Article(id=1220689488230142677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.025, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=review-article, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=1757347200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-09, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768964653308, onlineDateStr=2026-01-21, pubDate=1760025600000, pubDateStr=2025-10-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768964653308, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768964653308, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768964653308, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1220689483859677846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2025', volume='39', issue='19', pageStart='3201', pageEnd='3376', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768964652266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768965013333, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1220690998338961744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1220690998338961745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1220689483859677846, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3366, endPage=3371, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1220689488515355368, articleId=1220689488230142677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Research progress on the growth and development of children with hematologic diseases after allogeneic⁃hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This review summarized the current status and factors affecting the growth and development in children with hematological diseases after allogeneic⁃hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.The aim was to provide a basis for medical staff to provide individualized health education and monitoring for children and their families in clinical practice.

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ZHANG Jingjing, E⁃mail:
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对血液病患儿异基因造血干细胞移植后生长发育现状及影响因素进行综述,以期为医务人员在临床工作中为患儿及家属提供个体化健康教育及监测提供依据。

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张静静,E⁃mail:
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韩松蓉,硕士研究生

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韩松蓉,硕士研究生

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血液病患儿异基因造血干细胞移植后生长发育情况的研究进展
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韩松蓉 , 闫金松 , 王跃 , 张静静 , 董潇
护理研究 | 科研综述 2025,39(19): 3366-3371
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护理研究 | 科研综述 2025, 39(19): 3366-3371
血液病患儿异基因造血干细胞移植后生长发育情况的研究进展
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韩松蓉, 闫金松, 王跃, 张静静 , 董潇
作者信息
  • 大连医科大学附属第二医院,辽宁 116000
  • 韩松蓉,硕士研究生

通讯作者:

张静静,E⁃mail:
Research progress on the growth and development of children with hematologic diseases after allogeneic⁃hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Songrong HAN, Jinsong YAN, Yue WANG, Jingjing ZHANG , Xiao DONG
Affiliations
  • The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Liaoning 116000 China
出版时间: 2025-10-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.025
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对血液病患儿异基因造血干细胞移植后生长发育现状及影响因素进行综述,以期为医务人员在临床工作中为患儿及家属提供个体化健康教育及监测提供依据。

异基因造血干细胞移植  /  儿童  /  生长发育  /  血液病  /  综述

This review summarized the current status and factors affecting the growth and development in children with hematological diseases after allogeneic⁃hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.The aim was to provide a basis for medical staff to provide individualized health education and monitoring for children and their families in clinical practice.

