Article(id=1322929458788839681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.020, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1766592000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-25, revisedDate=1783094400000, revisedDateStr=2026-07-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340561816, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340561816, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340561816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340561816, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322929431592972373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='15', pageStart='2577', pageEnd='2768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340555332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343107287, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940135335145743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940135335145744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2723, endPage=2729, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322929459002749186, articleId=1322929458788839681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Brain computer interface technology in cognitive rehabilitation of stroke patients: a scoping review, columnId=1220689485315101342, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Review Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

A scoping review was conducted on relevant studies regarding the use of brain computer interface technology to promote the rehabilitation of Cognitive Function in stroke patients,aiming to identify brain computer interface technology intervention programs,outcome measures,and therapeutic effects,so as to provide references for future research.

Methods

Relevant studies in CBM,WanFang Database,VIP Database,CNKI,Cochrane Library,PubMed,EMbase,Web of Science,MedLine Chinese and English databases Chinese and English databases were searched.The retrieval time was from establishment of databases to November 1,2025.Literature were screened,extracted,and summarized based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.Data extraction and meta-analysis were performed on the included literature.

Results

A total of 15 studies were included.Brain computer interface technology mainly included brain computer interface with functional electrical stimulation,exoskeleton robot and P300 spellers.The frequency of exercise were mostly 3-5 times per week,with the duration of a single training session mostly 30 minutes and the intervention cycle were 4 weeks.The outcome indicators involved three aspects:cognitive function,quality of life and safety.

Conclusions

Brain computer interface technology could effectively improve cognitive function in stroke patients and enhance their abilities in daily living.However,related research is still in the exploratory stage.Future studies may focus on multidisciplinary collaboration to conduct large-sample,multicenter,long-term follow-up clinical trials,offering personalized intervention programs for patients with varying functional levels and promoting the usability and widespread application of brain computer interface technology in cognitive rehabilitation for stroke.

, authors=Yuanyuan LIU1, Qi DONG1, Yali YAN2, Jiaxin YAO2, Meng PANG3, Juan XU4, authorsList=Yuanyuan LIU, Qi DONG, Yali YAN, Jiaxin YAO, Meng PANG, Juan XU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Juan XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322929459636089093, articleId=1322929458788839681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的范围综述, columnId=1220689485482873504, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

对脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的研究进行范围综述,旨在明确脑机接口技术的干预方案、结局指标和应用效果,为今后研究提供参考。

方法

系统检索中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国知网、Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、MedLine中英文数据库中脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的相关研究,检索时限为建库至2025年11月1日。根据纳入与排除标准对文献进行筛选、归纳和总结。

结果

共纳入15篇文献。训练方案主要包括脑机接口结合功能性电刺激、外骨骼机器人,P300拼写训练等;运动频率以3~5次/周居多,单次训练时长大多为30 min,干预周期多为4周;结局指标涉及认知功能、生活质量和安全性3个方面。

结论

脑机接口技术能有效改善脑卒中病人认知功能,提高日常生活质量。但相关研究尚处于探索阶段,未来可通过多学科合作,开展大样本、多中心、长期随访的临床试验,为不同功能水平的病人提供个性化干预方案,推进脑机接口技术在脑卒中认知障碍康复领域实践应用的可用性和普及性。

