Article(id=1322630840111190889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760630400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-17, revisedDate=1781193600000, revisedDateStr=2026-06-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793269365574, onlineDateStr=2026-10-29, pubDate=1790265600000, pubDateStr=2026-09-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793269365574, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793269365574, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793269365574, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322630794611380728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='18', pageStart='3153', pageEnd='3344', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1790265600000', pubDateStr='2026-09-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793269354727, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343080645, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940023645011984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940023645011985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322630794611380728, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3246, endPage=3252, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322630840354460522, articleId=1322630840111190889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Chinesization and application of The Psychological Emptiness Scale in ophthalmic patients, columnId=1220689492655129450, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Scale Study, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To translate The Psychological Emptiness Scale(PES),to test its reliability and validity,and to describe the emotional profiles of patients with dry eye disease.

Methods

The PES was translated using the Brislin translation model.A Chinese version of the PES was developed through cultural adaptation and a pilot survey.A total of 1 100 ophthalmic patients from our hospital were selected as study subjects from October 2024 to February 2025. The Chinese version of the PES was administered to investigate the patients.The reliability and validity of the scale were analyzed.The psychological characteristics of patients with dry eye disease were visualized.

Results

The Chinese version of the PES consisted of 2 dimensions with a total of 19 items.The item-level content validity index ranged from 0.909 to 1.000.The average scale-level content validity index was 0.966.Exploratory factor analysis extracted two common factors,with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 61.242%.Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit.The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.901. The test-retest reliability was 0.965.Application of the scale for patients with dry eye disease showed that gender,age,average monthly income,education level,and occupation were influencing factors for the Chinese version of the PES scores(P<0.05).The Chinese version of the PES score was positively correlated with the Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire score(r=0.236,P<0.05) and negatively correlated with the Questionnaire in Practice for Patients with Dry Eye Disease score(r=-0.214,P<0.05).Based on the proportions of dry eye disease severity,emptiness levels,and types of disease prevention and treatment behaviors,four visualized emotional profiles of dry eye patients were formed.

Conclusions

The Chinese version of the PES could be used as a tool to assess the psychological state of ophthalmic patients.The emotional profiles of patients with dry eye disease could provide a reference for their personalized management.

, authors=Yanli ZHANG, Honger SUN, Aiai CHEN, Yanmiao CHENG, Jieyu ZHU, Jia LI, authorsList=Yanli ZHANG, Honger SUN, Aiai CHEN, Yanmiao CHENG, Jieyu ZHU, Jia LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Honger SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322630843101729651, articleId=1322630840111190889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=眼科病人心理空虚量表的汉化及应用, columnId=1220689492902593405, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=量表研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

汉化眼科病人心理空虚量表(PES),检验量表信效度,并对干眼症病人进行情绪画像描述。

方法

应用Brislin翻译模型对PES进行翻译,并通过文化调适、预调tT查形成中文版PES。于2024年10月—2025年2月选取我院1 100例眼科病人为研究对象,采用中文版PES对病人进行调查,分析量表信效度,并对干眼症病人的心理特征进行可视化分析。

结果

中文版PES包括2个维度,共19个条目。量表条目水平的内容效度指数为0.909~1.000,平均量表水平的内容效度指数为0.966。探索性因子分析提取2个公因子,累计方差贡献率为61.242%。验证性因子分析表明模型适配性良好。量表总体Cronbach's α系数为0.901,重测信度为0.965。将量表应用于干眼症病人结果显示,性别、年龄、月均收入、受教育程度、职业是干眼症病人中文版PES得分的影响因素(P<0.05)。中文版PES得分与眼表疾病指数量表得分呈正相关(r=0.236,P<0.05),与干眼患者知信行问卷得分呈负相关(r=-0.214,P<0.05)。根据干眼症病人干眼症严重程度、空虚程度和疾病防治行为类型占比,干眼症病人形成了4种可视化情绪画像。

