Article(id=1220689489740092205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732377600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-24, revisedDate=1751990400000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768964653667, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768964653667, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768964653667, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964653667, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220689483859677846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2025', volume='39', issue='19', pageStart='3201', pageEnd='3376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768964652266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768965013333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220690998338961744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220690998338961745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3228, endPage=3233, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220689490595730248, articleId=1220689489740092205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Development of patient⁃reported outcomes measurement system⁃liver transplantation core domains, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To understand the postoperative health distress of liver transplant patients,and to establish the core domains of the liver transplantation⁃specific patient⁃reported outcome measurement system. Methods From June 2023 to June 2024,a research group was set up.A first draft of core domains was initially formed through literature analysis,patient interviews,and content analysis of medical records.Through Delphi expert consultation,the suitability of each field was evaluated and revised from the importance of each field and the degree of suitability for patient self⁃report two aspects,to form patient⁃reported outcomes measurement system⁃liver transplantation core domains. Results A total of 19 experts were consulted.100% of questionnaires were returned in the three rounds of correspondence.The authority coefficients of the experts were 0.91.The Kendall's harmony coefficients in each round were 0.423,0.192,and 0.205 respectively.The coefficients of variation for each evaluation concept were 0.08⁃0.42,0.13⁃0.39,and 0.05⁃0.20.After three rounds of consultation,the core domains of self⁃reported outcome measurement for liver transplant patients were finally clarified,including physiological health,psychological health,social health and overall health four dimensions,covering 22 measurement concepts. Conclusions The core domains of self⁃reported outcome measurement for liver transplant patients established are scientific and reasonable,which could help promote the establishment of a liver transplant specific patient⁃reported outcome measurement system.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YU Jingxian, E⁃mail:
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目的 全面了解肝移植患者的术后健康困扰,确立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统的核心领域。 方法 2023年6月—2024年6月,组建研究小组,通过文献分析、患者访谈和病历记录查阅的方法初步形成核心领域初稿,采用德尔菲专家函询法,从各领域重要程度和适合患者自我报告的程度2个方面对初稿进行评价和修改,形成肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域。 结果 共函询19名专家,3轮函询问卷有效回收率均为100%,专家的权威系数均为0.91。肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.423,0.192,0.205;各测评概念的变异系数分别为0.08~0.42,0.13~0.39,0.05~0.20。构建的肝移植患者自我报告结局测量核心领域包括生理健康、心理健康、社会健康和整体健康4个维度,涵盖22个测评概念。 结论 建立的肝移植患者自我报告结局测量核心领域具有科学性和合理性,有助于促进建立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统。

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俞静娴,E⁃mail:yu.jingxian@zs⁃hospital.sh.cn
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陈潇,主管护师,博士研究生在读

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陈潇,主管护师,博士研究生在读

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陈潇,主管护师,博士研究生在读

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unstructuredReference=KHODAVEISI M, KHATIBAN M, NASSIRI TOOSI M,et al.Designing and psychometric properties of appraisal adherence to care and treatment scale in liver transplantation recipients[J].Hepatitis Monthly,2021,21(5):10., articleTitle=Designing and psychometric properties of appraisal adherence to care and treatment scale in liver transplantation recipients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220689501790327090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1220689489740092205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=54, issue=8, pageStart=1130, pageEnd=1135, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=陈潇, 张玉侠, 俞静娴, journalName=中华护理杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈潇,张玉侠,俞静娴,等.肝移植受者症状群及其影响因素的研究[J].中华护理杂志,2019,54(8):1130-1135., articleTitle=肝移植受者症状群及其影响因素的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220689501878407478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1220689489740092205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=40, issue=4, pageStart=353, pageEnd=360, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=RAJU S, MATHEW J S, S S, journalName=Indian Journal of Gastroenterology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RAJU S, MATHEW J S,S S,et al.Quality of life 5 years following liver transplantation[J].Indian Journal of Gastroenterology,2021,40(4):353-360., articleTitle=Quality of life 5 years following liver transplantation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1220689501979070775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1220689489740092205, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=406, issue=6, pageStart=1951, pageEnd=1961, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=FAZEKAS C, KNIEPEISS D, AROLD N, journalName=Langenbeck's Archives of Surgery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAZEKAS C, KNIEPEISS D, AROLD N,et al.Health-related quality of life,workability,and return to work of patients 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The liver transplantation⁃specific patient⁃reported outcomes from literature analysis

