,应变的大小与肌肉细胞和纤维造成损伤程度之间存在较强的相关性[29],而脚部姿势可显著影响足跟处的内部应力和应变,有学者从建立小腿⁃足部三维有限元分析模型[27],进行了不同的敏感性分析,以观察床垫刚度、足部姿势和剪切力对足跟和接触面界面的影响,同时对骨骼、跟腱和肌肉组织采用线性弹性材料,结果显示,跟骨相对于足跟软组织的横向位移导致更高的内部最大剪切应变,与60°的外展脚方向相比,90°位置显示出更高的接触压力和内部最大剪切应变,其次其研究发现,对于存在横向位移的病人,足跟上的剪切力增加了足跟垫中的内部剪切应变,因此对于躁动病人,足跟位置难以固定,无法实现持续减压,对这类病人慎用小腿处放置枕头和垫子,但该研究仅采用1位青年受试者的CT及MRI结果,未将年龄、体重等个体因素纳入研究中,而老年病人为足跟部压力性损伤的高危人群。Tong等[30]研究充分考虑个体因素,通过分析年龄≥70岁的老年参与者在睡眠模式下足跟在60°~69°或90°~99°时应力情况,当足部处于直立位时足跟承受更大的界面压力,界面压力与年龄、体重及体质指数未发现关联,但病人皮脂含量低,意味着其存在更大的足跟部压力性损伤风险。但Verver等[31]研究结果与其相反,当足部在60°支撑材料处倾斜时,产生的应力和应变比在90°处倾斜时更高。相反,Van Zwam等[27]研究发现,当足部在60°~90°足部姿势时,足跟脂肪垫产生的应力和应变减少。足不仅在外展/内收时运动,而且在背屈/跖屈时也运动。床头经常抬高,这可能导致病人从床上“滑”下来,在支撑的足跟处产生剪切力(这也会使脚旋转到跖屈)。在10°~30°之间,跖屈的增加被发现会增加皮肤组织的有效应力和剪切应力。因此,需要进一步的研究充分了解不同足部姿势的影响,并确定缓解足跟界面压力和应变的最佳足部姿势。
研究表明,摩擦力和剪切力在足跟部压力性损伤的形成中起到关键作用。应用预防性敷料可显著降低足跟与床垫之间的摩擦系数,增强机械缓冲能力,减少剪切力的作用,从而有效减小局部软组织的内部应力和应变。这种敷料通过减少软组织暴露于过度应变和剪切应力的体积,起到预防损伤的作用[32]。研究显示,床垫⁃皮肤摩擦系数小于0.4可能会减少脚跟剪切应变,Levy等[19]研究显示,在足跟处预防性使用敷料可有效且持续地减少足跟软组织对于床垫的应变和应力情况,在健康人群中足跟处软组织峰值的应力降低25.5%,在糖尿病病人中降低22.2%,可为足跟部软组织提供缓冲作用,但此项研究省略了瞬态生物力学粘弹性现象,其参考模型变体基于单个年轻健康受试者的解剖学数据,代表性差。Fougeron等[33]研究与上述建模方式存在差异,该学者对完整皮肤组织和2期以上足跟部压力性损伤受损组织分别进行建模,计算其内部应变及压缩载荷,结果显示,敷料可将完整和受伤组织模型中的峰值内部应变分别降低17%、25%,可有效减少机械性损伤。以上研究均表明使用预防性敷料可为足跟的软组织提供缓冲作用,在剪切模式方面通过改变自身内部的变形缓和组织间的变形,但在病人抬高床头时,仍建议采用“暂时卸载”,即抬高足跟的模式减少软组织的剪切载荷[19]。Levy等[19]为了研究敷料对预防压力性损伤的影响,进行了20次计算机模拟,使用有限元方法进行的模拟提供了足跟承重组织中的机械应变和应力大小和分布,结果显示,对于健康人和糖尿病病人,使用敷料后,足跟软组织中的峰值(原始数据的最大值)有效应变分别下降了14.8%和13.5%。此外,随着足底屈曲角度和相对于中性足部姿势的出现,软组织对有效应变的体积暴露(定义为暴露于大于50%应变),至少减少了2倍。对中档(小于50%)应变的体积暴露受足部姿势的影响更轻(即在足底屈曲角度上观察到的差异小于10%)。
预防足跟部压力性损伤的主要策略为减少病人皮肤界面与支撑表面之间的压力或缩短持续时间。Filardi[26]采用正常成年病人的CT和MRI数据建立足部的三维有限元分析模型,结果显示,应力在跟骨上达到峰值,约为8.23 mPa,其位移的最大值存在跟骨和内侧足底筋膜上,约为5.85 mm,而距骨上的峰值应力为5.48 mPa。跖骨的负荷与第1跖骨的负荷不同,第1跖骨的负荷约为2.74 mPa,而第4跖骨的等效应力为0.91 mPa,但在第1个近端指骨上达到6.40 mPa,其余其他近端指骨呈下降趋势,可有效验证足底压力分布和骨结构之间内部负荷传递,但在该研究中未考虑脚趾内的韧带和其他结缔组织(如关节囊)的影响。Van Zwam等[27]在其基础上将小腿纳入有限元分析中,其研究结果显示,当足跟部接触压力为10~25 kPa时,足跟部就会承受接触压力,但是其具体受压取决于床垫的杨氏模量和脚部姿势,但在所有使用的负载条件下,小于0.4的摩擦系数会降低最大内部剪切应变,而足部处于外展位可有效减轻其内部剪切应变。Fougeron等[33]建立用敷料覆盖后的足部有限元模型,其研究发现不使用敷料和使用敷料的足部峰值压力分别为217 kPa和147 kPa,并采用格林⁃拉格朗日最大剪切应变进行模拟计算,显示在敷料的干预下其可以减少感兴趣区域(ROI)的内部应变,在无敷料的情况下ROI的峰值应变为0.42,而使用敷料后该峰值降低为0.23。