结论

中文版PES可作为评估眼科病人心理状态的工具。干眼症病人情绪画像有利于为其个性化管理提供参考。

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张艳丽,护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
孙红儿,E-mail:
SUN Honger, E-mail:
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articleTitle=飞秒激光小切口角膜基质透镜取出术对不同程度近视患者术后干眼症发生率的影响, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322630843311444852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322630843319833461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, companyId=1322630843311444852, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Wenzhou Medical University Ningbo Eye Hospital/Ningbo Eye Institute/Ningbo Key Laboratory of Medical Research on Blinding Eye Diseases, Zhejiang 315040 China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322630843332416374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, companyId=1322630843311444852, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1温州医科大学宁波市眼科医院,宁波市眼科研究所,宁波市致盲性眼病医学研究重点实验室, 浙江 315040)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322630847665132453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General information of ophthalmic patients(n=1 100)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数百分比(%)项目分类例数百分比(%)
性别男50045.5主要诊断视网膜相关疾病817.4
女60054.5并发性白内障716.5
年龄18~<40岁28626.0代谢性白内障494.5
40~<60岁32429.5后发性白内障161.5
≥60岁49044.5老年性白内障27324.8
月均收入<1 000元19417.6角膜相关疾病514.6
1 000~<2 000元33030.0眼外伤疾病585.3
2 000~<3 000元15213.8干眼症27525.0
≥3 000元42438.5高度近视272.5
受教育程度小学及以下32829.8眼眶疾病504.5
初中32329.4翼状胬肉262.4
高中20718.8青光眼292.6
专科及以上24222.0斜视716.5
职业自由职业(包含个体经营者)24722.5老视232.1
职工46742.5
农民或从事其他职业38635.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322630847749018534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

眼科病人一般资料(n=1 100)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数百分比(%)项目分类例数百分比(%)
性别男50045.5主要诊断视网膜相关疾病817.4
女60054.5并发性白内障716.5
年龄18~<40岁28626.0代谢性白内障494.5
40~<60岁32429.5后发性白内障161.5
≥60岁49044.5老年性白内障27324.8
月均收入<1 000元19417.6角膜相关疾病514.6
1 000~<2 000元33030.0眼外伤疾病585.3
2 000~<3 000元15213.8干眼症27525.0
≥3 000元42438.5高度近视272.5
受教育程度小学及以下32829.8眼眶疾病504.5
初中32329.4翼状胬肉262.4
高中20718.8青光眼292.6
专科及以上24222.0斜视716.5
职业自由职业(包含个体经营者)24722.5老视232.1
职工46742.5
农民或从事其他职业38635.1
), ArticleFig(id=1322630847824516007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Factor Loadings of the Chinese Version of the PES

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目虚无感疏离感
3)你觉得治疗眼健康问题毫无意义0.815
4)眼健康问题让你觉得自己什么都不是0.839
5)眼健康问题会让你感觉内心空虚(如感觉像一个“空壳”)0.837
9)眼健康问题让你有一种内心空荡荡的感觉0.847
14)眼健康问题让你感觉与现实脱节0.824
15)眼健康问题让你觉得只是“存在”,但不是真正的“活着”0.844
18)眼健康问题让你感觉生活缺乏方向感0.834
1)你无法感受情绪(如喜悦、快乐、愤怒、悲伤)0.736
2)你对视觉变化或治疗过程漠不关心0.754
6)你对眼科医生的建议感到麻木0.774
7)你感觉积极的事情,如恢复视力或改善眼健康不会一直存在,它们只是偶尔出现0.742
8)你感觉接受眼科治疗只是在走流程0.742
10)眼健康问题让你既没有欲望也没有目标0.743
11)眼健康问题让你觉得自己什么都做不好0.726
12)眼健康问题让你感觉对他人没有影响0.756
13)眼健康问题让你感觉自己只是别人的负担0.751
16)眼健康问题让你觉得和外部世界之间有某种障碍0.754
17)眼健康问题让你觉得自己对世界毫无贡献,一无是处0.750
19)眼健康问题让你心不在焉,对任何事情都不太关心0.725
), ArticleFig(id=1322630847967122344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