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维度测量概念
A 躯体健康A1 疼痛
A2 皮肤巩膜黄染
A3 瘙痒
A4 疲乏
A5 肌肉无力
A6 性功能下降
A7 颤抖
A8 晕眩
A9 肿胀
A10 皮疹或皮肤淤青
A11 记忆力下降
A12 视力下降
A13 面容改变
A14 注意力不集中
A15 睡眠障碍
A16 食欲下降
A17 食欲旺盛
A18 恶心呕吐
A19 腹胀
A20 腹泻/便秘
A21 体重下降
A22 体重上升
A23 月经异常
A24 尿频
A25 味觉改变
A26 牙龈增生
A27 气促
A28 心慌
A29 口渴
A30 发热
A31 毛发过度增长
A32 体型改变
A33 满月脸
A34 粉刺、痤疮
A35 真菌感染
A36 并发症
A37 皮肤疱疹
A38 手术部分瘢痕形成
A39 出汗增多
A40 独立性
A41 日常活动能力
A42 自我照顾能力
A43 生活方式
A44 治疗依从性
B 心理健康B1 紧张
B2 焦虑或担忧
B3 抑郁
B4 性格改变
B5 情绪波动
B6 心理应对
B7 不确定感
B8 不安全感
B9 内疚感
B10 害怕
B11 孤独
B12 对于供体的情感
C 精神健康C1 生活控制感
C2 内心平和
C3 信仰上帝
C4 个人价值
C5 健康感知
C6 健康满意
C7 个人目标的实践
C8 感到空虚
C9 感到无聊
C10 感到辛苦
C11 感到失望
C12 感到束缚
C13 自我满意
D 社会健康D1 参与社会活动
D2 照顾家庭能力
D3 生活满意度
D4 有用性
D5 家庭幸福
D6 经济负担
D7 他人的情感支持
D8 家庭生活满意
D9 婚姻满意
D10 满意与医务人员的关系
D11 满意医疗卫生服务
D12 信息支持
D13 个人兴趣发展
D14 重返工作
), ArticleFig(id=1220689497801543851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1220689489740092205, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

文献分析汇总的肝移植患者自我报告结局

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度测量概念
A 躯体健康A1 疼痛
A2 皮肤巩膜黄染
A3 瘙痒
A4 疲乏
A5 肌肉无力
A6 性功能下降
A7 颤抖
A8 晕眩
A9 肿胀
A10 皮疹或皮肤淤青
A11 记忆力下降
A12 视力下降
A13 面容改变
A14 注意力不集中
A15 睡眠障碍
A16 食欲下降
A17 食欲旺盛
A18 恶心呕吐
A19 腹胀
A20 腹泻/便秘
A21 体重下降
A22 体重上升
A23 月经异常
A24 尿频
A25 味觉改变
A26 牙龈增生
A27 气促
A28 心慌
A29 口渴
A30 发热
A31 毛发过度增长
A32 体型改变
A33 满月脸
A34 粉刺、痤疮
A35 真菌感染
A36 并发症
A37 皮肤疱疹
A38 手术部分瘢痕形成
A39 出汗增多
A40 独立性
A41 日常活动能力
A42 自我照顾能力
A43 生活方式
A44 治疗依从性
B 心理健康B1 紧张
B2 焦虑或担忧
B3 抑郁
B4 性格改变
B5 情绪波动
B6 心理应对
B7 不确定感
B8 不安全感
B9 内疚感
B10 害怕
B11 孤独
B12 对于供体的情感
C 精神健康C1 生活控制感
C2 内心平和
C3 信仰上帝
C4 个人价值
C5 健康感知
C6 健康满意
C7 个人目标的实践
C8 感到空虚
C9 感到无聊
C10 感到辛苦
C11 感到失望
C12 感到束缚
C13 自我满意
D 社会健康D1 参与社会活动
D2 照顾家庭能力
D3 生活满意度
D4 有用性
D5 家庭幸福
D6 经济负担
D7 他人的情感支持
D8 家庭生活满意
D9 婚姻满意
D10 满意与医务人员的关系
D11 满意医疗卫生服务
D12 信息支持
D13 个人兴趣发展
D14 重返工作
), ArticleFig(id=1220689497902207153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1220689489740092205, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The core domains of liver transplantation⁃specific patient⁃reported outcomes measurement system

