Article(id=1322929481253519647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756828800000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-03, revisedDate=1778169600000, revisedDateStr=2026-05-08, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1793340567171, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1786291200000, pubDateStr=2026-08-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793340567171, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793340567171, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793340567171, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322929431592972373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, year='2026', volume='40', issue='15', pageStart='2577', pageEnd='2768', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1786291200000', pubDateStr='2026-08-10', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793340555332, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793343107287, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322940135335145743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322940135335145744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, issueId=1322929431592972373, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=2598, endPage=2606, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322929481446457632, articleId=1322929481253519647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=EN, title=Study on cognitive attitudes toward lifestyle changes among patients after metabolic and bariatric surgery, columnId=1220689484526572183, journalTitle=Chinese Nursing Research, columnName=Original Articles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Objective

To explore subjective cognitive attitudes toward lifestyle changes among patients after metabolic and bariatric surgery and inform tailored interventions.

Methods

Based on the Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change,Q methodology was applied.A 28-item Q-sample was developed via literature review and semi-structured interviews.Sixteen patients within 1-12 months post-surgery completed Q-sorting.Factor extraction and analysis were conducted.

Results

Fourteen valid Q-sorts were analyzed.Three distinct attitude types were identified,accounting for 62.0% of total variance:proactive,passive acceptance,and cognitive conflict.These types differed in health cognition,behavioral motivation,and contextual adaptability.

Conclusions

Patients after bariatric metabolic surgery exhibit heterogeneous attitudes toward lifestyle changes.Identifying cognitive typologies can inform stratified nursing education and behavioral support strategies to enhance long-term adherence and rehabilitation outcomes.

, authors=Shenghua JIA1, 2, Yu ZHANG2, Jia QIAO2, Songmei CAO1, authorsList=Shenghua JIA, Yu ZHANG, Jia QIAO, Songmei CAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Songmei CAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322929482247569701, articleId=1322929481253519647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, language=CN, title=减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的认知态度研究, columnId=1220689484681761433, journalTitle=护理研究, columnName=科研论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
目的

探究减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的认知态度类型,为术后健康行为干预提供依据。

方法

基于健康行为改变整合理论,采用Q方法,通过文献回顾与半结构式访谈构建28条Q陈述,招募术后1~12个月的16例病人进行Q排序与因子分析。

结果

共纳入14份有效数据,提取出3种态度类型,累计解释总方差的62.0%,分别为积极主动型、被动接受型和认知冲突型,各类型在健康认知水平、行为动机与情境应对方面表现出明显差异。

结论

减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变存在显著主观态度异质性。基于分型特征制定分层化护理干预策略,有助于提升减重代谢术后行为改变的持续性与康复管理效果。

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贾胜华,主管护师,硕士研究生

, correspAuthorsNote=
曹松梅,E-mail:
CAO Songmei, E-mail:
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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青岛市市立医院)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1322929489273028940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Q sorting chart, figureFileSmall=a3kAUSD9V0NHwOCV+fq8rg==, figureFileBig=gCKoleUSC7icnIaVkhL45Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929489356915021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Q排序图

[以“-4(1)”为例,表明受试者需分拣出1条最不符合其自身观点的Q陈述,并将其计为-4分]

, figureFileSmall=a3kAUSD9V0NHwOCV+fq8rg==, figureFileBig=gCKoleUSC7icnIaVkhL45Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929489562435918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Scree plot, figureFileSmall=IEyItVK3HWcR9y/aCFIGWw==, figureFileBig=XZvn9ltLfVRfjW5HVdATdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929489633739087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=图2, caption=碎石图, figureFileSmall=IEyItVK3HWcR9y/aCFIGWw==, figureFileBig=XZvn9ltLfVRfjW5HVdATdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322929489721819472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

General information of patients after metabolic and bariatric surgery(n=12)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数百分比(%)
性别男541.67
女758.33
年龄18~<30岁433.33
30~<40岁650.00
40~<50岁216.67
婚姻状况已婚866.67
未婚325.00
离异18.33
文化程度高中及以下541.67
专科433.33
本科及以上325.00
术后时间1~3个月433.33
>3~6个月541.67
>6~12个月325.00
接受术式袖状胃切除术1191.67
Roux-en-Y胃旁路术18.33
术后体质指数下降幅度<6 kg/m²433.33
6~10 kg/m²541.67
>10 kg/m²325.00
居住地城市866.67
农村433.33
), ArticleFig(id=1322929489801511249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