中文版PES因子载荷

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目虚无感疏离感
3)你觉得治疗眼健康问题毫无意义0.815
4)眼健康问题让你觉得自己什么都不是0.839
5)眼健康问题会让你感觉内心空虚(如感觉像一个“空壳”)0.837
9)眼健康问题让你有一种内心空荡荡的感觉0.847
14)眼健康问题让你感觉与现实脱节0.824
15)眼健康问题让你觉得只是“存在”,但不是真正的“活着”0.844
18)眼健康问题让你感觉生活缺乏方向感0.834
1)你无法感受情绪(如喜悦、快乐、愤怒、悲伤)0.736
2)你对视觉变化或治疗过程漠不关心0.754
6)你对眼科医生的建议感到麻木0.774
7)你感觉积极的事情,如恢复视力或改善眼健康不会一直存在,它们只是偶尔出现0.742
8)你感觉接受眼科治疗只是在走流程0.742
10)眼健康问题让你既没有欲望也没有目标0.743
11)眼健康问题让你觉得自己什么都做不好0.726
12)眼健康问题让你感觉对他人没有影响0.756
13)眼健康问题让你感觉自己只是别人的负担0.751
16)眼健康问题让你觉得和外部世界之间有某种障碍0.754
17)眼健康问题让你觉得自己对世界毫无贡献,一无是处0.750
19)眼健康问题让你心不在焉,对任何事情都不太关心0.725
), ArticleFig(id=1322630848038425513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of Chinese version of the PES Scores among patients with dry eye disease with different characteristics(n=275)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数得分P
性别男13216.37±5.89<0.01
女14320.42±8.19
年龄18~<40岁11220.54±8.37<0.01
40~<60岁8817.73±6.94
≥60岁7516.28±5.60
月均收入<1 000元6324.90±9.58<0.01
1 000~<2 000元7316.32±5.06
2 000~<3 000元3417.71±4.67
≥3 000元10516.37±5.80
受教育程度小学及以下4623.48±9.56<0.01
初中8018.63±6.79
高中6418.44±6.70
专科及以上8515.66±7.44
职业自由职业(包含个体经营者)9222.33±8.64<0.01
职工13416.63±6.17
农民或从事其他职业4916.29±5.13
), ArticleFig(id=1322630848109728682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同特征干眼症病人中文版PES得分比较(n=275)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数得分P
性别男13216.37±5.89<0.01
女14320.42±8.19
年龄18~<40岁11220.54±8.37<0.01
40~<60岁8817.73±6.94
≥60岁7516.28±5.60
月均收入<1 000元6324.90±9.58<0.01
1 000~<2 000元7316.32±5.06
2 000~<3 000元3417.71±4.67
≥3 000元10516.37±5.80
受教育程度小学及以下4623.48±9.56<0.01
初中8018.63±6.79
高中6418.44±6.70
专科及以上8515.66±7.44
职业自由职业(包含个体经营者)9222.33±8.64<0.01
职工13416.63±6.17
农民或从事其他职业4916.29±5.13
), ArticleFig(id=1322630848176837547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Assignment of independent variables

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项目赋值方式
性别男=1,女=2
年龄18~<40岁=1,40~<60岁=2,≥60岁=3
月均收入<1 000元=1,1 000~<2 000元=2,2 000~<3 000元=3,≥3 000元=4
受教育程度小学及以下=1,初中=2,高中=3,专科及以上=4
职业自由职业(包含个体经营者)=(0,0);职工=(1,0);农民或从事其他职业(0,1)
), ArticleFig(id=1322630848386552748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

自变量赋值方式

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项目赋值方式
性别男=1,女=2
年龄18~<40岁=1,40~<60岁=2,≥60岁=3
月均收入<1 000元=1,1 000~<2 000元=2,2 000~<3 000元=3,≥3 000元=4
受教育程度小学及以下=1,初中=2,高中=3,专科及以上=4
职业自由职业(包含个体经营者)=(0,0);职工=(1,0);农民或从事其他职业(0,1)
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Multivariate analysis of factors influencing Chinese version of the PES scores in patients with dry eye disease

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变量回归系数标准误标准化回归系数t值P
性别2.3410.7590.1573.0850.002
年龄-1.7460.457-0.191-3.820<0.001
月均收入-2.1360.331-0.346-6.457<0.001
受教育程度-0.9950.369-0.145-2.6940.007
职业 职工-3.1810.900-0.214-3.536<0.001
农民或从事其他职业-6.2281.129-0.321-5.515<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322630848503993262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

干眼症病人中文版PES得分影响因素的多因素分析

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变量回归系数标准误标准化回归系数t值P
性别2.3410.7590.1573.0850.002
年龄-1.7460.457-0.191-3.820<0.001
月均收入-2.1360.331-0.346-6.457<0.001
受教育程度-0.9950.369-0.145-2.6940.007
职业 职工-3.1810.900-0.214-3.536<0.001
农民或从事其他职业-6.2281.129-0.321-5.515<0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1322630848575296431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Schematic diagram of emotional profiles