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刘圆圆,护士,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
许 娟,E-mail:
XU Juan, E-mail:
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authorNames=胡永林, 陆安民, 马颖, journalName=中华物理医学与康复杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=胡永林,陆安民,马颖,等.脑机接口技术在脑卒中康复中的应用进展[J].中华物理医学与康复杂志,2022,44(4):365-368., articleTitle=脑机接口技术在脑卒中康复中的应用进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929471954760028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929458788839681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=39, issue=8, pageStart=1367, pageEnd=1385, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=刘邈, 林超, 韩锦, journalName=信号处理, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘邈,林超,韩锦,等.基于P300特征的脑-机接口解码算法研究综述[J].信号处理,2023,39(8):1367-1385., articleTitle=基于P300特征的脑-机接口解码算法研究综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929472034451805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929458788839681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=372, issue=null, pageStart=109535, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=Han J, Liu C, Chu J Y, journalName=Journal of Neuroscience Methods, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han J,Liu C,Chu J Y,et al.Effects of inter-stimulus intervals on concurrent P300 and SSVEP features for hybrid brain-computer interfaces[J].Journal of Neuroscience Methods,2022,372:109535., articleTitle=Effects of inter-stimulus intervals on concurrent P300 and SSVEP features for hybrid brain-computer interfaces, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929472122532190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929458788839681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=25, issue=6, pageStart=1802, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=Kasawala E, Mouli S, journalName=Sensors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kasawala E,Mouli S.Dual-mode visual system for brain-computer interfaces:integrating SSVEP and P300 responses[J].Sensors,2025,25(6):1802., articleTitle=Dual-mode visual system for brain-computer interfaces:integrating SSVEP and P300 responses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929472198029663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929458788839681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=孙红, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙红.基于蒙特利尔认知评估量表分析缺血性脑卒中后认知功能的动态变化[D].大理:大理大学,2025., articleTitle=基于蒙特利尔认知评估量表分析缺血性脑卒中后认知功能的动态变化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929472294498656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929458788839681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=183, pageEnd=195, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=杜仪方, journalName=东方法学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杜仪方.医用脑机接口技术所涉权利再造与法律规制[J].东方法学,2025(4):183-195., articleTitle=医用脑机接口技术所涉权利再造与法律规制, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929472365801825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929458788839681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=756, pageEnd=759, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=Moumdjian R A, journalName=Neurological Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Moumdjian R A.Bioethics of neurotechnologies:a field in effervescence[J].Neurological Research,2025,47(8):756-759., articleTitle=Bioethics of neurotechnologies:a field in effervescence, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322929472424522082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929458788839681, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=37, issue=9, pageStart=1119, pageEnd=1124, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=王雪芹, 孟丽君, journalName=中国医学伦理学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王雪芹,孟丽君.涉及脑机接口临床研究的多学科伦理审查专家共识[J].中国医学伦理学,2024,37(9):1119-1124., articleTitle=涉及脑机接口临床研究的多学科伦理审查专家共识, 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Basic characteristics of the included literature(n=15)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入研究研究类型国家样本量(例)试验组康复训练方式干预频率干预时长对照组康复
训练方式
结局指标及评价工具
试验组对照组
Wan等[12]2025随机对照试验中国1416MI-BCI结合下肢蹬踏训练+上肢虚拟现实游戏每次20 min,5次/周4周安慰剂+蹬踏训练蒙特利尔认知评估量表、符号数字模式测试、脑电波指数、不良反应发生率