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维度子维度测评概念是否为患者报告结局测量信息系统框架部分
生理健康症状皮肤、巩膜黄染
瘙痒
疼痛
疲乏
睡眠障碍
食欲下降
发热
生理功能日常活动能力
心理健康症状焦虑
抑郁
心理功能心理应对能力
社会健康社会支持信息支持
情感支持
实质性支持
社会参与重返工作
参加社会活动的能力
对参与社会活动的满意度
参加家庭活动的能力
对参与家庭活动的满意度
经济健康经济负担
整体健康整体健康感知
对健康的满意度
), ArticleFig(id=1220689497990287543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1220689489740092205, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
维度子维度测评概念是否为患者报告结局测量信息系统框架部分
生理健康症状皮肤、巩膜黄染
瘙痒
疼痛
疲乏
睡眠障碍
食欲下降
发热
生理功能日常活动能力
心理健康症状焦虑
抑郁
心理功能心理应对能力
社会健康社会支持信息支持
情感支持
实质性支持
社会参与重返工作
参加社会活动的能力
对参与社会活动的满意度
参加家庭活动的能力
对参与家庭活动的满意度
经济健康经济负担
整体健康整体健康感知
对健康的满意度
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肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域的构建
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陈潇 , 张玉侠 , 周海英 , 肖文洁 , 魏黎 , 赵懿 , 刘玉静 , 裘洁 , 俞静娴
护理研究 | 科研论著 2025,39(19): 3228-3233
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护理研究 | 科研论著 2025, 39(19): 3228-3233
肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域的构建
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陈潇, 张玉侠, 周海英, 肖文洁, 魏黎, 赵懿, 刘玉静, 裘洁, 俞静娴
作者信息
  • 复旦大学附属中山医院,上海 200032
  • 陈潇,主管护师,博士研究生在读

通讯作者:

俞静娴,E⁃mail:yu.jingxian@zs⁃hospital.sh.cn
Development of patient⁃reported outcomes measurement system⁃liver transplantation core domains
Xiao CHEN, Yuxia ZHANG, Haiying ZHOU, Wenjie XIAO, Li WEI, Yi ZHAO, Yujing LIU, Jie QIU, Jingxian YU
Affiliations
  • Zhongshan Hospital(Fudan University), Shanghai 200032 China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.005
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目的 全面了解肝移植患者的术后健康困扰,确立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统的核心领域。 方法 2023年6月—2024年6月,组建研究小组,通过文献分析、患者访谈和病历记录查阅的方法初步形成核心领域初稿,采用德尔菲专家函询法,从各领域重要程度和适合患者自我报告的程度2个方面对初稿进行评价和修改,形成肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域。 结果 共函询19名专家,3轮函询问卷有效回收率均为100%,专家的权威系数均为0.91。肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.423,0.192,0.205;各测评概念的变异系数分别为0.08~0.42,0.13~0.39,0.05~0.20。构建的肝移植患者自我报告结局测量核心领域包括生理健康、心理健康、社会健康和整体健康4个维度,涵盖22个测评概念。 结论 建立的肝移植患者自我报告结局测量核心领域具有科学性和合理性,有助于促进建立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统。

