Article(id=1220689488574071476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=review-article, receivedDate=1735574400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-31, revisedDate=1757347200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768964653390, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768964653390, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768964653390, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964653390, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220689483859677846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2025', volume='39', issue='19', pageStart='3201', pageEnd='3376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768964652266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768965013333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220690998338961744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220690998338961745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3360, endPage=3365, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220689488804758209, articleId=1220689488574071476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on theoretical models and assessment tools of family resilience, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This article reviewed the origin,concept,theoretical models,and assessment tools of family resilience.The aim was to provide a reference for researchers in developing family resilience assessment tools that align with China's cultural background,as well as for clinical staff in selecting suitable assessment tools.

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JIANG Zifang, E⁃mail:
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对家庭抗逆力的起源、概念、理论模型及测评工具进行综述,旨在为研究者开发符合我国文化背景的家庭抗逆力测评工具及临床工作人员选择合适的测评工具提供参考。

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江子芳,E⁃mail:
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方倩,主管护师,硕士研究生在读

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方倩,主管护师,硕士研究生在读

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家庭抗逆力理论模型及测评工具的研究进展
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方倩 1 , 罗旭霞 1 , 江子芳 2
护理研究 | 科研综述 2025,39(19): 3360-3365
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护理研究 | 科研综述 2025, 39(19): 3360-3365
家庭抗逆力理论模型及测评工具的研究进展
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方倩1, 罗旭霞1, 江子芳2
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学医学院附属第一医院,浙江 310000
  • 2.浙江省肿瘤医院
  • 方倩,主管护师,硕士研究生在读

通讯作者:

江子芳,E⁃mail:
Research progress on theoretical models and assessment tools of family resilience
Qian FANG1, Xuxia LUO1, Zifang JIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang 310000 China
  • 2.Zhejiang Cancer Hospital
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.024
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对家庭抗逆力的起源、概念、理论模型及测评工具进行综述,旨在为研究者开发符合我国文化背景的家庭抗逆力测评工具及临床工作人员选择合适的测评工具提供参考。

家庭抗逆力  /  理论模型  /  测评工具  /  护理  /  综述

This article reviewed the origin,concept,theoretical models,and assessment tools of family resilience.The aim was to provide a reference for researchers in developing family resilience assessment tools that align with China's cultural background,as well as for clinical staff in selecting suitable assessment tools.