减重代谢术后病人一般资料(n=12)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数百分比(%)
性别男541.67
女758.33
年龄18~<30岁433.33
30~<40岁650.00
40~<50岁216.67
婚姻状况已婚866.67
未婚325.00
离异18.33
文化程度高中及以下541.67
专科433.33
本科及以上325.00
术后时间1~3个月433.33
>3~6个月541.67
>6~12个月325.00
接受术式袖状胃切除术1191.67
Roux-en-Y胃旁路术18.33
术后体质指数下降幅度<6 kg/m²433.33
6~10 kg/m²541.67
>10 kg/m²325.00
居住地城市866.67
农村433.33
), ArticleFig(id=1322929489877008722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Interview outline

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核心维度问题
知识与信念您觉得术后生活方式有哪些改变?这些改变对您来说意味着什么?
您认为哪些术后健康行为最有助于长期减重效果?为什么?
行为动机与技能您在术后坚持改变饮食或运动习惯的动力主要来自哪些方面?
您觉得自己是否具备应对生活方式改变所需要的能力或资源?
自我调节能力当您在坚持饮食控制或运动时遇到困难,您通常是如何应对的?
您有没有一些帮助自己坚持下去的策略或方法?可以举个例子吗?
), ArticleFig(id=1322929489952506195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

访谈提纲

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
核心维度问题
知识与信念您觉得术后生活方式有哪些改变?这些改变对您来说意味着什么?
您认为哪些术后健康行为最有助于长期减重效果?为什么?
行为动机与技能您在术后坚持改变饮食或运动习惯的动力主要来自哪些方面?
您觉得自己是否具备应对生活方式改变所需要的能力或资源?
自我调节能力当您在坚持饮食控制或运动时遇到困难,您通常是如何应对的?
您有没有一些帮助自己坚持下去的策略或方法?可以举个例子吗?
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490048975188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Q statements on cognitive attitudes towards lifestyle changes among patients after metabolic and bariatric surgery

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编号Q陈述语句编号Q陈述语句
Q1严格控制饮食让我感到焦虑Q15术后我的自信心得到增强
Q2我愿意主动学习术后饮食与营养方面的知识Q16面对社交和聚餐,我经常难以控制饮食
Q3手术后生活方式改变对我的影响不大Q17有他人陪伴和支持,我在生活中更有安全感
Q4每次吃多了都很后悔,但还是控制不住Q18我觉得自己能管好饮食,不需要别人过多参与
Q5医生对体重的关注度让我感到压力Q19健康饮食和运动计划常常被我搁置
Q6我不喜欢运动,害怕自己坚持不下来Q20我经常不知道在哪里系统学习术后知识
Q7家人严格监督饮食和运动计划让我感到压力Q21我愿意用APP或线上工具记录饮食和运动情况
Q8我更喜欢简单、容易坚持的饮食计划Q22我觉得术后生活方式改变是对我的一种考验
Q9我更关注健康饮食和规律运动Q23我觉得生活方式改变让我更有目标感
Q10我希望医生能帮我制定适合自己的生活计划Q24有减重目标后,我更愿意规律执行健康行为
Q11手术后生活受限制,我怀念以前随意的状态Q25有时会怀疑术后是否值得这样付出
Q12有人陪伴一起锻炼,我会更容易坚持Q26我知道坚持会很难,但我相信过程能带来身心成长
Q13了解术后生活方式改变对我来说很重要Q27如果术后没有效果,我可能会自责
Q14我了解越多,越容易规律饮食Q28我希望术后医生能更关注我的情绪和心理变化
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490132861269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的认知态度Q陈述

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号Q陈述语句编号Q陈述语句
Q1严格控制饮食让我感到焦虑Q15术后我的自信心得到增强
Q2我愿意主动学习术后饮食与营养方面的知识Q16面对社交和聚餐,我经常难以控制饮食
Q3手术后生活方式改变对我的影响不大Q17有他人陪伴和支持,我在生活中更有安全感
Q4每次吃多了都很后悔,但还是控制不住Q18我觉得自己能管好饮食,不需要别人过多参与
Q5医生对体重的关注度让我感到压力Q19健康饮食和运动计划常常被我搁置
Q6我不喜欢运动,害怕自己坚持不下来Q20我经常不知道在哪里系统学习术后知识
Q7家人严格监督饮食和运动计划让我感到压力Q21我愿意用APP或线上工具记录饮食和运动情况
Q8我更喜欢简单、容易坚持的饮食计划Q22我觉得术后生活方式改变是对我的一种考验
Q9我更关注健康饮食和规律运动Q23我觉得生活方式改变让我更有目标感
Q10我希望医生能帮我制定适合自己的生活计划Q24有减重目标后,我更愿意规律执行健康行为
Q11手术后生活受限制,我怀念以前随意的状态Q25有时会怀疑术后是否值得这样付出
Q12有人陪伴一起锻炼,我会更容易坚持Q26我知道坚持会很难,但我相信过程能带来身心成长
Q13了解术后生活方式改变对我来说很重要Q27如果术后没有效果,我可能会自责
Q14我了解越多,越容易规律饮食Q28我希望术后医生能更关注我的情绪和心理变化
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490355159382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