肝移植  /  患者自我报告结局  /  测量系统  /  核心领域  /  护理

Objective To understand the postoperative health distress of liver transplant patients,and to establish the core domains of the liver transplantation⁃specific patient⁃reported outcome measurement system. Methods From June 2023 to June 2024,a research group was set up.A first draft of core domains was initially formed through literature analysis,patient interviews,and content analysis of medical records.Through Delphi expert consultation,the suitability of each field was evaluated and revised from the importance of each field and the degree of suitability for patient self⁃report two aspects,to form patient⁃reported outcomes measurement system⁃liver transplantation core domains. Results A total of 19 experts were consulted.100% of questionnaires were returned in the three rounds of correspondence.The authority coefficients of the experts were 0.91.The Kendall's harmony coefficients in each round were 0.423,0.192,and 0.205 respectively.The coefficients of variation for each evaluation concept were 0.08⁃0.42,0.13⁃0.39,and 0.05⁃0.20.After three rounds of consultation,the core domains of self⁃reported outcome measurement for liver transplant patients were finally clarified,including physiological health,psychological health,social health and overall health four dimensions,covering 22 measurement concepts. Conclusions The core domains of self⁃reported outcome measurement for liver transplant patients established are scientific and reasonable,which could help promote the establishment of a liver transplant specific patient⁃reported outcome measurement system.

