Article(id=1322924995718029562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1762876800000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-12, revisedDate=1785254400000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793339497736, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793339497736, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793339497736, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793339497736, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322924976893993108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='16', pageStart='2769', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793339493249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343103544, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2781, endPage=2789, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322924995906773243, articleId=1322924995718029562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Configurational effects mechanism of the psychological ecosystem in advanced lung cancer patients and its implications for death education, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore the multiple influencing pathways of death anxiety and death attitude in patients with advanced lung cancer,so as to provide a reference for formulating precise death education strategies.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey design was adopted.A total of 164 patients with advanced lung cancer from a tertiary grade A cancer specialty hospital in Yunnan province were selected as the research subjects.General information questionnaires,the Chinese version of the Death Anxiety Scale(CT-DAS),and the Chinese version of the Death Attitude Profile-Revised(DAP-R) were used for the investigation.Data analysis was conducted using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA) method to identify the antecedent condition configurations leading to high levels of death anxiety,negative and positive death attitudes.

Results

There were 6 configuration paths of death anxiety in patients with advanced lung cancer,presenting 5 different patterns,namely long-term isolation-communication deficiency type,high load-silence type,prognosis fear type,traumatic notification type,and spiritual struggle-silence negative type.Negative death attitudes had 8 configuration paths,presenting 5 different patterns,namely exhaustion silence type,early shock type,sudden high malignancy type,high malignancy load type,long-term aphasia type.Positive death attitudes had 6 configuration paths,presenting 4 different patterns,namely open communication type,long-term adaptation type,positive planning type,and focused on the present type.

Conclusion

The death anxiety and death attitudes of patients with advanced lung cancer are the result of multiple factors coupling.The multiple causal paths discovered in this study could provide a basis for formulating precise death education strategies based on the combination of patients' individual characteristics,and are of great significance for promoting the development of clinical death education.

, authors=Dingyi ZHANG1, Yuelin LI1, Yunhua WANG2, Ruishan LIU1, Qian ZHANG3, Yulin LU1, authorsList=Dingyi ZHANG, Yuelin LI, Yunhua WANG, Ruishan LIU, Qian ZHANG, Yulin LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yulin LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322924996305232124, articleId=1322924995718029562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=晚期肺癌病人心理生态的组态效应机制研究及其对死亡教育的启示, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑与死亡态度的多元影响路径,以期为制定精准化死亡教育策略提供参考。

方法

采用横断面调查设计,选取云南省某肿瘤专科三级甲等医院晚期肺癌病人164例作为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、中文版死亡焦虑量表(CT-DAS)和中文版死亡态度描绘量表(DAP-R)进行调查。采用模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)方法进行数据分析,识别导致高水平死亡焦虑、负向及正向死亡态度的前因条件组态。

结果

晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑存在6条组态路径,呈现出5种不同模式,即长期孤立-沟通缺失型、高负荷-沉默型、预后恐惧型、创伤性告知型、灵性挣扎-沉默负重型;负向死亡态度存在8条组态路径,呈现出5种不同模式,即耗竭沉默型、早期冲击型、迅发高恶型、高恶性负荷型、长期失语型;正向死亡态度存在6条组态路径,呈现出4种不同模式,即开放沟通型、长期适应型、积极规划型、专注当下型。

结论

晚期肺癌病人的死亡焦虑与死亡态度是多重因素耦合作用的结果,研究发现的多元因果路径可为制定基于病人个体特征的精准化死亡教育策略提供依据,对推动临床死亡教育发展具有重要意义。

, authors=张丁懿1, 李月琳1, 王云华2, 刘芮杉1, 张纤3, 卢玉林1, *, *, authorsList=张丁懿, 李月琳, 王云华, 刘芮杉, 张纤, 卢玉林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卢玉林, authorNote=

张丁懿,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
卢玉林,E-mail:
LU Yulin, E-mail:
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vocational nursing students:current status and influencing factors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322925005763387741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=38, issue=16, pageStart=2848, pageEnd=2852, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=王雅, 邢利民, 凡颖, journalName=护理研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王雅,邢利民,凡颖,等.习得性无助量表在慢性病共病病人中应用的信效度检验[J].护理研究,2024,38(16):2848-2852., articleTitle=习得性无助量表在慢性病共病病人中应用的信效度检验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322925005910188382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=33, issue=1, pageStart=10, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=Corn B W, Feldman D B, journalName=Supportive Care in Cancer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Corn B W,Feldman D B.Hope as a bridge to post-traumatic 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journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=36, issue=8, pageStart=9, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=张娟, 胡玉洁, 潘玉芹, journalName=护理学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张娟,胡玉洁,潘玉芹,等.基于认知适应理论的晚期癌症患者预立医疗照护计划准备度及影响因素研究[J].护理学杂志,2021,36(8):9-12., articleTitle=基于认知适应理论的晚期癌症患者预立医疗照护计划准备度及影响因素研究, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322924996544307453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322924996552696062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, companyId=1322924996544307453, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Nursing, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500 China,), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322924996561084671, 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country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2昆明医科大学第三附属医院 云南省肿瘤医院 北京大学肿瘤医院云南医院)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322924996703691011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322924996707885316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, companyId=1322924996703691011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3Kunming Medical University Haiyuan College,), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322924996716273925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, companyId=1322924996703691011, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3昆明医科大学海源学院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322925000671502642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Calibration points for the fuzzy-set variables