General information of patients with different cognitive attitude types(n=14)

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项目分类例数积极主动型(n=7)被动接受型(n=4)认知冲突型(n=3)
性别男5311
女9432
年龄<30岁2110
30~<40岁4211
40~<50岁5311
≥50岁3111
婚姻状况未婚2110
已婚10532
离异1100
丧偶1001
文化程度初中及以下3111
高中3210
专科及以上8422
体质指数<28 kg/m²3210
28~32 kg/m²5311
>32 kg/m²6222
术后时间<3个月4211
3~6个月7421
>6~12个月3111
职业状态在职8422
无业/退休6321
居住地城市10532
农村4211
是否接受随访是11533
否3210
是否合并慢性病是5221
否9522
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490422268247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同认知态度类型病人的一般资料(n=14)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目分类例数积极主动型(n=7)被动接受型(n=4)认知冲突型(n=3)
性别男5311
女9432
年龄<30岁2110
30~<40岁4211
40~<50岁5311
≥50岁3111
婚姻状况未婚2110
已婚10532
离异1100
丧偶1001
文化程度初中及以下3111
高中3210
专科及以上8422
体质指数<28 kg/m²3210
28~32 kg/m²5311
>32 kg/m²6222
术后时间<3个月4211
3~6个月7421
>6~12个月3111
职业状态在职8422
无业/退休6321
居住地城市10532
农村4211
是否接受随访是11533
否3210
是否合并慢性病是5221
否9522
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490518737240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Representative Q statements of factor 1 and its ranking results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本Q陈述Q排序Z分数(分)
Q2我愿意主动学习术后饮食与营养方面的知识42.40
Q23我觉得生活方式改变让我更有目标感31.83
Q9我更关注健康饮食和规律运动31.56
Q10我希望医生能帮我制定适合自己的生活计划21.22
Q14我了解越多,越容易规律饮食21.17
Q25有时会怀疑术后是否值得这样付出-3-1.75
Q11手术后生活受限制,我怀念以前随意的状态-4-2.24
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490606817625, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

因子1的代表性Q陈述及其排序结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本Q陈述Q排序Z分数(分)
Q2我愿意主动学习术后饮食与营养方面的知识42.40
Q23我觉得生活方式改变让我更有目标感31.83
Q9我更关注健康饮食和规律运动31.56
Q10我希望医生能帮我制定适合自己的生活计划21.22
Q14我了解越多,越容易规律饮食21.17
Q25有时会怀疑术后是否值得这样付出-3-1.75
Q11手术后生活受限制,我怀念以前随意的状态-4-2.24
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490824921434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Representative Q statements of factor 2 and its ranking results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本Q陈述Q排序Z分数(分)
Q28我希望术后医生能更关注我的情绪和心理变化42.20
Q12有人陪伴一起锻炼,我会更容易坚持31.74
Q17有他人陪伴和支持,我在生活中更有安全感31.49
Q10我希望医生能帮我制定适合自己的生活计划21.22
Q13了解术后生活方式改变对我来说很重要20.67
Q7家人严格监督饮食和运动计划让我感到压力-3-1.82
Q18我觉得自己能管好饮食,不需要别人过多参与-4-2.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490887835995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

因子2的代表性Q陈述及其排序结果

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样本Q陈述Q排序Z分数(分)
Q28我希望术后医生能更关注我的情绪和心理变化42.20
Q12有人陪伴一起锻炼,我会更容易坚持31.74
Q17有他人陪伴和支持,我在生活中更有安全感31.49
Q10我希望医生能帮我制定适合自己的生活计划21.22
Q13了解术后生活方式改变对我来说很重要20.67
Q7家人严格监督饮食和运动计划让我感到压力-3-1.82
Q18我觉得自己能管好饮食,不需要别人过多参与-4-2.07
), ArticleFig(id=1322929490992693596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Representative Q statements of factor 3 and its ranking results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本Q陈述Q排序Z分数(分)
Q22我觉得术后生活方式改变是对我的一种考验42.15
Q26我知道坚持会很难,但我相信过程能带来身心成长31.95
Q13了解术后生活方式改变对我来说很重要31.69
Q8我更喜欢简单、容易坚持的饮食计划20.64
Q16面对社交和聚餐,我经常难以控制饮食-3-1.55
Q25有时会怀疑术后是否值得这样付出-3-2.07
Q1严格控制饮食让我感到焦虑-4-2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1322929491185631581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1220038315760373764, articleId=1322929481253519647, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