考虑到模型中包含的软组织(如皮肤、肌肉)、肌腱及骨骼等结构,建立个性化的三维有限元分析模型仍然是挑战。Van Zwam等[27]研究不仅局限于足部的研究,其将小腿纳入足部的有限元建模中,并模拟仰卧位时其小腿、足部与支撑面接触时的应力情况,在其研究中,能较为充分地考虑到足跟部负载分布的结构,重点关注脚的不同位置、床垫刚度的不同值以及足跟和支撑表面界面处剪切力的影响,皮肤和脂肪组织使用一阶超弹性Ogden模型进行建模,跟骨、跟腱和肌肉采用各向同性线弹性材料,其边界条件设置重力加速度为-9.81 m/s,总质量为3.36 kg的小腿受到身体的力时,其皮肤支撑接触施加的静态接触摩擦系数为0.4,结果显示,当足跟部接触压力为10~25 kPa时,足跟部会承受接触压力,但是其具体受压力取决于床垫的杨氏模量和足部姿势,但是该项研究中选用的CT数据为35岁男性,还需选用更具代表性的数据。Lee等[34]研究不仅将小腿作为有限元建模的内容,其使用20岁男性进行三维扫描,产生由皮肤和肌肉组织组成的有限元人体模型,皮肤采用线弹性各向同性材料模型,肌肉组织采用Mooney⁃Rivlin模型,通过数值模拟预测了人体模型与床垫之间的接触压力。通过比较同一受试者躺在2种不同类型床垫上获得的体压分布,构建人体有限元模型,结果表明,床垫下部的坡度导致脚跟处接触压力降低,其为护理人员预防足跟部压力性损伤提供借鉴意义。而Levy等[19]研究针对糖尿病足病人,开发一组具有20个有限元计算模型表体,以比较糖尿病病人和健康组织负荷有/没有使用预防性敷料以及在不同的足部(足底屈曲)姿势下。无论存在糖尿病或非糖尿病,以及在模拟跖屈姿势的整个范围内,敷料减少了足跟软组织对升高的应变和应力的体积暴露。敷料的最内层和最外层被建模为接触条件,并根据制造商的规格用于描述气流成网(第2层)、无纺布(第3层)和聚氨酯泡沫(第4层)作为建模中的物理层,皮肤和脂肪组织采用非线性各向同性材料,皮肤和脂肪的大变形力学行为由非耦合的Neo⁃Hookean材料模型描述,健康的跟腱和跟骨采用线性弹性各向同性材料。
综上所述,通过个性化的三维有限元分析模型可以更好地设计预防方案,减少足跟部压力性损伤的发生。未来的研究应继续优化模型,以使模型的外观形态和材料属性涵盖更广泛的群体,尤其是包括高风险的老年病人群体,从而提高临床应用的有效性和准确性。
三维有限元分析在足跟部压力性损伤的预防中展现了显著的应用潜力。足跟部压力性损伤的发生与多种生物力学因素密切相关,其中应力和应变的分布对组织健康影响显著。三维有限元分析技术通过建立高分辨率的足跟三维模型,可以精确预测足跟部的压力分布和内部应力状态,从而为足跟部压力性损伤的预防提供科学依据。目前,三维有限元模型的构建在于结合影像学数据和软硬组织的力学特性,模拟不同足部姿势和接触条件下的生物力学行为。这不仅有助于理解压力性损伤的形成机制,还能为设计有效的预防措施和设备提供理论支持。尤其是在考虑个体差异和风险评估时,三维有限元分析模型的个性化应用显得尤为重要。未来的研究应继续优化这些模型,涵盖更广泛的人群,特别是高风险的老年病人群体,以提高临床应用的有效性和准确性。此外,足跟部压力性损伤预防管理复杂且具有挑战性,护理人员应基于体外力学结合内源性和外源性因素进行合理准确评估,并在损伤变得不可逆之前采取措施。此外,多学科合作和个性化预防方案设计对于降低足跟部压力性损伤发生率至关重要。通过使用三维有限元分析技术可使足跟部压力性损伤的早期检测与预测、个性化预防方案的设计更加科学化、程序化,可为进一步临床实践提供有力支持。
  • 广西壮族自治区健康委自筹经费科研课题(Z⁃A 20240607)
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2025年第39卷第19期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.023
  • 接收时间:2024-09-21
  • 首发时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-21
  • 修回日期:2025-09-09
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广西壮族自治区健康委自筹经费科研课题(Z⁃A 20240607)
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    广西医科大学第二附属医院,广西 530005

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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