liver transplantation  /  patient⁃reported outcomes  /  measurement system  /  core domains  /  nursing
陈潇, 张玉侠, 周海英, 肖文洁, 魏黎, 赵懿, 刘玉静, 裘洁, 俞静娴. 肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域的构建. 护理研究, 2025 , 39 (19) : 3228 -3233 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.005
Xiao CHEN, Yuxia ZHANG, Haiying ZHOU, Wenjie XIAO, Li WEI, Yi ZHAO, Yujing LIU, Jie QIU, Jingxian YU. Development of patient⁃reported outcomes measurement system⁃liver transplantation core domains[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2025 , 39 (19) : 3228 -3233 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.005
随着外科技术和免疫抑制方案的不断优化,肝移植受者的生存率得到了显著提升,与此同时,移植后续问题逐渐凸显,肝移植受者在术后存活期存在多重健康困扰,严重威胁患者的远期预后[1]。目前,已有肝移植患者特异性测评工具被研发,用于评估患者报告结局(patient⁃reported outcomes,PROs),包括肝移植后生活质量调查问卷[2]、肝移植功能评估量表[3]以及肝移植患者症状评估量表[4]等。然而,现阶段测评工具在规范性、系统性和特异性方面尚存在不足[5]。首先,测评内容多但不全面,主要体现在现有工具无法涵盖肝移植受者术后核心健康困扰,尤其缺乏关注社会维度功能。其次,针对同一结局存在多个患者报告结局测量工具[26],尽管内容上有部分重叠,但在维度、条目以及回忆时间上均存在差异,结果可比性不足。为了促进规范化地评估患者报告结局,美国国立卫生院牵头研制了患者报告结局测量信息系统(patient⁃reported outcomes measurement information system,PROMIS)[7]。患者报告结局测量信息系统涵盖了生理、心理和社会健康,是目前国际上最新的患者报告结局测量工具。近年来,在患者报告结局测量信息系统的框架下,针对特殊人群的健康困扰,研制特异性患者报告结局测量工具成为国际研究热点[8],使得不同人群间的测评结果具有可比性。而研制特异性患者报告结局测量工具的首要任务之一是构建核心测评领域,即确定应纳入哪些健康概念。因此,本研究旨在挖掘肝移植患者在术后存活期的健康困扰,确定核心测评领域,促进建立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统(Patient⁃Reported Outcomes Measurement System⁃Liver Transplantation,PROMS⁃LT)。
2023年6月—2024年6月,组建包括2名肝移植诊疗专家、2名护理专家以及1名在读博士研究生在内的研究小组,负责研究资料的准备以及研究结果的整理与讨论。研究小组成员均为硕士研究生及以上学历、有5年以上肝移植诊疗护理经验,其中4名成员为副高级及以上职称。
以“liver transplant”“immunosuppressant”“symptom”“side effect”“quality of life”“questionnaire”“scale”等为检索词,检索EMbase(OVID)、PubMed、CINAHL(EBSCO)、Web of Science、ProQuest、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库,查找肝移植患者自我报告结局测评工具,检索时限为建库至2023年12月31日。对于获取到的文献先由1名研究小组成员通过阅读标题和摘要初步进行筛选。对于初筛获得的文献,由另1名研究小组成员加入,共同参与全文阅读,并决定应纳入的文献。纳入标准:1)研究对象年龄≥18岁,行肝移植手术的患者;2)研究内容为肝移植患者特异性测评工具;3)研究主题为患者自我报告结局,而非基于实验室和体格检查的不良反应。文献检索获得18 992篇文献,去除重复、无法获得全文、不符合纳入标准的文献,最终纳入39篇文献,共提取18个肝移植特异性患者自我报告结局测量工具[24,6,922]。研究团队对18个测量工具的测评概念进行内容分析,总结了涵盖4个维度、83个测量概念,初步形成肝移植患者自我报告结局内容框架,见表1。系统评价方案目前已在PROSPERO平台注册(注册号:CRD42023412542)。
经医疗团队的知情同意后,查阅电子病历中的患者主诉部分。由2名研究小组成员对2022年1月—2023年6月行肝移植手术的192例患者电子病历进行逐条查询和阅读,包括门诊和住院经历,筛选出包含“患者主诉”字段的病历记录,提取患者主诉中包含的自我报告结局。最终,提取了287次患者主诉,其中83次主诉为基于实验室和体格检查的不良反应,不属于患者自我报告结局,予以排除,如肝功能异常(9次)、胆管狭窄(3次)、肾结石(2次)等。剩余204次主诉均为患者自我报告结局,较为常见的主诉为发热(62次)、皮疹(16次)、腹泻(9次)、头晕(8次)、恶心呕吐(8次)、食欲下降(8次)。通过查阅患者病历记录,新增了咳嗽、胸闷、口腔溃疡以及排尿困难4个自我报告结局,补充内容框架。