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型二级指标编码完全隶属交叉点完全不隶属
条件变量宗教信仰X10.950.500.05
生活居住状态X20.950.500.05
确诊时长X372.0012.001.15
抗肿瘤治疗次数X420.853.501.00
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡X50.950.500.05
是否参与过临终讨论X60.950.500.05
癌症分期X70.950.500.05
病理分型X80.950.500.05
结果变量死亡焦虑JL65.8530.0016.00
死亡恐惧KJ4.291.861.00
死亡逃避TB5.003.601.80
自然接受ZR5.004.802.40
趋近接受QJ3.602.101.20
逃离接受TL4.172.001.20
), ArticleFig(id=1322925000738611507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模糊集变量的校准点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类型二级指标编码完全隶属交叉点完全不隶属
条件变量宗教信仰X10.950.500.05
生活居住状态X20.950.500.05
确诊时长X372.0012.001.15
抗肿瘤治疗次数X420.853.501.00
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡X50.950.500.05
是否参与过临终讨论X60.950.500.05
癌症分期X70.950.500.05
病理分型X80.950.500.05
结果变量死亡焦虑JL65.8530.0016.00
死亡恐惧KJ4.291.861.00
死亡逃避TB5.003.601.80
自然接受ZR5.004.802.40
趋近接受QJ3.602.101.20
逃离接受TL4.172.001.20
), ArticleFig(id=1322925000818303284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of death anxiety and death attitude scores among patients with advanced lung cancer of different characteristics(n=164)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数CT-DAS正向死亡态度负向死亡态度
自然接受趋近接受逃离接受死亡恐惧死亡逃避
宗教信仰有426.505.002.903.401.432.90
无16036.69±17.974.26±0.962.29±0.692.41±0.962.29±1.283.44±1.06
Z值-0.971-1.047-2.272-1.676-0.554-0.492
P0.3320.2950.0230.0940.5800.623
生活居住形态与家人同住15636.13±17.814.30±0.952.31±0.722.46±0.982.25±1.283.42±1.07
独居842.00±19.013.83±1.072.35±0.342.00±0.492.59±1.233.62±0.84
t值-0.9061.372-0.1702.400-0.733-0.514
P0.3660.1720.8650.0370.4650.608
确诊时长<6个月5539.38±18.693.98±1.102.21±0.632.17±0.742.49±1.323.69±0.91
6个月至2年5834.19±17.334.44±0.832.44±0.772.52±1.052.08±1.243.28±1.14
>2年5135.75±17.454.41±0.852.26±0.692.63±1.042.23±1.243.34±1.09
F值1.2493.5041.7474.1771.5122.849
P0.2900.0340.1780.0180.2240.062
抗肿瘤治疗次数1~3次8139.33±18.784.03±1.072.27±0.692.32±0.872.47±1.343.60±0.95
4~6次4234.60±16.704.45±0.822.51±0.762.57±1.022.17±1.163.38±1.08
≥7次4132.51±16.514.59±0.702.17±0.642.53±1.091.97±1.223.16±1.20
F值2.3216.2882.7151.1712.2862.503
P0.1040.0030.0690.3150.1070.085
癌症分期Ⅲ期7037.09±17.804.27±0.902.46±0.752.43±0.972.29±1.263.33±1.08
Ⅳ期9435.91±17.984.28±1.002.19±0.652.43±0.972.25±1.293.51±1.05
t值0.414-0.0152.4340.0020.183-1.095
P0.6790.9880.0160.9990.8550.275
病理分型腺癌9434.82±17.054.36±0.922.33±0.682.41±0.972.14±1.223.37±1.06
鳞癌5439.94±18.004.09±1.022.24±0.652.50±0.872.53±1.223.56±1.05
大细胞癌1435.57±22.204.34±0.932.26±0.822.20±1.282.24±1.593.66±1.02
小细胞癌222.004.803.453.201.071.80
F值2.2372.3642.0500.78331.8232.204
P0.2000.1720.1090.505<0.0010.090
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡是5922.80±7.794.86±0.292.43±0.622.46±0.961.30±0.492.59±0.87
否10544.07±17.373.94±1.042.24±0.742.42±0.982.81±1.263.91±0.84
t值-8.9068.4461.6000.266-10.948-9.539
P<0.001<0.0010.1110.791<0.001<0.001
是否参与过临终讨论是316.005.002.402.201.002.00
否16136.76±17.844.26±0.962.30±0.702.43±0.972.29±1.283.46±1.05
Z值-2.241-1.630-1.234-0.205-1.926-2.362
P0.0250.1030.2170.8370.0540.018
), ArticleFig(id=1322925000927355189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同特征的晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑和死亡态度得分比较(n=164)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数CT-DAS正向死亡态度负向死亡态度
自然接受趋近接受逃离接受死亡恐惧死亡逃避
宗教信仰有426.505.002.903.401.432.90
无16036.69±17.974.26±0.962.29±0.692.41±0.962.29±1.283.44±1.06
Z值-0.971-1.047-2.272-1.676-0.554-0.492
P0.3320.2950.0230.0940.5800.623
生活居住形态与家人同住15636.13±17.814.30±0.952.31±0.722.46±0.982.25±1.283.42±1.07
独居842.00±19.013.83±1.072.35±0.342.00±0.492.59±1.233.62±0.84
t值-0.9061.372-0.1702.400-0.733-0.514
P0.3660.1720.8650.0370.4650.608
确诊时长<6个月5539.38±18.693.98±1.102.21±0.632.17±0.742.49±1.323.69±0.91
6个月至2年5834.19±17.334.44±0.832.44±0.772.52±1.052.08±1.243.28±1.14
>2年5135.75±17.454.41±0.852.26±0.692.63±1.042.23±1.243.34±1.09
F值1.2493.5041.7474.1771.5122.849
P0.2900.0340.1780.0180.2240.062
抗肿瘤治疗次数1~3次8139.33±18.784.03±1.072.27±0.692.32±0.872.47±1.343.60±0.95
4~6次4234.60±16.704.45±0.822.51±0.762.57±1.022.17±1.163.38±1.08
≥7次4132.51±16.514.59±0.702.17±0.642.53±1.091.97±1.223.16±1.20
F值2.3216.2882.7151.1712.2862.503
P0.1040.0030.0690.3150.1070.085
癌症分期Ⅲ期7037.09±17.804.27±0.902.46±0.752.43±0.972.29±1.263.33±1.08
Ⅳ期9435.91±17.984.28±1.002.19±0.652.43±0.972.25±1.293.51±1.05
t值0.414-0.0152.4340.0020.183-1.095
P0.6790.9880.0160.9990.8550.275
病理分型腺癌9434.82±17.054.36±0.922.33±0.682.41±0.972.14±1.223.37±1.06
鳞癌5439.94±18.004.09±1.022.24±0.652.50±0.872.53±1.223.56±1.05
大细胞癌1435.57±22.204.34±0.932.26±0.822.20±1.282.24±1.593.66±1.02
小细胞癌222.004.803.453.201.071.80
F值2.2372.3642.0500.78331.8232.204
P0.2000.1720.1090.505<0.0010.090
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡是5922.80±7.794.86±0.292.43±0.622.46±0.961.30±0.492.59±0.87
否10544.07±17.373.94±1.042.24±0.742.42±0.982.81±1.263.91±0.84
t值-8.9068.4461.6000.266-10.948-9.539
P<0.001<0.0010.1110.791<0.001<0.001
是否参与过临终讨论是316.005.002.402.201.002.00
否16136.76±17.844.26±0.962.30±0.702.43±0.972.29±1.283.46±1.05
Z值-2.241-1.630-1.234-0.205-1.926-2.362
P0.0250.1030.2170.8370.0540.018
), ArticleFig(id=1322925001015435574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Results of necessary condition analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量死亡焦虑死亡恐惧死亡逃避自然接受趋近接受逃离接受
一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度
X10.0840.7960.0760.6660.0780.7240.0820.9100.0910.9250.0860.923
~X10.9760.5140.9880.4830.9820.5080.9690.5970.9630.5450.9670.579
X20.9560.5160.9420.4710.9460.5010.9660.6110.9470.5490.9610.590
~X20.1040.6870.1220.7470.1150.7410.0850.6540.1070.7600.0920.688
X30.5350.6210.5490.5900.5840.6650.5080.6900.5840.7270.5840.770
~X30.7170.6280.6700.5440.7000.6020.6650.6810.7380.6940.7120.710
X40.4830.5970.4940.5650.5170.6280.4760.6880.5520.7330.5320.747
~X40.7580.6340.7020.5440.7230.5940.6870.6730.7390.6650.7150.681
X50.3740.5070.1780.2240.2050.2730.5350.8500.4340.6320.4000.616
~X50.6860.5420.8870.6490.8560.6640.5160.4770.6200.5260.6530.586
X60.0820.8630.0660.6470.0610.6380.0800.9900.0780.8920.0700.846
~X60.9780.5130.9990.4850.9990.5140.9710.5950.9760.5490.9820.585
X70.5830.5110.5910.4810.6190.5330.6050.6220.5530.5210.5930.592
~X70.4770.5520.4730.5080.4410.5020.4450.6030.5010.6230.4590.605
X80.1500.6810.1350.5640.1490.6620.1380.7330.1320.6410.1130.584
~X80.9100.5100.9300.4830.9110.5020.9130.5990.9220.5560.9390.599
), ArticleFig(id=1322925001099321655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