allogeneic⁃hematopoietic stem cell transplantation  /  children  /  growth and development  /  hematological diseases  /  review
韩松蓉, 闫金松, 王跃, 张静静, 董潇. 血液病患儿异基因造血干细胞移植后生长发育情况的研究进展. 护理研究, 2025 , 39 (19) : 3366 -3371 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.025
Songrong HAN, Jinsong YAN, Yue WANG, Jingjing ZHANG, Xiao DONG. Research progress on the growth and development of children with hematologic diseases after allogeneic⁃hematopoietic stem cell transplantation[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2025 , 39 (19) : 3366 -3371 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.025
研究表明,儿童恶性血液病造血干细胞移植(hematopoietic stem cell transplantation,HSCT)的人数不断增加,治疗效果较好[1],长期生存率较高。在发达国家,免疫缺陷儿童造血干细胞移植5年总生存率为83.4%[2],部分恶性血液病造血干细胞移植后15年生存率可达69.8%[3]。由于造血干细胞移植后有长期并发症的风险,对造血干细胞移植后儿童的生长发育产生长期的、不可逆的,甚至是致命的影响[45]。因而,移植后患儿的生长发育情况是家属关注的重点。本研究通过对儿童造血干细胞移植后生长发育的现状及影响因素进行综述,为开展造血干细胞移植后儿童生长发育的监测、个体化干预治疗方案和长期随访提供依据。
造血干细胞移植是血液系统恶性和非恶性(遗传)疾病的首选治疗方法[6],包括自体移植和同种异体移植等方式,主要适应证是骨髓恶性肿瘤、淋巴恶性肿瘤及非恶性疾病。近年来,超过25%的儿童在成长过程中患有慢性病[7],儿童异基因造血干细胞移植的比例不断增加[8],他们出现发育问题的风险更高。骆燕辉等[9]研究发现,造血干细胞移植后患儿的总体生存质量较好,同时也发现慢性移植物抗宿主病可能会对患儿产生较多影响。但是目前国内外对于儿童造血干细胞移植后生长发育的长期监测仍然存在不足,多数患儿家长不了解移植对患儿生长发育产生的影响。综上所述,医护人员应重视造血干细胞移植后儿童的生长发育情况,尽早发现移植后患儿生长发育过程中存在的问题,为患儿和家属提供个性化的健康指导,减轻患儿及家属对生长发育方面的焦虑。
造血干细胞移植会对患儿的青春期产生不同程度的影响,可能对患儿的成年最终身高产生影响。王建文等[10]研究表明,经过全身放疗治疗的患儿中,多数患儿在经过自体外周造血干细胞移植后,身高没有受到影响,达到健康标准。少数患儿移植前身高低于同年龄身高标准,在移植1年后仍低于正常水平,在移植2年后达到正常标准。Chemaitilly等[11]研究发现,移植后患儿青春期的生长减少和青春期生长突增迟钝会影响身高的增长。生长障碍是儿童异基因造血干细胞移植最常见的晚期效应之一,通常会影响儿童最终的成年身高[1213]。Uemura等[14]研究发现,儿童移植后5年内对身高影响不显著。因此,在患儿进行造血干细胞移植后需要加强对患儿身高的监测,注意患儿的身高变化。
造血干细胞移植后患儿的体重变化较为突出,多数患儿出现体重先下降再上升的变化。儿童生长发育对蛋白质和热量有较大需求,而疾病会大量消耗营养物质,因而移植后短期内营养不良和体重减轻在儿科病人中普遍存在[15]。Ruble等[16]研究发现,造血干细胞移植后部分患儿存在中心型肥胖。同时,由于骨髓微环境的改变,骨髓脂肪含量增加,可能出现内脏脂肪不断增加的情况,移植后患儿肥胖、胰岛素异常和血脂异常的发生率有所提高[17]。由于儿童造血干细胞移植受者可能对超重和肥胖具有较高的易感性,儿童造血干细胞移植病人在移植后的几年中具有较高的肥胖倾向,其中青少年的风险最高[18]。因此,医护人员需定期监测移植后患儿的体重变化,为患儿制定不同时期的营养计划。
内分泌并发症是造血干细胞移植后最常见的慢性病,包括甲状腺机能障碍、骨质疏松症、代谢综合征、生长障碍和性腺功能障碍等。在移植后的长期并发症中,内分泌疾病占有相当的地位[19]。儿童造血干细胞移植后受影响最大的内分泌器官是甲状腺、垂体和性腺[2021]。近年来,儿童在经过造血干细胞治疗后代谢综合征的发病率不断升高[19]。越来越多的病人在儿童时期经过造血干细胞治疗后,会出现生长衰竭、性腺衰竭和原发性甲状腺功能减退症的内分泌紊乱[11]。王建文等[10]研究表明。全身放疗后多数患儿在造血干细胞移植后的1~4年内甲状腺功能正常,少数患儿在造血干细胞移植的1年后出现一过性促甲状腺激素升高。Mathiesen等[22]发现23%的造血干细胞移植后儿童使用过性激素。Figueiredo等[12]研究发现65.1%的病人诊断出至少1种内分泌并发症,其中性腺功能障碍最为常见。因此,在患儿进行造血干细胞移植后需要定期监测患儿的激素变化,及时发现并治疗内分泌相关并发症。