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项目中度空虚-被动应对型的重度干眼症病人轻度空虚-适度参与型的轻度干眼症病人中度空虚-适度参与型的重度干眼症病人轻度空虚-积极应对型的中度干眼症病人
画像
特点1)青年女性
2)眉头微皱,眼神空洞
3)对疾病没有太多的积极应对行为
4)内心感觉有些空虚
1)青年男性
2)面部表情较为平静,眼神有些忧虑
3)对疾病保持一定的理智和参与感
4)内心的轻度空虚仍然存在
1)中年女性
2)眼神中充满不安和沉思,眉头紧锁
3)试图对疾病采取某种应对策略
4)内心感觉有些空虚
1)老年女性
2)眼神清明,嘴角带有轻微上扬
3)对疾病采取主动的应对方式
4)努力克服情感空虚
), ArticleFig(id=1322630848831148976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322630840111190889, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

情绪画像示意图

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目中度空虚-被动应对型的重度干眼症病人轻度空虚-适度参与型的轻度干眼症病人中度空虚-适度参与型的重度干眼症病人轻度空虚-积极应对型的中度干眼症病人
画像
特点1)青年女性
2)眉头微皱,眼神空洞
3)对疾病没有太多的积极应对行为
4)内心感觉有些空虚
1)青年男性
2)面部表情较为平静,眼神有些忧虑
3)对疾病保持一定的理智和参与感
4)内心的轻度空虚仍然存在
1)中年女性
2)眼神中充满不安和沉思,眉头紧锁
3)试图对疾病采取某种应对策略
4)内心感觉有些空虚
1)老年女性
2)眼神清明,嘴角带有轻微上扬
3)对疾病采取主动的应对方式
4)努力克服情感空虚
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眼科病人心理空虚量表的汉化及应用
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张艳丽 , 孙红儿 *, * , 陈皑皑 , 程燕妙 , 朱洁瑜 , 李佳
护理研究 | 量表研究 2026,40(18): 3246-3252
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护理研究 |量表研究 2026 , 40 (18) : 3246 -3252
眼科病人心理空虚量表的汉化及应用
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张艳丽,护师,硕士研究生

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张艳丽, 孙红儿*, * , 陈皑皑, 程燕妙, 朱洁瑜, 李佳
作者信息
  • 1温州医科大学宁波市眼科医院,宁波市眼科研究所,宁波市致盲性眼病医学研究重点实验室, 浙江 315040
通讯作者:
孙红儿,E-mail:
SUN Honger, E-mail:
作者简介:

张艳丽,护师,硕士研究生

Chinesization and application of The Psychological Emptiness Scale in ophthalmic patients
Yanli ZHANG, Honger SUN , Aiai CHEN, Yanmiao CHENG, Jieyu ZHU, Jia LI
Affiliations
  • 1Wenzhou Medical University Ningbo Eye Hospital/Ningbo Eye Institute/Ningbo Key Laboratory of Medical Research on Blinding Eye Diseases, Zhejiang 315040 China
出版时间: 2026-09-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.014
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目的

汉化眼科病人心理空虚量表(PES),检验量表信效度,并对干眼症病人进行情绪画像描述。

方法

应用Brislin翻译模型对PES进行翻译,并通过文化调适、预调tT查形成中文版PES。于2024年10月—2025年2月选取我院1 100例眼科病人为研究对象,采用中文版PES对病人进行调查,分析量表信效度,并对干眼症病人的心理特征进行可视化分析。

结果

中文版PES包括2个维度,共19个条目。量表条目水平的内容效度指数为0.909~1.000,平均量表水平的内容效度指数为0.966。探索性因子分析提取2个公因子,累计方差贡献率为61.242%。验证性因子分析表明模型适配性良好。量表总体Cronbach's α系数为0.901,重测信度为0.965。将量表应用于干眼症病人结果显示,性别、年龄、月均收入、受教育程度、职业是干眼症病人中文版PES得分的影响因素(P<0.05)。中文版PES得分与眼表疾病指数量表得分呈正相关(r=0.236,P<0.05),与干眼患者知信行问卷得分呈负相关(r=-0.214,P<0.05)。根据干眼症病人干眼症严重程度、空虚程度和疾病防治行为类型占比,干眼症病人形成了4种可视化情绪画像。