条件变量必要性分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件变量死亡焦虑死亡恐惧死亡逃避自然接受趋近接受逃离接受
一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度一致性覆盖度
X10.0840.7960.0760.6660.0780.7240.0820.9100.0910.9250.0860.923
~X10.9760.5140.9880.4830.9820.5080.9690.5970.9630.5450.9670.579
X20.9560.5160.9420.4710.9460.5010.9660.6110.9470.5490.9610.590
~X20.1040.6870.1220.7470.1150.7410.0850.6540.1070.7600.0920.688
X30.5350.6210.5490.5900.5840.6650.5080.6900.5840.7270.5840.770
~X30.7170.6280.6700.5440.7000.6020.6650.6810.7380.6940.7120.710
X40.4830.5970.4940.5650.5170.6280.4760.6880.5520.7330.5320.747
~X40.7580.6340.7020.5440.7230.5940.6870.6730.7390.6650.7150.681
X50.3740.5070.1780.2240.2050.2730.5350.8500.4340.6320.4000.616
~X50.6860.5420.8870.6490.8560.6640.5160.4770.6200.5260.6530.586
X60.0820.8630.0660.6470.0610.6380.0800.9900.0780.8920.0700.846
~X60.9780.5130.9990.4850.9990.5140.9710.5950.9760.5490.9820.585
X70.5830.5110.5910.4810.6190.5330.6050.6220.5530.5210.5930.592
~X70.4770.5520.4730.5080.4410.5020.4450.6030.5010.6230.4590.605
X80.1500.6810.1350.5640.1490.6620.1380.7330.1320.6410.1130.584
~X80.9100.5100.9300.4830.9110.5020.9130.5990.9220.5560.9390.599
), ArticleFig(id=1322925001191596344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Configurations of conditions leading to death anxiety