造血细胞移植受者存在骨量减少和骨质疏松的风险。有证据表明,造血干细胞移植后骨髓基质系统的微环境受到严重且不可逆的破坏,导致成骨细胞祖细胞的数量和质量不足,成骨细胞分化能力降低,正常成骨细胞群再生的能力和骨重塑/更新异常[23],越来越多造血干细胞移植后的长期幸存者出现骨骼异常[24]。Serio等[25]研究表明,超过50%的同种异体或自体造血干细胞移植以后会出现长期骨质流失。Petryk等[26]研究发现,尽管50%的患儿在造血干细胞移植6个月后骨量丢失趋于稳定,但仍有相当比例的患儿在造血干细胞术后1年仍存在骨量减少或骨质疏松。儿童病人正处于活泼好动的年龄,骨骼异常会影响患儿的活动能力,关注患儿骨质和骨量的变化对患儿来说非常重要。
进行造血干细胞移植后,会影响患儿的血压及心肺功能。研究表明,同种异体造血细胞移植会增加心血管疾病的发病率和心血管危险因素的恶化,且造血干细胞移植后儿童肥胖和血脂异常发生率很高,随着时间的推移可能会进一步导致心血管疾病[2728]。Elbahlawan等[29]研究发现,肺部并发症在儿童血液病病人中很常见,即使治愈后仍存在长期并发症。Ciki等[30]回顾研究发现,195例患儿在移植后10年内36.4%的患儿出现肺部并发症,且有24.3%的患儿因为肺部并发症死亡。在162例接受造血干细胞移植患儿中评估的肺损伤累积发生率为35%,并且主要是限制性的。Vandekerckhove等[31]研究发现,异基因造血干细胞移植后的6年之内,有11%的患儿存在心脏收缩功能障碍。Genberg等[32]研究发现,异基因造血干细胞组存在舒张功能障碍。Chima等[3334]研究发现,体重增加百分比和需要补充氧气与儿童干细胞移植受者发生呼吸衰竭高度相关。尽管严重的心血管并发症很少被报道,但是心肺功能的变化会对移植后患儿的日常活动及长期生长产生不利影响。
造血干细胞移植会影响儿童的中枢神经,导致患儿出现共济失调、抽搐及认知障碍等中枢神经系统并发症[35],但是通过相关对症治疗有良好治疗效果。江一志等[36]对造血干细胞移植后患儿进行的回顾性研究显示,移植后患儿最常见的表现为四肢及全身抽搐样的癫痫发作。李晓宇[37]研究发现。患儿抽搐发生率约为6.5%,主要发生在移植后1年内,且经过积极的对症治疗,75%的患儿获得良好结局。Dowling等[38]研究发现,多数病人的神经系统症状出现在移植后100 d内,少数病人在移植后2~5年内仍有神经系统症状。因此,医护人员在日常工作中需要认真辨别移植后患儿行为举止变化,及时发现患儿的异常行为,尽早为患儿提供干预。
Mathiesen等[22]发现有25%的儿童在造血干细胞移植后运动能力下降,儿童造血干细胞移植后3~10年内有氧运动能力下降,这种下降与移植后的时间和运动过程中的耗氧量没有相关性,这意味着移植后患儿的运动能力不会因为移植后时间的延长而有所改善,因而长期健身训练成为重要的改善方式。Gadashova等[39]研究表明,慢性肾脏病是造血干细胞移植后患儿的远期并发症之一。Vesterbacka等[40]对39例造血干细胞移植后长期幸存儿童的牙及面部发育进行研究,发现患儿下颌中央切牙、第1磨牙和第2磨牙的平均体积明显较小,面部的垂直生长显著减少。虽然现在证据并不是很明显,但是与一般人相比,进行异基因造血干细胞移植的病人出院龋齿和牙周炎的情况更加常见[41]。儿童造血干细胞移植后仍然面临着巨大的挑战,这需要医务人员为患儿提供个性化的健康宣教,告知患儿及家属造血干细胞移植后生长发育相关的注意事项。
接受移植时的年龄与移植后儿童身高、肾功能及面部发育变化密切相关。Sanders等[13]研究发现,移植年龄越小,对身高的影响越小,患儿年龄大于10岁,移植后使用生长激素对成年后身高的影响非常小。Ukeba⁃Terashita等[42]研究表明,移植年龄≥7岁是所有病人移植后肾小球滤过率低的危险因素。Vesterbacka等[40]研究发现,移植年龄越小,牙齿和垂直面部发育的损害就越大。因此,医护人员应该关注移植时儿童的年龄,尤其是移植时年龄在10岁以下儿童的生长发育变化,及时给患儿及其家属提供相应的信息支持,以保证造血干细胞移植后患儿的生活质量。
不同性别的儿童移植后生长发育的变化不同。Cohen等[43]研究发现,移植后男性患儿的身高损失将高于女性患儿,如果患儿接受过全身放疗,患儿会出现身高损失。同时,与女孩相比,男孩的身高损失更为严重。张冰花等[44]研究发现,女性患儿腹围和体脂百分比明显高于男性患儿。造血干细胞移植会对女童生育力造成影响,发生早发性卵巢功能不全则很难逆转[45]。因此,医护人员需关注不同性别患儿的不同表现,尤其是男性患儿的身高变化和女性患儿的体重变化,并做好对患儿生育力的保护,针对不同性别的儿童给予不同的预防措施,尽可能减少异基因造血干细胞移植对生长发育的影响。
移植物来源对患儿预后有重要影响[46]。异基因造血干细胞移植的儿童相较于自体干细胞移植的患儿骨量更低[47],容易发生骨折等骨骼问题,呼吸功能及视力变化也较为常见[48],同时更需要注意甲状腺和生长发育方面的问题[49]