采用目的抽样法,选取2023年9月—12月在上海市某三级甲等医院肝移植随访门诊就诊的17例肝移植受者作为访谈对象,样本量以资料饱和为标准。访谈对象纳入标准:1)肝移植术后存活时间>1个月;2)能够有效沟通;3)自愿参加。访谈提纲为:1)您目前的整体感受如何?2)疾病和手术给您的生理、心理和社会健康带来了什么影响?3)对您来说最关注或最严重的症状或影响是什么?采用内容分析法对访谈资料进行整理。共访谈了17例肝移植术后患者,其中4例为术后1~3个月,7例为术后4~12个月,6例为术后1年以上;10例为男性,7例为女性;11例为肝癌肝移植患者,6例为非肝癌肝移植患者。根据访谈结果,获得20个主题,分别为睡眠障碍、疲乏、皮肤麻木、社交活动受限、心情低落、信息支持、经济负担、实质性社会支持、视力下降、记忆力下降、感到空虚无聊、重返工作受阻、食欲下降、口腔溃疡、出汗增多、疼痛、恐惧、焦虑、情绪波动、腹泻。新增了皮肤麻木、实质性社会支持2个自我报告结局,补充内容框架。
通过文献分析、病历记录查阅以及患者访谈,形成了肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域的初稿,包括89个健康测量概念,其中躯体健康维度包括49个测量概念,心理健康维度包括12个测量概念,社会健康维度包括15个测量概念,精神健康维度包括13个测量概念。
2024年1月—6月进行专家函询对核心领域的初稿进行修正并形成终稿,通过现场或者邮件的方式发放专家函询表。专家纳入标准:1)从事肝移植患者治疗与长期照护的医护人员;2)拥有10年以上的照护经验;3)本科及其以上学历。专家函询表包括以下4个部分。1)前言部分:课题背景、研究目的和意义、填写说明;2)主体部分:将肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统的内容框架初稿各元素分层次列出形成测评概念,邀请专家根据各测评概念的重要程度和适合患者自我报告的程度判断认同程度,并提出修改意见,每个测评概念有“非常不同意”“不同意”“一般”“同意”“非常同意”5个选项,分别赋值1、2、3、4、5分;3)专家基本信息调查表;4)权威程度判断表,调查专家对本研究问题的熟悉程度(Cs)及判断依据(Ca)。
第1轮函询结束后,计算各测评概念的专家选择率。专家选择率为评分4、5分的专家数与专家总数的比值。选择率≥80%的测评概念予以保留,并进入第2轮专家函询,选择率<80%的测评概念予以删除。若专家意见存在不一致,继续进行下1轮函询,直至达成一致意见后,结束函询,形成肝移植患者特异性患者报告结局测量系统的核心领域。
采用描述性统计和非参数检验等方法计算积极系数、权威系数(Cr)、变异系数、肯德尔和谐系数。其中专家的积极系数以专家对问卷的回复率和专家提出建议的百分率表示。Cr用Cs及Ca计算,Cr=(Ca+Cs)/2,一般认为Cr≥0.70为信度可接受;变异系数为专家意见重要性得分的标准差与均值之比,数值越小表示专家们的协调程度越高,一般要求变异系数<0.25;肯德尔和谐系数反映了所有专家意见的协调程度,数值越大表示专家的协调程度越高。以P<0.05为有统计学意义。
共开展3轮专家函询,遴选来自上海市、天津市、安徽省7所肝移植中心的19名专家。其中医生14名,护士长3名,专科护士2名;高级职称15名,中级职称4名;博士研究生15名,本科4名;工作年限20~25年10名,15~<20年8名,10~<15年1名。
3轮函询均有19名专家参加,专家函询表的有效回收率均为100%,Cr均为0.91。第1轮函询中,8名(42.1%)专家提出建议;第2轮函询中,2名(10.5%)专家提出建议;第3轮函询中,无专家提出建议。第1轮函询的变异系数为0.08~0.42,其中25个测评概念的变异系数>0.25,第2轮函询的变异系数为0.13~0.39,其中7个测评概念的变异系数>0.25;第3轮函询的变异系数为0.05~0.20,全部测评概念的变异系数均<0.25;3轮函询的肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.423,0.192,0.205(均P <0.001),表明专家意见的协调性较好。
61个测评概念的专家选择率<80%,予以删除。根据专家意见,删除的主要原因如下。1)与现行免疫抑制剂方案不相符合:“皮肤淤青”“面容改变”“粉刺痤疮”等症状多与术后使用糖皮质激素有关,而随着免疫抑制剂方案的更新迭代,目前以糖皮质激素为基础的免疫抑制方案已逐渐被其他方案取代;2)临床意义局限:“记忆力下降”“视力下降”等躯体维度症状虽与长期使用免疫抑制药物有关,但是该类症状缺乏有效预防与干预措施,且多随着药物使用时间延长而逐渐改善;3)概念重复:心理维度症状,如“紧张”“害怕”“焦虑”“担忧”等,具有高度同质性,主要与疾病带来的焦虑情绪有关,建议统一使用“焦虑”进行测评;4)不适用我国文化背景:专家提出“信仰”“个人价值”“个人兴趣发展”等测评概念多与西方国家国情下的价值取向有关,而在我国国情下,对于肝移植这一特殊群体,平均年龄超过50岁,此类测评概念的适用性和测评价值较为局限。此外,专家建议增加“参与家庭生活满意度”,共29个测评概念进入第2轮专家函询。