Endzelyté等[13]2025类试验研究立陶宛56MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激并反馈视听觉和本体感觉每次53 min,2次或3次/周5~7周简易精神状态检查、时钟绘画测试、功能独立性评定量表
陆洁等[14]2025随机对照试验中国2119MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激+针刺疗法每次30 min,15 d为1个疗程8周针刺疗法+常规训练蒙特利尔认知评估量表、改良Barthel指数
王建文等[15]2024随机对照试验中国4848MI-BCI结合外周机械手+肩关节特定屈曲角度训练每次20 min,5次/周,4周MI-BCI结合外周机械手蒙特利尔认知评估量表、简易精神状态检查、运动诱发电位潜伏期及波幅
袁艳秋等[16]2024随机对照试验中国4747MI-BCI结合外周机械手+经颅电刺激技术每次20 min,5次/周4周MI-BCI结合外周机械手蒙特利尔认知评估量表、简易精神状态检查、Stroop色词干扰测验、连线测验、脑电波指数、不良反应发生率
Fateeva等[17]2024随机对照试验俄罗斯1415P300-BCI拼写训练每次60 min10周常规训练蒙特利尔认知评估量表、舒尔特测试、卢里亚10词记忆测试
Kleih等[18]2024类试验研究德国7P300-BCI拼写训练每次60~90 min,共12~20次注意力表现测试、亚琛失语症测试、P300振幅、脑功能连接分析
金铭亮等[19]2024随机对照试验中国2524SSMVEP-BCI结合下肢康复机器人每次30 min4周安慰剂+常规训练洛文斯顿作业治疗认知评定量表、血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平
Liu等[20]2023随机对照试验中国2426MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激+常规训练每次20 min,5次/周3周功能性电刺激+常规训练注意力网络测试、舒尔特测试、符号数字模式测试
Mayorova等[21]2023随机对照试验俄罗斯711P300-BCI拼写训练5~11次训练常规训练蒙特利尔认知评估量表、舒尔特测试、卢里亚10词记忆测试、脑功能连接分析
杨延辉等[22]2023随机对照试验中国2525SSMVEP-BCI结合手功能康复机器人每次30 min,5次/周2周手功能康复机器人蒙特利尔认知评估量表、脑电波指数、改良Barthel指数
Rungsirisilp等[23]2023随机对照试验泰国98基于动作观察与MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激每次36~40 min,3次/周4周MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激脑电波指数等、皮层兴奋性
Zhao等[24]2022随机对照试验中国1414SSMVEP-BCI联合机器人+常规+物理治疗每次30 min,6次/周4周安慰剂+常规训练+物理治疗洛文斯顿作业治疗认知评定量表、运动诱发电位潜伏期及波幅、血清BDNF水平、改良Barthel指数
Kotov等[25]2019随机对照试验俄罗斯2222MI-BCI结合外周机械手+认知训练、生物反馈平衡训练每次30 min,共8~10次MI-BCI结合外周机械手蒙特利尔认知评估量表、Stroop色词干扰测验、卢里亚10词记忆测试
Chung等[26]2015随机对照试验韩国55MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激每次30 min,共5次功能性电刺激脑电波指数
), ArticleFig(id=1322929468154720575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929458788839681, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳入文献研究的基本特征(n=15)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
纳入研究研究类型国家样本量(例)试验组康复训练方式干预频率干预时长对照组康复
训练方式
结局指标及评价工具
试验组对照组
Wan等[12]2025随机对照试验中国1416MI-BCI结合下肢蹬踏训练+上肢虚拟现实游戏每次20 min,5次/周4周安慰剂+蹬踏训练蒙特利尔认知评估量表、符号数字模式测试、脑电波指数、不良反应发生率
Endzelyté等[13]2025类试验研究立陶宛56MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激并反馈视听觉和本体感觉每次53 min,2次或3次/周5~7周简易精神状态检查、时钟绘画测试、功能独立性评定量表
陆洁等[14]2025随机对照试验中国2119MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激+针刺疗法每次30 min,15 d为1个疗程8周针刺疗法+常规训练蒙特利尔认知评估量表、改良Barthel指数
王建文等[15]2024随机对照试验中国4848MI-BCI结合外周机械手+肩关节特定屈曲角度训练每次20 min,5次/周,4周MI-BCI结合外周机械手蒙特利尔认知评估量表、简易精神状态检查、运动诱发电位潜伏期及波幅
袁艳秋等[16]2024随机对照试验中国4747MI-BCI结合外周机械手+经颅电刺激技术每次20 min,5次/周4周MI-BCI结合外周机械手蒙特利尔认知评估量表、简易精神状态检查、Stroop色词干扰测验、连线测验、脑电波指数、不良反应发生率
Fateeva等[17]2024随机对照试验俄罗斯1415P300-BCI拼写训练每次60 min10周常规训练蒙特利尔认知评估量表、舒尔特测试、卢里亚10词记忆测试
Kleih等[18]2024类试验研究德国7P300-BCI拼写训练每次60~90 min,共12~20次注意力表现测试、亚琛失语症测试、P300振幅、脑功能连接分析
金铭亮等[19]2024随机对照试验中国2524SSMVEP-BCI结合下肢康复机器人每次30 min4周安慰剂+常规训练洛文斯顿作业治疗认知评定量表、血清脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)水平
Liu等[20]2023随机对照试验中国2426MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激+常规训练每次20 min,5次/周3周功能性电刺激+常规训练注意力网络测试、舒尔特测试、符号数字模式测试
Mayorova等[21]2023随机对照试验俄罗斯711P300-BCI拼写训练5~11次训练常规训练蒙特利尔认知评估量表、舒尔特测试、卢里亚10词记忆测试、脑功能连接分析
杨延辉等[22]2023随机对照试验中国2525SSMVEP-BCI结合手功能康复机器人每次30 min,5次/周2周手功能康复机器人蒙特利尔认知评估量表、脑电波指数、改良Barthel指数
Rungsirisilp等[23]2023随机对照试验泰国98基于动作观察与MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激每次36~40 min,3次/周4周MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激脑电波指数等、皮层兴奋性
Zhao等[24]2022随机对照试验中国1414SSMVEP-BCI联合机器人+常规+物理治疗每次30 min,6次/周4周安慰剂+常规训练+物理治疗洛文斯顿作业治疗认知评定量表、运动诱发电位潜伏期及波幅、血清BDNF水平、改良Barthel指数
Kotov等[25]2019随机对照试验俄罗斯2222MI-BCI结合外周机械手+认知训练、生物反馈平衡训练每次30 min,共8~10次MI-BCI结合外周机械手蒙特利尔认知评估量表、Stroop色词干扰测验、卢里亚10词记忆测试
Chung等[26]2015随机对照试验韩国55MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激每次30 min,共5次功能性电刺激脑电波指数
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脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的范围综述
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刘圆圆 1 , 董琪 1 , 闫雅丽 2 , 姚嘉欣 2 , 庞萌 3 , 许娟 4, *, *
护理研究 | 科研综述 2026,40(15): 2723-2729
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护理研究 |科研综述 2026 , 40 (15) : 2723 -2729
脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的范围综述
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刘圆圆1, 董琪1, 闫雅丽2, 姚嘉欣2, 庞萌3, 许娟4, *, *
作者信息
  • 1山西医科大学护理学院,山西 030001
  • 2山西中医药大学护理学院
  • 3中国人民解放军总医院
  • 4山西医科大学附属山西省人民医院
通讯作者:
许 娟,E-mail:
XU Juan, E-mail:
作者简介:

刘圆圆,护士,硕士研究生

Brain computer interface technology in cognitive rehabilitation of stroke patients: a scoping review
Yuanyuan LIU1, Qi DONG1, Yali YAN2, Jiaxin YAO2, Meng PANG3, Juan XU4
Affiliations
  • 1Nursing College of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi 030001 China
  • 2School of Nursing, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine
  • 3Chinese PLA General Hospital
  • 4Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Shanxi Medical University
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.020
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目的

对脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的研究进行范围综述,旨在明确脑机接口技术的干预方案、结局指标和应用效果,为今后研究提供参考。

方法

系统检索中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国知网、Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、MedLine中英文数据库中脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的相关研究,检索时限为建库至2025年11月1日。根据纳入与排除标准对文献进行筛选、归纳和总结。

结果

共纳入15篇文献。训练方案主要包括脑机接口结合功能性电刺激、外骨骼机器人,P300拼写训练等;运动频率以3~5次/周居多,单次训练时长大多为30 min,干预周期多为4周;结局指标涉及认知功能、生活质量和安全性3个方面。

结论

脑机接口技术能有效改善脑卒中病人认知功能,提高日常生活质量。但相关研究尚处于探索阶段,未来可通过多学科合作,开展大样本、多中心、长期随访的临床试验,为不同功能水平的病人提供个性化干预方案,推进脑机接口技术在脑卒中认知障碍康复领域实践应用的可用性和普及性。

脑机接口  /  脑卒中  /  认知功能  /  康复护理  /  范围综述  /  循证护理
Objective

A scoping review was conducted on relevant studies regarding the use of brain computer interface technology to promote the rehabilitation of Cognitive Function in stroke patients,aiming to identify brain computer interface technology intervention programs,outcome measures,and therapeutic effects,so as to provide references for future research.

Methods

Relevant studies in CBM,WanFang Database,VIP Database,CNKI,Cochrane Library,PubMed,EMbase,Web of Science,MedLine Chinese and English databases Chinese and English databases were searched.The retrieval time was from establishment of databases to November 1,2025.Literature were screened,extracted,and summarized based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.Data extraction and meta-analysis were performed on the included literature.