因子3的代表性Q陈述及其排序结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样本Q陈述Q排序Z分数(分)
Q22我觉得术后生活方式改变是对我的一种考验42.15
Q26我知道坚持会很难,但我相信过程能带来身心成长31.95
Q13了解术后生活方式改变对我来说很重要31.69
Q8我更喜欢简单、容易坚持的饮食计划20.64
Q16面对社交和聚餐,我经常难以控制饮食-3-1.55
Q25有时会怀疑术后是否值得这样付出-3-2.07
Q1严格控制饮食让我感到焦虑-4-2.15
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减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的认知态度研究
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贾胜华 1, 2 , 张瑜 2 , 乔佳 2 , 曹松梅 1, *, *
护理研究 | 科研论著 2026,40(15): 2598-2606
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护理研究 |科研论著 2026 , 40 (15) : 2598 -2606
减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的认知态度研究
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贾胜华1, 2, 张瑜2, 乔佳2, 曹松梅1, *, *
作者信息
  • 1江苏大学附属医院,江苏 212013
  • 2青岛市市立医院
通讯作者:
曹松梅,E-mail:
CAO Songmei, E-mail:
作者简介:

贾胜华,主管护师,硕士研究生

Study on cognitive attitudes toward lifestyle changes among patients after metabolic and bariatric surgery
Shenghua JIA1, 2, Yu ZHANG2, Jia QIAO2, Songmei CAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013 China
  • 2Qingdao Municipal Hospital
出版时间: 2026-08-10 doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.003
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目的

探究减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的认知态度类型,为术后健康行为干预提供依据。

方法

基于健康行为改变整合理论,采用Q方法,通过文献回顾与半结构式访谈构建28条Q陈述,招募术后1~12个月的16例病人进行Q排序与因子分析。

结果

共纳入14份有效数据,提取出3种态度类型,累计解释总方差的62.0%,分别为积极主动型、被动接受型和认知冲突型,各类型在健康认知水平、行为动机与情境应对方面表现出明显差异。

结论

减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变存在显著主观态度异质性。基于分型特征制定分层化护理干预策略,有助于提升减重代谢术后行为改变的持续性与康复管理效果。

减重代谢术  /  生活方式  /  认知态度  /  Q方法  /  整合式健康行为改变理论
Objective

To explore subjective cognitive attitudes toward lifestyle changes among patients after metabolic and bariatric surgery and inform tailored interventions.

Methods

Based on the Integrated Theory of Health Behavior Change,Q methodology was applied.A 28-item Q-sample was developed via literature review and semi-structured interviews.Sixteen patients within 1-12 months post-surgery completed Q-sorting.Factor extraction and analysis were conducted.

Results

Fourteen valid Q-sorts were analyzed.Three distinct attitude types were identified,accounting for 62.0% of total variance:proactive,passive acceptance,and cognitive conflict.These types differed in health cognition,behavioral motivation,and contextual adaptability.

Conclusions

Patients after bariatric metabolic surgery exhibit heterogeneous attitudes toward lifestyle changes.Identifying cognitive typologies can inform stratified nursing education and behavioral support strategies to enhance long-term adherence and rehabilitation outcomes.