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件组态JL1JL2JL3JL4aJL4bJL5
宗教信仰△△△△△●
生活居住状态○○★●●★
确诊时长●●△★●
抗肿瘤治疗次数●●△★●
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡○○●★★○
是否参与过临终讨论○○△●●△
癌症分期△★●●●
病理分型△△●△△△
一致性1.0000.9710.9880.9931.0000.985
原始覆盖度0.0720.0740.0830.0700.0660.070
唯一覆盖度0.0120.0140.0230.0100.0040.010
), ArticleFig(id=1322925001300648249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

死亡焦虑的条件组态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件组态JL1JL2JL3JL4aJL4bJL5
宗教信仰△△△△△●
生活居住状态○○★●●★
确诊时长●●△★●
抗肿瘤治疗次数●●△★●
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡○○●★★○
是否参与过临终讨论○○△●●△
癌症分期△★●●●
病理分型△△●△△△
一致性1.0000.9710.9880.9931.0000.985
原始覆盖度0.0720.0740.0830.0700.0660.070
唯一覆盖度0.0120.0140.0230.0100.0040.010
), ArticleFig(id=1322925001405505850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Configurations of conditions leading to negative death attitudes

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条件组态死亡恐惧(KJ)死亡逃避(TB)
KJ1KJ2KJ3KJ4TB1TB2TB3TB4
宗教信仰△△△△△△△△
生活居住状态★★★★★★
确诊时长○○★○○●
抗肿瘤治疗次数△△●△△★
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡○○○○○○○○
是否参与过临终讨论△△△△△△△△
癌症分期△●●○★★
病理分型○○○○
一致性0.6600.7650.7540.8350.6700.7930.8190.894
原始覆盖度0.7710.2750.2860.2650.7380.2690.2930.267
唯一覆盖度0.2020.0180.0200.0220.1740.0260.0240.021
), ArticleFig(id=1322925001506169147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

负向死亡态度的条件组态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件组态死亡恐惧(KJ)死亡逃避(TB)
KJ1KJ2KJ3KJ4TB1TB2TB3TB4
宗教信仰△△△△△△△△
生活居住状态★★★★★★
确诊时长○○★○○●
抗肿瘤治疗次数△△●△△★
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡○○○○○○○○
是否参与过临终讨论△△△△△△△△
癌症分期△●●○★★
病理分型○○○○
一致性0.6600.7650.7540.8350.6700.7930.8190.894
原始覆盖度0.7710.2750.2860.2650.7380.2690.2930.267
唯一覆盖度0.2020.0180.0200.0220.1740.0260.0240.021
), ArticleFig(id=1322925001573278012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Configurations of conditions leading to positive death attitudes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件组态自然接受(ZR)趋近接受(QJ)逃离接受(TL)
ZR1aZR1bZR1cTL1TL2
宗教信仰△△△△△△
生活居住状态★★★★★★
确诊时长△★●●○
抗肿瘤治疗次数△△★○○●
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡●●●●△△
是否参与过临终讨论△△△△△△
癌症分期△★★○○
病理分型△△△○△
一致性0.9650.9130.9430.8880.9440.961
原始覆盖度0.1520.2100.1970.0970.1360.120
唯一覆盖度0.0650.1180.0660.0970.0410.024
), ArticleFig(id=1322925001665552701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322924995718029562, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

正向死亡态度的条件组态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
条件组态自然接受(ZR)趋近接受(QJ)逃离接受(TL)
ZR1aZR1bZR1cTL1TL2
宗教信仰△△△△△△
生活居住状态★★★★★★
确诊时长△★●●○
抗肿瘤治疗次数△△★○○●
是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡●●●●△△
是否参与过临终讨论△△△△△△
癌症分期△★★○○
病理分型△△△○△
一致性0.9650.9130.9430.8880.9440.961
原始覆盖度0.1520.2100.1970.0970.1360.120
唯一覆盖度0.0650.1180.0660.0970.0410.024
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晚期肺癌病人心理生态的组态效应机制研究及其对死亡教育的启示
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张丁懿 1 , 李月琳 1 , 王云华 2 , 刘芮杉 1 , 张纤 3 , 卢玉林 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(16): 2781-2789
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (16) : 2781 -2789
晚期肺癌病人心理生态的组态效应机制研究及其对死亡教育的启示
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张丁懿1, 李月琳1, 王云华2, 刘芮杉1, 张纤3, 卢玉林1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1昆明医科大学护理学院,云南 650500
  • 2昆明医科大学第三附属医院 云南省肿瘤医院 北京大学肿瘤医院云南医院
  • 3昆明医科大学海源学院
通讯作者:
卢玉林,E-mail:
LU Yulin, E-mail:
作者简介:

张丁懿,硕士研究生

Configurational effects mechanism of the psychological ecosystem in advanced lung cancer patients and its implications for death education
Dingyi ZHANG1, Yuelin LI1, Yunhua WANG2, Ruishan LIU1, Qian ZHANG3, Yulin LU1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Nursing, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500 China,
  • 2The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Peking University Cancer Hospital Yunnan,
  • 3Kunming Medical University Haiyuan College,
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.003
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目的

探究晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑与死亡态度的多元影响路径,以期为制定精准化死亡教育策略提供参考。

方法

采用横断面调查设计,选取云南省某肿瘤专科三级甲等医院晚期肺癌病人164例作为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表、中文版死亡焦虑量表(CT-DAS)和中文版死亡态度描绘量表(DAP-R)进行调查。采用模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)方法进行数据分析,识别导致高水平死亡焦虑、负向及正向死亡态度的前因条件组态。