Results

A total of 15 studies were included.Brain computer interface technology mainly included brain computer interface with functional electrical stimulation,exoskeleton robot and P300 spellers.The frequency of exercise were mostly 3-5 times per week,with the duration of a single training session mostly 30 minutes and the intervention cycle were 4 weeks.The outcome indicators involved three aspects:cognitive function,quality of life and safety.

Conclusions

Brain computer interface technology could effectively improve cognitive function in stroke patients and enhance their abilities in daily living.However,related research is still in the exploratory stage.Future studies may focus on multidisciplinary collaboration to conduct large-sample,multicenter,long-term follow-up clinical trials,offering personalized intervention programs for patients with varying functional levels and promoting the usability and widespread application of brain computer interface technology in cognitive rehabilitation for stroke.

brain computer interface  /  stroke  /  cognitive function  /  rehabilitation nursing  /  scope overview  /  evidence-based nursing
刘圆圆, 董琪, 闫雅丽, 姚嘉欣, 庞萌, 许娟. 脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的范围综述. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (15) : 2723 -2729 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.020
Yuanyuan LIU, Qi DONG, Yali YAN, Jiaxin YAO, Meng PANG, Juan XU. Brain computer interface technology in cognitive rehabilitation of stroke patients: a scoping review[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (15) : 2723 -2729 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.020
全球疾病负担研究(Global Burden of Disease Study,GBD)显示,脑卒中是全球第二大致死和第三大致残原因[1]。认知障碍作为脑卒中后常见的并发症之一,常发生在脑卒中后3~6个月[2],其发生率为13.6%~51.0%[3-4]。脑卒中后认知障碍(post-stroke cognitive impairment,PSCI)以注意力不集中、记忆力减退及执行力降低为主要临床表现,常伴随语言理解困难、空间定向力下降等问题,严重影响病人的生活质量[5]。目前,传统认知康复多采用重复任务训练引导病人功能锻炼,难以精准激活受损脑区[6]。脑机接口(brain computer interface,BCI)作为一种新型人机交互技术,通过采集脑电信号,经算法解码,提取神经活动特征与意图,结合功能性电刺激(functional electric stimulation,FES)、外骨骼机器人、虚拟现实(virtual reality,VR)技术等方式形成闭环训练模式,针对性激活受损区域,促进脑卒中病人认知功能恢复[7-9]。护理人员是脑机接口认知干预的核心执行者,承担病人基线评估、干预实施、风险防控及预后随访等任务,其专业能力直接影响干预效果与病人安全。近年来,国内外关于脑机接口技术干预脑卒中后认知障碍的研究逐步增多,现有研究中脑机接口干预的方式、频率、时长及周期等内容不明确,不同研究之间存在较大的异质性,不利于医护人员开展临床实践。鉴于此,本研究采用Arksey等[10]提出的范围综述报告框架,对国内外相关领域文献进行汇总分析,总结脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中的技术范式、训练方案、应用效果及评价指标,旨在为临床护理人员开展认知功能康复干预与效果评估提供参考。