metabolic and bariatric surgery,MBS  /  lifestyle  /  cognitive attitude  /  Q methodology  /  integrated theory of health behavior change,ITHBC
贾胜华, 张瑜, 乔佳, 曹松梅. 减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的认知态度研究. 护理研究, 2026 , 40 (15) : 2598 -2606 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.003
Shenghua JIA, Yu ZHANG, Jia QIAO, Songmei CAO. Study on cognitive attitudes toward lifestyle changes among patients after metabolic and bariatric surgery[J]. Chinese Nursing Research, 2026 , 40 (15) : 2598 -2606 . DOI: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.003
肥胖已成为威胁全球健康的重大公共卫生问题。世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)2023年数据显示,全球肥胖成年人人数已超过6.5亿人,并呈逐年上升趋势[1]。肥胖不仅显著增加2型糖尿病、心血管疾病及阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停等慢性病风险,也对医疗资源配置与社会经济负担造成深远影响[2-3]。减重代谢术(metabolic and bariatric surgery,MBS)是中重度肥胖及其代谢并发症的有效干预方式。术后12~18个月内病人体重平均下降25%~35%,且多项代谢指标显著改善[4]。然而,其长期疗效高度依赖病人生活方式的持续重构与行为维持,如饮食控制、规律运动及情绪调节[5]。在缺乏系统支持与个性化指导的情况下,病人常面临依从性下降、体重反弹、营养失衡与心理问题等挑战[6]。因此,识别影响其行为改变的关键认知因素,对优化随访管理与制定精准护理策略具有重要意义。整合式健康行为改变理论(integrated theory of health behavior change,ITHBC)指出,健康行为的形成与维持依赖三大协同机制:认知基础、动机与技能建构以及自我调节能力[7]。该理论不仅关注病人知识与信念建立,更强调动机内化与自我效能感提升在行为转化中的关键作用。对减重代谢术后病人,深入理解手术对生活方式改变的主观认知与态度结构,有助于识别行为改变过程中的促进因素与阻碍因素,为开展分层管理和个性化干预提供理论支撑。目前,国内外关于减重代谢术后生活方式管理的研究多集中在依从性量化评估和客观健康结局上,如体重维持率、代谢指标等[8-9],但其主观认知态度结构的探索仍较缺乏,临床干预趋于同质化,未能充分考虑病人在健康信息获取、行为动机及情境应对等方面的个体差异。Q方法(Q methodology)融合定性与定量研究优势,强调通过Q样本构建与强制排序识别研究对象对特定主题的主观态度结构与潜在类型[10]。目前,Q方法已广泛应用于慢性病管理、肿瘤康复及心理健康护理等领域[11-12],但其在减重代谢术后病人生活方式改变的认知态度研究中尚属空白。本研究结合整合式健康行为改变理论,采用Q方法识别减重代谢术后病人在生活方式改变中的认知态度类型,解析其心理特征与行为表现,旨在为术后个性化健康教育与精准护理干预策略的制定提供循证依据。
2025年7月—8月,采用目的抽样法,在青岛市市立医院减重代谢外科门诊及随访平台招募符合条件的术后病人,开展半结构式访谈以形成Q陈述语句的原始素材。纳入标准:1)年龄≥18岁;2)接受减重代谢术后1~12个月;3)具备良好表达与理解能力;4)知情同意并签署书面同意书。排除标准:1)存在认知功能障碍或严重精神疾病史;2)听力或语言障碍影响交流;3)其他不能配合访谈者。为保证语句信息的多样性与代表性,访谈遵循最大异质性原则,直至信息饱和,共纳入12例病人。其中男5例,女7例;年龄:18~<30岁4例,30~<40岁6例,40~<50岁2例;婚姻状况:已婚8例,未婚3例,离异1例;文化程度:高中及以下5例,专科4例,本科及以上3例;术后时间:1~3个月4例,>3~6个月5例,>6~12个月3例;术式:袖状胃切除术11例,Roux-en-Y胃旁路术1例;术后体质指数(BMI)下降幅度<6 kg/m² 4例,下降幅度6~10 kg/m² 5例,下降幅度>10 kg/m² 3例;居住地:城市8例,农村4例。详见表1。本研究已通过青岛市市立医院伦理委员会审批(批件号:2025-KY-176-178)。