有7个测评概念的专家选择率<80%,分别是“体重下降”“性格改变”“内疚感”“性生活能力”“就医体验”“内心平和”等,予以删除。剩余22个测评概念进行第3轮函询,专家选择率均≥80%。
3轮专家函询后,最终确定了肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域,包括躯体健康、心理健康、社会健康以及整体健康4个维度,涵盖22个测评概念,其中16个概念为患者报告结局测量信息系统框架重合的部分,另外6个为新增的测评概念,详见表2
作为患者生活质量的评价方式,患者报告结局不仅需要涵盖普适性健康结局,也需要反映疾病特异性健康结局。本研究通过文献分析、患者访谈、病历记录查阅全面理解肝移植患者健康困扰,形成核心领域的初稿;经过3轮德尔菲专家函询最终明确核心领域。函询专家来自国内不同肝移植中心,学历、职称较高,权威性强,3轮函询后专家意见趋于一致,确保了核心领域的可靠性。核心领域的构建过程规范、严谨、科学,能够推动建立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统、促进肝移植领域患者报告结局的标准化测量。
肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统核心领域包括生理健康、心理健康、社会健康和整体健康4个维度,与患者报告结局测量信息系统整体框架一致。其中,生理健康维度核心领域包括生理症状和日常活动能力。既往研究也显示,皮肤和巩膜黄染、瘙痒、疼痛、疲乏、睡眠障碍、食欲下降、发热等是肝移植患者术后常见的症状表现,部分患者表示尽管移植时间已经超过1年,仍然显著影响患者生活质量。与此同时,肝移植手术创伤性大、对身体功能影响大,进而限制了患者日常活动能力[3]。心理维度核心领域包括焦虑、抑郁和心理应对能力[2324]。研究显示,肝移植患者长期存在负性情绪,影响其对于移植手术收益的感知与评价[19,23,25]。此外,肝移植患者术后面临着免疫排斥反应、肝癌复发以及并发其他急慢性疾病的风险,其心理应对能力显著影响了生活质量,因此评估、提升患者心理应对能力具有重要的临床意义[3]。社会健康维度核心领域反映了肝移植手术对患者社会功能的影响,主要包括社会支持、社会参与以及经济健康3个子维度。其中,社会支持反映了患者在精神和物质上得到的帮助,反映了个体与社会联系的密切程度;社会参与反映了患者人际交往以及参与有价值的家庭和社会活动的能力;经济健康则反映了肝移植手术给患者带来的经济困境。整体健康维度包括整体健康感知和对健康的满意度2个测评概念,代表了患者对于移植后健康状况的总体评价,能够反映患者对于移植效益的总体感知。以上4个维度从不同侧面反映了肝移植患者的健康结局,能够较为全面地描绘出肝移植患者生存状况。
本研究构建的核心领域为建立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统提供了理论前提,临床医护人员可进一步发展肝移植患者特异性测评简表,以促进肝移植患者患者自我报告结局的标准化测量。在核心领域中,16个测评概念与患者报告结局测量信息系统框架重合,属于慢性患者群普适性的症状,应从患者报告结局测量信息系统框架中析出相关简表,并进行适用性评价后引进。另外6个为新增的特异性测评概念,未来应进一步根据量表构建的规范流程,如美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)患者报告结局工具构建指南,联合应用经典测量学理论和现代测量学理论,推动建立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统。
本研究通过文献分析、患者访谈、病历记录查阅以及专家函询法,明确肝移植患者自我报告结局测量系统内容框架,包括生理健康维度、心理健康维度、社会健康维度和整体健康维度4个维度、22个测评概念,具有全面性和科学性,为临床医护人员高效评估、减轻患者健康困扰提供理论依据。但因研究时间限制,未进一步形成测量工具,未来研究应进一步建立肝移植特异性患者报告结局测量系统。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(72204053)
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2025年第39卷第19期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.005
  • 接收时间:2024-11-24
  • 首发时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-24
  • 修回日期:2025-07-09
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(72204053)
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    复旦大学附属中山医院,上海 200032

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俞静娴,E⁃mail:yu.jingxian@zs⁃hospital.sh.cn
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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