结果

晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑存在6条组态路径,呈现出5种不同模式,即长期孤立-沟通缺失型、高负荷-沉默型、预后恐惧型、创伤性告知型、灵性挣扎-沉默负重型;负向死亡态度存在8条组态路径,呈现出5种不同模式,即耗竭沉默型、早期冲击型、迅发高恶型、高恶性负荷型、长期失语型;正向死亡态度存在6条组态路径,呈现出4种不同模式,即开放沟通型、长期适应型、积极规划型、专注当下型。

结论

晚期肺癌病人的死亡焦虑与死亡态度是多重因素耦合作用的结果,研究发现的多元因果路径可为制定基于病人个体特征的精准化死亡教育策略提供依据,对推动临床死亡教育发展具有重要意义。

晚期肺癌  /  死亡教育  /  模糊集定性比较分析  /  死亡焦虑  /  死亡态度  /  安宁疗护
Objective

To explore the multiple influencing pathways of death anxiety and death attitude in patients with advanced lung cancer,so as to provide a reference for formulating precise death education strategies.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey design was adopted.A total of 164 patients with advanced lung cancer from a tertiary grade A cancer specialty hospital in Yunnan province were selected as the research subjects.General information questionnaires,the Chinese version of the Death Anxiety Scale(CT-DAS),and the Chinese version of the Death Attitude Profile-Revised(DAP-R) were used for the investigation.Data analysis was conducted using the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis(fsQCA) method to identify the antecedent condition configurations leading to high levels of death anxiety,negative and positive death attitudes.

Results

There were 6 configuration paths of death anxiety in patients with advanced lung cancer,presenting 5 different patterns,namely long-term isolation-communication deficiency type,high load-silence type,prognosis fear type,traumatic notification type,and spiritual struggle-silence negative type.Negative death attitudes had 8 configuration paths,presenting 5 different patterns,namely exhaustion silence type,early shock type,sudden high malignancy type,high malignancy load type,long-term aphasia type.Positive death attitudes had 6 configuration paths,presenting 4 different patterns,namely open communication type,long-term adaptation type,positive planning type,and focused on the present type.

Conclusion

The death anxiety and death attitudes of patients with advanced lung cancer are the result of multiple factors coupling.The multiple causal paths discovered in this study could provide a basis for formulating precise death education strategies based on the combination of patients' individual characteristics,and are of great significance for promoting the development of clinical death education.