P样本是指参与Q排序过程的研究对象[13]。一般Q样本与P样本的比例至少为2∶1[14]。本研究采用目的抽样法,依据最大差异化原则选取符合纳入与排除标准的病人。为确保数据质量,研究团队对P样本进行一般资料调查,综合分析个体差异并进行针对性遴选,最终纳入16例P样本。
Q样本是用于表达研究主题相关多元观点的简明陈述集合,要求具体、可比、涵盖不同立场[15]。本研究的Q样本构建过程包括文献回顾、半结构式访谈及语句筛选与修订3个步骤。
系统检索中国知网(CNKI)、万方数据库、维普数据库(VIP)、中国生物医学文献服务系统(SinoMed)、PubMed、Web of Science、CINAHL和EMbase等中英文数据库。检索时限为2020年1月1日—2025年6月30日,文献内容主要涉及减重代谢术后病人的生活方式改变、行为依从性、心理适应及行为障碍等方面。中文检索词:减重手术,代谢手术,生活方式改变,健康行为,行为依从性,自我管理,态度,感知,主观认知,心理适应等;英文检索词:bariatric surgery,metabolic surgery,lifestyle change,health behavior,behavioral adherence,self-management,attitude,perception,subjective view,psychological adaptation等。经系统检索与全文阅读,共提取文献语句162条,并以整合式健康行为改变理论的三大核心维度进行归类。列举各维度中具有代表性的文献表述:1)认知与信念维度(n=63),研究指出,病人需长期坚持术后饮食结构,并应具备对营养搭配的基本认知[16];2)行为动机与技能维度(n=52),研究显示,同伴监督在促进运动依从性中发挥积极作用[17];3)自我调节维度(n=47):研究指出,病人通过转移注意力或记录饮食等方式提高自我监控能力[18]。初步提取的文献语句多数为客观性描述,内容表达偏向术语化,较少体现个体主观态度。为提高Q语句的主观可识别性与排序判别度,研究团队依据“语义完整、态度鲜明、具情景感与可判别性”原则[10],对部分术语化语句进行了转化。例如:将“术后饮食行为与自我调节能力相关”转化为“我觉得自己能管好饮食,不需要别人过多参与”。语义转化由2名研究人员独立完成,并经专家小组讨论达成共识,完成Q样本语句建构前的关键语义准备步骤。
基于整合式健康行为改变理论,围绕知识与信念、行为动机与技能、自我调节能力3个核心维度构建访谈提纲,经专家讨论及预访谈修订后定稿。访谈提纲见表2,旨在指导语料提取与Q样本构建。对12例术后病人进行面对面访谈,归纳总结116条语句,内容紧贴病人术后居家经历,表达生动、情感浓厚,具有良好的语义区辨度。根据整合式健康行为改变理论划分如下:1)认知与信念(n=40),如我了解越多,越容易规律饮食;2)行为动机与技能建构(n=38),如有人陪伴一起锻炼,我会更容易坚持;3)自我调节能力(n=38),如每次吃多了都很后悔,但还是控制不住。访谈语句系统呈现了病人在信息掌握、情绪调节、行为执行及支持获得等方面的真实体验,为后续Q语句筛选与Q样本构建提供了具备区辨度与理论契合度的语料基础。
将文献回顾与访谈获得的初始语句汇总后,邀请2名护理学专家与1名减重代谢外科专家组成专家小组,对所有语句进行独立审阅与集中讨论。专家小组依据语义清晰性、主观立场表达、内容代表性及语言逻辑进行筛选与优化,统一语义表达,删除重复表述及无明显主观倾向的语句,并调整语句顺序和风格。最终遴选出28条具有代表性、涵盖不同认知立场的Q样本,确保内容的科学性与可行性[19]。研究团队将28条Q样本语句打乱顺序并随机编码,分别打印于28张3 cm×8 cm的卡片上,作为P样本执行Q排序的任务材料。
Q排序任务在安静、无干扰的环境下进行。研究者详细介绍排序目的、步骤与评分方式。排序采用9点准正态分布结构,从“-4分”(最不符合)至“+4分”(最符合),要求受试者对全部28条语句进行主观认同排序。整个排序过程控制在30~45 min内完成,并记录排序结果用于后续因子分析。排序完成后,受试者需简要说明其排序依据,重点解释赋予极值语句排序原因,以辅助因子命名。详见图1。
使用Ken-Q analysis在线软件对Q排序数据进行统计分析。具体步骤为:1)构建Q排序矩阵与相关性分析;2)因子提取与旋转;3)因子载荷计算与样本归因;4)因子命名与解释。
形成16×28的Q排序矩阵,记录P样本在28条Q陈述语句上的排序得分;计算P样本间的Pearson相关系数,形成16×16相关性矩阵,以评估样本间主观认知结构相似性。
采用主成分分析法(principal component analysis,PCA)提取初始因子。为增强因子区分性与可解释性,采用最大方差旋转法(varimax rotation)对初始因子进行旋转处理。