family resilience  /  theoretical model  /  assessment tool  /  nursing  /  review
方倩, 罗旭霞, 江子芳. 家庭抗逆力理论模型及测评工具的研究进展. 护理研究, 2025 , 39 (19) : 3360 -3365 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.024
Qian FANG, Xuxia LUO, Zifang JIANG. Research progress on theoretical models and assessment tools of family resilience[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2025 , 39 (19) : 3360 -3365 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.024
随着生物⁃心理⁃社会医学模式的演进,研究者们逐渐认识到疾病对病人的影响不仅局限于个体层面,还扩展至家庭系统。疾病给家庭成员带来了经济、情感和护理的多重负担,这些负担不仅降低了家庭的生活质量,还可能削弱家庭的功能[1]。家庭的适应性不足可能会对病人的康复进程带来负面效应,潜在地导致恶性循环的形成。目前,随着家庭系统的提出和积极心理学的发展,家庭抗逆力(family resilience)应运而生[23],家庭抗逆力主张家庭所遭遇的压力与挑战实则是推动其康复与成长的重要契机[4]。针对家庭抗逆力的评估研究,选择合适的测评工具对于确保研究结果的可靠性和精确度至关重要。学者们在考虑家庭抗逆力的文化特异性时,开发了多种测评工具,以适应不同文化背景下的家庭需求。目前,欧美等国家的家庭抗逆力理论体系相对较成熟,在实践中得到了广泛应用与推广[56],相比之下,我国在该领域的研究仍主要聚焦现状调查,处于探索性前进的初步阶段[78]。此外,关于家庭抗逆力理论模型在国内实际应用情况的文献报道尚显匮乏。因此,本研究旨在梳理国内外家庭抗逆力的起源、概念、理论模型及测评工具的研究进展,深入探讨各理论模型的优势与局限,并分析其在未来临床实践中的研究前景,为研究人员选择适宜的理论模型和测评工具提供指导,以确保实践策略的科学性、合理性和有效性,以期推动相关研究的深入发展。
家庭抗逆力又称家庭韧性、家庭复原力、家庭弹性,其根源可追溯至对个人心理的弹性研究。家庭抗逆力最初由McCubbin等[9]于1988年提出。目前,关于家庭抗逆力的定义尚未有统一观点,主要有以下4种定义。1)特质性概念:以McCubbin等[9]为代表,认为家庭抗逆力是一种特性,具有此特性的家庭拥有或者能够创造并且充分利用家庭系统的内外资源,从而协助家庭成员去面对和适应困境;2)过程性概念:Hawley等[10]认为,家庭抗逆力是一个使用各类资源支持整个家庭适应和应对环境的“过程”,而非将其固化成一系列稳定的、静止的力量或品质;3)结果性概念:蒋林洁[11]将家庭抗逆力视为家庭针对不利事件所作出的应对“成效”;4)整合性概念:汇聚前述3种界定之精髓,Henry等[12]提出,家庭抗逆力既非家庭固有或后天习得的单一能力,而是家庭在面临压力情境时,与外部环境相互作用的动态机制,这一过程既包含了适应性的演变路径,也囊括了最终的应对成效。虽然,目前对家庭抗逆力的本质还未有明确的一致意见,但学者已就其3项核心特征达成了共识:1)家庭遭受危机、逆境等应激性事件;2)家庭作为一个完整的单位;3)家庭通过集体的力量能成功应对并恢复[13]
综上所述,家庭抗逆力是指家庭作为一个整体,在遭遇重大压力源或逆境时,通过有效动员和利用其内外部资源,展现出的适应性和恢复力。这种能力使家庭能够调节其结构和功能,以应对和克服挑战,最终实现家庭系统的稳定和功能恢复。深入了解家庭抗逆力的构建过程和机制,可以为家庭治疗领域提供理论基础和实践指导,帮助家庭增强应对压力的能力。
关于家庭抗逆力的理论模型已经有了很多的研究,分别关注了家庭抗逆力的关键因素、整体适应过程、多系统互动等不同方面。Walsh[14]研究指出,家庭抗逆力是一个多元化且不断变化的过程,其模式也并非一成不变,这些理论框架可以依据不同的需求应用于临床研究和实际操作之中。
