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Article(id=1322927386131563029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1770739200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-11, revisedDate=1785686400000, revisedDateStr=2026-08-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340067655, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1787587200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-25, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340067655, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340067655, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340067655, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322924976893993108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='16', pageStart='2769', pageEnd='2960', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1787587200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-25', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793339493249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343103544, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940119640047672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322924976893993108, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2769, endPage=2773, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322927386949452310, articleId=1322927386131563029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Chinese expert consensus on nutritional support and nursing management for cancer patients, columnId=1322164987112575032, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Guideline and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The incidence of tumor-related malnutrition is high,and significantly affects the prognosis and quality of life of patients.Nutritional support therapy has been established as an important component of comprehensive tumor treatment.However,the clinical practice of oncology nutrition care in China still lacks unified norms and a complete process management system.This consensus,based on a multidisciplinary collaboration mechanism and an information platform,has constructed a nursing management model for nutritional support and care for tumor patients.The main content covers admission nutritional screening and comprehensive assessment based on the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002(NRS-2002) and the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment(PG-SGA),as well as a stepwise graded intervention path during hospitalization,and an Internet-based continuous care closed-loop management after discharge.Standardized procedures have been formulated for the prevention of complications and nursing operations during the nutritional support process.The aim is to provide scientific,systematic,and uniform practical basis for clinical nurses,thereby optimizing the nursing process,improving the clinical outcome of patients,and enhancing their quality of life.

, authors=Chinese Nutrition Society, Clinical Nutrition Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Interventional Physicians' Branch, Interventional Surgery Expert Working Group, Wei ZHANG1, Ying LI1, Fang HE1, Xue DONG1, Chunling ZHOU2, Lijuan MA2, Xiaoyan WANG3, Yuying FAN4, authorsList=Chinese Nutrition Society, Clinical Nutrition Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Interventional Physicians' Branch, Interventional Surgery Expert Working Group, Wei ZHANG, Ying LI, Fang HE, Xue DONG, Chunling ZHOU, Lijuan MA, Xiaoyan WANG, Yuying FAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chunling ZHOU, Xiaoyan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322927389860299289, articleId=1322927386131563029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理中国专家共识, columnId=1322164987414564922, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=指南与共识, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肿瘤相关营养不良发生率高，严重影响病人预后及生活质量，营养支持治疗已被确立为肿瘤综合治疗的重要组成部分，但我国临床肿瘤营养护理实践仍缺乏统一规范及全流程管理体系。本共识依托多学科协作机制与信息化平台，构建了肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理模式。主要内容涵盖基于营养风险筛查2002（NRS-2002）与病人主观整体评估（PG-SGA）的入院营养筛查与综合评估、住院期间阶梯式分级干预路径，以及出院后的“互联网+”延续护理闭环管理，针对营养支持过程中的并发症预防及护理操作制定了标准化规程。旨在为临床护理人员提供科学、系统、同质化的实践依据，从而优化护理流程，改善病人临床结局，提升其生活质量。

, authors=中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中国医师协会介入医师分会介入围手术专家工作组, 张伟1, 李迎1, 和芳1, 董雪1, 周春凌2, *, *, 麻立娟2, 王晓燕3, 范宇莹4, authorsList=中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中国医师协会介入医师分会介入围手术专家工作组, 张伟, 李迎, 和芳, 董雪, 周春凌, 麻立娟, 王晓燕, 范宇莹, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周春凌, 王晓燕, authorNote=

张伟，主任护师，本科

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周春凌，E-mail:
王晓燕，E-mail:
ZHOU Chunling, E-mail:
WANG Xiaoyan, E-mail:
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肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理中国专家共识
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中国营养学会临床营养分会 , 中国医师协会介入医师分会介入围手术专家工作组 , 张伟 1 , 李迎 1 , 和芳 1 , 董雪 1 , 周春凌 2, *, * , 麻立娟 2 , 王晓燕 3 , 范宇莹 4
护理研究 | 指南与共识 2026,40(16): 2769-2773
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护理研究 |指南与共识 2026 , 40 (16) : 2769 -2773
肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理中国专家共识
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张伟，主任护师，本科

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中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中国医师协会介入医师分会介入围手术专家工作组, 张伟1, 李迎1, 和芳1, 董雪1, 周春凌2, *, * , 麻立娟2, 王晓燕3 , 范宇莹4
作者信息
  • 1国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院，北京 100021
  • 2哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院
  • 3东南大学附属中大医院
  • 4哈尔滨医科大学护理学院
通讯作者:
周春凌，E-mail:
王晓燕，E-mail:
ZHOU Chunling, E-mail:
WANG Xiaoyan, E-mail:
作者简介:

张伟，主任护师，本科

Chinese expert consensus on nutritional support and nursing management for cancer patients
Chinese Nutrition Society, Clinical Nutrition Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Interventional Physicians' Branch, Interventional Surgery Expert Working Group, Wei ZHANG1, Ying LI1, Fang HE1, Xue DONG1, Chunling ZHOU2 , Lijuan MA2, Xiaoyan WANG3 , Yuying FAN4
Affiliations
  • 1National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College,Beijing 100021 China
  • 2The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University
  • 3Zhongda Hospital,Southeast University
  • 4School of Nursing,Harbin Medical University
出版时间: 2026-08-25 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.001
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肿瘤相关营养不良发生率高，严重影响病人预后及生活质量，营养支持治疗已被确立为肿瘤综合治疗的重要组成部分，但我国临床肿瘤营养护理实践仍缺乏统一规范及全流程管理体系。本共识依托多学科协作机制与信息化平台，构建了肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理模式。主要内容涵盖基于营养风险筛查2002（NRS-2002）与病人主观整体评估（PG-SGA）的入院营养筛查与综合评估、住院期间阶梯式分级干预路径，以及出院后的“互联网+”延续护理闭环管理，针对营养支持过程中的并发症预防及护理操作制定了标准化规程。旨在为临床护理人员提供科学、系统、同质化的实践依据，从而优化护理流程，改善病人临床结局，提升其生活质量。

肿瘤  /  营养支持  /  护理管理  /  专家共识

The incidence of tumor-related malnutrition is high,and significantly affects the prognosis and quality of life of patients.Nutritional support therapy has been established as an important component of comprehensive tumor treatment.However,the clinical practice of oncology nutrition care in China still lacks unified norms and a complete process management system.This consensus,based on a multidisciplinary collaboration mechanism and an information platform,has constructed a nursing management model for nutritional support and care for tumor patients.The main content covers admission nutritional screening and comprehensive assessment based on the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002(NRS-2002) and the Patient Generated Subjective Global Assessment(PG-SGA),as well as a stepwise graded intervention path during hospitalization,and an Internet-based continuous care closed-loop management after discharge.Standardized procedures have been formulated for the prevention of complications and nursing operations during the nutritional support process.The aim is to provide scientific,systematic,and uniform practical basis for clinical nurses,thereby optimizing the nursing process,improving the clinical outcome of patients,and enhancing their quality of life.