结论

中文版PES可作为评估眼科病人心理状态的工具。干眼症病人情绪画像有利于为其个性化管理提供参考。

眼科  /  眼科病人心理空虚量表(PES)  /  汉化  /  信度  /  效度  /  影响因素  /  情绪画像  /  可视化
Objective

To translate The Psychological Emptiness Scale(PES),to test its reliability and validity,and to describe the emotional profiles of patients with dry eye disease.

Methods

The PES was translated using the Brislin translation model.A Chinese version of the PES was developed through cultural adaptation and a pilot survey.A total of 1 100 ophthalmic patients from our hospital were selected as study subjects from October 2024 to February 2025. The Chinese version of the PES was administered to investigate the patients.The reliability and validity of the scale were analyzed.The psychological characteristics of patients with dry eye disease were visualized.

Results

The Chinese version of the PES consisted of 2 dimensions with a total of 19 items.The item-level content validity index ranged from 0.909 to 1.000.The average scale-level content validity index was 0.966.Exploratory factor analysis extracted two common factors,with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 61.242%.Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good model fit.The overall Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.901. The test-retest reliability was 0.965.Application of the scale for patients with dry eye disease showed that gender,age,average monthly income,education level,and occupation were influencing factors for the Chinese version of the PES scores(P<0.05).The Chinese version of the PES score was positively correlated with the Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire score(r=0.236,P<0.05) and negatively correlated with the Questionnaire in Practice for Patients with Dry Eye Disease score(r=-0.214,P<0.05).Based on the proportions of dry eye disease severity,emptiness levels,and types of disease prevention and treatment behaviors,four visualized emotional profiles of dry eye patients were formed.

Conclusions

The Chinese version of the PES could be used as a tool to assess the psychological state of ophthalmic patients.The emotional profiles of patients with dry eye disease could provide a reference for their personalized management.