家庭抗逆力过程模型由Walsh[15]提出,该模型将家庭应对机制划分为家庭信念系统、家庭组织架构和家庭沟通过程3个核心组成部分。在这一框架下,家庭信念系统作为指导性力量,涵盖了对逆境的阐释、积极未来愿景的构建、超脱性的态度以及灵性的追求;家庭组织架构则通过其高度适应性、广泛的社会网络联系以及高效的资源调配机制,为家庭提供应对外界压力的坚实基础;家庭沟通过程作为连接纽带,成为家庭在逆境中寻求共识、协调行动的关键环节,包括信息的明确传递、情感的互动以及共同解决问题的能力。同时,强调这些阶段之间的互动关系对整体效果产生的重要影响。该模型为深入探讨家庭抗逆力及其构成要素构建了一个综合且条理分明的理论框架,为各学科的研究工作奠定了坚实的理论基础[16]。目前已成功应用于指导芝加哥家庭健康服务中心实施针对面临严重生活挑战的家庭支持项目,该项目的核心宗旨在于为心理健康、医疗护理及社会服务等多个领域的工作者提供一套全面而深入的家庭抗逆力培训方案、专业服务及咨询指导。通过这一系列举措能够显著提升他们在应对复杂问题时的分析与解决能力,激励他们积极主动地采取切实有效的措施,并最终增强他们为家庭提供支持、提升其抗逆力的专业能力[14]。基于该理论模型,Bang等[17]设计了一套旨在增强老年痴呆症病人家庭照料者家庭抗逆力的计划。该计划具体包括:1次或2次针对“信念系统”的重塑活动,3~5次明确个人及家庭“组织架构”的研讨会,以及6~8次聚焦于强化“沟通机制”的培训工作坊。该计划的实施不仅有效缓解了照护者的压力,而且对提升家庭的抗逆力、适应能力以及改善家庭成员的感知健康状态均产生了正面效应。杨晓庆[18]基于此模型构建了膀胱癌病人家庭抗逆力提升方案,此方案以互惠模式小组形式开展了6次线下活动,活动内容围绕增强信念系统、重塑组织模式和加强沟通过程开展,有效改善了膀胱癌病人家庭的生活质量。建议未来将此模型应用到不同的病人人群中,注重跨文化和跨领域的应用,以适应不同家庭的特定需求和背景。
ABC⁃X模型是Reuben[19]于1949年首次提出的一种压力理论框架。Patterson[20]结合家庭压力理论提出了双重ABC⁃X模型,重点关注家庭的动态演变过程,这一模型旨在阐述家庭如何克服困境并实现自我调整的过程。基于这个基础,McCubbin等[21]进一步构建了家庭调整与适应模型,揭示出当家庭遇到压力时,他们是如何借助家庭内外的各种资源以适应新出现的挑战,如果无法有效地适应这些挑战,则需要持续调整其运行策略以恢复家庭稳定状态。此模型着重强调了家庭意义在平衡需求与能力之间的中介桥梁作用,并清晰地界定了家庭意义的三大核心方面:具体情境下的意义解读、家庭成员的角色自我认同以及深植于家庭内部的价值观体系。这些方面相互交织,共同对家庭如何应对疾病产生深远影响。该模型将家庭抗逆力概念置于一个更为广阔的生态系统理论背景之下,从而对家庭抗逆力的动态构成模型进行了扩展,为实际应用提供了更为精准的科学依据。Yeh等[22]采纳了该模式作为分析工具,深入探索了老年心脏病病人家庭护理所面临的挑战,并成功识别出对家庭护理人员负担程度具有最强预示性的指标。基于该模式,王庆妍等[23]研究探讨了12项弹性因素如何具体作用于老年痴呆症病人家庭的适应性过程之中。总而言之,这一模型能够预测家庭对抗逆境的行为,协助家庭识别潜在风险并制定适当的应对措施。但在识别提升家庭抗逆力的核心要素时,模型尚未充分考虑不同民族、文化和地区背景下家庭的特殊需求。
Henry等[12]于2015年提出了一个基于预防与干预的家庭风险管理模型,其通过观察生态系统、家庭适应系统及家庭背景下意义系统的互动关系解读家庭的风险因素、保护因素、易感性因素和适应因素之间的关联。该模型旨在强化家庭的保护因素,从而降低家庭面临的风险和敏感度,并提升其长久的适应力。Serra等[2425]采纳了该模式,以探讨老年痴呆症病人家庭所拥有的抗逆力资源与影响因素,其综合考量了环境变化、逆境挑战及弹性恢复周期等概念,成功识别出一系列能够有效减轻家庭压力的核心弹性因素,以此设计干预策略,进一步加强家庭应对挑战的能力。未来,可尝试将此模型应用于纵向研究,关注干预措施的长期效果。
该调查问卷是依据美国学者Walsh[15]提出的家庭抗逆力理论模型设计而成,涵盖3个维度,共31个条目及1项开放性问题,采用Likert 5级评分法。2017年,意大利学者Rocchi等[26]针对慢性病病人及其家庭成员这一特定群体,开发了意大利语版本的Walsh家庭弹性评估问卷(Walsh⁃IT)。该问卷由共同信念与相互支持、家庭内部的组织结构与互动模式以及社会资源的有效利用三大核心部分构成,共26个条目,并增设了1个开放性问题以供受访者自由表达,其Cronbach′s α系数为0.946,重测信度为0.990。2021年,Wang等[27]对Walsh家庭抗逆力评估工具进行了汉化与修订,成功开发出中文版Walsh家庭抗逆力问卷(WFRQ⁃C)。该问卷包括家庭信念体系、组织沟通与解决策略、外部资源的高效利用3个维度、共26个条目。经检验,中文版Walsh家庭抗逆力问卷的Cronbach's α系数为0.97,显示出极佳的内部一致性。此外,该问卷在800名社区居民中进行了实证应用,社区居民常模得分为(97.00±17.94)分,进一步验证了其适用性与可靠性。中文版Walsh家庭抗逆力问卷各项条目表述清晰,通俗易懂,适用于测评我国非特异性压力环境下的社区成年人,可以考虑将其作为其他病人的参考工具以及在干预研究中的应用,但由于验证时排除了有严重身体疾病或极度虚弱的人,可能影响样本的代表性,今后可以在其他特定人群中展开进一步的适用性研究。