cancer  /  nutritional support  /  nursing management  /  expert consensus
中国营养学会临床营养分会, 中国医师协会介入医师分会介入围手术专家工作组, 张伟, 李迎, 和芳, 董雪, 周春凌, 麻立娟, 王晓燕, 范宇莹. 肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理中国专家共识. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2769 -2773 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.001
Chinese Nutrition Society, Clinical Nutrition Branch, Chinese Medical Doctor Association, Interventional Physicians' Branch, Interventional Surgery Expert Working Group, Wei ZHANG, Ying LI, Fang HE, Xue DONG, Chunling ZHOU, Lijuan MA, Xiaoyan WANG, Yuying FAN. Chinese expert consensus on nutritional support and nursing management for cancer patients[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (16) : 2769 -2773 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.001
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肿瘤已成为严重威胁居民健康的重大公共卫生问题，而营养不良作为肿瘤病人最常见且严重的并发症之一，贯穿疾病诊断、治疗及康复全过程[1]。调查显示，肿瘤病人营养不良发生率较高（40%~80%），其中严重营养不良发生率为19%~31%[2-3]，10%~20%的肿瘤病人死亡直接归因于营养不良所致的衰竭，而非肿瘤本身[1,4]。尽管营养支持治疗已被欧洲临床营养和代谢学会（ESPEN）、美国国家综合癌症网络（NCCN）等国际权威指南确立为与手术、放化疗并重的肿瘤综合治疗基础组成部分[1,5]，但我国肿瘤营养护理临床实践仍面临诸多挑战，营养筛查工具[如营养风险筛查2002（NRS-2002）与病人主观整体评估（PG-SGA）]应用混淆、肠内/肠外营养护理操作缺乏统一规范，结构化记录与质控体系薄弱，以及出院后延续护理的“失管”状态[6]。主动健康型肿瘤营养支持与护理管理模式，依托信息化技术和多学科协作（MDT）机制，规范临床护理路径，克服传统经验依赖的局限。同时，以病人为中心构建闭环管理体系，确保病人在住院、门诊及居家期间获得专业、连续的照护。该模式有助于提升治疗耐受性、改善生活质量、优化临床结局，并推动肿瘤营养护理供给侧结构性改革。因此，有必要建立涵盖标准化建设、实施与效果评价的肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理体系，为临床实践提供依据。
1　总则
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1.1　概念界定
1）肿瘤相关营养不良：指肿瘤病人因肿瘤本身及其治疗导致的多因素营养不良状态，主要表现为持续骨骼肌丢失（伴或不伴脂肪丢失），伴随摄入不足、高代谢状态、系统性炎症反应，以及抗肿瘤治疗（如手术、放化疗、免疫治疗）引起的消化道症状（如厌食、恶心、呕吐、黏膜炎、肠梗阻等），最终进展为恶病质，无法通过常规营养支持完全逆转[1,7]。2）肿瘤营养支持护理全流程管理：以护理人员为主导的MDT模式，通过优化传统护理路径，整合营养风险筛查与综合评估工具、结构化记录平台及信息化随访技术，实现入院筛查-住院干预-出院延续的全程闭环管理。该模式强调供方主动发现并提前干预病人营养问题，提供个性化、连续性、病人参与式的营养支持服务，以提升治疗耐受性和生活质量[1,4]。
1.2　适用范围
本共识适用于各级医疗机构肿瘤相关科室（如肿瘤内科、肿瘤外科、临床营养科、放疗科、化疗科、重症医学科等）的临床护理人员，主要用于指导肿瘤病人住院期间及出院后居家延续期的营养支持与护理实践。
1.3　构建原则
肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理模式的构建坚持“6个结合”：循证医学与临床实际相结合，基于系统检索PubMed、EMbase、中国知网（CNKI）等数据库近10年高质量证据，结合我国护理人力资源现状制定适用于临床实践的方案[1,6]；全员筛查与重点评估相结合，建立分层营养评估机制，采用NRS-2002进行入院全员风险筛查，对高风险病人进一步应用PG-SGA进行特异性综合评估[1,8]；多科协作与护理主导相结合，在MDT框架下确立护士作为病人营养管理的“桥梁”和“哨兵”角色，负责协调与监测[1,9]；流程规范与个体化差异相结合，制定标准化操作规程，如肠内/肠外营养置管与输注，同时注重病人个体化需求（如口味偏好、耐受性及文化因素）[1]；院内干预与延续护理相结合，打破住院围墙限制，构建家庭营养支持管理网络；院内干预与延续护理相结合，突破住院期限制，构建出院后延续护理体系，包括家庭肠内营养支持管理网络，确保全程无缝衔接[1,10]；结构化记录与质量控制相结合，建立专用营养护理电子文书系统，支持数据追溯与持续质量改进[1,11]。
1.4　预期目标
肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理模式拟实现“六大目标”：制定科学统一的营养筛查与评估操作规范，颁布标准化指南并统一临床标准；创新多学科协同管理模式，建立医、护、患、营养师四位一体的协同机制，实现资源共享；培养专科护理人才队伍，打造具备PG-SGA评估和疑难营养通路维护技能的高水平团队；构建全流程护理路径，建立覆盖营养相关并发症预防、识别与处理的标准化路径；创建结构化信息记录与质控体系，开发专用电子记录系统，支持数据追溯与持续质量控制；构建院内院外互联互通的主动健康管理秩序，实现住院与居家延续护理无缝衔接，形成健康导向的新格局。
2　模式特征
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为解决上述临床痛点，本共识提出主动健康型肿瘤营养支持与护理管理模式，其核心特征、整体架构及具体建设内容如下。
2.1　供方主动，精准评估：高质量
在肿瘤营养支持与护理管理模式中，护理服务供方无需等待医嘱，即主动于病人入院24 h内应用NRS-2002筛查所有病人，并针对营养风险人群实施PG-SGA综合评估，通过该模式及时识别病人在不同治疗阶段的营养风险与症状负担，并基于分层干预框架，提供个性化营养支持方案[1,12]。
2.2　针对痛点，全程干预：持续性
在肿瘤营养支持与护理管理模式中，护理服务供方针对病人疾病不同阶段的表现（如化疗期厌食呕吐、放疗期黏膜炎、康复期食欲减退），从入院早期主动介入预防控制，经住院期积极治疗（包括口服营养补充、肠内营养、肠外营养），延伸至出院后通过电话随访与数字化指导，实现对病人营养状况的全过程连续管理，从而提升治疗耐受性[1,13]。
2.3　信息共享，数据赋能：高效率
在肿瘤营养支持与护理管理模式中，通过整合结构化记录平台（如电子病历系统），实现关键数据的联通共享（如体重变化曲线、营养摄入量、耐受性评分），从而提升医护沟通效率。同时，护理服务供方可于病人就医前后获取健康数据，实时监测再喂养综合征等并发症风险，提高营养护理服务的技术效率[1,14]。
3　模式架构
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依托MDT和“互联网+护理”信息平台，在肿瘤临床开展主动营养支持区域协同服务。该模式基于现有医疗资源，通过整合科室内的责任护士与专科护士资源，建立护理服务共同体；并在此基础上，利用信息化技术和共享平台，协同区域内的医师、营养师、药师等优质资源，探索构建“1+N”协作体系（即1个MDT核心决策团队+N个临床护理执行单元）。该模式实现肿瘤病人入院、住院、出院3个阶段医疗资源的合理配置，推动分级诊疗与分层干预体系建设，打造病区内与病区外互联互通格局。各级护理人员协同合作，立足抗肿瘤治疗全过程与病人生命全周期，主动提供系统性、全方位的营养护理服务，形成以“筛查标准化、干预规范化、管理全程化”为核心的医护患一体化管理模式。
4　建设内容
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肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理模式聚焦“3个节点、2条路径、2个平台、一体管理”建设，简称“3221”模式。
4.1　3个节点
1）入院节点（筛查与评估）：旨在快速识别营养高风险人群。所有新入院肿瘤病人，均应在入院24 h内完成NRS-2002筛查[8]。实施动态管理，初筛NRS-2002<3分者每周复筛1次，当病情发生重大变化（如感染、手术）时随时复筛。对于NRS-2002评分≥3分或临床高度怀疑营养不良者，由经专业培训的护士或营养师应用PG-SGA进行综合评估，量化病人主观症状（摄入减少、症状负担、活动能力）与客观体征（代谢应激、体重变化），为个性化干预方案制定提供依据[1,8]。2）住院节点（分级干预）：旨在落实规范化治疗。依据“阶梯治疗”原则分级选择营养路径，优先考虑口服营养补充，继而肠内营养，必要时肠外营养，以优化病人营养状态和治疗耐受性[8,15]。流程图见图1。3） 出院节点（延续管理）： 旨在保障居家安全。建立出院营养档案并纳入延续护理平台。针对带管（如鼻肠管、PICC等）出院的病人，出院前严格考核主要照顾者的基本技能（如管路冲洗、营养泵使用、堵管脱出等异常识别），保障全流程营养干预的安全性与有效性。
4.2　2条路径
本研究构建了涵盖机械性、胃肠道及代谢性并发症的“预防-监测-干预”闭环管理模式。针对机械性并发症（堵管与非计划性拔管），预防上严格实施脉冲式冲管策略（4 h及给药前后注入20~30 mL温水1次），严禁酸性药物直接混入，并采用“双重固定”（高举平台鼻贴+系带）及适当约束措施；在处理路径上，一旦发生导管堵塞，优先使用温水低压冲洗，无效则采用5%碳酸氢钠溶液负压抽吸疏通，仍无法复通者予拔除重置，若发生非计划性拔管则立即停止输注，评估鼓膜损伤并重新置管。针对胃肠道并发症（腹泻、反流），首先鉴别高渗、低温、低蛋白血症及抗生素应用等诱因，实施胃残余量（GRV）分级干预：当GRV>250 mL时维持原速或减速并遵医嘱使用促动力药，当GRV>500 mL或出现反流征象时暂停输注，进行胃肠减压并取半卧位；对于严重腹泻者，排除感染后减慢滴速或联合使用益生菌，并加强肛周皮肤护理。针对代谢性并发症（再喂养综合征），对体质指数<16 kg/m2或长期禁食的高危人群严格遵循“低起步（10~15 kcal/kg）、慢增加”的启动原则，密切监测血清磷、钾、镁水平，一旦检测到电解质急剧下降或出现临床征象，立即减量甚至暂停肠内营养，优先经静脉足量补充电解质，待代谢指标稳定后重新评估启动。
4.3　2个平台