ophthalmology  /  The Psychological Emptiness Scale, PES  /  Chinesization  /  reliability  /  validity  /  influencing factors  /  emotional profiles  /  visualization
张艳丽, 孙红儿, 陈皑皑, 程燕妙, 朱洁瑜, 李佳. 眼科病人心理空虚量表的汉化及应用. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (18) : 3246 -3252 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.014
Yanli ZHANG, Honger SUN, Aiai CHEN, Yanmiao CHENG, Jieyu ZHU, Jia LI. Chinesization and application of The Psychological Emptiness Scale in ophthalmic patients[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (18) : 3246 -3252 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.014
视觉作为主要的感官之一,在日常生活中发挥着至关重要的作用[1]。当眼部疾患影响视觉功能时,将出现视觉受损等问题[2]。2020年世界卫生组织《世界视觉报告》数据显示,我国中重度视觉障碍患病率达2.82%,增长速度远高于全球水平[3]。全球疾病负担研究结果预测,到2050年,全球中重度视觉障碍人数将达到4.74亿例[4]。眼科疾病不仅会影响病人行为习惯,还会使其产生绝望、空虚、焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪[5-8]。已有研究结果显示,视觉障碍和疾病反复发作带来的心理冲击尤为深刻[9-10],可严重损害病人生活质量[11-12]。视力丧失或视力受损会改变病人对自我身份的认知,削弱其自尊心,并滋生孤立感[13]。因此,医护人员应重点关注眼科病人的心理健康问题,改善他们的心理状态。面部表情变化与病人情绪有关[14]。因此,本研究对眼科病人心理空虚量表(The Psychological Emptiness Scale,PES)进行汉化,并将其应用于干眼症病人,对其情绪画像进行可视化分析,以期为制定有效的护理干预方案提供参考。
于2024年10月—2025年2月选取我院1 100例眼科病人为研究对象。纳入标准:1)年龄≥18岁;2)患眼科疾病,在我院接受眼科治疗,其中干眼症病人眼表疾病指数量表(Ocular Surface Disease Index Questionnaire,OSDI)>12分且被确诊为干眼症;3)对本研究知情同意。排除标准:1)有精神疾病史;2)沟通能力受损或不充分;3)存在认知障碍;4)视力无法测量。剔除标准:未完整填写量表或存在明显逻辑错误。基于便利性原则选取主要诊断为干眼症的病人用于量表适用性分析,其余病人用于量表信效度检验。本研究已获得宁波市眼科医院伦理委员会批准(编号:甬眼医伦审2024研第027号)。
自行设计一般资料问卷,包括性别、年龄、月均收入、受教育程度、职业、主要诊断、双眼视力等。
量表包含眼部症状、视觉功能和环境触发因素3个部分,共12个条目,每个条目为0~4分,总分根据公式[所有条目得分之和×100/(测试条目总数×4)]转换后为0~100分,得分越高说明主观症状越严重,0~12分表示正常(无干眼症状),13~22分表示轻度干眼症,23~32分表示中度干眼症,33~100分表示重度干眼症;量表Cronbach's α系数为0.905[15]。
问卷包含5个维度,共32个条目,其中行为维度9个条目,采用Likert 4级评分法,“从不”“有时”“经常”“总是”依次计1、2、3、4分,得分越高提示研究对象干眼疾病防治行为水平越高[16]。本研究将行为维度总分分为3个等级,9~18分为低水平疾病防治行为,19~27分为中水平疾病防治行为,28~36分为高水平疾病防治行为。该问卷的Cronbach's α系数为0.894,折半信度为0.827,重测信度为0.987[16]。
PES由Herron等[17]编制,分为2个维度,其中,虚无感维度包括7个条目,疏离感维度包括12个条目,采用Likert 4级评分法,“从不”“有时”“经常”“总是”依次计0、1、2、3分,总分0~57分,0~18分为轻度空虚,19~37分为中度空虚,38~57分为重度空虚。量表总体Cronbach'α系数为0.95[17]。
1)量表翻译:获得原量表作者许可后,通过Brislin翻译模型进行量表翻译和汉化。①正译:选择2名精通英语的心理学专家独立将量表翻译为中文,形成正译版量表1和2。随后由研究团队成员将正译版量表1和2与原量表比较,形成正译版量表3。②回译:由1名不了解原量表、具有海外留学经历并精通英语的护理心理学专家和1名不了解原量表、具有10年以上临床工作经验的眼科医师将正译版量表3回译为英文,形成回译版量表1和2。随后由研究团队对回译版量表1和2进行讨论,对歧义、遗漏、偏差等问题进行修改,形成回译版量表3。③核对:由2名正译者、2名回译者及研究团队将正译版量表3、回译版量表3与原量表进行比较,修改后形成中文版PES初稿。2)文化调适:由3名心理学专家和9名临床眼科医生组成专家组,对中文版PES初稿进行文化调适,采用Likert 4级评分法从量表的文化适应性、与原量表内容的相关性等方面进行评估。专家纳入标准:工作年限≥10年;本科及以上学历;可接受函询问卷调查。通过专家函询形成中文版PES预调查稿。3)预调查:从我院选取30例眼科病人进行预调查,咨询其对量表条目及选项的理解情况,形成中文版PES。病人纳入及排除标准同正式调查。