因子载荷值用于评估各P样本在不同潜在因子维度上的归因倾向,其数值大小体现了样本排序结果与相应因子结构之间的契合程度,进而为因子归属判定与代表性样本的筛选提供统计依据与理论支持。当因子载荷≥2.58/Q陈述数量(P<0.01)时,视为P样本在该因子上具有显著归属(本研究因子载荷≥0.488)。每个因子需至少归属于2例P样本,若某样本在2个及以上因子上均有显著载荷,或无因子载荷达到显著性阈值,则该样本在后续分析中被剔除。在本研究中,有2例P样本因子载荷值均<0.488,未满足归因要求,无法进入后续分析。最终14例P样本用于因子解释。
基于每类因子代表性样本的Z值排序与极值语句内容,结合访谈资料与理论框架,归纳总结各因子的心理特征及行为倾向。
根据主成分分析及碎石图结果(见图2),结合特征值>1的标准,本研究最终提取3个因子(因子1:积极主动型;因子2:被动接受型;因子3:认知冲突型),累计解释总方差的62.0%。本研究依据因子内代表性语句的Z值排序特征及P样本的行为表现,将其命名为积极主动型(因子1,31.0%)、被动接受型(因子2,18.0%)及认知冲突型(因子3,13.0%)。对应的P样本量分别为7、4、3例。
共纳入14例有效P样本,其中女9例(64.3%),男5例(35.7%);年龄29~61(41.9±9.9)岁。详见表4。
共有7例P样本映射于因子1,其中女4例、男3例,对应的研究对象分别为P1、P3、P4、P7、P10、P12、P14。该类型病人在术后生活方式管理中表现出较强的主动性与自我调节能力,能够充分认识到生活方式改变在促进术后康复中的关键作用,通常具备较高的健康认知水平,能主动获取相关信息,自主制定并执行饮食控制与运动计划,同时积极寻求医护人员和同伴的建议与支持,以增强自身康复过程中的效能感与坚持性。从高排序陈述的主题来看,此类病人倾向主动获取健康知识、制定适合自身的生活方式计划,并在康复过程中保持积极心态和较强的内在动机。相反,低排序陈述中与抵触、怀疑或放弃相关的内容出现频率较低,提示其在面对术后生活方式转变时的心理抵抗较小,具备较强的顺应与自我激励能力。因此,本研究将该因子命名为积极主动型,其特征体现为高度重视康复、积极应用健康资源及主动行为改变。P1:“手术后我就下定决心要坚持改变。我每天会查阅饮食与运动的资料,记录自己的饮食日志,还会向营养师请教如何科学搭配”。P3:“尽管在执行过程中仍有困难,但通过微信群分享饮食记录和运动成果,能够获得鼓励和支持”。因子1的代表性Q陈述及其排序结果见表5。
共4例P样本映射于因子2,其中女3例、男1例,对应的研究对象分别为P2、P5、P9、P11。该类型病人在术后生活方式管理过程中表现出较为明显的被动接受倾向,尽管对康复管理的重要性有所认知,但缺乏足够的内在动机去主动学习与持续执行生活方式改变的相关行为。其在行为表现上高度依赖外部力量,常在接受医护人员或家属的提醒、指导后才采取相应行动,这类病人缺少自我规划与自主行为启动的能力。因此,本因子被命名为被动接受型。P2:“医生说什么我就做什么,自己很难坚持,尤其没人提醒的时候就容易懈怠”。这类病人在康复过程中需要更多外部支持,包括医护人员的持续随访指导、同伴互助小组的经验分享以及线上教育资源的便捷获取。因子2的代表性Q陈述及其排序结果见表6。
共3例P样本映射于因子3,其中女2例,男1例,分别是P6、P8、P13。该类型病人在术后的生活方式管理过程中呈现出明显的认知与行为冲突。他们普遍具备较高的健康意识和积极的康复意愿,能够认识到饮食控制与运动干预的重要性,但在实际执行中容易受到心理压力、饮食诱惑和社交情境的干扰,导致计划与行为之间出现落差。部分病人在执行受挫后还会产生自责情绪,但缺乏持续调整与自我强化的能力,表现为认知水平较高与行为执行水平较低的矛盾特征。因此,本研究将其命名为认知冲突型。P6:“我知道坚持健康饮食和规律锻炼对我非常重要,也相信只要努力会看到效果,但每次聚餐时我总觉得难以抵挡美食的诱惑”。反映出该类病人虽具备较强的自我管理意愿,但其行为决策和执行力易受外界环境影响而动摇。因子3的典型Q陈述及排序结果见表7。
本研究采用Q方法探索减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的主观态度类型,旨在弥补传统问卷调查在捕捉个体主观复杂性和多样性方面的局限。Q方法兼具质性与量化特点,能够在小样本条件下深入挖掘病人对特定健康行为的信念、动机与认知冲突等潜在结构,适用于术后康复这一具有高度个体异质性的情境[20-21]。减重代谢术后生活方式的改变不仅涉及饮食、运动等外显行为的转变,还深嵌于病人的价值取向、动机强度、自我效能与社会支持的交互作用之中[22]。Q方法强调个体视角与类型识别,通过强迫排序与因子提取,能有效揭示不同病人对同一生活方式干预措施的接受路径与心理反应,有助于护理人员理解病人行为背后的心理机制与阻力来源,为精准健康干预提供参考[21]。本研究中,Q陈述的构建以文献综述与访谈资料为基础,并以整合式健康行为改变理论为指导,从而确保陈述内容的理论取向与行为改变机制的一致性[7]。相关研究表明,Q方法不仅有助于分类病人的态度倾向,也为后续实施分层分类式健康管理提供了理论基础与实践路径[23]。