初步检索及阅读文献后确定以下研究问题:1)脑机接口在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中应用的技术范式是什么?2)脑机接口技术在脑卒中病人认知功能康复中的训练方案(包括频次、单次时长和周期)是如何制定的?3)认知功能康复训练实施效果的评价指标是什么?应用效果怎么样?
根据PCC原则制定文献纳入标准。1)研究对象(population,P):符合《中国各类主要脑血管病诊断要点2019》诊断标准或其他公认的诊断标准,经CT或磁共振成像(MRI)确诊的脑卒中病人[11];2)概念(concept,C):基于脑机接口技术改善脑卒中病人认知障碍;3)情境(context,C):医疗或康复机构。
1)重复发表或无法获取全文;2)非中英文;3)研究计划书、综述、会议论文、指南和政策性文件。
系统检索中国生物医学文献数据库、万方数据库、维普数据库、中国知网、Cochrane Library、PubMed、EMbase、Web of Science、MedLine中英文数据库。检索时限为建库至2025年11月1日,采用主题词结合自由词的方式制定检索式。以中国知网为例,检索式为:SU=(脑-机接口+脑机接口+脑机接口技术)AND(认知障碍+认知功能+认知减退+认知损害+认知)AND(脑卒中+脑梗死+脑出血+中风+脑血管疾病)。以PubMed为例,检索式为:(((((((brain-computer interfaces[MeSH Terms]) OR (brain computer interface[Title/Abstract])) OR (brain-machine interfaces[Title/Abstract]))) OR (neural interface technology[Title/Abstract])))) OR (brain-computer interfaces[Title/Abstract]))))) OR(brain-computer interfaces[Title/Abstract])))))) AND (((((((((intracranial embolism[Title/Abstract]) OR (brain ischemia[Title/Abstract])) OR (cerebral infarction[Title/Abstract]))) OR (subarachnoid hemorrhage[Title/Abstract])))) OR (cerebral hemorrhage[Title/Abstract]))))) OR (cerebrovascular apoplexy[Title/Abstract])))))) OR (cerebrovascular accident[Title/Abstract]))))))) OR (stroke[Title/Abstract])))))))) OR (stroke[MeSH Terms]))))))))) AND ((((((((((cognitive dysfunction[MeSH Terms]) OR (cognitive training[MeSH Terms])) OR (cognition[MeSH Terms]))) OR (cognitive function[Title/Abstract])))) OR (cognitive dysfunction[Title/Abstract]))))) OR(cognitive disorder[Title/Abstract])))))) OR (cognitive impairment[Title/Abstract]))))))) OR (cognitive training[Title/Abstract])))))))) OR (cognitive rehabilitation[Title/Abstract]))))))))) OR (cognition [Title/Abstract]))))))))))。
将检索获得的文献导入EndNote X9软件中去除重复文献。由2名研究者通过独立阅读题目和摘要进行初步筛选,仔细阅读全文进行复筛,若遇分歧,与第3名研究者讨论,决定是否纳入。提取内容包括作者、国家、发表时间、研究类型、样本量、训练方式以及结局指标等。