由经过统一培训的调查员(眼科护士、研究团队成员等)在病人就诊或住院期间进行面对面调查。向病人解释说明调查目的及内容,获得知情同意后由病人独立填写问卷。对于阅读困难者,由调查员不加暗示地逐条朗读调查条目,并根据病人选择代为勾选。所有问卷当场回收并检查完整性。双人录入数据,以确保数据准确性。共发放问卷1 195份,回收有效问卷1 100份,问卷有效回收率为92.05%。其中825份干眼症病人问卷用于量表信效度检验,剩余275份干眼症病人问卷用于量表适用性分析。
采用SPSS 24.0和AMOS 23.0进行统计分析。采用临界比值法、Pearson相关系数法进行项目分析;采用条目水平的内容效度指数(item-level content validity index,I-CVI)和平均量表水平的内容效度指数(average scale-level content validity index,S-CVI/Ave)[18]评估量表内容效度;采用探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析评估量表结构效度,探索性因子分析中以取样适切性数值(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin,KMO)评估相关矩阵的因子,并进行Bartlett's球形检验[19],验证性因子分析中当卡方自由度比(χ2/ν)<3,近似误差均方根(root mean square error of approximation,RMSEA)<0.08,相对拟合指数(comparative fit index,CFI)、规准适配指数(normed fit index,NFI)、非规准适配指数(Tucker-Lewis index,TLI)、增量拟合指数(incremental fit index,IFI)>0.9时,认为模型适配性良好[20-21];采用Cronbach's α系数、时间间隔1个月的重测信度评估量表信度。符合正态分布的定量资料以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验或方差分析;定性资料以频数及百分比(%)表示;采用Pearson相关分析探讨得分间的相关性,采用回归分析探讨影响因素,采用交叉分析法分析病人在中文版PES、眼表疾病指数量表与干眼患者知信行问卷得分人群的不同占比,描绘频率出现较高病人的情绪画像。
1 100例眼科病人右眼裸眼视力为0.01~1.00(0.44±0.26),左眼裸眼视力为0.01~1.00(0.47±1.52),病人其他一般资料见表1。
文化调试及预调查后,对量表条目修改如下:将条目4、条目5、条目9~条目19的主语改为“眼健康问题”;对条目2语言进行调试,强调“视觉变化”;对条目3语言进行调试,强调“眼健康问题”;将条目6、条目8表述进一步细化为“眼科医生”和“眼科治疗”;将条目7表述修改为“恢复视力或改善眼健康”。
1)临界比值法:将量表总分按降序排列,选取得分前27%作为高分组,后27%作为低分组,采用两独立样本t检验比较两组条目得分及总分差异,结果显示,所有条目得分与总分均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。2)Pearson相关系数法:将量表各条目得分与总分进行相关性分析,结果显示相关系数为0.524~0.650(P<0.01)。
量表的I-CVI为0.909~1.000,S-CVI/Ave为0.966。
1)探索性因子分析:量表KMO值为0.944,Bartlett's球形检验结果有统计学意义(P<0.01),适合进行因子分析,通过第一主成分分析确定潜在因子数量,共提取2个公因子,分别命名为虚无感、疏离感,累计方差贡献率为61.242%。所有条目因子载荷均>0.400。见表2。2)验证性因子分析:χ2/ν=2.967,RMSEA=0.049,CFI=0.968,NFI=0.953,IFI=0.968,TLI=0.964,表明模型适配性良好。
量表总体Cronbach's α系数为0.901,虚无感维度、疏离感维度的Cronbach's α 系数分别为0.930和0.928;间隔1个月,量表总体重测信度为0.965。
中文版PES得分与眼表疾病指数量表得分呈正相关(r=0.236,P<0.05),与干眼患者知信行问卷得分呈负相关(r=-0.214,P<0.05)。
以不同特征干眼症病人中文版PES得分比较中差异有统计学意义的变量为自变量,以干眼症病人中文版PES得分为因变量,进行多因素分析,结果显示,性别、年龄、月均收入、受教育程度和职业是干眼症病人中文版PES得分的影响因素(P<0.05)。自变量赋值方式见表4,多因素分析结果见表5。
通过交叉性分析,根据干眼症病人空虚程度、疾病防治行为和干眼症严重程度类型占比,最终将干眼症病人分为4类,分别为中度空虚-被动应对型的重度干眼症病人、轻度空虚-适度参与型的轻度干眼症病人、中度空虚-适度参与型的重度干眼症病人、轻度空虚-积极应对型的中度干眼症病人。将干眼症病人人脸情绪画像进行素描描绘,详见表6。