在非恶性血液病中,人类白细胞抗原完全相合的患儿总生存率和无事件生存率最高[50],但是由于同胞作为异基因造血干细胞移植的供者,受者复发率相较其他干细胞来源更高[1]。阿根廷学者研究发现,在恶性血液病患儿当中,进行同胞供体和非亲缘供体移植的患儿,在移植后结果相似[51]。Rondelli等[52]研究发现,相比于无关供者,亲属作为供者进行的移植在心理上更容易被患儿接受,因而会有更好的治疗效果。现今,国内外对于父母作为供者进行的单倍型移植仍存在争议,万鼎铭等[53]对异基因造血干细胞移植的供者及受者进行分析,在供者及受者同性别的情况下,受者2年无病生存率与急性移植物抗宿主病发生率等低于性别不同的供受者。同时,对于母亲或父亲作为供者,患儿长期生存率和移植物抗宿主病发生率的高低情况仍存在争议[5457]。医护人员应充分告知患儿及家属不同移植方式对患儿移植后产生的不同影响和结果,兼顾患儿生理和心理两方面情况,不仅要患儿生理上恢复健康,也需要让患儿从心理上接受移植的现实,给患儿及其家属提供不同移植方式的康复信息,减少其对移植后生长发育的担忧。
并发症是造血干细胞移植后儿童的体重、内分泌和心肺功能的影响因素。肥胖患儿可能由于急性和慢性移植物抗宿主病等因素导致非复发相关死亡率较高[58]。移植物抗宿主病的发生会增加异基因造血干细胞移植后中枢神经系统并发症的风险[59]。儿童进行造血干细胞移植后并发移植物抗宿主病会影响甲状腺、垂体和性腺的功能[11]。急性移植物抗宿主病是影响患儿长期生存的主要危险因素,也会导致患儿出现特定器官的免疫紊乱,比如出现消化道、肠道和肝脏的急性反应,可以导致患儿营养吸收及热量摄入出现异常[60]。慢性移植物抗宿主病是肺功能下降的主要危险因素[61]。因此,医护人员要重视造血干细胞移植后儿童是否出现移植物抗宿主病等并发症,告知患儿及家属怎样分辨患儿身体的各种变化,为患儿及家属提供相应的健康宣教并做好延续护理,以期及时进行治疗,减少并发症对儿童产生的不利影响。
研究表明,使用的药物及预处理方案会对移植后儿童产生影响。类固醇等药物的使用可能导致体重增加和向心性肥胖,抑制生长激素的分泌,长期使用会对儿童成长产生风险[14]。免疫抑制剂的使用会降低患儿骨密度[62]。使用蒽环类化疗药则会对患儿心肺功能产生更大的影响[22],且放化疗后会影响甲状腺、垂体和性腺等内分泌功能[11,22]。全身照射的副作用包括患儿肺损伤[48]、生长迟缓和继发恶性肿瘤[63],加之生长激素缺乏,会进一步加重患儿的骨骼肌肉缺陷[64],导致患儿出现身材矮小。因此,在移植后需要关注患儿的用药情况,医护人员应重视放化疗治疗移植后儿童激素的变化,尽量在不影响治疗效果的情况下,减少治疗方式对儿童产生的不良影响,并告知患儿在治疗后形体上的变化,做好患儿的心理护理,给患儿树立合适的心理目标。
Vandekerkhove[31]研究显示,造血干细胞移植后儿童具有减小的室间隔厚度和较大的左心室舒张末期内径,影响患儿的心肺功能,造血干细胞移植后儿童的运动表现更低,更容易出现收缩和舒张功能障碍。医护人员不仅需要重视移植后儿童的具体表现,还应该重点关注可控因素,并给予针对性的决策支持干预信息。为患儿及其家属提供咨询服务,以帮助患儿及其家属走出疾病困境。
目前,国内外学者对移植后儿童生长发育的调查以回顾性研究居多,鲜有具体的监测计划、明确的干预措施及生长发育异常的风险预测模型研究;国内在造血干细胞移植后儿童生长发育的监测仍然处于起步状态,相关研究较少,监测时间较短。在治疗过程中,医务人员应关注造血干细胞移植后儿童这一特殊群体,针对可控影响因素实施一系列干预措施,如重视患儿及家属的心理变化,帮助其缓解焦虑情绪及接受外形上的变化,提高其配合程度。建议将移植后儿童的生长发育情况纳入常规诊疗程序,定期监测移植后儿童的激素、腰腹围及身高等的变化,建立移植后患儿生长发育异常的风险预测模型。现阶段,儿童造血干细胞移植面临诸多问题和挑战,未来可不断研究适合我国国情和儿童生长发育规律的监测手段,并进一步寻找本土化的生长发育延续护理方案。目前,儿童造血干细胞移植后进行长期生长发育监测样本的数据有限,未来应扩大研究范围,将疾病及移植类型不断细化,延长儿童移植后生长发育的监测时间,同时不断促进多学科模式的完善,推动相关领域的发展和完善。
  • 2022年大连市医学科学研究计划项目(2212018)
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2025年第39卷第19期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2025.19.025
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2026-01-21
  • 出版时间:2025-10-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
  • 修回日期:2025-09-09
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2022年大连市医学科学研究计划项目(2212018)
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    大连医科大学附属第二医院,辽宁 116000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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