在整合式健康行为改变理论视角下,积极主动型病人在知识获取、自我调节技能与社会促进因素3方面均表现良好,具备认知-动机-行为之间的高效转化通路。这与Courcoulas等[24]美国多中心研究得出的结论一致,即健康素养高、主动性强的病人在术后长期体重维持与代谢改善方面更具优势。护理干预可进一步强化其自我效能与目标导向行为,建议设置阶段性康复任务、鼓励使用可穿戴设备以实现实时反馈和增强成就感[25]。同时,为防止信息超载与焦虑反应,应构建分级、分类的信息推送机制,提升教育内容的针对性与适配性[26]。此外,临床护士可引导其在同伴支持系统中发挥榜样病人角色,促进集体动机增强和群体行为改变的良性循环[17]。
在整合式健康行为改变理论中,被动接受型病人在健康知识获取与自我调节技能维度均处于较低水平,而社会促进因素成为其行为执行的主要驱动力[27]。本研究结果与Erdogdu等[28]研究结果一致,低健康素养人群在解读健康宣教时易出现概念模糊,进而影响饮食与体重管理效果。护理干预重点应放在优化外部支持环境和降低行为执行门槛上。可采用简明图文材料、Teach-Back技术提升教育信息的可理解性与记忆度[29];结合随访平台与数字健康工具设定行为提醒与情绪鼓励,强化行为持续性[30]。同时,建议开展家庭赋能干预,提升照护者对病人康复任务的参与度与支持能力,从而建立医护与家庭双环协同的支持结构,助力其逐步过渡至部分自主管理状态[31]。
认知冲突型病人虽具备一定的健康认知与康复意愿,但在实际行为转化过程中常出现知行不一的现象,表现为行为起始延迟、持续性差、易受情境干扰等特点。其核心问题在于动机内化程度不足与自我调节技能薄弱,反映出整合式健康行为改变理论模型中情绪调节能力与价值认同感缺失的影响[32]。针对该类群体,护理策略应聚焦动机澄清与情绪支持。一方面,可借助动机性访谈等方法帮助病人厘清个人价值与康复行为间的内在联系,促进内在动机重构[33];另一方面,引入正念训练、情绪写作、认知行为疗法等非药物干预手段以增强心理韧性与调节能力[34-35]。此外,利用人工智能问答程序、小程序或智能陪伴工具提供情境引导与即时反馈,有助于病人在行为波动期获得支持性介入,从而提升其行为的一致性与稳定性[36]。
本研究基于Q方法识别出3类认知态度类型,揭示了病人在健康知识、自我效能、行为执行与外部支持等维度上的异质性特征。基于上述类型特征,拟构建认知态度分型驱动的分层护理干预模型,提出以下干预路径:1)对积极主动型病人,可提供健康APP、可穿戴设备与远程指导等工具,增强行为持续性;2)对于被动接受型病人,实施目标设定、定期随访与家庭协同,提高执行依从性;3)对于认知冲突型病人,整合动机性访谈、心理疏导与健康教育,促进认知一致性与行为启动。该干预模型以病人认知态度类型为切入点,提出基于“识别—匹配—响应”路径的分层护理干预策略,强调干预措施需精准契合病人的心理特征与行为模式,既拓展Q方法在个体化护理实践中的应用,也体现护理干预的针对性与适应性,未来可据此开发针对不同认知态度类型的干预方案,并通过实证研究进一步验证其适用性与干预成效。
本研究基于整合式健康行为改变理论,运用Q方法识别减重代谢术后病人对生活方式改变的3类认知态度特征:积极主动型、被动接受型与认知冲突型,反映出不同类型病人在行为准备度、动机调节及情境应对方面存在显著差异,提示康复干预需遵循分层化、个性化原则,以实现护理措施的精准化。识别病人的主观态度特征,为开展分层管理和个体化护理干预提供理论依据。未来研究可进一步结合数字化健康教育工具,如移动健康平台、人工智能问答系统等,探索基于态度特征的精准推送与动态支持模式,以增强病人术后生活方式改变的持续性与有效性。此外,仍需扩大样本来源及文化背景多样性,以增强研究结果的推广性与适应性。

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2026年第40卷第15期
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doi: 10.12102/j.issn.1009-6493.2026.15.003
  • 接收时间:2025-09-03
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-08-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-03
  • 修回日期:2026-05-08
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    1江苏大学附属医院,江苏 212013
    2青岛市市立医院

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曹松梅,E-mail:
CAO Songmei, E-mail:
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