2005年,美国学者Tuccker[28]编制了家庭抗逆力评估量表,该量表包括家庭内部的沟通与问题解决能力、社会经济资源的有效利用、保持积极乐观的态度、家庭成员间的紧密联系、家族精神内涵以及为逆境赋予积极意义6个维度,共54个条目。采用Likert 4级评分法,经检验,总量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.96,各维度的Cronbach's α系数位0.70~0.96,显示出良好的信度水平。樊颖维等[2931]将其修订汉化,在癌症病人、慢性病患儿、脑卒中病人等中使用,均具有良好的信效度。家庭抗逆力评估量表及其衍生版本在应用上具有广泛的普及度,被视作发展较为成熟的家庭抗逆力测评工具之一[32]。然而,在我国病人群体中应用该量表时遇到了一些挑战:首先,量表条目繁多且存在一定程度的内容重复,增加了填写所需的时间成本;其次,该量表最初是为一般健康人群开发,针对病人群体的适用性和有效性尚需更为深入的验证;最后,鉴于文化差异,部分条目内容可能与我国文化背景不完全相符,需要进行适当的本土化修改,以提高其在特定环境下的适用性和准确性。
2015年,Martin等[33]开展了一项针对1 006名老年人的研究,开发了一个包含22个条目的量表,该量表分为个体韧性和人际韧性2个子量表。个体韧性评估子量表包含自我效能、乐观态度及情绪管理能力3个维度,用于量化个体的心理恢复力;人际韧性评估子量表包括社交支持网络构建、经济与社会资源感知、宗教信仰、人际关系和谐度以及情感沟通与交流5个维度,旨在衡量个体在家庭环境中的韧性程度。多维度个人及人际心理韧性量表中条目1~条目11采用Likert 5级评分法,条目12和条目13采用视觉模拟评分法,条目14~条目22采用Likert 4级评分法,其中6个条目采用反向计分方式,以确保评估的全面性和准确性。该量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.72。探索性因子分析结果显示,提取出8个公因子,共同解释了总变异的58.6%。然而,在国内尚无关于此量表在医疗健康领域中应用的研究报道,未来可以考虑将其汉化并在病人中应用。
该量表由McCubbin等[21]编制,刘洋等[34]于2014年将其汉化,该量表包括责任认知、控制力评估及挑战应对3个维度,共20个条目。采用Likert 4级评分法,其Cronbach's α系数为0.803。该量表设计简洁,便于在较短时间内完成对家庭抗逆力的有效测评,目前已在痴呆症病人[35]、直肠癌病人[36]的研究中应用,并在晚期癌症病人家庭二元生命意义干预方案的构建中应用[37]。然而,该量表在维度上的设计可能存在不足,未能全面覆盖所需测量的领域,且在本土化过程中可能未充分融合我国的文化背景。
家庭韧性评估量表由Lane等[38]以Walsh模型为理论框架,专门针对乳腺癌病人开发的评估工具,该工具聚焦信仰体系、组织模式及沟通/问题解决3个主题,共29个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,经检验,量表总的Cronbach′s α系数为0.929。张珊珊等[39]对该量表进行汉化,使其更适合我国乳腺癌病人的实际情况。中文版家庭韧性评估量表表现出更高的信度,其Cronbach′s α系数为0.961,重测信度为0.884,各维度的Cronbach′s α系数为0.837~0.937。针对乳腺癌病人这一特定群体,家庭韧性评估量表展现出了较高的适用性,然而,由于该量表的研究样本仅限于1所三级甲等医院的病人,样本的代表性可能不足。因此,未来的研究应当扩大样本范围,采取更为科学的抽样方法,以进一步验证量表的信效度和稳定性。此外,该量表在其他癌症病人群体中的应用也需进一步的实证研究。