本研究结果表明,中文版PES具有双因子结构且具有良好的信效度。项目分析结果显示,各条目得分与总分的Pearson相关系数为0.524~0.650(P<0.01),符合统计学标准[22]。内容效度分析结果显示,I-CVI为0.909~1.000,S-CVI/Ave为0.966,表明量表内容效度良好[18]。探索性因子分析提取2个特征值>1的公因子,累计方差贡献率为61.242%,表明该量表能很好地测量各条目内容[23]。验证性因子分析结果显示,中文版PES模型拟合较好,具有良好的结构效度[19-20]。量表总体Cronbach's α系数为0.901,重测信度为0.965,表明量表可靠性良好[24],适合在我国使用。
本研究中,干眼症病人的中文版PES处于中低水平,可能与干眼症作为眼科领域中慢性且通常不会致盲的疾病特性有关[25]。本研究结果显示,中文版PES得分与眼表疾病指数量表得分呈正相关(r=0.236,P<0.05),表明干眼症状越严重,病人的情绪越差且越空虚,与已有研究结果(干眼症对生活质量存在负面影响)相似[26]。干眼症状不仅会导致身体不适,还会扰乱日常生活规律、影响职业表现和情绪健康[27]。根据常识模型理论,疾病感知严重程度会影响情绪反应,进而影响健康行为;而不良行为又可能进一步阻碍康复进程[28-29]。本研究结果显示,中文版PES得分与干眼患者知信行问卷得分呈负相关(r=-0.214,P<0.05),表明与疾病认知相关的心理困扰可能导致病人自我管理行为的参与度降低[30]。线性回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、月均收入、受教育程度和职业是干眼症病人中文版PES得分的影响因素(P<0.05)。已有研究结果显示,女性干眼症病人易出现情绪困扰[31-32]。受教育程度较低和月均收入较低的病人空虚感较重,这可能与疾病认知和经济压力产生的影响有关[33]。本研究回归分析结果还显示,与自由职业者相比,职工、农民或从事其他职业的病人中文版PES得分较低,说明自由职业者的情感空虚水平高于职工、农民或从事其他职业的病人,原因可能与自由职业者普遍缺乏固定工作时间、收入不稳定、社交场景单一等职业特征有关。已有研究结果显示,自媒体等新兴自由职业分支普遍存在工作边界模糊、持续高压、长期情绪内耗等问题,容易加剧个体情感空虚感受[34]。因此,在临床治疗和早期干预阶段,应考虑干眼症病人中文版PES得分的影响因素,针对影响因素制定针对性干预措施,以改善病人健康状况。
现有流行病学研究结果表明,在我国干眼症病人中,女性占比较高[35-36]。近年来,干眼症发病呈现年轻化趋势[37],年轻人常因熬夜、心理压力较大、长时间使用电子设备、进行飞秒手术等问题导致干眼症状加剧[38-40]。本研究中,女性干眼症病人中文版PES得分高于男性;18~<40岁病人中文版PES得分最高,40~<60岁次之。交叉性分析后的典型画像设定包括青年女性(中度空虚-被动应对型的重度干眼症病人)、青年男性(轻度空虚-适度参与型的轻度干眼症病人)、中年女性(中度空虚-适度参与型的重度干眼症病人)、老年女性(轻度空虚-积极应对型的中度干眼症病人),4类干眼症病人在空虚程度与疾病防治行为方面存在差异,并可通过特征性情绪与面部表现得以区分。中度空虚-被动应对型的重度干眼症病人以忧虑、疲惫为主要情绪,面部呈现困惑与消极表情,反映出情感空虚与应对被动性,常伴有无力感与无望心态。轻度空虚-适度参与型的轻度干眼症病人情绪总体平静,伴有轻度忧虑,眼神保持一定的理智与参与感,能够适应症状与生活挑战,但内心轻度空虚。中度空虚-适度参与型的重度干眼症病人表情常有困惑与不安,眼神带有沉思,具备自我认知与参与意愿,可适度积极调适。轻度空虚-积极应对型的中度干眼症病人面部表情坚定、目光清明、嘴角微扬,体现出主动管理与情感调节能力。上述画像系统地揭示了病人空虚感与行为模式间的连续变化关系,其差异化的情绪表现对面部表情图谱的临床判读具有参考价值。未来可进一步开展标准化的表情采集与量化分析,推动建立干眼症病人情绪特征数据库,为精准心理干预提供依据。
中文版PES具有良好信效度,是评估眼科病人心理状态的有效工具。本研究针对干眼症病人开发了4种心理画像,这些心理画像基于量表识别的心理特征,有利于为个性化管理策略奠定基础。但由于调查仅在一个中心开展,样本量有限。未来研究可考虑开展多中心、大样本研究,建立画像图片数据库。

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2026年第40卷第18期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.18.014
  • 接收时间:2025-10-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-29
  • 出版时间:2026-09-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-17
  • 修回日期:2026-06-12
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    1温州医科大学宁波市眼科医院,宁波市眼科研究所,宁波市致盲性眼病医学研究重点实验室, 浙江 315040

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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