advanced lung cancer  /  death education  /  fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis,fsQCA  /  death anxiety  /  death attitude  /  hospice care
张丁懿, 李月琳, 王云华, 刘芮杉, 张纤, 卢玉林. 晚期肺癌病人心理生态的组态效应机制研究及其对死亡教育的启示. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2781 -2789 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.003
Dingyi ZHANG, Yuelin LI, Yunhua WANG, Ruishan LIU, Qian ZHANG, Yulin LU. Configurational effects mechanism of the psychological ecosystem in advanced lung cancer patients and its implications for death education[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2781 -2789 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.003
死亡教育是一种基于人道主义死亡观的教育,教育病人如何应对死亡,减轻与死亡相关的焦虑和恐惧,旨在引导人们科学地认识生命及其自然规律,促进死亡态度转变,缓解焦虑与恐惧,以稳定的心态接受死亡,提升死亡质量[1-2]。然而,受我国传统观念影响,病人、家属乃至医护人员普遍回避死亡话题[3-4]。同时,现有死亡教育多侧重于普适性的知识传授,教学方法单一,缺乏对病人异质性需求的深入洞察[5-6]。晚期癌症病人的死亡焦虑与死亡态度并非由单一因素决定,而是病人个体特征、疾病经历、社会支持与文化心理因素共同作用的结果[7]。模糊集定性比较分析(fsQCA)是一种基于集合论思想和组态思维,采用定性定量相结合的方式,从整体角度研究多组影响条件变量与某一特定结果变量之间多重并发因果关系的实证研究方法,能够识别出导致结果产生的多种等效路径[8-9]。本研究基于前期对晚期癌症病人死亡焦虑与死亡态度的影响因素分析结果[10],运用模糊集定性比较分析方法,深入探索导致晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑与不同死亡态度的多元影响路径及其核心因素,以期为制定精准化、个性化的死亡教育方案提供参考。
采用便利抽样法,选取2025年3月—7月云南省某三级甲等肿瘤专科医院相关科室收治的晚期肺癌病人为调查对象。纳入标准:经由病理学检查获得明确诊断为Ⅲ期或Ⅳ期肺癌;年龄≥18岁;预期生存时间超过1年;至少接受过1次抗肿瘤治疗;自愿签署知情同意书,并了解本研究内容。排除标准:经评估后病情处于危重状态,合并意识不清或重要脏器功能不全;罹患神经系统病变或精神类疾病;研究过程配合困难者。参照Kendall提出的粗略估算原则,研究样本量通常取自变量数目的5~10倍[11]。本次研究涉及的变量共25个,以变量数的5倍作为基础样本量,并考虑到可能存在20%的无效答卷,最终确定所需样本量为157例。本研究方案已通过伦理审查(审批号:KMMU2024MEC261),调查实施前均向每例研究对象及家属充分告知研究内容,在其表示知情同意且自愿签署知情同意书的前提下开始正式调查。
由研究者自行编制,用于收集研究对象的人口学特征及临床相关信息,包括性别、年龄、文化程度、职业、生活居住状态、家庭月收入、医疗费用支付方式、确诊时长、抗肿瘤治疗次数、死亡沟通情况、临终讨论、癌症分期及病理分型等。
由廖芳娟于2000年对该量表修订版进行翻译,2014年,唐鲁等[12]在此基础上进行了文化调适,从而形成了目前使用的中文版本。该工具采用自评方式,由调查对象自行填写。量表内容涵盖对死亡的消极与积极两种态度,包括死亡恐惧、死亡逃避、自然接受、趋近接受、逃离接受5个维度,共32个条目[13-14]。采用Likert 5级评分法,1分代表“完全不同意”,5分代表“完全同意”,所有题目均按正向方式计分,各维度的最终得分为其所属条目得分的均值,得分越高表明受访者在该维度上的死亡态度倾向越明显。该量表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.875,具备良好的信度与效度。
1967年美国Templer[15]编制了Templer死亡焦虑量表(T-DAS)。杨红等[16-17]对该量表进行跨文化引进与本土化调适,最终形成了采用5级评分的汉化版本。该量表共15个条目,采用Likert 5级评分法,各选项依次为“非常同意”“比较同意”“不确定”“不太同意”“非常不同意”。在计分规则上,其中9个条目为正向评分,剩余6个条目需反向评分。量表总分为15~75分,得分越高,表示死亡焦虑程度越重,并以35分作为高死亡焦虑的判定阈值。该量表的Cronbach′s α系数为0.762,信度良好[18]。
在获得医院管理部门批准的前提下,本研究采用纸质问卷开展调查。调查实施前,向研究对象及其家属详细说明研究目的、内容及填写方式,征得其知情同意并签署知情同意书。问卷由研究对象独立填写,若个别对象无法自行完成,则由调查员从旁协助。对于理解困难的病人,以通俗语言逐条解释条目,确保其充分理解,在解释过程中保持中立态度,不给予任何暗示性引导。收集完问卷后,研究者于当日对问卷质量进行审核,对出现选项完全一致或呈现明显作答规律的问卷予以剔除。本研究共发放问卷180份,回收有效问卷164份,有效回收率为91.1%。
模糊集定性比较分析主要操作思路是采用整体视角,聚焦于“组态效应”分析,构建出研究题目影响因素的组态路径组合,解决多个影响因素间的复杂互动性关系。在实践层面,模糊集定性比较分析操作具有“二重性”,无论是定性分析方法抑或定量分析方法,都能与之结合,是探索因果关系的“黑匣子”[19-20]。本研究使用fsQCA 4.1软件,在组态视角基础上分析影响晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑和死亡态度的多元路径,采用模糊集定性比较分析方法展开实证检验。