2008年,我国学者戴艳[40]运用扎根理论构建了家庭复原力评定量表,旨在探索影响中学生家庭抗逆力的关键因素。该量表包括家庭信念量表和家庭力量量表2个子量表、10个维度、共49个条目。家庭信念量表包括困境理解力、乐观应对态度及追求卓越精神3个维度;家庭力量量表包括处理问题的能力、亲密和谐的关系建立、社会支持的有效获取、有序的生活管理、情绪的自由表达、主动沟通的习惯以及团队协作的精神7个维度。该量表采用Likert 5级评分法,其Cronbach′s α系数为0.912,显示出较高的内部一致性,子量表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.538~0.856。家庭复原力评定量表起初主要应用于对中学生的评估,现在已被应用到老年脑梗死病人[41]、肺癌病人[42],未来也可尝试应用到其他病人群体。
2019年,我国学者卜彤等[43]研发了家庭复原力问卷,该问卷包括坚毅性、和睦性、开放性、支持性4个维度,共20个条目。问卷采用Likert 5级评分法,其量表Cronbach′s α系数为0.94,各维度的Cronbach′s α系数为0.78~0.87,具有较高的内部一致性和可靠性。此外,量表的设计注重条目精简,有效减轻了受试者的填写压力,但受限于样本的选择以及该量表开发时间较短,其临床应用的有效性尚待验证。建议未来研究扩大样本量,以期在更广的范围内评估其适用性和有效性,进而推动其在相关领域的应用。
我国学者周佳[44]运用半结构式访谈和专家函询相结合的方法,研发了居家失能老年人家庭抗逆力量表。该量表包括家庭认知与信念体系、家庭组织与管理效能、家庭资源与利用能力以及家庭沟通与问题解决机制4个维度,共33个条目。各条目采用Likert 5级评分法,该量表总的Cronbach′s α系数为0.951,内容效度为0.930。需要注意的是,该量表的编制是基于特定地域和特定群体的实际情况,因此在推广至其他地区和群体时需谨慎考虑其适用性。量表的广泛适用性可能受到当地经济状况、文化差异和民族特色的影响。因此,未来的研究方向应当着重于跨地区和多元文化背景下,对该量表在失能老年人家庭中的适用性和有效性进行深入评估,旨在提升其评估结果的普遍认可度与科学性,确保量表能够广泛应用于不同情境。
当前家庭抗逆力的理论模型应用于我国病人群体时存在一定局限性。现有的理论模型大多源自国外,可能未能充分涵盖我国文化背景。这些模型主要提供了一个宏观框架,但在具体操作层面的指导性不足,限制了其在我国特定文化背景下的应用效果。目前,家庭抗逆力的测评工具已经有较多研究,但现有的测评工具各有优势与局限,调查时应充分考虑适用性,包括研究对象差异性和临床应用价值。现有量表多基于未经历创伤的学生家庭,对经历创伤家庭的适用性有待验证。在临床实践中,测评工具对于准确捕捉家庭抗逆力能力存在一定的局限性。因此,选择测评工具时研究者需综合考量工具的开发背景、信效度、条目数以及评分方法等多个要素,以确保所选工具能够适配特定病人群体的特性和需求。
家庭抗逆力理论将家庭视为一个动态的生态系统,强调通过增强家庭成员间的联系和家庭适应性,以提升家庭的抗逆力和实现家庭平衡,这对于挖掘家庭潜力、促进积极适应至关重要。因此,在本土化的过程中需要深入考虑我国的文化背景和家庭价值观,通过多学科合作的方法优化和完善理论模型。同时,后续研究需深入探讨本土文化特色下的抗逆力属性,并针对性地对现有测评工具进行调整和优化,对不同文化环境下测评工具的异质性进行系统分析,旨在提高研究结果的普遍适用性。鉴于不同疾病背景下家庭抗逆力的多样性,研究者应扩展至多种家庭结构中对测评工具的适用性进行验证,并在适宜的条件下发展出具有广泛适用性的家庭抗逆力测评工具,以助力家庭实现有效的适应性和平衡性,进而激发家庭内在潜力的全面发挥。
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2025年第39卷第19期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.024
  • 接收时间:2024-12-31
  • 首发时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-31
  • 修回日期:2025-09-09
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    1.浙江大学医学院附属第一医院,浙江 310000
    2.浙江省肿瘤医院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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