1）结构化记录平台：为解决营养记录零散与不规范问题，建立专用《肿瘤病人营养护理单》或在电子病历系统中嵌入专用模块。该平台涵盖关键字段：包括评估数据（NRS-2002/PG-SGA评分、体质指数、握力等）、干预执行（口服营养补充种类、肠内营养途径与速度、肠外营养配方等）、耐受性反馈（呕吐次数、腹泻Bristol评分、胃残留量）及并发症预警，实现数据结构化、可追溯与共享[14,16]。2）“互联网+”随访平台：利用微信公众号、移动APP或社区建立延伸服务平台。定期推送个性化营养食谱，解答患方疑问，并提供远程指导。结合电话随访（出院后1周、1个月）与营养门诊复诊（2~4周1次），形成线上线下结合的闭环管理模式，有效解决病人往返医院出行不便的问题[17]。
4.4　一体化管理
以信息化为支撑，以MDT团队为核心，实施护理人员分层级管理，优化医护协同流程，统筹提供筛查、评估、治疗、护理服务，推动对肿瘤病人的全周期、一体化营养健康管理，实现“医-护-患-营养师”的紧密协作。
5　要素支撑
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5.1　资源要素
资源要素指开展营养护理所投入的人力资源。实施分层级管理：责任护士负责入院初筛、执行基础营养医嘱及观察进食情况；营养/肿瘤专科护士需经过系统化培训，具备独立进行PG-SGA评估、制订护理计划、置入复杂通路（如鼻肠管）、处理疑难并发症的能力，并在病区内担任营养资源护士角色，指导低年资护士[8-9]。
5.2　技术要素
技术要素指为服务提供技术保障的设施与规范。医疗机构应配备肠内营养输注泵、加温器、人体成分分析仪等设备。建立标准化的技术操作规程（标准化操作规程），涵盖鼻肠管盲插技术、造口护理技术、中心静脉导管维护技术，并推动数字化转型，未来开发基于人工智能的图像识别饮食评估系统[1,10]。
5.3　服务要素
服务要素指护士在MDT中提供的协同服务。在MDT查房前，护士收集并整理膳食记录、体重变化曲线及胃肠道症状，为医生决策提供精准依据（信息整合）；根据病人耐受度主动提出路径调整建议（决策参与）；协调静脉用药调配中心（PIVAS）与营养食堂的配送衔接，确保营养制剂按时送达（流程协调）[9,17]。
5.4　制度要素
制度要素指保障模式运行的制度体系。包括营养筛查与评估制度、多学科会诊制度、延续护理随访制度、不良事件上报制度及护理文书书写规范[1]。
5.5　管理要素
管理要素指对护理质量的监控与管理。通过建立结构化护理文书，将分散的数据整合为管理决策依据；定期监测敏感指标（如营养风险评分、并发症发生率）评价服务效果，并实施计划-执行-检查-处理（PDCA）循环持续改进[1,11]。
6　评价管理
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6.1　评价体系
建立适合肿瘤营养护理管理的质量敏感指标体系及指标权重动态调整机制，充分发挥评价的导向作用。评价体系包括结构、过程、结果3个维度。结构评价指标包括营养专科护士配置率、营养支持设备（如输注泵）配置率。过程评价指标包括营养筛查率（目标值100%，入院24 h内完成）、营养评估准确率（专家复核一致性）、营养干预达标率（实际摄入量达标比例）。结果评价指标包括非计划性拔管率、吸入性肺炎发生率（反映肠内营养操作规范性）、住院期间体重维持率（体重下降幅度<2%）。
6.2　考核管理
护理管理者应定期监测上述指标，建立财政补助资金与绩效评价结果挂钩机制；将质量敏感指标纳入科室绩效考核，对筛查率低、并发症高发的病区进行根因分析并持续改进，最终实现改善病人临床结局的目标。
7　小结
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在肿瘤病人营养支持与护理管理模式的构建和实施过程中，应重点解决评估工具的同质化应用、护理人员的专业化培训及延续护理的信息化支撑3个关键方面。因此，各级医疗机构应从临床实际出发，进行顶层设计，以本共识为蓝本，制定具体的标准化操作规程。本共识首次系统性地明确了护理人员在肿瘤营养支持全过程中的核心地位与具体操作规范，填补了国内该领域标准化指导的空白。本共识的推广应用有助于规范肿瘤营养诊疗行为，提升护理服务内涵，具有重大的临床意义与社会价值，最终实现改善肿瘤病人临床结局、提高生存质量的目标。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.16.001
  • 接收时间：2026-02-11
  • 首发时间：2026-10-30
  • 出版时间：2026-08-25
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  • 收稿日期：2026-02-11
  • 修回日期：2026-08-03
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    1国家癌症中心/国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心/中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院，北京 100021
    2哈尔滨医科大学附属第四医院
    3东南大学附属中大医院
    4哈尔滨医科大学护理学院

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周春凌，E-mail:
王晓燕，E-mail:
ZHOU Chunling, E-mail:
WANG Xiaoyan, E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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