条件变量的选择基于理论指导和前期实证证据,以确保模型构建的合理性。首先,通过回顾国内外关于癌症病人死亡焦虑和死亡态度影响因素的文献,初步确定了人口学特征、疾病相关因素及社会心理因素等多个潜在变量范畴[7,21-22]。在此基础上,为筛选出最具解释力的变量并避免模型过度复杂,本研究条件变量的最终确定主要依据前期同一研究对象的横断面调查分析结果。最终筛选出8个具有统计学意义的一般资料作为模糊集定性比较分析研究的条件变量,分为3个维度。1)人口学特征:宗教信仰、生活居住状态;2)疾病负担和治疗负荷:抗肿瘤治疗次数、确诊时长、癌症分期、病理分型;3)死亡相关沟通体验:是否与家人朋友谈论过死亡、是否参与过临终讨论[10],能够较为全面地反映影响晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑的潜在复杂成因。
本研究将各变量转化为0~1的模糊隶属度,采用客观分位数值直接确定校准锚点,并以95%、50%、5%分位数作为完全隶属阈值、交叉点、完全不隶属阈值进行变量校准,变量校准锚点见表1。此外,为避免案例隶属度恰好为0.50而导致计算过程中的数据丢失,本研究将得到的隶属度统一加上0.001常数[19]。基于模糊集定性比较分析对上述条件变量和结果变量原始数据进行赋值、测度、校准后,生成真值计算结果,据此可知组态视角下条件变量和结果变量的所有逻辑组合关系[20]。
本研究在组态分析前,对每个条件变量的必要性进行检验。必要性判定标准为一致性水平>0.9。条件变量的必要性分析结果显示,无宗教信仰、与家人共同居住、未参与过临终讨论、非小细胞癌这些前因条件是导致晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑和不同死亡态度的必要条件,详见表3。
本研究设定案例频数阈值为3,原始一致性阈值为0.85,为避免“同时子集关系”将PRI阈值设置为0.7,使用中间解作为主要参考,将同时出现的中间解和简单解的因素作为核心条件,仅出现于中间解的因素作为边缘条件,并将具有相同核心条件的路径归纳为同一类别[23]。
结果显示,共存在6条导致死亡焦虑的充分路径,总体一致性为0.966,总体覆盖度为0.135。这些路径呈现出5种不同的风险模式:1)长期孤立-沟通缺失型(JL1),其核心条件是独居、确诊时长长、未与家人朋友谈论过死亡、未参与过临终讨论,表明长期独居且缺乏专业的死亡沟通,孤独与无助会导致死亡焦虑的产生;2)高负荷-沉默型(JL2),其核心条件是独居、抗肿瘤治疗次数多、未与家人朋友谈论过死亡、未参与过临终讨论,病人承受沉重的治疗负担,却因独居和沟通缺失而无法宣泄,导致焦虑不断累积;3)预后恐惧型(JL3),其核心条件是确诊时长长、抗肿瘤治疗次数多、与家人朋友谈论过死亡、小细胞癌,小细胞癌恶性程度高、预后差,此时的死亡沟通反而成了对病人负面预期的反复确认,不仅无助于心理的内在调适,而且反向强化了死亡焦虑;4)创伤性告知型(JL4a、JL4b),其核心条件是与家人共同居住、参与过临终讨论、癌症Ⅳ期,表明关于死亡的沟通并不总是有益的,时机或形式不恰当的临终讨论反而可能加剧病人的死亡焦虑;5)灵性挣扎-沉默负重型(JL5),其核心条件是具有宗教信仰、确诊时长长、抗肿瘤治疗次数多、未与家人朋友谈论过死亡、癌症Ⅳ期,表明当沉重的疾病负担引发信仰危机时,原本的保护性因素也可能成为死亡焦虑的来源。详见表4。
结果显示,共存在8条导致负向死亡态度(死亡恐惧、死亡逃避)的充分路径,总体一致性分别为0.662,0.684,总体覆盖度分别为0.831,0.809。这些路径呈现出5种不同的风险模式:1)耗竭沉默型(KJ1、TB1),核心条件是未与家人朋友谈论过死亡、非小细胞癌,表明死亡沟通缺失会使病人丧失死亡恐惧的宣泄渠道;2)早期冲击型(KJ2、TB2、TB3),核心条件是确诊时长短、未与家人朋友谈论过死亡、癌症Ⅲ期、非小细胞癌,确诊初期心理冲击最大,缺乏沟通会使恐惧加剧;3)迅发高恶型(KJ3),核心条件是确诊时长短、未与家人朋友谈论过死亡、癌症Ⅳ期、非小细胞癌,病人在极短时间内从确诊到面临晚期肺癌的心理冲击,尚未来得及进行心理调适,且Ⅳ期已属疾病终末阶段,预后差,恶性程度高,二者叠加导致负向死亡态度产生;4)高恶性负荷型(KJ4),核心条件是抗肿瘤治疗次数多、未与家人朋友谈论过死亡、癌症Ⅳ期,表明治疗负荷重、进展快、预后差的高恶性肿瘤也是导致负向死亡态度的核心条件之一;5)长期失语型(TB4),核心条件是确诊时间长、未与家人朋友谈论过死亡,长期带病生存却缺少谈论,情感压抑导致慢性心理耗竭,详见表5。
结果显示,共存在6条导致正向死亡态度(自然接受、趋近接受、逃离接受)的充分路径,总体一致性分别为0.916,0.888,0.949,总体覆盖度分别为0.379,0.097,0.160。这些路径呈现出4种不同模式:1)开放沟通型(ZR1a、ZR1b、ZR1c),核心条件是与家人朋友谈论过死亡,能够开放地谈论死亡这一沉重话题,意味着病人能够将内心的恐惧和担忧正常化,并通过与亲友交流获得情感支持,减轻孤独感,促进正向死亡态度的建立;2)长期适应型(QJ),核心条件是确诊时长长、抗肿瘤治疗次数少、与家人朋友谈论过死亡,长期带病生存且治疗负担较轻,病人有充足时间进行心理调适,加之开放沟通,逐渐形成对死亡的接纳;3)积极规划型(TL1),核心条件是确诊时长长、抗肿瘤治疗次数少、癌症Ⅲ期、非小细胞癌,表明治疗负担较轻、疾病尚且可控的病人,谈论死亡更像是一种前瞻性的生命规划,从而建构起对死亡的坦然态度;4)专注当下型(TL2),核心条件是确诊时长短、抗肿瘤治疗次数多、癌症Ⅲ期,经历多次治疗但病情可控的病人,他们不将注意力投射到遥远的死亡终点,而是聚焦于眼前的治疗与生活,专注当下更能帮助其避免负面情绪的干扰,详见表6。
晚期肺癌病人的心理复杂多变,及早识别心理困扰对于满足弱势群体的需求和改善症状管理非常重要[24]。有研究表明,在某些环境下传统意义上的保护因素,如心理支持、宗教信仰并非总是有益,反而可能加剧病人的死亡焦虑,转变为风险因素[25]。恐惧管理理论提出2种死亡焦虑缓冲机制,即世界观防御和自尊寻求[26],灵性挣扎-沉默负重型结果显示,病人由于疾病负担重,原本作为焦虑缓冲的信仰体系失效甚至反向增加痛苦时,会导致死亡焦虑加剧,说明内心信仰并非总是保护伞,在极致压力下有可能成为负担。不确定性管理理论强调,当个体认为他们的现有知识和信息无法准确解释周围环境,或者感到无法掌控环境时,就会产生不确定感[27]。预后恐惧型路径和创伤性告知型路径结果显示,当病人处于疾病带来的高压状态时,会本能地对当前所处的环境进行评估,而面对疾病预后的不确定感,就会进一步诱发焦虑。在此情境下,过于直接且缺乏支持的死亡沟通,极易击穿病人最后的心理防线,此类沟通非但不能缓解其不确定感,反而演变成一种心理创伤。由此可见,死亡沟通并不是绝对的保护性因素,其效果的关键取决于沟通内容、时机与方式是否与病人管理自身不确定感的需求相匹配。