初步检索获得相关文献710篇,剔除重复文献143篇,阅读题目和摘要排除文献485篇,阅读全文后排除文献67篇,最终纳入15篇文献[12-26]。文献筛选流程图见图1。
15篇文献[12-26]中13篇[12,14-17]为随机对照试验,2篇[13,18]为类试验研究。纳入文献研究的基本特征见表1。
脑机接口技术分3类核心范式,其中9项研究[12-16,20,23,25-26]采用运动想象范式(motor imagery,MI);3项研究[17-18,21]采用P300事件相关电位范式;3项研究[19,22,24]为稳态视觉运动诱发电位范式(steady-statevisual evoked potential,SSVEP)。
康复训练方式主要有5种。5项研究[13-14,20,23,26]为MI-BCI结合功能性电刺激,将意念转化为脑电信号,产生躯体感觉反馈,形成“意念—信号—刺激—反馈”闭环,强化神经连接,促进脑区功能重组。3项研究[15-16,25]为MI-BCI结合外骨骼机器人,计算机通过脑电图识别运动意图后,通过机器人辅助病人完成设定的动作,实现“运动-认知”协同康复。3项研究[19,22,24]采用SSVEP-BCI联合康复机器人训练方式,通过视觉运动刺激诱发脑电信号,实现运动与认知康复。3项研究[17-18,21]采用P300-BCI拼字训练,病人通过集中注意力关注目标字母,当系统检测到目标刺激诱发的P300波时,自动识别该字母并完成输入,进而完成打字或拼写任务。1项研究[12]采用MI-BCI结合虚拟现实技术,通过控制虚拟场景中的对象,病人能开展沉浸式康复训练,增强了趣味性。
不同研究中的干预频率、单次训练时长及周期存在一定差异。纳入的15项研究[12-26]中,运动频率以3~5次/周居多;单次训练时长大多为30 min;周期多为4周。其中7项研究[12-13,15-16,20,22-23]为每周干预3~5次,1项研究[24]为每周干预6次[24];在干预时长方面,14项研究[12-20,22-26]明确了单次康复训练时长,11项研究[12,14-16,19-20,22-26]训练时长为每次20~40 min,3项研究[13,17-18]每次时长>50 min;1项研究[21]未提及标准化干预方案,是基于病人病情、治疗意愿和治疗效果个性化制定的。
结局指标涉及认知功能、生活质量和安全性3个方面。认知功能指标分为整体认知功能、各专项认知功能和生理参数。整体认知功能通过简易精神状态检查、蒙特利尔认知评估量表、洛文斯顿作业治疗认知评定量表评估。专项认知功能包括注意力、记忆力、执行功能、视觉空间和语言功能。生理参数包括脑电波指数、皮层兴奋性、脑功能连接分析、血清脑源性神经营养因子水平等。8项研究[12-13,16-18,20-21,25]证实脑机接口技术对注意力有改善作用;3项研究[13,20,25]结果显示脑机接口技术能够提升病人的执行功能;2项研究[13,25]结果表明脑机接口技术对记忆力的改善具有有效性;各有1项研究关注了病人语言功能[18]和单侧空间忽略状况[25]。2项研究[21,23]显示脑机接口训练仅能重塑认知相关脑功能连接。此外,4项研究[13-14,22-24]结果显示脑机接口技术能改善脑卒中病人生活质量。2项研究[12,16]将安全性作为评价指标,汇报治疗期间头痛、恶心呕吐、过敏、疲乏不良反应的发生情况。
脑卒中病人在功能损害类型、严重程度、康复阶段及康复目标上存在差异,为满足精准匹配的临床需求,脑机接口技术在脑卒中认知康复领域呈现出多样化发展[27-28]。脑机接口核心范式包括MI、SSVEP及P300事件相关电位。目前多采用MI-BCI结合外骨骼机器人、功能性电刺激、虚拟现实技术等方式治疗病人的认知功能障碍,联合针灸、经颅直流电刺激和动作观察等新技术优化康复效果。其中,MI-BCI因能实时解码脑电信号并触发外周效应器产生即时反馈,成为临床应用范围最广的类型。但该范式对病人认知功能具有一定要求,需要病人具备主动且稳定的肢体运动意念模拟能力(如想象手部抓握、腿部伸展等动作),这一技术特性导致相关临床试验在研究对象筛选阶段,往往仅纳入轻度认知障碍病人,而认知功能严重受损的群体较少受到关注[12,20]。针对这一局限性,3项研究[17-18,21]为中重度认知障碍病人选用认知负荷更低的P300-BCI训练方案。该模式无须依赖病人的运动想象能力或固定视觉注视,仅需病人将注意力集中于靶刺激即可有效触发,降低了对病人认知执行功能的要求,更适用于注意力、记忆力严重受损的脑卒中病人[29]。此外,部分学者采用多模态融合的方式进行改善,通过结合不同脑机接口范式的优势降低单一技术的应用门槛。Han等[30-31]研究通过将P300信号的注意力识别优势与SSVEP信号的高频稳定特性相结合,有效提升了传统脑机接口字符拼写系统的信息交互准确率与响应速度。这种多模态融合的路径不仅丰富了脑卒中认知康复训练的形式与内容,更为实现多维度认知功能的康复提供了新思路。提示未来应深化研究脑机接口技术机制,采用多方法联合治疗,探讨不同联合策略治疗脑卒中病人认知功能障碍的有效性和可行性;应进一步加强对中重度认知障碍病人群体的关注,针对不同分级、不同类型的病人开展大样本、多中心的随机对照试验,构建基于认知功能分级的脑机接口康复干预体系。
脑机接口作为一项实现中枢神经系统与外部设备交互的技术,成为脑卒中后各项功能障碍康复的重要方法[8]。研究证实,脑机接口训练可激活额叶皮层、感觉运动网络等认知关联脑区,增加脑区间功能连接,促进脑网络功能重组,在改善脑卒中病人执行功能、记忆力、注意力等认知障碍领域展现出巨大潜力。研究表明脑卒中后认知功能呈动态发展趋势[32],但现有研究干预周期较短,多集中于4周左右,难以科学评估脑机接口干预的长期疗效。未来研究可进行纵向随访,以确定脑机接口技术干预对认知功能的长期疗效。本研究结果显示,脑机接口干预频率多为3~5次/周,单次治疗时间差异较大,多为20~90 min。目前尚无明确证据表明,延长单次治疗时间或提高干预频率能够带来更显著的康复效益。因此,在制定脑机接口干预方案时,要以病人为中心,充分考虑病人的接受程度。每次干预时间应遵循循序渐进原则,从少到多逐渐增加,并根据病人身体状态、认知负荷耐受程度及主观意愿灵活调整。避免因治疗时间过短导致康复效果不佳,又要防止因时间过长引发病人疲劳,从而保障干预实施的安全性与有效性。
另外,超过70%的研究将蒙特利尔认知评估量表、简易精神状态检查量表等作为主要评估工具。此类方法虽具有标准化程度高、操作简便等优势,但存在一定的主观性与滞后性。金铭亮等[19]将脑源性神经营养因子等客观生理学指标纳入评估体系,从生理学维度揭示认知康复的神经机制,明确干预过程中神经功能的动态变化。Wan等[12]和袁艳秋等[16]研究则通过记录病人治疗期间不良反应发生情况,为脑机接口干预的安全性评估提供关键依据。脑机接口干预方案多样化导致各研究所采用的结局指标和评价工具缺乏统一标准。下一步需整合各种评价工具的优缺点,纳入脑电信号、神经营养因子、脑影像学等客观指标,构建多维度评估体系。
脑机接口技术有效突破了传统认知训练对肢体运动能力依赖性高、训练场景单一、反馈滞后等局限性,为脑卒中病人功能康复提供新方法。然而,脑机接口技术在脑卒中认知干预中的应用仍处于探索阶段,受技术本身发展不成熟、医疗应用相关规范缺失、病人及家属伦理认知水平有限等多重因素影响,其在干预实施过程中面临一系列风险,包括医疗安全隐患、病人隐私泄露、责任归属不明及医学伦理争议等[33-34],这些风险不仅影响康复干预效果、侵害病人合法权益,更可能阻碍脑机接口技术的临床转化进程。因此,各相关主体需明确自身职责与义务。护理人员应主动接纳新技术,系统掌握脑机接口技术的应用原理、康复机制及设备操作规范,用通俗易懂的语言向病人讲解康复训练的目的、流程、潜在风险与预期效果,确保病人在充分知情前提下的自主决策;医疗单位须加强操作人员规范化培训,确保相关医疗人员具备操作资质,结合脑机接口技术应用特性制定非预期不良事件处置预案,完善数据采集与信息存储的安全管理措施,切实保障病人安全与隐私;专业人士应发挥专业优势,针对脑机接口技术的特殊性构建伦理规范,健全伦理审查体系[35]。
为推动脑机接口技术的临床转化与应用,研究团队可采用神经影像学检查、认知功能量表评估、临床症状观察等多种手段,全面剖析病人特征和需求,据此制定个性化脑机接口康复方案,提升训练适配性。当前脑机接口认知训练方案尚未形成统一标准,未来需开展多中心、大样本、长期随访的临床研究,探讨不同参数组合的康复方案对病人认知功能恢复及神经可塑性的影响,为制订标准化的康复方案提供循证依据。
脑机接口技术能有效改善脑卒中病人认知功能,提高其日常生活能力。目前我国脑机接口技术相关研究尚处于探索阶段,研究设计、干预方式及评价工具存在较大差异,缺乏对病人的长期随访。未来可通过多学科协作,深入挖掘多技术联合的应用价值和有效性;开展大样本、多中心、长期随访的临床试验,探究最佳训练模式,为不同功能水平的病人提供个性化干预方案,进而提升脑机接口技术在脑卒中认知障碍康复领域的可用性和普及性。

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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.020
  • 接收时间:2025-12-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-25
  • 修回日期:2026-07-04
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    1山西医科大学护理学院,山西 030001
    2山西中医药大学护理学院
    3中国人民解放军总医院
    4山西医科大学附属山西省人民医院

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