晚期肺癌病人的负向死亡态度是多种风险因素协同作用,最终将病人推向心理困境的深渊。本研究识别出的5条导致负向死亡态度的充分路径,均具备未与家人朋友谈论过死亡这一核心条件,早期冲击型和迅发高恶型路径揭示了沟通缺失的致命影响。从心理社会应激角度来看,确诊初期是病人心理最为脆弱的时期,疾病作为应激源使病人内心稳态失调产生应激反应,从而对未来的不确定性产生焦虑和恐惧,需要通过恰当的沟通进行宣泄并获取支持[28]。不同临床分期和病理分型的病人预后差异显著,美国癌症联合委员会(AJCC)于2009年发布的《癌症分期手册》报道,Ⅳ期肺癌病人5年生存率不到5%[29]。在迅发高恶型和高恶性负荷型路径中,进展快、预后差的疾病事实与沟通缺乏相交织。习得性无助感是指个体在创伤、挫折和逆境中产生的无能为力或自暴自弃的心理状态或行为,这种不良的心理状态或行为会严重影响生活质量与主观幸福感[30-31]。对于长期失语型病人,确诊时间长意味着病人长期生活在癌症的阴影下,病人会因漫长又无望的治疗感到无助,加剧内心的孤独与恐惧。耗竭沉默型路径可能是现实中最常见类型,我国传统文化中“死亡”被赋予不祥的象征,人们对此普遍持否定与回避的消极态度。在此背景下,病人及其家属均倾向于保持沉默,导致沉重的疾病负担与文化禁忌共同构成了压抑性的心理环境,使病人不得不独自应对死亡带来的恐惧。因此,在临床工作中面对此类病人,医护人员不应被其表面的平静所迷惑,更需关注其内心深藏的情感压抑。
与负向死亡态度相比,某些相同因素在不同情境下的不同组合就能帮助病人与死亡达成和解。创伤后成长是指个体在遭遇严重创伤事件后,经由积极适应与有效应对,在心理层面所呈现出的正向转变,具体表现为生命意义感的增强、精神层面的进一步发展以及人际关系的优化[32]。正如积极规划型和长期适应型路径结果所示,对于治疗负担较轻、疾病尚且可控的病人,尽管罹患疾病本身是一种负面经历,但它也可能促使个体重新思考生命的意义,从而成为个人成长的转折点。此时再引入死亡话题讨论并不容易引起病人反感,反而可能帮助他们对未来进行更加积极的规划。开放沟通型路径与预后恐惧型、创伤性告知型路径结果对比发现,与家人朋友谈论死亡是影响病人心理和死亡态度的重要因素,社会支持对身心健康具有普遍的增益效果[33],但是一定要注意沟通时机、方式与病人的需求和状态。认知适应是指个体在面对当前环境和未来不确定性时所表现出的一种积极心理取向,作为重要的心理应对资源,有助于个体应对慢性疾病、恶性肿瘤等重大创伤性经历,同时也是个体在逆境中保持心理健康与情绪稳定的核心因素[34]。与前3种路径相比,专注当下型的病人更加内敛,这类病人与耗竭沉默型相似但又存在不同,在经历长期治疗身心俱疲的情况下,他们选择不谈论死亡,转而将精力倾注于内在调适,专注当下生活,努力与症状共存。可见,死亡态度从消极回避到积极和解的转变,取决于支持性条件是否契合病人的疾病负担、心理状态及应对倾向。临床实践中既要警惕文化禁忌铸就的沉默牢笼,为病人创造安全、开放的交流环境,也要善于捕捉创伤后成长的希望微光,通过正向沟通与积极引导,使死亡沟通真正服务于病人的心理福祉。
本研究通过组态分析,清晰地揭示了晚期肺癌病人死亡心理成因的复杂性,启示临床工作者对晚期肺癌病人的死亡教育应该从普适性宣教,逐渐向以病人需求为中心的精准化死亡教育转变。同时也发现,死亡相关话题沟通可以是保护性因素,在某些情境下又会转化为风险来源,这也提示了死亡教育的介入时机、形式和内容等至关重要。实践者应根据病人的不同特征组合,精准识别其所属风险类型,制定个性化教育策略,比如为灵性挣扎-沉默负重者提供灵性关怀,帮助其寻找新的内心支撑点;为预后恐惧和创伤性告知者创造安全、非强迫的沟通环境;帮助孤独型病人建立社会链接;尊重耗竭沉默者不愿提及死亡的意愿,提供正念疗法、音乐疗法等非语言活动;主动为开放沟通、积极规划者提供预立医疗计划、遗嘱遗产规划等方面的信息和支持工具;采用叙事疗法为孤独、高恶性负荷型病人寻找生命的意义,寻找痛苦以外的自我价值并帮助其完成心愿。死亡教育不应该只关注表面内容,更重要的是了解病人需求,帮助其树立信心并做好准备,努力支持病人以其独有的方式抵达生命的终点,真正实现死亡质量的提升。
本研究存在样本来源范围的限制,受试者仅限于云南省某三级甲等肿瘤专科医院相关科室收治的晚期肺癌病人,因此,研究结论可能难以涵盖全国不同地域、经济水平、文化背景等特征所带来的差异性;模糊集定性比较分析方法善于揭示哪些条件组合有效,但对条件组合之间相互作用的内在机制挖掘深度有限。今后课题组有条件将开展多省份、不同癌肿病人的死亡焦虑和死亡态度相关研究,以提高研究结果的代表性;还可采用纵向研究设计,追踪病人从诊断到临终的心理轨迹,以验证本研究所识别组态的稳定性及其动态变化规律。
本研究通过引入模糊集定性比较分析方法,系统性地揭示了晚期肺癌病人死亡焦虑与死亡态度形成的多元因果路径。研究不仅发现了某些保护性因素在不同临床情境中具有条件性作用这一重要特征,同时识别出导致不同心理结局的多种特征组合模式。这些发现对制定基于病人个体特征组合的精准化死亡教育策略具有一定参考价值,对推动临床死亡教育实践具有重要意义。

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2026年第40卷第16期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.003
  • 接收时间:2025-11-12
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-12
  • 修回日期:2026-07-29
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    1昆明医科大学护理学院,云南 650500
    2昆明医科大学第三附属医院 云南省肿瘤医院 北京大学肿瘤医院云南医院
    3昆明医科大学海源学院

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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